Article(id=1309631881080046392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309631821596423027, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0028, pmid=null, cstr=32157.14.2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0167, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758038400000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-17, revisedDate=1761062400000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-22, acceptedDate=1762790400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-11, onlineDate=1790170172233, onlineDateStr=2026-09-23, pubDate=1773072000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790170172233, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790170172233, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790170172233, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1309631821596423027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, year='2026', volume='54', issue='3', pageStart='20250121-412', pageEnd='20250365-540', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773072000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790170158051, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790213000114, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1309811514299744400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309631821596423027, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1309811514299744401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309631821596423027, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=20250238-478, endPage=20250238-489, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1309631881260401465, articleId=1309631881080046392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, language=EN, title=Catalytic reforming of lignite pyrolysis volatiles over metal oxide and zeolite tandem catalysts for light aromatics production, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Pyrolysis is an important approach for achieving graded conversion of low-rank coal. However, the volatiles generated during this process are rich in oxygenated compounds and heavy components, which lead to low efficiency in direct utilization. Selecting appropriate catalysts for catalytic reforming of large molecules in volatiles can facilitate the upgrading of tar into lighter fractions, thereby simplifying the tar processing flow. This study proposes a tandem catalytic system combining metal oxides and zeolites. Through synergistic catalysis between the two catalysts, the pyrolysis volatiles of lignite are efficiently and selectively converted into light aromatics (such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, naphthalene, methylnaphthalene, etc.). Simultaneously, pre-cracking effectively removes oxygenated components, reducing carbon deposition on the zeolite and extending the catalyst’s lifespan. Research demonstrates that MgO, a metal oxide with strong alkalinity, significantly enhances the cracking and deoxygenation of volatiles; compared to using ZSM-5 alone, the addition of MgO in the upper layer significantly increases the yield of light aromatics while maintaining the original proportion of liquid products. The total yield of light aromatics rose by approximately 20%, reaching 21.5 mg/g. Furthermore, the incorporation of metal oxides effectively reduces carbon deposition on the zeolite, prolonging the catalyst's lifespan.

, authors=Min XU1, 3, Naiyu YAO1, 3, Shijie CAI1, 3, You LU1, 3, Xiaoyan ZHAO1, 2, 3, Jingpei CAO1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=Min XU, Naiyu YAO, Shijie CAI, You LU, Xiaoyan ZHAO, Jingpei CAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jingpei CAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1309631886419395426, articleId=1309631881080046392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, language=CN, title=金属氧化物与分子筛串联催化褐煤热解挥发分重整制备轻质芳烃, columnId=1309584910000677174, journalTitle=燃料化学学报(中英文), columnName=RESEARCH PAPER, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

热解是实现低阶煤分级转化的重要途径,但挥发分中富含含氧化合物和重质组分,直接利用效率低。选择合适的催化剂对挥发分大分子进行催化重整则可以实现产物焦油轻质化,简化焦油加工流程。本研究提出一种金属氧化物/分子筛串联催化体系,通过双催化剂的协同催化作用,将褐煤热解挥发分高效地定向转化为轻质芳烃(苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯、萘、甲基萘等);同时通过预裂解作用,有效脱除含氧组分,从而减少分子筛上积炭沉积,延长催化剂寿命。研究表明,具有较强碱性的金属氧化物MgO对于挥发分的裂解和脱氧有明显的促进作用;相较于单独ZSM-5催化,上层添加MgO后,维持原本液体产物占比的同时大幅提高了轻质芳烃的产率,总轻质芳烃产率提高约20%,达到21.5 mg/g;金属氧化物的添加能够有效减少分子筛上的积炭沉积,延长催化剂寿命。

, authors=徐敏1, 3, 姚乃瑜1, 3, 蔡士杰1, 3, 鲁佑1, 3, 赵小燕1, 2, 3, 曹景沛1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=徐敏, 姚乃瑜, 蔡士杰, 鲁佑, 赵小燕, 曹景沛, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=曹景沛, authorNote=

徐敏(1999),硕士研究生,就读于中国矿业大学,研究方向为褐煤定向热转化制备高值化学品,

曹景沛(1983),日本群马大学工学博士,教授/博士生导师,主要从事煤与生物质定向热转化制备化学品和功能材料相关研究,

, correspAuthorsNote=
Tel: 0516-83591059, E-mail:
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曹景沛(1983),日本群马大学工学博士,教授/博士生导师,主要从事煤与生物质定向热转化制备化学品和功能材料相关研究,

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(a): N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms of the metal oxides before reaction; (b): Pore size distributions (BJH) of the metal oxides before reaction; (c): N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms of the metal oxides after reaction; (d): Pore size distributions (BJH) of the metal oxides after reaction; (e): N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms of ZSM-5; (f): Pore size distributions (BJH) of ZSM-5.

, figureFileSmall=m/7ZlHaxbPT4floOlPl7vg==, figureFileBig=A3es2oj+LMNSSARAZWfn/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309631891133793184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631881080046392, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=TG and DTG of the catalysts, figureFileSmall=shwBtgTrvqh5EjdE8IMfTQ==, figureFileBig=BtJl/IG10BAHgmuZKeqIog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309631891205096353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631881080046392, language=CN, label=图4, caption=催化剂的TG和DTG曲线

(a): TG curves of the metal oxides after reaction; (b): DTG curves of the metal oxides after reaction;(c): TG curves of ZSM-5 after reaction; (d): DTG curves of ZSM-5 after reaction.

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(a): Product distribution over different metal oxides tandem catalysis; (b): Gas yield over different metal oxides tandem catalysis.

, figureFileSmall=GFgexarvEuljXZJOKRsmGg==, figureFileBig=Mnl6W1PjNwbon1Prlf0vqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309631891557417894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631881080046392, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Yield of light arommatics over different metal oxides tandem catalysis, figureFileSmall=g3YIk5SfXkFkFG1CAIsJqQ==, figureFileBig=7Qt9mMLe0h2H8uKy/nenLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309631891628721063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631881080046392, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同金属氧化物串联催化轻质芳烃产率, figureFileSmall=g3YIk5SfXkFkFG1CAIsJqQ==, figureFileBig=7Qt9mMLe0h2H8uKy/nenLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309631891704218536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631881080046392, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Lifespan of different catalysts, figureFileSmall=9HzQVwIe1sSxmIe+PpAvxQ==, figureFileBig=lIvV4MxEMIfiIScm0vA+nA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309631891783910313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631881080046392, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同催化剂的循环寿命, figureFileSmall=9HzQVwIe1sSxmIe+PpAvxQ==, figureFileBig=lIvV4MxEMIfiIScm0vA+nA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309631891846824874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631881080046392, language=EN, label=Table1, caption=

Proximate and ultimate analyses of Shengli lignite

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Proximate analysis w/%Ultimate analysis wdaf/%H/C
AdMadFCdaf*VdafCHNSO*
*: by difference.
16.411.559.240.868.64.91.10.824.60.9
), ArticleFig(id=1309631891926516651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631881080046392, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

胜利褐煤的工业分析和元素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Proximate analysis w/%Ultimate analysis wdaf/%H/C
AdMadFCdaf*VdafCHNSO*
*: by difference.
16.411.559.240.868.64.91.10.824.60.9
), ArticleFig(id=1309631891993625516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631881080046392, language=EN, label=Table2, caption=

Parmeters of specific surface area and pore size distribution for different catalysts

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CatalystsSurface area/(m2·g−1)Pore volume/(cm3·g−1)dpore/nmdave/nm
SBETSmesoSmicrovtotalvmesovmicro
ZSM-5368892790.200.090.113.152.15
CaO(F)191900.140.140.003.1328.84
CaO(S)212100.100.100.003.1119.55
CaO/Z5268572110.150.060.093.122.30
MgO(F)181800.090.090.003.1319.78
MgO(S)232300.170.170.003.1429.68
MgO/Z5326512750.170.060.113.132.10
ZnO(F)252500.210.210.003.5033.64
ZnO(S)181800.150.150.003.5032.46
ZnO/Z5305672380.170.070.103.102.25
TiO2(F)11311300.060.510.003.0918.00
TiO2(S)474700.320.320.0024.0527.06
TiO2/Z5353523010.180.060.123.112.02
ZrO2(F)101000.030.030.003.1313.06
ZrO2(S)9900.040.040.003.1316.95
ZrO2/Z5286262600.160.050.113.132.30
Al2O3(F)15315300.250.250.003.126.52
Al2O3(S)12412400.240.240.004.427.65
Al2O3/Z5351273240.190.050.143.132.17
), ArticleFig(id=1309631892094288813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631881080046392, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同催化剂比表面积及孔径分布参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CatalystsSurface area/(m2·g−1)Pore volume/(cm3·g−1)dpore/nmdave/nm
SBETSmesoSmicrovtotalvmesovmicro
ZSM-5368892790.200.090.113.152.15
CaO(F)191900.140.140.003.1328.84
CaO(S)212100.100.100.003.1119.55
CaO/Z5268572110.150.060.093.122.30
MgO(F)181800.090.090.003.1319.78
MgO(S)232300.170.170.003.1429.68
MgO/Z5326512750.170.060.113.132.10
ZnO(F)252500.210.210.003.5033.64
ZnO(S)181800.150.150.003.5032.46
ZnO/Z5305672380.170.070.103.102.25
TiO2(F)11311300.060.510.003.0918.00
TiO2(S)474700.320.320.0024.0527.06
TiO2/Z5353523010.180.060.123.112.02
ZrO2(F)101000.030.030.003.1313.06
ZrO2(S)9900.040.040.003.1316.95
ZrO2/Z5286262600.160.050.113.132.30
Al2O3(F)15315300.250.250.003.126.52
Al2O3(S)12412400.240.240.004.427.65
Al2O3/Z5351273240.190.050.143.132.17
), ArticleFig(id=1309631892186563502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631881080046392, language=EN, label=Table3, caption=

Alkali content of different metal oxides before and after the reaction

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CatalystBasicity distribution/(mmol·g−1)
weak base sitesastrong base sitesbtotal amountc
Note:a Determined from the CO2-TPD curve in the range of 50−200 ℃; b Determined from the CO2-TPD curve in the range of 200−800 ℃; c Sum of the weak and strong basicity amounts. The calculation formula is: Strong (Weak) basicity amount (mmol/g)= $ \frac{n_{{\mathrm{std}}}\times A_{{\mathrm{cat}}}}{A_{{\mathrm{std}}}\times M_{{\mathrm{cat}}}} $, where nstd is the amount of calibrated injected CO2 in moles; Astd is the peak area of the calibration; Acat is the peak area of the catalyst sample; Mcat is the mass of the catalyst sample.
CaO (F)0.0072.2792.286
MgO (F)0.0142.8372.851
ZnO (F)0.0130.1800.193
TiO2 (F)0.0030.1790.182
ZrO2 (F)0.0010.0240.025
Al2O3 (F)0.0730.0450.118
CaO (S)0.0059.1569.161
MgO (S)0.0100.5170.527
ZnO (S)0.0040.1800.184
TiO2 (S)0.0060.1400.146
ZrO2 (S)0.0010.0660.067
Al2O3 (S)0.0740.2410.315
), ArticleFig(id=1309631892262060975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631881080046392, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同金属氧化物反应前后碱量表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CatalystBasicity distribution/(mmol·g−1)
weak base sitesastrong base sitesbtotal amountc
Note:a Determined from the CO2-TPD curve in the range of 50−200 ℃; b Determined from the CO2-TPD curve in the range of 200−800 ℃; c Sum of the weak and strong basicity amounts. The calculation formula is: Strong (Weak) basicity amount (mmol/g)= $ \frac{n_{{\mathrm{std}}}\times A_{{\mathrm{cat}}}}{A_{{\mathrm{std}}}\times M_{{\mathrm{cat}}}} $, where nstd is the amount of calibrated injected CO2 in moles; Astd is the peak area of the calibration; Acat is the peak area of the catalyst sample; Mcat is the mass of the catalyst sample.
CaO (F)0.0072.2792.286
MgO (F)0.0142.8372.851
ZnO (F)0.0130.1800.193
TiO2 (F)0.0030.1790.182
ZrO2 (F)0.0010.0240.025
Al2O3 (F)0.0730.0450.118
CaO (S)0.0059.1569.161
MgO (S)0.0100.5170.527
ZnO (S)0.0040.1800.184
TiO2 (S)0.0060.1400.146
ZrO2 (S)0.0010.0660.067
Al2O3 (S)0.0740.2410.315
), ArticleFig(id=1309631892362724272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631881080046392, language=EN, label=Table4, caption=

Distribution of three-phase pyrolytic products

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CatalystDistribution of products wdaf/%
chargascokeliquid*
*: by difference.
ZSM-561.4712.841.8323.86
CaO-ZSM-562.817.838.7020.64
MgO-ZSM-561.5816.051.0021.37
ZnO-ZSM-562.5216.311.1120.06
ZrO2-ZSM-561.9416.370.6521.04
TiO2-ZSM-562.0117.171.7919.02
Al2O3-ZSM-562.0415.331.6720.96
), ArticleFig(id=1309631892438221745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631881080046392, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

热解三相产物分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CatalystDistribution of products wdaf/%
chargascokeliquid*
*: by difference.
ZSM-561.4712.841.8323.86
CaO-ZSM-562.817.838.7020.64
MgO-ZSM-561.5816.051.0021.37
ZnO-ZSM-562.5216.311.1120.06
ZrO2-ZSM-561.9416.370.6521.04
TiO2-ZSM-562.0117.171.7919.02
Al2O3-ZSM-562.0415.331.6720.96
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金属氧化物与分子筛串联催化褐煤热解挥发分重整制备轻质芳烃
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徐敏 1, 3 , 姚乃瑜 1, 3 , 蔡士杰 1, 3 , 鲁佑 1, 3 , 赵小燕 1, 2, 3 , 曹景沛 1, 2, 3, *
燃料化学学报(中英文) | RESEARCH PAPER 2026,54(3): 20250238-478-20250238-489
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燃料化学学报(中英文) |RESEARCH PAPER 2026 , 54 (3) : 20250238-478 -20250238-489
金属氧化物与分子筛串联催化褐煤热解挥发分重整制备轻质芳烃
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曹景沛(1983),日本群马大学工学博士,教授/博士生导师,主要从事煤与生物质定向热转化制备化学品和功能材料相关研究,

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徐敏1, 3 , 姚乃瑜1, 3, 蔡士杰1, 3, 鲁佑1, 3, 赵小燕1, 2, 3, 曹景沛1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1中国矿业大学 江苏省煤基温室气体减排与资源化利用重点实验室, 江苏 徐州 221008
  • 2中国矿业大学 碳中和研究院, 江苏 徐州 221008
  • 3中国矿业大学 江苏省碳资源精细化利用工程研究中心, 江苏 徐州 221116
通讯作者:
Tel: 0516-83591059, E-mail:
作者简介:

徐敏(1999),硕士研究生,就读于中国矿业大学,研究方向为褐煤定向热转化制备高值化学品,

曹景沛(1983),日本群马大学工学博士,教授/博士生导师,主要从事煤与生物质定向热转化制备化学品和功能材料相关研究,

Catalytic reforming of lignite pyrolysis volatiles over metal oxide and zeolite tandem catalysts for light aromatics production
Min XU1, 3 , Naiyu YAO1, 3, Shijie CAI1, 3, You LU1, 3, Xiaoyan ZHAO1, 2, 3, Jingpei CAO1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Coal-based Greenhouse Gas Control and Utilization, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, China
  • 2Carbon Neutrality Institute, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, China
  • 3Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Fine Utilization of Carbon Resources, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
出版时间: 2026-03-10 doi: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0028
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热解是实现低阶煤分级转化的重要途径,但挥发分中富含含氧化合物和重质组分,直接利用效率低。选择合适的催化剂对挥发分大分子进行催化重整则可以实现产物焦油轻质化,简化焦油加工流程。本研究提出一种金属氧化物/分子筛串联催化体系,通过双催化剂的协同催化作用,将褐煤热解挥发分高效地定向转化为轻质芳烃(苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯、萘、甲基萘等);同时通过预裂解作用,有效脱除含氧组分,从而减少分子筛上积炭沉积,延长催化剂寿命。研究表明,具有较强碱性的金属氧化物MgO对于挥发分的裂解和脱氧有明显的促进作用;相较于单独ZSM-5催化,上层添加MgO后,维持原本液体产物占比的同时大幅提高了轻质芳烃的产率,总轻质芳烃产率提高约20%,达到21.5 mg/g;金属氧化物的添加能够有效减少分子筛上的积炭沉积,延长催化剂寿命。

热解  /  串联催化  /  轻质芳烃  /  催化剂寿命

Pyrolysis is an important approach for achieving graded conversion of low-rank coal. However, the volatiles generated during this process are rich in oxygenated compounds and heavy components, which lead to low efficiency in direct utilization. Selecting appropriate catalysts for catalytic reforming of large molecules in volatiles can facilitate the upgrading of tar into lighter fractions, thereby simplifying the tar processing flow. This study proposes a tandem catalytic system combining metal oxides and zeolites. Through synergistic catalysis between the two catalysts, the pyrolysis volatiles of lignite are efficiently and selectively converted into light aromatics (such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, naphthalene, methylnaphthalene, etc.). Simultaneously, pre-cracking effectively removes oxygenated components, reducing carbon deposition on the zeolite and extending the catalyst’s lifespan. Research demonstrates that MgO, a metal oxide with strong alkalinity, significantly enhances the cracking and deoxygenation of volatiles; compared to using ZSM-5 alone, the addition of MgO in the upper layer significantly increases the yield of light aromatics while maintaining the original proportion of liquid products. The total yield of light aromatics rose by approximately 20%, reaching 21.5 mg/g. Furthermore, the incorporation of metal oxides effectively reduces carbon deposition on the zeolite, prolonging the catalyst's lifespan.

pyrolysis  /  tandem catalyst  /  light aromatics  /  catalyst lifespan
徐敏, 姚乃瑜, 蔡士杰, 鲁佑, 赵小燕, 曹景沛. 金属氧化物与分子筛串联催化褐煤热解挥发分重整制备轻质芳烃. 燃料化学学报(中英文), 2026 , 54 (3) : 20250238-478 -20250238-489 . DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0028
Min XU, Naiyu YAO, Shijie CAI, You LU, Xiaoyan ZHAO, Jingpei CAO. Catalytic reforming of lignite pyrolysis volatiles over metal oxide and zeolite tandem catalysts for light aromatics production[J]. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 2026 , 54 (3) : 20250238-478 -20250238-489 . DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0028
在中国的煤炭储量中,多数为变质程度低的低阶煤,具有高挥发分、高水分和高反应性等特点[1−3]。煤热解是一种有效的清洁利用方法,可将低阶煤转化为具有高附加值的液体燃料、热解气和焦炭等产物,利于运输和后续的利用[4−5]。然而,热解产生的焦油重质组分容易凝结,导致后续难以利用和清理,且容易堵塞管道,使得运行过程中出现问题[6−9]。而选用合适的催化剂在一定程度上可以促进重质组分向轻质组分转化,定向制备苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯、萘和甲基萘(B、T、E、X、N和MN)等轻质芳烃,热解产物轻质化则更利于后续的加工与利用[10−11]。
目前,用于煤热解挥发分重整制备轻质芳烃的催化剂主要有炭基催化剂、金属氧化物催化剂和分子筛催化剂[12]。金属氧化物具有氧化还原性质,其活性氧可以参与到催化裂解反应中,从而促进大分子的初级裂解和含氧官能团的脱除,因此,被证明在热解反应中有显著的裂解和脱氧作用[13]。研究表明,CaO等碱性金属氧化物具有良好的极性裂解活性位点,能有效降低反应的活化能,促进挥发分裂解[14];铁基催化剂具有较大的比表面积,为反应提供了足够的活性位点,此外,铁原子可以破坏脂肪烃的C−C键和C−H键,晶格氧则可以促进C−O键断裂,从而产生更多的CO2气体[15−16];镍基催化剂对大分子的裂解同样具有促进作用,但其裂解活性过强,导致大量挥发分裂解生成小分子气体,焦油产率大幅下降,需要对其用量进行严格把控[17]。具有酸性位点的分子筛被认为是用于褐煤催化提质的优秀催化剂。 ZSM-5分子筛独特的两种十元环孔道相互交叉结构为反应物提供了充足的反应空间,其特殊的孔道直径则对不同大小的挥发分产生特殊的限域作用,因此,在反应中能够有着出色的反应活性和择形选择性[18−21]。然而,在催化热解过程中,挥发分大分子尤其是含氧的挥发分分子极易吸附在分子筛表面和孔道内部,并发生结焦占据活性位点堵塞孔道,从而使分子筛失活,影响其催化效果[22−23]。考虑到一种催化剂对挥发分的催化效果较为单一,为解决这一问题,可以利用另一种催化剂先对热解挥发分进行脱氧处理,减少其含氧官能团,降低在分子筛上结焦的可能[24]。
基于以上原因,部分研究者提出串联催化方式,将两种不同类型的催化剂相结合,发挥双催化剂的作用,以此弥补单一催化剂的不足。Zheng等[25]利用CaO与ZSM-5共同催化生物质热解,发现CaO对热解挥发分具有较好的裂解和脱氧能力,有效减少积炭的形成,生成更多烃类、低氧醇类和酮类等含氧中间体。Zhang等[26]通过CaAl-3和Zn/SM-5联用发现,碱性催化剂在一定程度上可以防止多环芳烃生成和结焦,且适当的碱性强度有利于酚类脱氧,提高焦油品质。Zhao等[27]探讨了添加两种铁矿石对哈密煤热解反应性和产物分布的影响,铁矿石中不仅含有铁元素和矿物质,还含有其他微量元素,在热解过程中,矿物质的加入使得焦油质量得到改善,焦油中氧的含量明显降低,说明金属矿物质对热解焦油脱氧提质有较为明显的影响。
因此,本研究是在前人对于褐煤催化热解研究基础上,探究利用金属氧化物和ZSM-5串联催化对热解挥发分重整的影响。目的在于利用金属氧化物预裂解和脱氧能力,将大分子的热解挥发分裂解为小分子,以此提高挥发分小分子在分子筛上芳构化效率,并抑制催化剂积炭,以延长其寿命。改变金属氧化物的种类,探究催化剂碱性对裂解和脱氧的影响。通过对产物中轻质芳烃含量和分子筛上积炭及重质组分的分析,探究碱性金属氧化物和酸性分子筛催化剂对于褐煤热解挥发分重整的协同效应,分析更加经济高效的催化工艺。
本研究所用原料为内蒙古胜利褐煤。煤样经破碎后,16−40目过筛,取过筛后的煤样于105 ℃条件下干燥12 h后保存备用。煤样的工业分析和元素分析如表1所示。
褐煤催化热解实验所使用装置如图1所示,包括供气系统、热解系统、进料系统和产物收集系统。供气系统利用Ar排除系统中的空气,使热解反应得以在惰性环境中进行。热解系统主要由石英反应管(内径22 mm,长度360 mm)和加热温控装置组成,石英管反应器中分别装入两种催化剂:上层1 g催化剂A,下层2 g催化剂B,利用石英棉分隔。根据催化剂床层厚度和载气流量,控制挥发分在催化剂床层内停留时间约为1 s。加热装置以15 ℃/min的速率升温至600 ℃时,将进料瓶中的褐煤以0.1 g/min的进料速率下坠至反应管中,总进料时间为20 min,进料完成后保持20 min。反应过程中,热解产物通过催化剂床层后随载气进入产物收集系统,依次通过四个装有甲醇溶剂的冷阱(−15 ℃),可凝性气体以焦油的形式溶解于甲醇溶液中,不凝性气体则利用尾部的气袋收集。
实验所使用的分子筛催化剂为ZSM-5(SiO2/Al2O3=25,南开大学催化剂厂),金属氧化物催化剂分别为CaO(AR,国药集团化学试剂有限公司)、MgO(AR,天津市风船化学试剂科技有限公司))、纳米ZnO(AR,阿拉丁化学试剂有限公司)、ZrO2(AR,国药集团化学试剂有限公司)、纳米TiO2(AR,麦克林化学试剂有限公司)、中性Al2O3(AR,国药集团化学试剂有限公司)。所有催化剂使用前均经过压片、破碎,16−40目过筛,过筛后的催化剂于105 ℃条件下干燥12 h后保存备用。金属氧化物催化剂与ZSM-5以图2方式装填,使用前的金属氧化物命名为MO(F),使用后的金属氧化物命名为MO(S),反应后的ZSM-5则根据所串联金属氧化物的不同命名为MO/Z5。采用物理吸附仪(北京金埃谱科技公司V-Sorb 4800TP)测试催化剂反应前后比表面积及孔道信息;采用同步热分析仪(TG,瑞士梅特勒-托利多公司TGA/DSC1/1100LF)表征反应后催化剂失重情况;二氧化碳程序升温脱附(CO2-TPD,麦奇克拜尔有限公司BelCata II)表征金属氧化物反应前后的碱性。
气体产物采用岛津GC-2014气相色谱仪进行离线分析。仪器配置FID、TCD检测器,分别检测C1−C4有机气体和CO、CO2、H2等。采用外标法定量,三次测量后取两次相近值的平均值为最终结果。
焦油采用岛津GC-2014气相色谱仪进行离线分析,同样采用外标法定量检测,根据峰面积得到所测焦油中各轻质芳烃的含量,根据所得液体产物总体积即可得出各轻质芳烃组分的总含量。三次测量后取两次相近值的平均值为最终结果。
积炭含量则采用同步热分析仪测定。测样前先将待测样品研磨均匀以保证其均匀性和结果的可靠性。称取约15 mg待测样品放置于坩埚中,在O2气氛下以10 ℃/min的速率升温至110 ℃并保持10 min,以相同的速率升温至800 ℃并保持10 min。取热重曲线上300−700 ℃温度段数据计算样品上积炭含量。
产率计算公式如下:
$ \begin{split} &\text{褐煤质量}\text=\text{气体质量}\text+\text{半焦质量}\text+\text{液体质量}\text+\\&\qquad \text{积炭质量} \end{split}$
$ \text{气体产率}{({}\%,{\mathrm{daf}})=}\frac{\text{气体质量}}{\text{褐煤质量}}{\times 100\%} $
$ \text{半焦产率}{({}\%,{\mathrm{daf}})=}\frac{\text{半焦质量}}{\mathrm{褐}\mathrm{煤}\mathrm{质}\mathrm{量}}{\times 100\%} $
$ \text{液体产率}{({}\%,{\mathrm{daf}})=}\frac{\text{液体质量}}{\text{褐煤质量}}{\times 100\%} $
$ \begin{split} &\text{积炭产率}{(\%,{\mathrm{daf}})=}\\&\qquad \frac{\mathrm{失}\mathrm{重}\mathrm{率}\times \mathrm{使}\mathrm{用}\mathrm{后}\mathrm{催}\mathrm{化}\mathrm{剂}\mathrm{质}\mathrm{量}}{\text{褐煤质量}}{\times 100\%} \end{split}$
$ \text{某芳烃产率}\text{(mg/g,daf)=}\frac{\mathrm{某}\mathrm{芳}\mathrm{烃}\mathrm{质}\mathrm{量}}{\text{褐煤质量}}{\times 100\%} $
$ \begin{split} & \text{焦油中某组分相对含量}{({\mathrm{area}}\%)=}\\&\qquad \frac{\text{某组分面积}}{\text{所有组分面积}}{\times 100\%} \end{split}$
据N2吸附-脱附结果可知,相较于ZSM-5,金属氧化物的比表面积则较小,其中,CaO、MgO、ZnO和ZrO2的比表面积均小于30 m2/g,且孔类型以介孔为主,表明其孔隙结构不发达。因此,热解挥发分在金属氧化物床层发生的反应主要发生在其表面,难以进入其孔道内部。对比不同的金属氧化物,CaO和MgO在反应后比表面积略有增大,其余金属氧化物的比表面积则出现不同程度的下降。该现象可归因于CaO和MgO具有较强的碱性,会与热解过程中生成的CO2发生碳酸化反应,体积膨胀导致微裂、表面粗糙化、新微孔形成,并生成细小的碳酸盐颗粒,从而增大其比表面积[28]。此外,在金属氧化物表面还会形成积炭,部分积炭本身多孔且具有较高的比表面积,可能会导致比表面积增加[29]。其他金属氧化物比表面积的减小则可能是由于积炭堵塞孔道所造成的减小效应超过了积炭本身对比表面积的贡献,最终导致整体比表面积减小。值得注意的是,反应后的CaO平均孔径有所减小,其他金属氧化物则基本不变或增加,这可能是由于CaO更易与CO2发生碳酸化反应生成CaCO3小颗粒,其堆积导致平均孔径下降。MgO虽也会在反应过程中生成MgCO3,造成比表面积增加,但生成的MgCO3在500 ℃时就会完全分解,并不会因碳酸盐小颗粒的堆积和堵塞导致孔径减小。而其他金属氧化物则基本不发生碳酸化反应,在反应过程中主要发生结构的破坏坍塌和积炭沉积。若积炭沉积较少或形成致密的硬性积炭,将造成孔道堵塞与孔径减小;若结构坍塌为主,则可能导致孔径增大。当后者孔径增大效应占主导时,则整体表现为平均孔径的增大。
由图3 (e)可见,所有ZSM-5均表现为典型的I型吸附-脱附曲线,即在p/p0<0.01的低压区急剧上升,在中压区形成长而平坦的平台区,在p/p0>0.9的高压区出现轻微的上翘[30]。所有曲线的滞后环均不明显,只有在中压区出现不明显的滞后环,这表明材料中存在少量的介孔。而从表2可知,不同ZSM-5比表面积差异较大,其中,CaO/Z5和ZrO2/Z5比表面积降至300 m2/g以下,其他金属氧化物串联的ZSM-5比表面积仍保持在300 m2/g以上。添加CaO的ZSM-5比表面积出现明显的降低可能是由于CaO机械强度小,在反应过程中,在高温、载气吹扫的条件下发生粉化,部分CaO颗粒可能发生迁移、烧结或者团聚,形成更大的颗粒,加剧了对下层分子筛微孔孔道的物理堵塞效应[31]。数据表明,CaO/Z5微孔比表面积减小明显,介孔比表面积相较于其他金属氧化物串联的ZSM-5没有明显的下降,这也验证了上述推断。其他分子筛比表面积保持较好,可能是由于上层金属氧化物的添加能够在一定程度上促进积炭气化,从而抑制致密积炭的形成,在反应过程中孔道保持通畅[32]。
热重分析升温初期的失重主要为催化剂所吸附水分的脱除,从图4 (a)、(b)可以看出,上层催化剂的失重过程主要分为两个阶段[33−35]:第一阶段(300−530 ℃)各种金属氧化物均发生较明显的失重,对应催化剂上无定形碳的脱除,其中,ZrO2失重量最小,几乎无明显变化,而CaO则经历先增重再失重的过程;第二阶段(530−800 ℃),只有CaO发生明显失重,其他催化剂基本保持平稳,这归因于热解反应过程中生成的CaCO3在高温下再分解为CaO和CO2,导致进一步失重。综合两段的失重情况可知,上层催化剂上中的积炭以无定形碳为主,基本没有硬性积炭的沉积[36]。
对比上层催化剂和下层ZSM-5失重可以看出,下层ZSM-5的失重峰发生向高温段移动的现象,在500−650 ℃发生明显的失重,基本对应上层金属氧化物失重的第二阶段。这是由于上层催化剂的预裂解作用,挥发分大分子发生裂解,部分在上层已发生结焦形成软性积炭。因此,当裂解后的小分子挥发分随载气到达ZSM-5催化段时不易产生大分子的结焦,而小分子更易扩散至ZSM-5的微孔内部发生反应重整,一部分在微孔中结焦,因此,下层ZSM-5失重峰向高温段偏移。当温度达到700 ℃以上时,ZSM-5发生进一步的失重,但失重强度明显低于第一个失重峰。这可能源于挥发分分子聚合生成硬性积炭(难以脱除的积炭),此类积炭低温下不易分解失重,达到高温段时发生分解。两个失重峰强度的强度差异表明,硬性积炭量少于软性积炭,硬性积炭量的减少也更利于催化剂寿命的延长及再生使用。
如表3所示,在CO2-TPD表征中,通常将50−200 ℃脱附峰归属为弱碱性位点,200−800 ℃脱附峰为强碱性位点。
由图5可知,金属氧化物反应前后弱碱性点位较少,CaO和MgO有较多的强碱性位点,总碱量较高,而其他金属氧化物碱性极弱,可基本看作惰性氧化物。从表中可以看出,CaO、MgO和Al2O3的碱量在反应前后有比较明显的变化,其他金属氧化物变化很小或者基本不变,进一步说明其他金属氧化物在反应过程中基本呈惰性,很少有碱性位点参与热解反应并造成损耗。反应后的CaO碱量显著增加,强碱位点增加尤其明显,这主要是由于CaO与反应过程中生成的CO2反应生成CaCO3,在升温过程中,CaCO3受热分解释放出CO2,从而显示出更强的碱性信号。反应后的CaO在约530 ℃后出现明显的信号峰,与热重分析中CaO在该温度区间发生显著失重的结果相一致。
与之相反,MgO反应后碱性有明显的下降,表明其碱性位点参与反应这是由于在反应过程中碱性位点参与反应,损失大量碱性位点,且反应过程中生成的MgCO3在热解温度下会受热分解,无法稳定存在。碱量的减少也说明其在反应过程中起到一定的作用,MgO在热解过程中主要起到裂解和脱氧的作用,从而将挥发分大分子裂解为小分子,裂解后的小分子随载气进入ZSM-5孔道内部,更多小分子参与到芳构化反应中来,从而提高焦油产率。Al2O3反应后碱量略有增加,但其碱量增加机制与CaO不同。CaO是典型的碱土金属氧化物,具有强碱性,而Al2O3则是典型的两性氧化物,同时具备酸性和碱性位点。在反应过程中,Al2O3的酸性位点消耗量多于碱性位点,导致测试中表现出碱性增加。而ZnO、ZrO2和TiO2反应前后碱性没有很大的变化,这是由于这些氧化物基本不具备碱性位点,在反应过程中基本呈惰性。而反应后的金属氧化物在温度达到600 ℃左右时有明显的信号峰则可能是由于在高温下金属氧化物上的积炭受热反应,生成CO2脱除,从而检测到信号峰,这并不能说明催化剂碱性位点有变化。
将CO2-TPD结果与轻质芳烃产率结果结合可知,碱性较强的CaO和MgO参与催化反应,轻质芳烃产率略高于其他金属氧化物;而基本呈现惰性的ZnO、ZrO2和TiO2轻质芳烃的产率则显著降低,与惰性石英砂的效果相近;而两性氧化物Al2O3的轻质芳烃产率则略有降低。由碱量和轻质芳烃产率的相关性可以推测,添加具有一定碱性的金属氧化物可以促进挥发分大分子裂解为小分子,提高ZSM-5芳构化效率,从而提高轻质芳烃产率[37]。
由表4可知,催化剂主要是促进褐煤热解挥发分的催化转化,对未进入催化重整区的半焦没有影响,半焦产率保持稳定,占比均在62%左右。随着上层催化剂类型的改变,由于金属氧化物性质各不相同,各组分占比也发生较大变化。气体和积炭产率发生较大变化,液体产物占比利用差减法计算,因此也发生相应改变。
由图6(a)可知,改变不同的上层催化剂,除CaO气体产率明显降低外,其他金属氧化物的气体产率相较于ZSM-5催化略有升高,总体保持稳定,这也和预期相符。气体产率的增加归因于金属氧化物的添加促进了热解挥发分的裂解和脱氧反应,产物中可能含有更多含氧气体如CO、CO2。添加CaO的气体产率明显减少则是由上述原因所致,即CaO与CO2反应生成CaCO3,导致气体中CO2量大幅减少,这同样也是CaO添加后积炭产率大幅升高的原因。
相较于ZSM-5单独催化,添加金属氧化物后积炭产率保持不变或者略有下降,同样是由于上层金属氧化物的预裂解作用,使得挥发分分子变小,且发生更多脱氧反应,挥发分中含氧官能团减少[13],也减少了在催化剂上形成积炭前驱体的可能。由于气体产率提高、积炭产率下降,液体产物产率也发生相应的改变,相较于ZSM-5单独催化热解,添加金属氧化物后气体产物产率提高明显,而积炭变化较小,总体液体产物产率占比呈现下降的趋势。
图6(b)为热解气体组分产率,从图中可以看出,不同金属氧化物串联催化的气体产物分布差别很大。相较于纯ZSM-5催化,CaO/ZSM-5串联的气体产物中H2含量明显增加,而CO2产率则大幅下降,这是由于CaO的加入能够促进热解挥发分裂解,从而产生更多的活性氢,从而生成更多H2,而CaO则极易与反应生成的CO2反应生成CaCO3,并在反应温度下可以稳定存在,因此,在反应过程中CO2就被消耗,这一现象与热重分析和CO2-TPD的结果相符。此外,从图6中可以发现,除CaO/ZSM-5串联催化CO2在反应中被消耗,添加金属氧化物的热解气体中CO2产率明显增高,说明金属氧化物的加入促进了挥发分脱氧反应,O更多以CO2形式脱除,而不会在分子筛上由含氧组分形成积炭前驱体,以此减少含氧积炭的量。与CO2不同的是,添加金属氧化物后CO含量略有下降或基本与ZSM-5单独催化持平,这可能是由于金属氧化物的添加主要促进脱羟基、脱羧等反应,且O主要以CO2的形式脱除,与CO2生成有竞争关系的CO的生成则未被促进或受到抑制[38]。CH4和C2−C4等有机气体产率有所下降,这可以归因于金属氧化物的添加使得挥发分得到充分利用,不易发生二次裂解,因此,短链烃类产率下降[39]。
图7为不同金属氧化物与ZSM-5串联催化轻质芳烃的产率。从图7可以看出,CaO、MgO和ZrO2串联催化的轻质芳烃总量均高于商业ZSM-5单独催化,其中,MgO/ZSM-5串联催化轻质芳烃产率最高,达到21.5 mg/g。这可以归结于上层金属氧化物对热解挥发分大分子的预裂解作用。褐煤热解挥发分大分子随载气通过金属氧化物床层时被裂解为更小的分子,从而可以进入ZSM-5孔道内部[40−41]。通过预裂解过程提高了ZSM-5的催化效率,也提高了目标产物轻质芳烃的产率,而其他基本不呈现碱性的金属氧化物的轻质芳烃产率则与单独ZSM-5催化相近或略低于单独ZSM-5催化。对于不同的轻质芳烃组分,不同的催化剂也有着不同的促进或抑制作用。
从图7中可以看出,CaO和MgO催化后的轻质芳烃中,萘和甲基萘产率相较于单独ZSM-5催化有着明显的提高,这是由于上层裂解后不仅产生更多小分子挥发分,同时也会产生更多活性氢,活性氢可以稳定挥发分,生成在反应温度下能保持稳定的萘和甲基萘[42]。图7中可以发现,ZrO2的添加虽未使轻质芳烃产率得到显著提高,但其甲苯、二甲苯含量明显升高,这是由于在热解温度下ZrO2有助于CH4的转化,ZrO2的加入促进了CH4活化并与苯自由基反应生成甲苯和二甲苯[6]。
从催化性能综合考虑评价,催化剂寿命也是评价催化剂的重要标准之一。上述各金属氧化物与ZSM-5串联催化体系中,MgO的催化效果最佳,因此,对其进行循环实验以探究其催化寿命。图8为不同催化剂的循环寿命测试,两种催化剂分别为ZSM-5单独催化和MgO与ZSM-5串联催化。
结果表明,两种催化剂均在第一次反应后发生比较明显的产率下降,随后缓慢下降,当反应循环至第七次时,轻质芳烃产率骤降。循环第二次后产率的下降主要归因于反应过程中积炭覆盖部分活性位点,但积炭量尚不足以导致催化剂完全失活,当循环至第七次时则发生严重失活。从图8中可知,MgO/ZSM-5串联体系在各次循环的产率均高于ZSM-5单独催化,循环至第六次时轻质芳烃产率仍高于ZSM-5单独催化的产率,表明MgO的添加不仅有效促进了挥发分向轻质芳烃转化,同时也显著改善了催化体系的循环寿命。
两种不同类型的催化剂进行串联催化,改变上层金属氧化物的种类,发现碱性MgO与ZSM-5串联反应时效果最好,轻质芳烃产率最高,达到21.5 mg/g,相较于ZSM-5单独催化提高了约20%,液体产物质量占比也维持较高比例,达到21.4%。这是由于上层利用碱性金属氧化物裂解能力强、脱氧性能好的特点,对热解挥发分大分子进行预裂解,使之裂解为可以进入下层催化剂微孔孔道内部的小分子,从而提高下层ZSM-5的催化活性。提高产物中轻质芳烃产率的同时大幅减少ZSM-5上的积炭,使下层的ZSM-5催化活性更高,也有望延长其寿命。本研究可为低阶煤热解挥发分轻质化提供重要理论支撑。

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doi: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0028
  • 接收时间:2025-09-17
  • 首发时间:2026-09-23
  • 出版时间:2026-03-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-17
  • 修回日期:2025-10-22
  • 录用日期:2025-11-11
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    1中国矿业大学 江苏省煤基温室气体减排与资源化利用重点实验室, 江苏 徐州 221008
    2中国矿业大学 碳中和研究院, 江苏 徐州 221008
    3中国矿业大学 江苏省碳资源精细化利用工程研究中心, 江苏 徐州 221116

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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