Article(id=1309589019919478999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309589016928945013, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/2097-213X.2026.JFCT.0002, pmid=null, cstr=32157.14.2097-213X.2026.JFCT.0021, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1761926400000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-01, revisedDate=1766505600000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-24, acceptedDate=1768147200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-12, onlineDate=1790159953335, onlineDateStr=2026-09-23, pubDate=1788969600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790159953335, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790159953335, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790159953335, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1309589016928945013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, year='2026', volume='54', issue='9', pageStart='20250264-1753', pageEnd='20260189-1948', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788969600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790159952623, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790212381356, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1309808919069942755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309589016928945013, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1309808919069942756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309589016928945013, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=20250339-1772, endPage=20250339-1787, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1309589020087251160, articleId=1309589019919478999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, language=EN, title=Exploration of activity control strategies and mechanisms for efficient HCOOH dehydrogenation catalysts, columnId=1309584940375826907, journalTitle=Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, columnName=REVIEW, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Formic acid (HCOOH) is taken as a promising H2 carrier, which has attracted wide concern as a result of high hydrogen content, low toxicity, high stability and simple byproducts. In this paper, we review the catalytic activity of Pd nanoparticles and Pd alloy metal nanoparticles loaded with inert carriers, reduced oxides, metal organic framework materials, carbon materials, as well as molecular sieves. Further, we summarize the reaction mechanism of the HCOOH dehydrogenation reaction driven by thermal energy, photo energy and photo-thermal energy. Finally, we provide the prospects to the challenges faced by HCOOH dehydrogenation reaction from the view of improving the utilization of active metals, using theoretical calculations to deeply understand coupling effects, utilizing advanced techniques to explore reaction mechanisms and realizing carbon cycling.

, authors=Jin YUAN, Zihan DONG, Zhongwei DUAN, Xinyu ZHANG, Bingji JIA, Meixia WU, Yanxia CUI, Zuopeng LI*, authorsList=Jin YUAN, Zihan DONG, Zhongwei DUAN, Xinyu ZHANG, Bingji JIA, Meixia WU, Yanxia CUI, Zuopeng LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zuopeng LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1309589024789065986, articleId=1309589019919478999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, language=CN, title=高效甲酸脱氢催化剂的活性调控策略与机理探讨, columnId=1309589020171137241, journalTitle=燃料化学学报(中英文), columnName=综合评述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

甲酸具有氢含量高、毒性低、成本低、稳定性高、副产物简单等特点,已经作为有潜力的氢气储存材料,吸引了人们的广泛关注。本论文综述了惰性载体、还原性氧化物、金属有机框架材料、碳材料及分子筛作为载体分散Pd及Pd与其他金属形成的合金纳米粒子在甲酸脱氢反应中的活性。进一步总结了热(光或光热)催化甲酸脱氢反应机理。对于甲酸脱氢反应面临的挑战从提高活性金属利用率、采用理论计算深层次理解耦合效应、借助先进表征技术手段理解反应机理、实现碳循环角度进行了展望。

, authors=袁晋, 东子涵, 段忠伟, 张馨予, 贾冰吉, 武美霞, 崔艳霞, 李作鹏*, authorsList=袁晋, 东子涵, 段忠伟, 张馨予, 贾冰吉, 武美霞, 崔艳霞, 李作鹏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李作鹏, authorNote=

袁晋(1993),博士,讲师,主要从事氢能领域与碳氢键活化的研究工作,

李作鹏(1979),博士,教授,主要从事燃料电池与氢能领域的研究工作,

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E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©燃料化学学报(中英文) 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=tcVbbKfw4lxZEgNeLOvU4A==, magXml=nq3foG8pvObqdQaOcE6SCg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=KVuQVTfbocCrkEyqxbxN0g==, pdfFileSize=10674568, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=F83nm6JczRNtfOxKgY6g/A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=rWapFl+k4YwlhsYC5RhxZg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1309589025086861575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309589019919478999, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=jyuan@sxdtdx.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1309589025162359049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309589019919478999, authorId=1309589025086861575, language=EN, stringName=Jin YUAN, firstName=Jin, middleName=null, lastName=YUAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Shanxi Province Clean Energy Materials Joint Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1309589025258828042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309589019919478999, authorId=1309589025086861575, language=CN, stringName=袁晋, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=山西大同大学化学与化工学院 山西省清洁能源材料联合实验室, 山西 大同 037009, bio={"img":"MD1RN6YLMXu5RW2aLShUoA==","content":"

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Chem Commun, 2022, 58(61): 8520−8523., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1309589025011364099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309589019919478999, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1309589025015558404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309589019919478999, companyId=1309589025011364099, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Shanxi Province Clean Energy Materials Joint Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1309589025023947013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309589019919478999, companyId=1309589025011364099, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=山西大同大学化学与化工学院 山西省清洁能源材料联合实验室, 山西 大同 037009)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1309589029331497272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309589019919478999, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=HCOOH-CO2 cycle, figureFileSmall=BU4Rd1ka8Q8fnNlsiv7/9A==, figureFileBig=F83nm6JczRNtfOxKgY6g/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309589029402800441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309589019919478999, language=CN, label=图1, caption=甲酸-CO2循环示意图, figureFileSmall=BU4Rd1ka8Q8fnNlsiv7/9A==, figureFileBig=F83nm6JczRNtfOxKgY6g/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309589029608321338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309589019919478999, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The product distribution of HCOOH decomposition is jointly determined by d-band occupancy and lattice contraction on the metal Pd surface in the bimetallic catalytic system: (a) The relationship between the activation energy of the dehydrogenation step of Pd3M (where M is scandium, titanium, vanadium, and chromium) catalyst and the filling rate of M atom d orbitals (left image) and the relationship between the activation energy of the dehydration rate determining step of Pd3M catalyst and the in-plane lattice strain of Pd layer (right image)[20]; (b) In Pdshell/Mcore bimetallic catalysts, the electron density and lattice contraction of Pd atoms collectively decide the H2 selectivity[21]; (c) The influence of lattice strain on the d-band center and the binding energy of HCOO or HCO and OH[21]; (d) The influence of surface charge polarization on d orbitals near the Fermi level and its impact on the binding energy of HCOO or HCO and OH[21](with permission from ACS Publication), figureFileSmall=rmSwFAPNob9Hw6WDG+aYSQ==, figureFileBig=NjqpIuZRLn4IzRU3hbZXXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309589029704790331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309589019919478999, language=CN, label=图2, caption=在双金属催化体系中,金属Pd d带占有率和晶格应变共同决定甲酸分解反应的产物分布:(a) Pd3M (M为钪、钛、钒和铬)催化剂脱氢决步骤的活化能与M原子d轨道填充率的关系(左图)以及脱水决速步的活化能与Pd层平面内晶格应变的关系(右图)[20];(b)在Pdshell/Mcore双金属催化剂中,Pd的电子云密度和晶格收缩情况共同地决定了甲酸分解反应的氢气选择性[21];(c)晶格应变对于d带中心的影响和HCOO结合能或HCO和OH结合能的影响[21];(d)表面的电荷极化对于靠近费米能级的d轨道的影响以及它对于HCOO结合能或HCO和OH结合能的影响[21], figureFileSmall=rmSwFAPNob9Hw6WDG+aYSQ==, figureFileBig=NjqpIuZRLn4IzRU3hbZXXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309589029784482108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309589019919478999, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The HCOOH decomposition catalyzed by PdAu-VOx/NHMS[33]: (a) The generated gas volume as a function of reaction time and the H2 evolution rates of PdAu VOx/NHMS catalyst and its analogues; (b) The H2 generation rate as a function of reaction time and H2 evolution rates at different reaction times; (c) The apparent activation energy of PdAu-VOx/NHMS and its analogues; (d) In situ DRIFT data of the HCOOH decomposition with PdAu-VOx/NHMS; (e) In situ Raman spectroscopy of the HCOOH decomposition with PdAu-VOx/NHMS; (f) The absorption energy of HCOO* on the surface of PdAu-VOx/NC and PdAu/NC (with permission from Wiley-VCH), figureFileSmall=MP8dn63Oa75DUdG4HkNydQ==, figureFileBig=lJ3ztD7XGg0F2GRDG60tug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309589029847396669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309589019919478999, language=CN, label=图3, caption=PdAu-VOx/NHMS热催化甲酸脱氢反应[33]:(a) PdAu-VOx/NHMS催化剂及其类似物在甲酸脱氢反应中,生成的气体体积与反应的关系和气体生成速率;(b)在不同的反应温度下,生成的气体体积随着反应时间的变化和气体速率;(c) PdAu-VOx/NHMS催化剂及其类似物的表观活化能;(d) PdAu-VOx/NHMS催化剂催化的甲酸脱氢反应原位红外光谱谱图;(e) PdAu-VOx/NHMS催化剂催化的甲酸脱氢反应原位拉曼光谱谱图;(f) HCOO*在VOx修饰的PdAu/NC和PdAu/NC的吸附能, figureFileSmall=MP8dn63Oa75DUdG4HkNydQ==, figureFileBig=lJ3ztD7XGg0F2GRDG60tug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309589029931282750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309589019919478999, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=The HCOOH dehydrogenation reaction catalyzed by Ru/CN catalyst[67]: (a) Schematic illustration of the synthetic procedure Ru/CN catalyst; (b) The stability tests of the Ru7/CN in propylene carbonate at 413 K; (c) The in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT) measurements of HCOOH dehydrogenation catalyzed by Ru7/CN; (d) The CO chemisorption measurements of Ru7/CN (with permission from Wiley-VCH), figureFileSmall=t/lszfOPYjEDspZA8zvVmQ==, figureFileBig=KQ0u6AcNZCox3VkoJpIxow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309589030002585919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309589019919478999, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Ru/CN催化剂热催化甲酸脱氢反应 [67]:(a) Ru/CN催化剂的合成示意图;(b) Ru7/CN催化剂在聚丙烯碳酸酯作溶剂,反应温度为413 K条件下的稳定性测试;(c) Ru7/CN催化甲酸脱氢反应的原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱谱图;(d) Ru7/CN的CO化学吸附, figureFileSmall=t/lszfOPYjEDspZA8zvVmQ==, figureFileBig=KQ0u6AcNZCox3VkoJpIxow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309589030073889088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309589019919478999, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=The HCOOH decomposition catalyzed by CoN4P[70]: (a) The extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) of Co-N4P in R space; (b) Wavelet transform of CoN4P; (c) Partial density of states (PDOS) of CoN4P; (d) The PDOS of Co 3d orbitals; (e) The absorption energies of HCOOH* and H* on different adsorption sites; (f) The reaction energy barrier of HCOOH dehydrogenation reaction over Co-N4P (with permission from Wiley-VCH), figureFileSmall=Gm5xcqvgp0o/HDzk0KUGEQ==, figureFileBig=CfEIVTJB3c4AsUcLD/0zTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309589030174552385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309589019919478999, language=CN, label=图5, caption=CoN4P单原子催化剂催化甲酸脱氢反应[70]:(a) Co-N4P催化剂在R空间的X射线吸收精细结构谱图;(b) Co-N4P催化剂的小波变化;(c) Co-N4P催化剂的局部态密度谱图;(d) Co 3d轨道的局部态密度;(e) HCOOH*和H*在不同位点的吸附能;(f) Co-N4P催化剂在HCOOH脱氢反应中的反应能垒, figureFileSmall=Gm5xcqvgp0o/HDzk0KUGEQ==, figureFileBig=CfEIVTJB3c4AsUcLD/0zTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309589030262632770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309589019919478999, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=The HCOOH decomposition catalyzed by Ti3C2Tx-250[91]: (a) The Ti K XANES of Ti3C2Tx treated at different temperatures; The Ti K Wavelet transform of (b) Ti3C2Tx-250 and (c) Ti3C2Tx-350; (d) The EXAFS of Ti3C2Txtreated at different temperatures; (e) The H2 evolution rate as a function of reaction time when the reactants of HCOOH and H2O are changed to HCOOD and D2O, DCOOH and H2O, DCOOD and D2O; (f) The data on the kinetic isotope effect; (g) The reaction pathway of HCOOH dehydrogenation over Ti3C2O2(with permission from Nature Springer), figureFileSmall=iAijQhI9dfjsxrhLQKMFEQ==, figureFileBig=qEqfLbz9GydyQ3HlMoTINA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309589030333935939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309589019919478999, language=CN, label=图6, caption=Ti3C2Tx-250催化剂热催化甲酸脱氢反应[91]:(a)不同温度下处理的Ti3C2Tx物质的Ti K边X射线近边结构谱图;(b)和(c) Ti3C2Tx-250和Ti3C2Tx-350催化剂的Ti K边小波变换;(d)不同温度下处理的Ti3C2Tx物质的扩展X射线吸收精细结构;(e)当反应物从HCOOH与H2O变为HCOOD与D2O,DCOOH与H2O以及DCOOD与D2O时,气体体积与时间的关系;(f)同位素实验的数值;(g) Ti3C2Tx-250热催化的甲酸脱氢反应能垒, figureFileSmall=iAijQhI9dfjsxrhLQKMFEQ==, figureFileBig=qEqfLbz9GydyQ3HlMoTINA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309589030405239108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309589019919478999, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=The photo-catalytic HCOOH dehydrogenation over CdS/CoP@RGO[94]: (a) The reaction pathway in the HCOOH system; (b) The reaction energy barrier in HCOOH and HCOOH-H2O; (c) The mass spectrometry measurement after 1 h of light illumination in HCOOH-D2O; (d) The reaction mechanism of photo-catalytic HCOOH dehydrogenation; Kinetic measurement at different time scales in (e) HCOOH and (f) HCOOH-H2O(with permission from Elsevier), figureFileSmall=AXh2KGvAdyLeVoVDY0+qOg==, figureFileBig=Q77YzJCPZDOvZi2uH7M2TQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309589030468153669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309589019919478999, language=CN, label=图7, caption=CdS/CoP@RGO光催化甲酸脱氢反应[94]:(a)在甲酸体系中甲酸反应路径;(b)甲酸和甲酸-水体系中的反应能垒示意图;(c) HCOOD和D2O体系中光照1 h后的质谱测试;(d)光催化反应机理;(e)和(f)分别为甲酸和甲酸-水体系中,不同时间尺度的动力学探测图, figureFileSmall=AXh2KGvAdyLeVoVDY0+qOg==, figureFileBig=Q77YzJCPZDOvZi2uH7M2TQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309589030526873926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309589019919478999, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=The HCOOH dehydrogenation of photo-thermo catalysis over Pt/Te[101]: (a) H2 evolution rate (TOF) as a function of light intensity; (b) In situ DRIFT plots of 1%Pt/Te with irradiation and without irradiation; (c) The PDOS of Pt-S/Te and Pt single-atom;(d) The optimized crystal structure of Pt-S/Te (with permission from Wiley-VCH), figureFileSmall=2SBG2WT2EgBSyfdlmEjKdg==, figureFileBig=9oY55AxrC9KUHcaoX+brEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309589030598177095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309589019919478999, language=CN, label=图8, caption=Pt/Te催化剂光热催化甲酸脱氢反应[101]:(a)氢气生成速率(TOF(h−1))与光照强度的关系;(b)1%Pt/Te在光照前后原位红外光谱谱图;(c)Pt-S/Te和Pt单原子的部分态密度;(d)Pt-S/Te最优化的晶体结构, figureFileSmall=2SBG2WT2EgBSyfdlmEjKdg==, figureFileBig=9oY55AxrC9KUHcaoX+brEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309589030665285960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309589019919478999, language=EN, label=Table1, caption=

Comparison of catalytic activity of different catalysts in previous work

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CatalystReactantMetal loading w/%Reaction condition/KTOF/h−1The H2 evolution rate/(mmol·g−1·h−1)Reference
CoN4P2 mol/L HCOOH5.3353986.84285[70]
Co-SAs/NPs@NC10 mmol HCOOH2.7371−62.6[71]
Ru7/CN10 mmol HCOOH, propylene carbonate7.14131300−[67]
NiCoPd-CeOx1 mol/L HCOOH−3036506.8−[29]
Pd3Cu7/TiO2-NSsHCOOH∶HCOONa=10.053036268−[68]
PdAu-VOx/NHMSHCOOH−29814155−[33]
Ag1Pd4@NH2-UIO-66HCOOHAg (3.8), Pd (12.6)353893−[40]
Au1Pd1.5/MIL-101-NH2HCOOH-HCOONaAu (14.6),Pd (11.8)298526−[45]
Pd@C3N41 mol/L HCOOH8.0288, light irradiation49.8−[53]
Pd0.58Ni0.18Ag0.24/C0.175 mol/L [HCOOH],
0.175 mol/L [HCOONa]
Pd (1.6), Ni (0.3), Ag (0.7)32385−[54]
Pd/CN0.251 mol/L HCOOH10.02985330−[56]
Pd/N-MSC-301 mol/L HCOOH,
2.5 mol/L HCOONa,
3 mmol HCOOH
4.03338414−[60]
Au0.35Pd0.5Ir0.15/NH2-N-rGO1 mol/L HCOOH−29812781.2−[66]
Au0.75Pd0.25/C–L-7.51 mol/L HCOOH,
1 mol/L HCOONa
10.02981153−[75]
Pd/AC-NH21 mol/L HCOOH,
3 mol/L HCOONa
−32840856−[76]
0.8Pd0.2Ni(OH)2@S-12 mol/L HCOOH0.83335803−[81]
PdMn0.6@S-12 mol/L HCOOH−3336860−[82]
Pd4Ir1/YSMSNs-NH21.25 mol/L HCOOH,
2.5 mol/L HCOONa
10.03235818−[31]
), ArticleFig(id=1309589030736589129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309589019919478999, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

前人工作中不同催化剂的反应活性比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CatalystReactantMetal loading w/%Reaction condition/KTOF/h−1The H2 evolution rate/(mmol·g−1·h−1)Reference
CoN4P2 mol/L HCOOH5.3353986.84285[70]
Co-SAs/NPs@NC10 mmol HCOOH2.7371−62.6[71]
Ru7/CN10 mmol HCOOH, propylene carbonate7.14131300−[67]
NiCoPd-CeOx1 mol/L HCOOH−3036506.8−[29]
Pd3Cu7/TiO2-NSsHCOOH∶HCOONa=10.053036268−[68]
PdAu-VOx/NHMSHCOOH−29814155−[33]
Ag1Pd4@NH2-UIO-66HCOOHAg (3.8), Pd (12.6)353893−[40]
Au1Pd1.5/MIL-101-NH2HCOOH-HCOONaAu (14.6),Pd (11.8)298526−[45]
Pd@C3N41 mol/L HCOOH8.0288, light irradiation49.8−[53]
Pd0.58Ni0.18Ag0.24/C0.175 mol/L [HCOOH],
0.175 mol/L [HCOONa]
Pd (1.6), Ni (0.3), Ag (0.7)32385−[54]
Pd/CN0.251 mol/L HCOOH10.02985330−[56]
Pd/N-MSC-301 mol/L HCOOH,
2.5 mol/L HCOONa,
3 mmol HCOOH
4.03338414−[60]
Au0.35Pd0.5Ir0.15/NH2-N-rGO1 mol/L HCOOH−29812781.2−[66]
Au0.75Pd0.25/C–L-7.51 mol/L HCOOH,
1 mol/L HCOONa
10.02981153−[75]
Pd/AC-NH21 mol/L HCOOH,
3 mol/L HCOONa
−32840856−[76]
0.8Pd0.2Ni(OH)2@S-12 mol/L HCOOH0.83335803−[81]
PdMn0.6@S-12 mol/L HCOOH−3336860−[82]
Pd4Ir1/YSMSNs-NH21.25 mol/L HCOOH,
2.5 mol/L HCOONa
10.03235818−[31]
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高效甲酸脱氢催化剂的活性调控策略与机理探讨
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袁晋 , 东子涵 , 段忠伟 , 张馨予 , 贾冰吉 , 武美霞 , 崔艳霞 , 李作鹏 *
燃料化学学报(中英文) | 综合评述 2026,54(9): 20250339-1772-20250339-1787
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燃料化学学报(中英文) |综合评述 2026 , 54 (9) : 20250339-1772 -20250339-1787
高效甲酸脱氢催化剂的活性调控策略与机理探讨
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袁晋 , 东子涵, 段忠伟, 张馨予, 贾冰吉, 武美霞, 崔艳霞, 李作鹏*
作者信息
  • 山西大同大学化学与化工学院 山西省清洁能源材料联合实验室, 山西 大同 037009
通讯作者:
作者简介:

袁晋(1993),博士,讲师,主要从事氢能领域与碳氢键活化的研究工作,

李作鹏(1979),博士,教授,主要从事燃料电池与氢能领域的研究工作,

Exploration of activity control strategies and mechanisms for efficient HCOOH dehydrogenation catalysts
Jin YUAN , Zihan DONG, Zhongwei DUAN, Xinyu ZHANG, Bingji JIA, Meixia WU, Yanxia CUI, Zuopeng LI*
Affiliations
  • Shanxi Province Clean Energy Materials Joint Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, China
出版时间: 2026-09-10 doi: 10.3724/2097-213X.2026.JFCT.0002
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甲酸具有氢含量高、毒性低、成本低、稳定性高、副产物简单等特点,已经作为有潜力的氢气储存材料,吸引了人们的广泛关注。本论文综述了惰性载体、还原性氧化物、金属有机框架材料、碳材料及分子筛作为载体分散Pd及Pd与其他金属形成的合金纳米粒子在甲酸脱氢反应中的活性。进一步总结了热(光或光热)催化甲酸脱氢反应机理。对于甲酸脱氢反应面临的挑战从提高活性金属利用率、采用理论计算深层次理解耦合效应、借助先进表征技术手段理解反应机理、实现碳循环角度进行了展望。

甲酸脱氢  /  纳米粒子  /  粒子尺寸  /  配位结构  /  反应机理

Formic acid (HCOOH) is taken as a promising H2 carrier, which has attracted wide concern as a result of high hydrogen content, low toxicity, high stability and simple byproducts. In this paper, we review the catalytic activity of Pd nanoparticles and Pd alloy metal nanoparticles loaded with inert carriers, reduced oxides, metal organic framework materials, carbon materials, as well as molecular sieves. Further, we summarize the reaction mechanism of the HCOOH dehydrogenation reaction driven by thermal energy, photo energy and photo-thermal energy. Finally, we provide the prospects to the challenges faced by HCOOH dehydrogenation reaction from the view of improving the utilization of active metals, using theoretical calculations to deeply understand coupling effects, utilizing advanced techniques to explore reaction mechanisms and realizing carbon cycling.

HCOOH dehydrogenation  /  nanoparticle  /  particle size  /  coordination structure  /  reaction mechanism
袁晋, 东子涵, 段忠伟, 张馨予, 贾冰吉, 武美霞, 崔艳霞, 李作鹏. 高效甲酸脱氢催化剂的活性调控策略与机理探讨. 燃料化学学报(中英文), 2026 , 54 (9) : 20250339-1772 -20250339-1787 . DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2026.JFCT.0002
Jin YUAN, Zihan DONG, Zhongwei DUAN, Xinyu ZHANG, Bingji JIA, Meixia WU, Yanxia CUI, Zuopeng LI. Exploration of activity control strategies and mechanisms for efficient HCOOH dehydrogenation catalysts[J]. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 2026 , 54 (9) : 20250339-1772 -20250339-1787 . DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2026.JFCT.0002
世界人口激增、经济快速发展、生活水平的提高以及化石燃料燃烧导致了日益加剧的环境问题,引发了全球范围内关于能量可持续利用的激烈讨论[1−5]。氢气作为一种可以存储的能量,可以按需使用,为补充这些间歇性的能源缺口提供了可行的选择。
相比于天然气的能量密度(55 MJ/kg),氢气由于高的能量密度(142 MJ/kg)[6],被认为是有潜力的能量载体[7−10]。另一方面,氢气是一种清洁能源,其在燃料电池中的应用,仅仅水作为副产物[11]。然而,氢气的主要缺点是具有低的体积能量密度[12−14]。因此,如何应对氢气的存储和利用问题,是将氢气进行大规模利用的关键因素。一些液态有机氢载体,例如甲酸(HCOOH)、甲醇(CH3OH)、甲醛(HCHO)等液态有机氢载体具有易于运输和存储的特点。
虽然在上述储氢材料中甲酸的储氢密度并不高,但是相比于环己烷、甲基环己烷、甲醇,甲酸可以在室温和常压条件下进行脱氢。相比于200 bar高压氢气的体积密度(16 g/L),甲酸具有高的氢含量53 g/L(或4.4%)[15]。此外,甲酸具有毒性低、成本低、稳定性高、副产物简单等特点,已经作为有潜力的氢气储存材料[16−17],引起了人们的广泛关注。在工业上,甲酸最常见的来源为甲醇羰基化过程制取的甲酸甲酯的水解,或者作为醋酸生产的副产品获取。
目前,甲酸分解路径包括两种,一种为发生脱羧反应[18],其内容为甲酸分解生成CO2和H2(路径(1))(图1);另一种路径为发生脱羰基反应,甲酸分解生成CO和H2O(路径(2)),但此路径在反应中需要被抑制。另外,分解产生的CO2可以被氢化生成甲酸,使甲酸实现回收[2]。此外,这种特性在其他化学储氢材料中是不常见的。理论上来说,将甲酸脱氢生成氢气和CO2,CO2氢化生成甲酸实现零CO2排放,这个循环过程非常重要。
$ \begin{split} &\mathrm{HCOOH(l)\rightleftharpoons H}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{(g)+CO}_{ \mathrm{2}} ({\mathrm{g}})\\&\qquad \Delta G(298\;{\mathrm{K}})=-33\;{\mathrm{kJ/mol}}\end{split} $
$ \begin{split} &\mathrm{HCOOH(l)\rightleftharpoons H}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{O(l)+CO(g)}\\&\qquad \Delta G(298\;{\mathrm{K}})=-12.9\;{\mathrm{kJ/mol }}\end{split}$
一般而言,甲酸脱氢路径和脱水路径在热力学角度看来都是自发进行的反应。(ΔG ˂ 0)。然而,脱水路径会产生副产物CO,影响工业化使用。与此同时,CO能够导致催化剂中毒或者降低催化剂的稳定性。因此,在设计催化剂以及设置反应参数时需要避免或抑制CO副产物生成。
在过去的五年里,科研工作者开发了大量的非均相催化剂,用于提升甲酸脱氢反应氢气生成速率。在这些过程中,反应温度从室温升高到383 K,转换频率(TOF)从几百增加到几千。与此同时,研究者借助实验手段和理论计算,对甲酸脱氢反应动力学和反应机理进行研究。在本篇论文中,我们首先概述了通过改变载体性质、金属种类以及配位结构和反应介质来提升甲酸脱氢反应性能的研究进展。与此同时,我们也总结了热催化、光催化和光热催化甲酸脱氢反应机理。最后,我们从催化剂理性设计和反应机理探究角度进行了总结和展望。
在早期的研究中,Cu、Pt、Rh、Ru和Ir等金属被应用于甲酸脱氢反应,但是这些金属催化的甲酸脱氢反应具有较低的反应速率,需要在超过383 K的较高反应温度下进行。因此,研究人员做了大量的研究来提高氢气生成速率以及抑制甲酸脱水的副反应。金属Pd具有适宜的d带中心和甲酸吸附能,在甲酸脱氢反应中具有较高的反应活性[8,19]。
Pd是较好的催化甲酸脱氢反应的金属,一些研究者引入第二种金属来调控Pd的电子结构,进一步提高氢气生成速率以及抑制CO副产物生成。Lee等[20]借助理论计算研究了双金属Pd3M(M代表Sc、V、Ti、Cr)催化剂中金属d带占有率和晶格应变对甲酸选择性制氢的影响(图2(a))。他们提出,Pd表面电子结构的不对称性是提升氢气速率的有效方法。电荷从Sc原子有效地转移到Pd表面降低了Sc原子表面的d带占有率,增强了Pd表面电子的不对称性(图2(a))。他们也认为,Pd表面的晶格收缩现象是抑制CO的有效路径。该组采用理论计算研究了双金属Pd/M(M代表过渡金属)中金属的相互作用对于氢气选择性的影响[21](图2(b))。他们认为,核壳结构Pdshell/Mcore催化剂,相比于纯Pd,表面内晶格收缩和电荷的积累提高了HCOO*分解步骤,抑制了HCOOH脱水速率,导致了Pd/M(Pd/Cu、Pd/Ag、Pd/Au、Pd/Rh)催化甲酸脱氢反应中表现了较高的氢气选择性(图2(c)、(d))。
一些惰性载体SiO2也被应用于甲酸脱氢反应中。早在2009年,Bulut等[22]制备了氨基丙基修饰的SiO2上负载的Pd-MnOx纳米粒子,在无添加剂、323 K的条件下表现了99%的氢气选择性和1300 h−1的氢气生成反应速率。该课题组氨基修饰的SiO2上负载了PdAg-MnOx纳米粒子,在室温的条件下展现了99%的氢气选择性和$ \left(330\; \mathrm{mol_{H_2}/\left(mol_{catalyst}\cdot h\right)}\right) $ 的氢气生成反应速率[6]。他们认为Ag位点的并入减小了CO吸附强度,增加了抗CO中毒能力,且MnOx提供了形成碳酸盐的牺牲CO的位点。Mori等[23]制备了不同胺基耦联的硅烷改性的介孔SiO2,应用于甲酸-D2O体系制备D2。他们认为胺基的修饰有助于甲酸中O−H键和C−H键的解离。叔胺基修饰的介孔SiO2有助于HD的生成,伯胺改进的介孔SiO2有助于D2的生成。
为了提高催化剂的抗烧结能力以及避免金属的浸出效应,Caner等[24]制备了采用原子层沉积法制备的SiO2保护的PdCoNi/TiO2材料(PdCoNi/TiO2),在室温下表现了$ \mathrm{207\; mol_{H_2}/\left(mol_{ }\cdot h\right)} $的反应速率,并且在重复20次使用后仍具有较高的反应活性。
还原性载体具有多重氧化态[25],路易斯酸位点、活性的氧空位[26]、较大的比表面积有助于分散活性金属、与活性金属或其他载体间有金属载体的相互作用[27]和电子效应[28−30],进而有助于甲酸脱氢反应中O−H、C−H键的解离。Chai等[31]将胺功能化的介孔TiO2纳米球上负载的PdIr催化剂应用于热催化甲酸脱氢反应,在HCOONa作为添加剂、323 K的条件下取得了5818 h−1的TOF。Ashraf等[32]在TiO2上负载了PdCu合金,且他们采用实验和理论研究表明了PdCu/TiO2-NSs(3∶7)中d电子再分配,d带中心的改变降低了O−H键活化的能量,并且增加了Pd的电子云密度,从而表现了相比于Pd、Cu较高的反应活性(在303 K的条件下6268 mol/(mol·h)。Liu等[33]制备出了氨基功能化的介孔载体上负载的PdAu-VOx材料,在室温条件下取得了14155 h−1的氢气生成速率(图3(a)−(c))。该组运用原位红外光谱和拉曼光谱证明了HCOO*是重要的中间体,甲酸通过甲酸盐路径进行脱氢(图3(d)、(e))他们认为路易斯酸VOx不仅有助于调整反应物和中间体在PdAu表面的吸附行为(图3(f)),也有助于加速甲酸中C−H键的活化。Luo等制备了Pd-ZrO2纳米粒子修饰的氨基改进的介孔分子筛(Pd-ZrO2/SBA-15-NH2),在无添加剂、298 K的情况下表现出1408 h−1的氢气生成速率。他们提出Pd-ZrO2纳米粒子与载体的相互作用以及ZrO2与−NH2的碱性位点有助于使催化剂表现了100%的氢气选择性和较高的反应速率[34]。
金属有机框架材料(MOF)具有高孔隙率、超高的比表面积、孔径可调等优点,被广泛应用于甲酸脱氢反应[35−39]。MOF(UIO-66[40]、ZIF-8[41]、MIL-100[42]、MIL-101[43]以及MIL-125[44])已经被用来分散金属纳米粒子。研究者采用预配位的方法合成了氨基修饰的UIO-66(NH2-UIO-66)负载的AgPd纳米粒子[40]。归因于配位或静电作用,超小的AgPd纳米粒子(3−6 nm)被合成。最优的催化剂Ag1Pd4@NH2-UIO-66在353 K,97.3%甲酸在5 min内转化,实现了873 h−1的TOF。区别于先前的工作,研究者将金属前驱体、MOF前驱体、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)、DMF、乙醇混合,使用一锅法制备出核壳结构的AuPd@MIL-100催化剂。AuPd合金在高温条件下、DMF的还原作用下生成,与此同时,MIL-100最终在PVP修饰的Au-Pd纳米粒子表面生成[42]。在298 K该催化剂取得了58 h−1的TOF。
近年来,将官能团接枝到MOF,可以改变封装客体分子周围的化学环境,制备限域在MOF孔径结构的金属纳米粒子。Gu等[43]运用浸渍法制备出了乙二胺接枝的MOF材料(ED-MIL-101),并且在该载体上负载了AuPd纳米粒子。研究表明,该双金属材料表现了相比于Au/ED-MIL-101和Pd/ED-MIL-101较高的反应活性,同时也表现了对于CO毒化高的耐受性。Cheng等[45]制备了三种有机胺分子修饰的有机连接体的MIL-101金属有机框架材料上负载的AuPd催化剂,在298 K条件下实现了500 h−1的TOF。他们认为金属与载体间的协同效应与电子效应促进了甲酸活化。Alamgholiloo等[46]将乙二胺和丙基二胺接枝的Cr-MIL-101限域的Pd纳米粒子用于甲酸脱氢反应,在328 K表现了583 h−1的氢气生成速率,且其性能高于丙基二胺接枝的Cr-MIL-101上锚定的Pd纳米粒子的反应活性。这些催化剂展现了相比于金属粒子负载于未修饰的MOF较高的反应活性。在此基础上,有机胺[45]和席夫碱[47]也被用来修饰MOF中的有机连接体或不饱和配位金属位点。
碳材料具有大的比表面积、高孔隙率、低密度、疏水性和极好的化学稳定性等优点,已经被用来作为一种重要的载体来分散金属纳米粒子[48−50],从而促进甲酸分解。还原石墨烯氧化物[51],多孔的碳纳米管、共价有机七嗪材料[52]已经被广泛地应用于甲酸脱氢。2013年,Cai等[53]使用湿法浸渍方法将金属Pd纳米粒子固定在介孔的C3N4(Pd@C3N4),在288 K下,实现了${\mathrm{49.8 \;mol/(mol\cdot h)}} $ 的反应活性。他们认为,碳载体作为金属的稳定剂和半导体材料可以有效促进HCOOH脱氢。Yurderi等制备了活性碳上负载的PdNiAg金属纳米粒子(粒径为5.6 ± 2.2 nm),在323 K条件下表现了85 h−1的TOF[54]。且该催化剂具有较高的催化剂稳定性、抗团聚、抗金属浸出及抗CO中毒效应的特性。
氮掺杂的碳载体有助于增加Pd的电子密度[55],从而有利于甲酸脱氢。Bi等[56]制备吡啶N掺杂碳化物负载的Pd纳米粒子(Pd/CN0.25),在298 K的条件下实现了5330 h−1的较高TOF。他们认为,吡啶氮基团的掺入有助于调控Pd表面的电子结构,进而提升甲酸脱氢速率。
近年来,含胺官能团修饰的载体有助于提高甲酸脱氢的催化剂活性[57−59],引起了研究者极大的兴趣。Li等[60]采用湿法还原的方法将Pd纳米团簇固定在氮掺杂的N-SC-30表面。该催化剂在333 K,表现了8414 h−1的反应活性。他们认为,催化剂中含氮的基团作为碱性位点,促进HCOOH脱质子生成Pd-HCOO–和H+。生成的Pd-HCOO–经历了C−H键的解离过程生成Pd–H–和CO2。在这个过程中,生成的Pd−H−与质子结合生成H2,并最终在催化剂的表面脱附。
另外,形成合金能够调控活性金属电子结构,有助于改变反应路径[61],抑制CO的产生,提高氢气选择性[62−63]。Zhong等[64]将苯二胺碱化还原氧化石墨烯上负载的PdAu催化剂用于碳酸氢盐加氢和甲酸脱氢反应,催化剂在6 mol/L HCOOK和8 mol/L HCOOH的条件下,表现了6.98 × 103 h−1的TOF。他们认为,载体的氨基基团(作为质子捕获剂)以及Au金属的掺入有助于抑制CO生成,提高催化剂在HCOOH/HCOOK混合溶液中的耐受性。Li等[65]在氨基修饰的树枝状介孔纳米球上负载PdIr合金,并且优化的催化剂Pd4Ir在298 K和有添加剂甲酸钠下实现了1333 h−1的氢气生成速率。他们将优异的性能归结于树枝状的孔道有利于分散金属和双金属的电子结构。同时,他们认为−NH2的引入促进了甲酸中O−H键的解离。Liu等[66]制备了NH2-N-rGO负载的Au0.35Pd0.5Ir0.15,且在298 K,实现了12781.2 h−1的氢气生成速率。并且DFT计算表明,Ir的引入改变了HCOOH*的吸附构型,降低了反应能垒。
另外一些研究者采用引入配体的方法制备Ru基催化剂,也较好地抑制了CO生成。Xue等[67]采用C3N4作为模板和邻二氮菲作为配体制备了氮掺杂多孔碳上负载的RuxCN催化剂(图4(a))。最优担载量的Ru催化剂在413 K条件下能够较好地降低CO生成速率,取得了1351 h−1的氢气生成速率且具有较好的循环稳定性(图4(b))。该课题组运用原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱证明形成HCOO*需要较高的能量,HCOO*是重要的反应中间体(图4(c))。并且CO化学吸附实验证明该催化剂吸附CO的能力较弱(图4(d))。
过渡金属的配位结构、粒子存在形态也影响反应性能。Tang等在2017年,通过热解金属邻菲咯啉配合物制备了Co基单原子催化剂,并且采用了各种表征和测试证明了CoNx为活性位点[68]。该催化剂具有较好的循环稳定性,在371 K、碳酸丙烯酯作溶剂的条件下实现了423.3 mL/(g·h) 的氢气生成速率。Li等[69]在2020年制备了MOF衍生的Co-N-C单原子催化剂,采用X射线吸收近边结构以及结合其他光谱手段表明CoΠNx(Co为+2价)为活性物种,在371 K、碳酸丙烯酯作溶剂的条件下实现了25000 mL/(g·h) 的氢气生成速率。Liu等[70]制备出了不对称配位的Co-N4P单原子催化剂(图5(a)、(b)),在353 K的条件下实现了4285 mmol/(g·h) 的氢气生成速率(高于商用催化剂Pd/C和Pt/C)。研究表明,不对称P位点的引入有助于降低HCOO*中C−H键断裂的能垒。图5(c)、(d)表明了CoN4P催化剂的Co 3d轨道具有较高的d带中心,进而具有较高的反应活性。图5(e)揭示了Co为HCOOH氧化的位点,P为甲酸脱氢的关键位点。他们运用理论计算表明了,HCOOH首先发生O−H键的断裂生成HCOO*(−0.3 eV),而形成COOH*需要克服高的能垒(0.43 eV)。HCOO*与H*克服0.08 eV的能量生成*CO2和2H*(图5(f))。经过O−H键断裂生成的H*与C−H键断裂生成的H*结合生成氢气。然后,氢气和CO2从催化剂表面脱附。Shi等[71]制备了钴单原子、钴纳米颗粒、钴纳米团簇杂化的催化剂,应用于热催化甲酸脱氢反应。CoN2C2单元以及封装的7−8 nm 纳米粒子在碳酸丙烯酯为溶剂的条件下实现了1403.8 mL/(g·h)的氢气生成速率,其反应活性是商业化Pd/C的15倍。他们采用理论计算表明了催化剂中共存的钴纳米颗粒提高了作为活性位点的Co单原子的d带中心,促进了HCOO中O与Co的耦合,降低了活化壁垒。
Wang等将氮磷共掺杂的还原石墨烯上负载的NiCoPd-CeOx(平均粒径为1.2 nm)应用于甲酸脱氢反应,在303 K条件下表现了${\mathrm{6506.8\; mol/ (mol \cdot h)}} $的氢气生成速率[29]。他们将较高的反应活性归因于Pd表面调控的电子结构以及催化剂表面丰富的活性位点。
金属纳米粒子的尺寸影响甲酸脱氢反应活性[72−73]。Navlani-García等[74]采用PVP作为稳定剂的方法调控碳材料上负载的Pd纳米粒子尺寸(2.7−5.5 nm),研究表明,催化剂的反应活性与Pd纳米粒子的尺寸呈现火山型曲线。当Pd纳米粒子在3.9 nm 时,该金属粒子在低配位的缺陷原子(边位点和角位点的原子)和高配位的表面原子(平台位点的原子)间达到了平衡,实现了较高的氢气生成速率。在2016年,Cheng等[75]通过改变加入配体氨基酸的种类来调控活性碳上分散的活性金属尺寸。研究表明,当AuPd粒子尺寸从12.8 ± 0.5 nm减小到3.8 ± 0.5 nm,在298 K,TOF从14 h−1增加到718 h−1。他们认为,不同种类的氨基酸与金属配合生成不同种类的络合物,有助于金属尺寸调控。
一些研究者[72,75]认为,随着金属纳米尺寸的减小,氢气的生成速率逐渐提高。他们认为一些稳定剂,比如柠檬酸、柠檬酸钠及PVP,可能占据活性位点,降低反应活性。并且该课题组认为带正电荷的Pd,不是PdO,而是在Pd纳米粒子和碳载体间形成的缺电子Pd物种。
一些研究者研究了Pd的配位结构与反应活性的关系。Jiang等[76]研究了碳载体上分散的Pd单原子、Pd纳米团簇、Pd纳米粒子与反应活性的关系。研究表明,Pd纳米团簇在328 K、1 mol/L HCOOH的条件下表现了40856 h−1较高的反应活性。他们认为,Pd粒子尺寸影响Pd0/Pd2+的比例和氢气溢流效应。
总而言之,碳材料具有大的比表面积及丰富的碱性位点有助于构筑不同尺寸的金属纳米粒子和调控甲酸脱氢反应活性。
近年来,分子筛由于具有高的比表面积、丰富的孔径结构、良好的纳米限域效应和优异的热稳定性等优点[77−79],是锚定金属粒子的优秀骨架材料,包括锚定框架中单金属位点、纳米团簇、纳米粒子以及框架相关位点[78],从而促使沸石催化剂在催化反应中表面优秀的反应活性。Navlani-García等[80]使用溶剂法制备了BETA、ZSM-5和Y载体上负载的Pd纳米粒子,其中,BETA具有较高的比表面积,在甲酸脱氢反应表现了较高的反应活性,并且原位傅里叶变换红外光谱表明,甲酸中的羟基氢原子与分子筛中的Si-O-Al中的氧原子结合,从而促进HCOOH在分子筛表面的吸附。2017年,Sun等[81]使用水热法合成了硅沸石上分散的Pd-Ni(OH)2双金属团簇。由于Pd的负电子性和双金属的界面效应,该催化剂表现了较高的反应活性(5803 h−1)和优异的热稳定性。并且他们认为,分子筛中的碱性位点有助于甲酸中O−H键的解离,分子筛中的酸性位点不利于甲酸脱氢反应。Sun等[82]在2020年使用水热条件下的配体保护法制备了硅沸石分子筛封装的亚纳米尺寸的Pd-Mn团簇。他们运用DFT理论计算表明Mn通过吸引O*和OH*物种有助于钝化Pd-Mn催化剂中的Pd原子,降低了Pd对于结合物种的亲和力,从而导致了Pd-Mn物种对于反应物和产物适度的吸附能力和脱附能力。总而言之,分子筛具有特殊的孔结构,有助于封装一定尺寸的纳米粒子[83−84],从而有助于甲酸脱氢反应活性的提升。
在表1中,进行了不同载体反应活性的比较。总而言之,催化剂在甲酸脱氢反应中的反应活性比较:分子筛≥碳材料和氧化还原性载体>惰性载体。
反应条件的控制对于反应活性的改变具有重要作用。在甲酸脱氢反应中加入一些碱性物质如甲酸钠和胺基化合物有助于提升甲酸脱氢反应活性。
甲酸盐,比如甲酸钠广泛地应用于甲酸脱氢反应,用来提升甲酸脱氢反应速率。据报道,HCOO–有助于甲酸吸附于催化剂表面,促进了脱氢反应的发生。另外HCOO–较强的还原能力促使Pd保持为金属态。与此同时,添加甲酸钠,降低了体系的酸度,提高了Pd基催化剂的稳定性[85]。在此基础上,HCOO–为重要的中间体,添加甲酸盐可以提高氢气生成的速率,其反应过程如下:
$ \mathrm{HCO}{\mathrm{O}}^-+\mathrm{H}{}_{2}\mathrm{O}\xrightarrow{\mathrm{Catalyst}}{\mathrm{H}}_{2}+\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^- $
$ \mathrm{HCOOH}+\mathrm{HCO}_{3}^-\xrightarrow{\mathrm{Catalyst}}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}+\mathrm{HCO}{\mathrm{O}}^-+{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O} $
总反应方程式如下:
$ \mathrm{HCOOH}\xrightarrow{\mathrm{Catalyst}+\mathrm{HCO}{\mathrm{O}}^-}\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}+{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O} $
Yurderi等[54]在2014年将碳材料负载的PdNiAg材料用于甲酸分解反应。他们在甲酸浓度不变的情况下,将HCOONa与HCOOH比例设置为0、0.25、0.50、1、2和4。他们提出,随着甲酸钠与甲酸比例的提高,氢气生成速率加快,气体生成速率与甲酸浓度表现了半级数。类似地,Li等[65]将胺官能化树枝状介孔二氧化硅纳米球上分散的PdIr纳米粒子应用于甲酸脱氢。他们将反应介质甲酸钠与甲酸的比例设置为0、0.5、1、2和3,结果表明,随着甲酸钠与甲酸比例的提高,气体生成速率加快。并且他们认为甲酸钠水解生成的气体可以忽略。
Xu等[86]制备了碳纳米球锚定的Pd纳米粒子,并且将其用于Fe3+存在的情况下进行甲酸钠的水解实验。他们借助同位素质谱和气相色谱表明了生成的氢气中的氢原子来源于甲酸钠中的氢原子和水分子中的氢原子。Ashraf等[32,87]做过大量甲酸与甲酸钠比例的调控工作,适宜的甲酸与甲酸钠的比例有助于提高甲酸脱氢速率。
总的来说,加入甲酸盐,减少了O−H键断裂步骤,提升了氢气生成速率。
如前所述,含胺基化合物在甲酸脱氢反应中具有重要作用。Bi等[88]将三乙胺引入到Au/ZrO2催化的甲酸脱氢体系中。他们调控了叔烷基胺的种类以及胺与甲酸的比例。研究表明,当甲酸与三乙胺的比例为5∶2,Au/ZrO2在313 K的条件下实现了250 h−1的较高TOF。
从反应物在催化剂的表面吸附构型、反应物的活化过程以及基元步骤等角度来研究甲酸脱氢反应机理,从而深度理解催化剂提升反应性能的本质原因。这些知识对于设计高效的甲酸脱氢催化剂具有重要意义。
热催化甲酸脱氢反应机理主要为吸附在催化剂表面的HCOOH*在催化剂的表面解离为HCOO*和H*,HCOO*在催化剂的活性中心表面进一步解离为CO2*和H*[89]。HCOOH*中O−H断裂产生的H*和HCOOH中C−H键断裂产生的H*结合生成H2*,吸附在催化剂表面的H2*和CO2*从催化剂表面脱附。
在2009年,Ojeda等[90]使用了同位素交换实验探索了甲酸脱氢反应机理。该课题组使用沉积-浸渍法制备出Au/Al2O3催化剂,并应用于HCOOH的分解反应。他们进行了同位素实验,当反应物HCOOH被HCOOD代替时,KIE值为1.6。并且当反应物HCOOH被DCOOH代替时,KIE值为2.5,表明O−H和C−H键的断裂都参与了脱氢反应的过渡态,但后者对于反应速率的影响更为显著。他们提出,HCOOH经过H辅助甲酸盐分解路径或O−H和C−H键发生断裂后,氢原子在催化剂活性位进行重组的反应机理。
Hou等[91]制备出了Ti3C2Tx Mxenes催化剂,并将其应用于热催化甲酸脱氢反应。他们采用X射线吸收近边光谱表征Ti3C2Tx-250中Ti的价态及其价态为0− +4(图6(a))。与此同时,样品的小波变换分析和扩展X射线精细结构表明Ti的配位结构为Ti-O或Ti-C(图6(b)−(d))。该课题组借助红外表征揭示了HCOO*是脱氢反应的重要中间体和采用同位素实验说明HCOO中C−H的断裂是决速步(图6(e), (f))。并且,在DFT计算中,HCOOH以双齿构型的形式吸附于Ti3C2Tx Mxenes催化剂,其吸附能为−0.35 eV(图6(g))。氢原子解离,生成−OH基团。HCOO*调整了吸附构型生成亚稳态,需要增加0.68 eV的能量。吸附于催化剂表面的HCOO*解离需要克服0.61 eV的能量。最后,HCOOH*解离生成的H*和HCOO*解离生成的H*结合生成H2*,从催化剂的表面脱附,与此同时伴随着CO2的释放。该组运用DFT计算揭示了HCOO*中C−H键的断裂的能垒(1.3 eV)高于HCOOH*中O−H键的能垒(0.91 eV),进而表明C−H键的断裂为该反应的决速步骤。
Mori等[23]课题组也报道了类似的反应机理。他们将硅耦联的不同氨基修饰的介孔分子筛负载的PdAg纳米粒子用于热催化甲酸与D2O反应。氨基有助于甲酸解离为活性中间体和CO2。活性中间体与D2O作用生成HD和D2。
其他研究者也报道了类似的反应机理。Li等[92]制备出了NH2-N-rGO基质上负载的单金属或双金属催化剂。他们运用实验和理论计算说明金属的表面能与催化剂的吸附能力有密切关联。他们认为,HCOOH首先吸附在催化剂的表面,HCOOH中的O−H断裂生成双齿的甲酸盐和H*。双齿甲酸盐通过O−M与催化剂相结合。双齿的甲酸盐可能经过重排形成五个单配位的甲酸盐,再通过C−H键断裂生成CO2。最后,O−H键断裂生成的H*与C−H键断裂生成的H*扩散到临近的吸附位点,结合生成氢气,然后从催化剂的表面脱附。并且该组运用理论计算说明,对于Pd催化体系,双齿甲酸盐的重排和氢气的脱附是决速步。对于Au催化体系,O−H键的断裂是决速步骤。在Au-Pd混合金属的材料体系中,随着金担载量的增大(小于0.5%),有助于降低双齿甲酸盐重排能量(利于CO2生成),同时有助于氢气脱附。
另外一些研究者认为HCOOH经过羧基(COOH)路径生成CO2。Hua等[27]采用理论计算、甲酸提供氢源还原对硝基苯酚实验、同位速实验证明HCOOH经过羧基路径生成CO2。
光催化甲酸脱氢反应的机理比较复杂。反应机理一般为,HCOOH在一定条件下解离为HCOO–或者COOH–,这些物种被空穴氧化生成CO2。与此同时,HCOOH中的氢离子和H2O中的氢离子得到电子生成氢气。具体的反应机理根据反应体系的不同而有差别。
Cao等[93]制备出了CdS/CoP@RGO材料,并将其应用于光催化甲酸脱氢反应。该催化剂取得了相比于Pt (1386 μmol/(mg·h))、Pd (1000 μmol/(mg·h))、Au (542 μmol/(mg·h))和 Ru (627 μmol/(mg·h))的较高的氢气生成速率(2192 μmol/(mg·h))。他们运用电子自旋顺磁表征,证明了光过程产生了·OH自由基。他们认为来源于HCOOH和H2O中的H+参与到了氢气的生成过程,·OH和在CdS价带上积累的空穴氧化COOH–生成了CO2。该课题组又进一步研究了该材料在甲酸-水的体系中光催化甲酸脱氢的反应机理[94]。运用同位素质谱实验证明了水解离的氢离子与甲酸释放的氢离子结合生成氢气(图7(a)−(c))。理论计算说明了在甲酸体系中O−H键解离需要克服1.30 eV的能垒,在甲酸-水体系中需要跨越0.79 eV的能垒。进一步计算出在有水体系中水解离出的H+与甲酸解离出来的H+耦合需要克服0.82 eV的能垒,而无水体系中H−H耦合需要克服1.57 eV的能垒。运用理论计算最终说明了催化剂表面吸附的H2O分子活化的OH*能够辅助甲酸中O−H键的解离(图7(b))。他们提出的光催化反应机理与文献[93,95]相一致(图7(d))。另外,该组运用瞬态吸收光谱表明在甲酸-水体系中光生的电子快速地从CdS转移到CdS/CoP@RGO(图7(e), (f))。
Cao等[96]制备了CdS纳米线上锚定的NiCoP纳米粒子,将他们用于光催化甲酸脱氢,在可见光的照射下,取得了354 μmol/(mg·h) 的氢气生成速率。他们认为,CdS产生的电子转移到NiCoP表面还原了H2O中和HCOOH中的H+生成氢气,而光生成的空穴氧化HCOOH生成${\mathrm{CO}}_2^{-\cdot} $,进一步氧化生成CO2。
光热催化反应机理比热催化和光催化反应机理更复杂[97−100]。反应机理一般为光引发的局部电场和热电子以及光照引起的局部表面温度的升高促进了甲酸中化学键断裂,进而促进产物生成[5]。Han等[101]制备出了Te纳米线上负载的Pt单原子催化剂,在25 ℃条件下表现出来了3070 h−1的氢气生成速率。研究表明,氢气的生成速率与光强度的改变呈现线性相关(图8(a))。另外,该课题组采用原位红外光照促进了HCOO*转化为CO2*(图8(b)),以及他们借助部分态密度计算表明热电子从Te原子周围转移到吸附于Pt原子表面的反应物分子,从而促进反应物分子的活化(图8(c)、(d))。他们认为,HCOO*解离为CO2*为决速步,此反应为等离子体驱动热电子机制,光的引入加速了速控步以及产生的热电子促进了吸附于Pt表面反应物的吸附和活化。
Liu等[102]制备了氧化石墨烯上担载的AuPd纳米粒子,在298 K光照条件下取得了954.2 h−1的氢气生成速率。热电子从具有局部表面等离子共振的Ag表面转移到Pd表面,有助于提高的甲酸脱氢反应活性。Wan等[103]也制备了二维C3N4纳米片上负载的AgPd纳米粒子。由于等离子体和莫特肖特基效应,该催化剂在323 K、可见光的条件下表现了2936.8 h−1的TOF。
Tong等[104]制备出了Pd修饰的Ag@Au六角形纳米板,将其应用于光热催化甲酸脱氢反应。甲酸盐吸附在Pd纳米点的表面,促进了甲酸盐与金属络合物的生成。进而,吸附在Pd活性位点的O-(CH)-O分解生成Pd-H。当在光照条件下,杂化的Pd-甲酸盐物种获得等离子体能量,当能量足够高的时候,甲酸盐中的C−H键断裂。另外,吸附在Pd表面的二氧化碳进行脱附。吸附在Pd表面的H物种与C−H键断裂的H物种结合,并且从Pd的表面脱附。Liu等[30]制备核壳结构的ZIF-8@ZIF-67,并担载了PdAg合金,在353 K的光照条件下取得了430 h−1的氢气生成速率。他们认为,光照引发的热电子从Ag转移到Pd表面,增加了Pd表面电子云密度,从而促进了HCOO物种的解离和氢气的还原。Wang等[105]将金属卟啉负载的Au纳米线用于光催化甲酸脱氢反应,在可见光条件下表现了2.33 mmol/(g·h) 的氢气生成速率,且他们认为Au的等离子体效应促进了反应。
在过去的五年中,甲酸脱氢催化剂的研究在活性与选择性方面取得了显著进展。通过改性载体、调控活性金属组分(如Pd基合金)以及优化反应条件,在抑制CO生成的同时有效提升了氢气产率。较为显著的是,过渡金属单原子催化剂在353 K条件下展现出高反应活性,Pd基催化剂在室温下实现了高达5330 h−1的产氢速率。要将甲酸推向规模化储氢应用仍面临挑战。
未来研究需聚焦于以下方向:开发高温热解、光诱导合成等方法制备高原子利用率金属催化剂;利用富碱性位点多孔碳材料增强金属分散;结合理论计算阐明电子效应与协同作用机制;借助多种原位光谱技术追踪反应中间体、电子结构演变与载流子动力学。最终,能够从中间体和电子角度揭示优良组分提升反应性能的本质原因。此外,实现CO2-HCOOH高效碳循环是甲酸储氢规模化应用的前提,需进一步发展高性能CO2加氢制甲酸催化剂。

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2026年第54卷第9期
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doi: 10.3724/2097-213X.2026.JFCT.0002
  • 接收时间:2025-11-01
  • 首发时间:2026-09-23
  • 出版时间:2026-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-01
  • 修回日期:2025-12-24
  • 录用日期:2026-01-12
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    山西大同大学化学与化工学院 山西省清洁能源材料联合实验室, 山西 大同 037009

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