Article(id=1309631824599548166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309631821596423027, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0021, pmid=null, cstr=32157.14.2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0137, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751299200000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-01, revisedDate=1753891200000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-31, acceptedDate=1753977600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-01, onlineDate=1790170158767, onlineDateStr=2026-09-23, pubDate=1773072000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790170158767, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790170158767, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790170158767, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1309631821596423027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, year='2026', volume='54', issue='3', pageStart='20250121-412', pageEnd='20250365-540', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773072000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790170158051, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790213000114, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1309811514299744400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309631821596423027, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1309811514299744401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309631821596423027, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=20250162-513, endPage=20250162-523, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1309631824784097543, articleId=1309631824599548166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, language=EN, title=Study on the construction and microwave absorption performance of FexOy/TiO2/C composites based on red mud, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To achieve the efficient utilization and development of red mud as a resource, this study used red mud as the raw material and starch as the carbon source. By employing sol-gel technology and carbon thermal reduction processes, FexOy/TiO2/C composite microwave absorption materials were successfully prepared. By adjusting the calcination temperature and raw material ratios, the minimum reflection loss value (RLmin) and effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of the FexOy/TiO2/C composite material. Experimental results indicate that RmCT-5.4-700 exhibits the best microwave absorption performance, with RLmin reaching −30.2 dB and EAB reaching 5.3 GHz when the coating thickness is 2.0 mm. The excellent absorption performance of the FexOy/TiO2/C composite material stems from the synergistic effects of multiple loss mechanisms. Defects generated by carbon consumption during the carbon thermal reduction process provide dipole sites, thereby inducing dipole polarization phenomena, effectively dissipating electromagnetic wave energy and enhancing absorption performance. Graphitized carbon, Fe3O4, and Fe particles collectively form a conductive network, with electrons migrating and hopping within the network, thereby generating conductive loss. Additionally, Fe3O4, Fe and TiO2 particles are uniformly distributed on the red mud matrix, forming numerous heterogeneous interfaces, thereby inducing interface polarization. The magnetic loss characteristics of Fe3O4 and Fe particles effectively improve the impedance matching properties, enabling more electromagnetic energy to enter the composite material and be efficiently absorbed. The research approach in this work not only opens up new avenues for the resource utilization of red mud but also promotes the high-value utilization of solid waste.

, authors=Guomin LI1, *, Yujie GUO1, Lingxiao LI1, Kun JIA2, Liping LIANG1, *, authorsList=Guomin LI, Yujie GUO, Lingxiao LI, Kun JIA, Liping LIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Guomin LI, Liping LIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1309631832744886588, articleId=1309631824599548166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, language=CN, title=基于赤泥构建FexOy/TiO2/C复合材料及吸波性能研究, columnId=1309584910000677174, journalTitle=燃料化学学报(中英文), columnName=RESEARCH PAPER, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了实现赤泥的资源化高效利用和开发,本研究以赤泥为原料、淀粉为碳源,利用溶胶-凝胶技术与碳热还原工艺制备了FexOy/TiO2/C复合微波吸收材料,通过调控焙烧温度和原料配比,显著优化了FexOy/TiO2/C复合材料的最低反射损耗值(RLmin)及有效吸收带宽(EAB)。实验结果表明,RmCT-5.4-700具有最佳的微波吸收性能,当涂层厚度为2.0 mm时,RLmin达到−30.2 dB,对应的EAB达到5.3 GHz;FexOy/TiO2/C复合材料优异的吸波性能源于多种损耗机制的协同作用。碳热还原过程中碳消耗产生的缺陷会提供偶极位点,进而引发偶极极化现象,有效损耗电磁波能量,从而提升吸波性能。石墨化碳与Fe3O4、Fe颗粒共同构建起导电网络,电子在网络上迁移跳跃,由此产生导电损耗。此外,Fe3O4、Fe与TiO2颗粒均匀分布于赤泥基体上,形成众多的异质界面,从而引发界面极化。Fe3O4和Fe颗粒所具备的磁损耗特性有效改善了材料的阻抗匹配特性,促使更多电磁能量进入复合材料内部并被高效吸收。本工作研究思路不仅为赤泥的资源化利用开辟了新途径,而且助推固体废弃物的高值化利用。

, authors=力国民1, *, 郭宇杰1, 李凌霄1, 贾琨2, 梁丽萍1, *, authorsList=力国民, 郭宇杰, 李凌霄, 贾琨, 梁丽萍, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=力国民, 梁丽萍, authorNote=

力国民(1984),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为固废资源化利用和陶瓷复合微波吸收材料的开发,

梁丽萍(1970),女,博士,教授,主要从事先进陶瓷材料研发与煤基固废高效利用的研究工作,

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Preparation of NiCo/NPC composites and study on their wave absorbing properties[J]. J Mater Sci, 2024, 59(8): 3436−3450., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1309631843109011877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631824599548166, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=41, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHOU Y, ZHOU W J, NI C H, et al. “Tree blossom” Ni/NC/C composites as high-efficiency microwave absorbents[J]. 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Carbon, 2022, 186: 333−343., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1309631832983961917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631824599548166, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1309631832996544830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631824599548166, companyId=1309631832983961917, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1309631833009127743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631824599548166, companyId=1309631832983961917, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1太原科技大学 材料科学与工程学院, 山西 太原 030024)]), AuthorCompany(id=1309631833080430912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631824599548166, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1309631833093013825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631824599548166, companyId=1309631833080430912, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Thirty-third Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Taiyuan 030032, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1309631833101402434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631824599548166, companyId=1309631833080430912, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国电子科技集团公司第三十三研究所, 山西 太原 030032)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1309631835022393700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631824599548166, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=XRD patterns of RmCT-3.6-t (t=400−900 ℃), figureFileSmall=bo75Ovku301msB/H3Ekcig==, figureFileBig=d9mvB4/fB9OIBLz9TkDRSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309631835085308261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631824599548166, language=CN, label=图1, caption=RmCT-3.6-t (t=400−900 ℃)的XRD谱图, figureFileSmall=bo75Ovku301msB/H3Ekcig==, figureFileBig=d9mvB4/fB9OIBLz9TkDRSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309631835282440550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631824599548166, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Raman spectra of typical samples, figureFileSmall=cHVdyzaq7IJrT34bsSZBbA==, figureFileBig=sIW6rSvv2DiOIUedfSrGHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309631835349549415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631824599548166, language=CN, label=图2, caption=典型样品的Raman光谱谱图, figureFileSmall=cHVdyzaq7IJrT34bsSZBbA==, figureFileBig=sIW6rSvv2DiOIUedfSrGHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309631835412463976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631824599548166, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=SEM images of samples, figureFileSmall=+Z7IOlVn6whzDVeJ5zPKWQ==, figureFileBig=9u0QCIkN4K8sLdz9JTdRsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309631837102768489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631824599548166, language=CN, label=图3, caption=样品的SEM图像

(a): RmCT-3.6-500; (b): RmCT-3.6-700; (c): RmCT-3.6-900.

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(a): RmCT-3.6-500; (b): RmCT-3.6-700; (c): RmCT-3.6-900; (d): Attenuation constant (α) curves.

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(a): RmCT-1.8-700; (b): RmCT-3.6-700; (c): RmCT-5.4-700.

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Chemical composition of red mud

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赤泥的化学组成

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基于赤泥构建FexOy/TiO2/C复合材料及吸波性能研究
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力国民 1, * , 郭宇杰 1 , 李凌霄 1 , 贾琨 2 , 梁丽萍 1, *
燃料化学学报(中英文) | RESEARCH PAPER 2026,54(3): 20250162-513-20250162-523
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燃料化学学报(中英文) |RESEARCH PAPER 2026 , 54 (3) : 20250162-513 -20250162-523
基于赤泥构建FexOy/TiO2/C复合材料及吸波性能研究
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力国民1, * , 郭宇杰1, 李凌霄1, 贾琨2, 梁丽萍1, *
作者信息
  • 1太原科技大学 材料科学与工程学院, 山西 太原 030024
  • 2中国电子科技集团公司第三十三研究所, 山西 太原 030032
通讯作者:
作者简介:

力国民(1984),男,博士,副教授,研究方向为固废资源化利用和陶瓷复合微波吸收材料的开发,

梁丽萍(1970),女,博士,教授,主要从事先进陶瓷材料研发与煤基固废高效利用的研究工作,

Study on the construction and microwave absorption performance of FexOy/TiO2/C composites based on red mud
Guomin LI1, * , Yujie GUO1, Lingxiao LI1, Kun JIA2, Liping LIANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
  • 2Thirty-third Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Taiyuan 030032, China
出版时间: 2026-03-10 doi: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0021
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为了实现赤泥的资源化高效利用和开发,本研究以赤泥为原料、淀粉为碳源,利用溶胶-凝胶技术与碳热还原工艺制备了FexOy/TiO2/C复合微波吸收材料,通过调控焙烧温度和原料配比,显著优化了FexOy/TiO2/C复合材料的最低反射损耗值(RLmin)及有效吸收带宽(EAB)。实验结果表明,RmCT-5.4-700具有最佳的微波吸收性能,当涂层厚度为2.0 mm时,RLmin达到−30.2 dB,对应的EAB达到5.3 GHz;FexOy/TiO2/C复合材料优异的吸波性能源于多种损耗机制的协同作用。碳热还原过程中碳消耗产生的缺陷会提供偶极位点,进而引发偶极极化现象,有效损耗电磁波能量,从而提升吸波性能。石墨化碳与Fe3O4、Fe颗粒共同构建起导电网络,电子在网络上迁移跳跃,由此产生导电损耗。此外,Fe3O4、Fe与TiO2颗粒均匀分布于赤泥基体上,形成众多的异质界面,从而引发界面极化。Fe3O4和Fe颗粒所具备的磁损耗特性有效改善了材料的阻抗匹配特性,促使更多电磁能量进入复合材料内部并被高效吸收。本工作研究思路不仅为赤泥的资源化利用开辟了新途径,而且助推固体废弃物的高值化利用。

赤泥  /  溶胶-凝胶  /  Fe3O4/Fe  /  复合吸波材料

To achieve the efficient utilization and development of red mud as a resource, this study used red mud as the raw material and starch as the carbon source. By employing sol-gel technology and carbon thermal reduction processes, FexOy/TiO2/C composite microwave absorption materials were successfully prepared. By adjusting the calcination temperature and raw material ratios, the minimum reflection loss value (RLmin) and effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of the FexOy/TiO2/C composite material. Experimental results indicate that RmCT-5.4-700 exhibits the best microwave absorption performance, with RLmin reaching −30.2 dB and EAB reaching 5.3 GHz when the coating thickness is 2.0 mm. The excellent absorption performance of the FexOy/TiO2/C composite material stems from the synergistic effects of multiple loss mechanisms. Defects generated by carbon consumption during the carbon thermal reduction process provide dipole sites, thereby inducing dipole polarization phenomena, effectively dissipating electromagnetic wave energy and enhancing absorption performance. Graphitized carbon, Fe3O4, and Fe particles collectively form a conductive network, with electrons migrating and hopping within the network, thereby generating conductive loss. Additionally, Fe3O4, Fe and TiO2 particles are uniformly distributed on the red mud matrix, forming numerous heterogeneous interfaces, thereby inducing interface polarization. The magnetic loss characteristics of Fe3O4 and Fe particles effectively improve the impedance matching properties, enabling more electromagnetic energy to enter the composite material and be efficiently absorbed. The research approach in this work not only opens up new avenues for the resource utilization of red mud but also promotes the high-value utilization of solid waste.

red mud  /  sol-gel  /  Fe3O4/Fe  /  microwave absorbing composites
力国民, 郭宇杰, 李凌霄, 贾琨, 梁丽萍. 基于赤泥构建FexOy/TiO2/C复合材料及吸波性能研究. 燃料化学学报(中英文), 2026 , 54 (3) : 20250162-513 -20250162-523 . DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0021
Guomin LI, Yujie GUO, Lingxiao LI, Kun JIA, Liping LIANG. Study on the construction and microwave absorption performance of FexOy/TiO2/C composites based on red mud[J]. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 2026 , 54 (3) : 20250162-513 -20250162-523 . DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0021
在5G技术蓬勃发展的当下,以电磁波为载体的各类电子设备广泛普及,极大地便利了日常生活,但随之产生的电磁污染问题也日益严峻,引发了社会各界的广泛关注[1]。在此形势下,研发具备“厚度薄、质量轻、吸收强、频带宽、易制备”特性的高性能电磁波吸收材料,不仅具有重大的现实意义,更蕴含着极高的应用价值,因而吸引了众多科研工作者投身其中[2]。
铁氧体作为一种经典的磁损耗型吸波材料,应用范围极为广泛,如Fe3O4、CoFe2O4、BaFe12O19等均属此类,不但具备较高的磁导率与矫顽力,还呈现出吸收能力强以及制备工艺简便等诸多优势[3]。然而,单独将铁氧体用作吸波材料,其弊端也较为明显,主要体现在吸收带宽不足以及磁性易受到温度限制,在高温下易失去磁性,丧失吸波能力[3]。为弥补上述不足,通过将碳基材料与铁氧体复合,巧妙融合铁氧体的磁损耗特性与碳材料的介电损耗特性,从而实现两种材料优势的相互补充,大幅增强复合材料的吸波能力[4]。当前,广泛应用的这类复合材料涵盖了铁氧体/石墨烯复合材料[5]、铁氧体/碳纤维复合材料[6]以及铁氧体/碳纳米管复合材料[7]。在相关研究实践中,诸多成果令人瞩目。例如,He等[8]将溶胶-凝胶衍生的Ba2Co2Fe12O22与氧化石墨烯偶联,利用抗坏血酸进行还原,合成了铁氧体/RGO复合材料,展现出优异的微波吸收性能。实验数据表明,当氧化石墨烯与铁氧体颗粒的质量比为1∶2时,所制备样品的RLmin为−45.25 dB,其EAB可达到4.75 GHz。Wang等[9]通过一步水热法合成了硫化铜/钴铁氧体/多壁碳纳米管(CuS/CoFe2O4/MWCNT)复合微波吸收材料。实验结果表明,当匹配厚度为1.77 mm时,EAB可达到5.26 GHz。Cheng等[10]运用水热法制备了一种新型钴铁氧体(CoCrFeO4)/碳纤维(CF)复合吸波材料。实验发现,当碳纤维和钴铁氧体的质量比为1∶4时,所制备的样品在测试频率为9.25 GHz时,其RLmin为−24.10 dB。
上述石墨烯、碳纳米管、碳纤维等原料的价格昂贵,限制了其实际应用,为了降低复合微波吸收材料的制备成本,科研人员利用生物质碳、煤基固废等原料作为替代碳源,制备了性能较优的复合材料。Su等[11]以木耳为生物质碳前驱体,硝酸铁为铁源,经高温碳化制得Fe/Fe3O4/BC复合材料。实验结果表明,当匹配厚度为2.06 mm时,其RLmin为−30.41 dB,EAB为2.45 GHz。Li等[12]以煤气化残渣为碳源、硝酸铁为铁源,通过浸渍法与原位碳热还原技术相结合,制备出Fe/CGR复合吸波材料。研究显示,当Fe3+浓度为1.0 mol/L时,该材料表现出卓越的微波吸收特性:在2.5 mm涂层厚度下,其最小反射损耗(RLmin)低至−39.3 dB;同时,当厚度减至1.5 mm时,有效吸收带宽(EAB)可达到4.1 GHz。
尽管关于低成本合成复合型微波吸收材料的研究报道较多,但绝大多数研究仍依赖于低成本的碳基材料作为介电成分,而磁性部分则主要采用高纯度的无机化学品,这不仅提高了成本,还不可避免地加剧了环境污染。鉴于此,探索一种经济实惠的原料以充当复合材料中的磁性成分,无疑将成为未来吸波材料演进的主流方向。赤泥是拜耳法生产氧化铝时产生的强碱性红褐色固体废渣。根据统计数据显示,每提炼103 kg氧化铝大约会产生(1−2.5)×103 kg赤泥[13]。目前,赤泥主要处置方式为露天堆存,这不仅占用大量土地资源,其长期暴露于环境中还会对土壤、地下水及大气造成严重污染[14]。近年来,本课题组已经回收利用赤泥来制备复合微波吸收材料,证实利用赤泥中的Fe2O3作为磁损耗组分的可行性[15]。
基于上述,本研究以赤泥为原料,淀粉为碳源,通过溶胶-凝胶法结合碳热还原工艺制备FexOy/TiO2/C复合微波吸收材料。重点探究了不同焙烧温度及原料配比对材料物相组成、微观结构、电磁参数及吸波特性的影响规律。结果表明,RmCT-5.4-700展现出最佳的微波吸收性能:在2.0 mm涂层厚度下,RLmin为−30.2 dB,对应EAB达5.3 GHz。
原料赤泥(Rm)来自中国国家电投集团山西铝业有限公司,具体成分见表1。可溶性淀粉、钛酸四丁酯、冰醋酸和无水乙醇均为分析纯,购自国药集团,去离子水为实验室自制。
将赤泥放置于烘箱中对其进行120 ℃干燥处理,放入球磨机进行球磨2 h,再经120目标准筛进行筛分得到粒径均一的赤泥粉体备用。在烧杯中加入10 mL无水乙醇置于磁力搅拌器上,以500 r/min转速搅拌。逐滴加入8.5 g钛酸四丁酯,持续搅拌30 min形成均匀混合溶液。缓慢滴加2 mL冰醋酸(调节体系pH值≈3.5),继续搅拌30 min确保充分混合。滴加0.45 mL去离子水,维持500 r/min转速搅拌1 h,获得稳定的透明溶胶。分别称取4.8 g可溶性淀粉与4.8 g赤泥粉体加入溶胶中继续搅拌,直至形成凝胶状物质。凝胶经80 ℃干燥8 h获得复合材料前驱体。将前驱体研磨后置于KBF1700型管式炉内,氩气气氛下在不同温度(400、500、600、700、800、900 ℃)焙烧2 h,升温速率为5 ℃/min,样品随炉冷却,得到FexOy/TiO2/C复合材料。为便于区分,将样品命名为RmCT-c-t,其中,c指钛酸四丁酯与赤泥的质量比,t为焙烧温度。
运用PW2400型X射线衍射(XRD)仪和Renishaw-in Via型拉曼光谱仪(Raman)分析样品的物相组成及碳的存在状态,借助S-4800型扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察样品的微观形貌及元素分布,依托85050D型矢量网络分析仪测定样品的电磁参数:复介电常数(εr=ε′−jε″)和复磁导率(μr=μ′−jμ″)。基于公式(1)−(4)可模拟计算得到样品的反射损耗值(RL)、归一化阻抗因子(Z)与本征衰减常数(α)[15]。其中,Zin为电磁波垂直射入材料的输入阻抗,Z0为自由空间内的阻抗,d为涂层厚度,f为电磁波频率。
$ RL \mathrm{(dB)=20lg|(} \mathit{Z} _{ \mathrm{in}} \mathrm- \mathit{Z} _{ \mathrm{0}} \mathrm{)/(} \mathit{Z} _{ \mathrm{in}} \mathrm+ \mathit{Z} _{ \mathrm{0}} \mathrm{)|} $
$ \mathit{Z} _{ \mathrm{in}} = \mathit{Z} _{ \mathrm{0}} {(\mu_{\mathrm{r}}/\varepsilon_{\mathrm{r}})}^{ \mathrm{1/2}} \mathrm{tanh}[j(2\pi \mathit{f} d/c)( {\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{r}}\cdot \mu_{\mathrm{r}})^{ \mathrm{1/2}} \mathrm{]} $
$ \mathit{Z} \mathrm{=|} \mathit{Z} _{ \mathrm{in}} \mathrm{/} \mathit{Z} _{ \mathrm{0}} |=|{(\mu_{\mathrm{r}}/\varepsilon_{\mathrm{r}})}^{ \mathrm{1/2}} \mathrm{tanh}[j(2\pi \mathit{f} d/c)( {\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{r}} \mu_{\mathrm{r}})^{ \mathrm{1/2}} \mathrm{]}|$
$\begin{split} &\alpha=\left(\frac{\sqrt{2} \pi f}{c}\right) \\& \sqrt{\left(\mu^{\prime \prime} \varepsilon^{\prime \prime}-\mu^{\prime} \varepsilon^{\prime}\right)+\sqrt{\left(\mu^{\prime \prime} \varepsilon^{\prime \prime}-\mu^{\prime} \varepsilon^{\prime}\right)^2+\left(\varepsilon^{\prime} \mu^{\prime \prime}+\varepsilon^{\prime \prime} \mu^{\prime}\right)^2}}\end{split} $
经不同温度焙烧后得到RmCT复合材料的XRD谱图如图1所示,当温度较低时,位于2θ = 24.7°、35.2°和63.7°处的衍射峰归属为Fe2O3(JCPDS No. 33-0664)的(104)、(110)和(214)晶面。而2θ= 26.5°附近的衍射峰可能源于赤泥中方钠石的初步分解及淀粉的热解[16],反应如下:
$ \mathrm{(C}_{ \mathrm{6}} \mathrm{H}_{ \mathrm{12}} \mathrm{O}_{ \mathrm{6}} )_{ {n}} \mathrm{) \to C+H}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{O \uparrow +C}{\text{-}}\mathrm{containing\; gases\uparrow} $
$ \mathrm{[Na}_{ \mathrm{6}} \mathrm{Al}_{ \mathrm{6}} \mathrm{Si}_{ \mathrm{6}} \mathrm{O}_{ \mathrm{24}} ] \cdot \mathrm{[Na}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{CO}_{ \mathrm{3}} \mathrm{]=6NaAlSiO}_{ \mathrm{4}} \mathrm{ + Na}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{O + CO}_{ \mathrm{2}} $
当焙烧温度为500 ℃时,样品在2θ = 35.4°、56.9°和62.5°处的衍射峰开始出现,对应于Fe3O4(JCPDS No. 19-0629)的(311)、(511)和(440)晶面。说明Fe2O3被还原为Fe3O4,其反应过程如式(7)。同时,在2θ = 25.4°、48.2°和62.8°附近,出现了锐钛矿型TiO2(JCPDS No. 75-0449)的特征峰,分别归属于(101)、(200)和(204)晶面,说明前驱体中的TiO2开始结晶[17],如式(8)。
$ \mathrm{3Fe}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{O}_{ \mathrm{3}} \mathrm{+C \to 2Fe}_{ \mathrm{3}} \mathrm{O}_{ \mathrm{4}} \mathrm{+CO\uparrow} $
$ \mathrm{Ti(OH)}_{ \mathrm{4}} \mathrm{ \to TiO}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{+2H}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{O} $
随着温度升高到600−700 ℃,Fe3O4的衍射峰强度减弱,同时在2θ = 44.8°和82.3°处出现Fe(JCPDS No. 34-0178)的特征峰,表明部分Fe3O4被还原为Fe。此外,在2θ = 36.6°、35.2°和63.3°处还检测到FeTiO3(JCPDS No. 06-0686)的衍射峰,这些峰的形成源于FeO颗粒与TiO2之间的固相反应[18]。反应过程如式(9)−(11)所示:
$ \mathrm{Fe}_{ \mathrm{3}} \mathrm{O}_{ \mathrm{4}} \mathrm{+4C \to 3Fe+4CO\uparrow} $
$ \mathrm{Fe}_{ \mathrm{3}} \mathrm{O}_{ \mathrm{4}} \mathrm{+4CO \to 3Fe+4CO}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{\uparrow} $
$ \mathrm{FeO+TiO}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{ \to FeTiO}_{ \mathrm{3}} $
当温度进一步升高,RmCT-3.6-800和RmCT-3.6-900中Fe对应的衍射峰更加尖锐而FeTiO3衍射峰则逐渐减弱,是由于FeTiO3在高温环境下被基体中的C还原为Fe所致[18],其反应过程如式(12)所示。此外,当焙烧温度为900 ℃时在2θ= 27.4°、36.1°和54.3°处出现了新的衍射峰,可分别归属于金红石型TiO2(JCPDS No. 33-0664)的(110)、(101)和(211)晶面,说明复合材料中的TiO2发生了晶型转变[19]。
$ \mathrm{2FeTiO}_{ \mathrm{3}} \mathrm{+3C \to 2Fe+2TiO}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{+3CO\uparrow} $
如图2(a)所示,当焙烧温度为500、700 ℃时,拉曼光谱在144、399、514和639 cm−1处有属于锐钛矿型TiO2的特征峰[19]。对于RmCT-3.6-900,其拉曼光谱在263、447和612 cm−1处有属于金红石型TiO2的特征峰[19],上述结果与XRD表征一致。图2(b)结果显示,三种样品的拉曼光谱均在1338 cm−1(D带)和1592 cm−1(G带)处呈现特征峰。其中,D带源于炭材料中sp3杂化的无序振动模式,而G带则反映sp2杂化碳的键伸缩振动。这两个特征峰的强度比值(ID/IG)是评估材料结构特性的重要指标:该比值与炭材料的缺陷密度呈正相关,其数值增大意味着材料无序程度加剧,同时表明石墨化程度的降低[20]。样品ID/IG值的逐渐增大主要归因于固相反应过程中炭消耗的增加,导致缺陷密度显著升高、石墨化程度降低。样品中的炭组分与TiO2以及含铁组分共同作用,可以建立起有效的导电网络,从而引起电导损耗[21]。
进一步,对典型样品RmCT-3.6-t (t=500、700、900)的微观形貌进行探究。对于样品RmCT-3.6-500(图3(a))而言,锐钛矿型TiO2与Fe3O4颗粒团聚相对松散。随着焙烧温度升高到700 ℃,如图3(b)所示,大量Fe与FeTiO3颗粒均匀分散在基体表面。图3(c)所示,随着焙烧温度的进一步提高,镶嵌于基体中的白色颗粒(FeTiO3)数量呈现出逐渐递增的态势,且颗粒的粒径亦逐步增大。图4为样品RmCT-3.6-700的元素mapping结果,可以观察到基体中的Fe、O元素基本呈现均匀分布,同时Fe元素在部分区域呈现富集状态,推测是Fe颗粒在部分区域呈现局部聚集现象。Ti元素在材料中的分布均匀且连续,而C元素出现了不均匀分布的现象,表明碳热还原反应对碳进行了消耗,这与XRD分析结果相吻合。
微波吸收性能的评价通常以反射损耗(RL)值为衡量指标。在实际应用中,通常将RL值低于−10 dB作为合格标准,并将符合该条件的频段范围称为有效吸收带宽(EAB)[21]。图5(a)−(c)呈现了不同样品(RmCT-3.6-500、RmCT-3.6-700和RmCT-3.6-900)在2−18 GHz频段内的RL变化。可以发现,RmCT-3.6-500与RmCT-3.6-900的RL值始终高于−10 dB,其微波吸收性能较差。相比之下,样品RmCT-3.6-700表现出相对优异的吸波性能。当涂层厚度达到2.0 mm时,RLmin值达到−17.9 dB,EAB为5.6 GHz。根据传输线理论,材料的电磁波吸收性能主要取决于两方面的因素:阻抗匹配特性与衰减特性[22]。样品的阻抗匹配特性如图5(a)−(c)下半幅所示,衰减常数(α)曲线示于图5(d)。根据参数Z的定义(公式(3)),当Z值接近1时,表明阻抗匹配良好;而该数值偏离1则反映出阻抗失配现象。样品RmCT-3.6-500的Z值与1偏离较大,意味着其阻抗匹配特性欠佳。同时,该样品的衰减常数近乎为0,呈现出较差的微波吸收性能。相比之下,RmCT-3.6-900的衰减常数最大,其Z值同样远离1,即阻抗匹配特性不理想。值得注意的是,材料对电磁波的吸收损耗是阻抗匹配与衰减能力互相协同的结果,首先吸波材料必须具备良好的阻抗匹配度,允许更多的电磁波进入其内,再借助各种衰减机理将入射电磁波转化为其他能量进行损耗;相反,如果吸波材料的衰减常数很大,而对应的阻抗匹配失去的话,会导致其RL性能变差。样品RmCT-3.6-700的Z值接近1,展现出良好的阻抗匹配特性,而且对应的衰减常数也处于较高水平,因此,呈现出较为优异的微波吸收性能。
为探究FexOy/TiO2/C复合材料的微波吸收机理,对RmCT-3.6-500、RmCT-3.6-700、RmCT-3.6-900三种样品的相对复介电常数(εr=ε'−jε'')及相对复磁导率(µr=µ'−jµ'')随频率变化的曲线进行分析与探讨。相对复介电常数与复磁导率的实数部分(即ε'与µ')各自象征了材料在电能和磁能存储方面的潜力,而其对应的虚数部分(即ε''与µ'')则揭示了材料在电能和磁能损耗方面的特性[23]。图6给出了上述三种样品的εr随频率的变化。从图6(a)、(b)中观察到,RmCT-3.6-500的ε'值和ε''值在整个频率范围内几乎保持恒定,说明样品的介电损耗能力较弱。对于RmCT-3.6-900和RmCT-3.6-700,两者的ε'值分别从42.2、15.0降低至23.5、7.2,ε''值则从38.7、6.2降低至12.9、3.7,呈现出典型的“频散现象”,说明存在偶极子极化[24]。此外, RmCT-3.6-900的ε'、ε''值分别在42.2−23.5和38.7−12.9,明显高于RmCT-3.6-500和RmCT-3.6-700的,说明其对电磁波的储存和耗散能力很强,过高的复介电常数可能会引起阻抗失配,进而导致微波吸收性能变差。依据自由电子理论[25],ε″=σ/2πε0f,(σ、ε0、f分别为材料的导电率、自由空间介电常数和电磁波频率),可知ε″与σ正相关,过高的电导率会使得电磁波发生反射,造成吸波性能下降,这与图5显示的结果一致。在外电场磁场的作用下,复合材料内丰富的界面会诱发多重弛豫过程,可依据Debye理论[26]进行解释。从图6(c)、(d)的ε'−ε''(Cole-Cole)曲线中可以看出,两种样品均存在多个Cole-Cole半圆,说明样品内部存在多个弛豫极化现象。RmCT-3.6-700与RmCT-3.6-900的Cole-Cole半圆末端还呈现明显的线性拖尾现象,表明RmCT-3.6-700与RmCT-3.6-900存在显著的电导损耗,源于电子在导电网络中的迁移[27]。上述分析证实了极化与电导损耗共同作用提升样品的介电损耗能力。
磁损耗能力作为吸波材料的另一关键损耗机制,对材料的微波吸收性能有着直接影响[28]。从图7(a)、(b)可见,RmCT-3.6-500和RmCT-3.6-700的µ'值与µ''值在整个测试频段内几乎维持恒定,且数值较低。因此,RmCT-3.6-500和RmCT-3.6-700的磁损耗能力欠佳。相比之下,样本RmCT-3.6-900的µ''数值由0.02增至0.11,且在13.1及15.8 GHz频率点上显现出共振峰值,这一现象主要由磁共振效应所致[29]。材料的磁损耗机制主要涵盖交换共振损耗、自然共振损耗以及涡流损耗[30]。
涡流损耗的评估往往取决于C0值(C0=µ''(µ')−2f −1)与频率之间的相互关系来进行判定,如果C0值不依赖频率变化而保持恒定,说明材料的磁损耗主要源自涡流损耗;反之则源于其他两类损耗[31]。通常情况下,自然共振多发生于低频段,交换共振则常见于中高频段[32]。从图7(b)可知,三种样品的µ''曲线上在4、12和16 GHz处显示出明显共振峰,结合图7(c)结果以及相关理论推测,低频处的共振是由自然共振和涡流损耗引起的,而高频处的共振峰归功于交换共振机理造成的。同时,结合图6对于介电常数的分析,在外界电磁场作用下,复合材料RmCT-3.6-t内部的偶极子极化、界面极化和导电损耗共同作用提升样品的介电损耗能力。此外,由图7(d)所示,在整个测试频率范围(2−18 GHz)内,tan δe值始终高于tan δm值,即复合材料对电磁波的损耗以介电损耗为主。
为深入探索介电成分TiO2负载量对复合微波吸收性能的具体影响,特选定700 ℃作为焙烧温度,通过调整钛酸四丁酯与赤泥的质量比例,实现对TiO2负载量的精准调控。对复合材料的物相构成、微观结构及电磁属性进行全面剖析,以期进一步提升RmCT-c-700在微波吸收方面的性能。
图8(a)为RmCT-c-700(c=1.8、3.6、5.4)的XRD谱图,从图可知产物的主要物相仍为C、Fe、FeTiO3、SiO2和TiO2 (Anatase)。表明随着TiO2的负载量的增加,其对复合材料的相组成并未产生显著影响,即没有新增物相,同时,在2θ= 25.3°、53.9°和62.7°附近的衍射峰变得更加尖锐,标志着TiO2结晶度的提升。从图8(b)的Raman谱图中可以看出,随着介电组分负载量增加,材料中碳的ID/IG值略有升高,表明炭缺陷增多、石墨化程度略降,是由于原料中TiO2负载量的升高导致炭组分相对质量减少以及碳热还原反应对碳的消耗共同导致的[32]。从图9的SEM结果可以看出,随TiO2引入量的增加,样品表面的颗粒逐渐增多,呈现出一种致密层的发展趋势。
图10(a)为RmCT-1.8-700、RmCT-3.6-700和RmCT-5.4-700在涂层厚度均为2.0 mm时的RL曲线。从图中可知RmCT-3.6-700的RLmin= −17.9 dB,EAB为5.6 GHz,而RmCT-5.4-700在14.0 GHz处的RLmin= −30.2 dB,EAB为5.3 GHz。
相比之下,RmCT-5.4-700显示出较为优异的微波吸收性能。图10(b)则给出了已报道复合材料的微波吸收性能[33−37],对比得出,本研究所制备的FexOy/TiO2/C复合微波吸收材料具有制备工艺相对简便的优势,而且可以为固体废弃物的高值化利用提供新思路。
图11展示了FexOy/TiO2/C复合材料的微波吸收机理。
首先,在碳热还原过程中,碳消耗导致缺陷数量显著增加,这些缺陷作为偶极位点引发偶极极化,有效衰减入射电磁波,从而大幅提升材料的吸波性能[38];其次,该复合材料中石墨化碳与TiO2、Fe3O4/Fe颗粒共同构建了导电网络,显著促进了电子迁移与跃迁过程,进而产生明显的导电损耗[39],此外,赤泥基体上原位负载的Fe3O4/Fe与TiO2颗粒形成了丰富的异质界面,通过界面极化效应进一步增强了微波吸收能力。Fe3O4/Fe颗粒固有的磁损耗特性(包括低频段的自然共振和中高频段的交换共振)优化了材料的阻抗匹配,最终使复合材料展现出优异的宽频微波吸收性能[40]。
本研究以赤泥为原料、淀粉为碳源,采用溶胶-凝胶法结合碳热还原工艺制备了FexOy/TiO2/C复合微波吸收材料,通过调控焙烧温度与原料配比优化了样品的物相组成和微观结构,进而改善了FexOy/TiO2/C复合微波吸收材料的微波吸收性能。其中,RmCT-5.4-700具有最佳的微波吸收性能,当涂层厚度为2.0 mm时,在14.0 GHz处的RLmin=−30.2 dB,EAB为5.3 GHz。复合材料优异的吸波性能归因于介电组分TiO2、C与磁性组分Fe3O4/Fe之间的协同效应,使得其兼具优异的衰减特性和阻抗匹配特性。该研究不仅为赤泥的资源化利用开辟了新途径,而且助推固体废弃物的高值化利用。

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doi: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0021
  • 接收时间:2025-07-01
  • 首发时间:2026-09-23
  • 出版时间:2026-03-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-01
  • 修回日期:2025-07-31
  • 录用日期:2025-08-01
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    1太原科技大学 材料科学与工程学院, 山西 太原 030024
    2中国电子科技集团公司第三十三研究所, 山西 太原 030032

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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