Article(id=1309584977025658978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309584897006727797, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/2097-213X.2026.JFCT.0001, pmid=null, cstr=32157.14.2097-213X.2026.JFCT.0003, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762704000000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-10, revisedDate=1766246400000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-21, acceptedDate=1766937600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-29, onlineDate=1790158989434, onlineDateStr=2026-09-23, pubDate=1778342400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790158989434, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790158989434, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790158989434, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1309584897006727797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, year='2026', volume='54', issue='5', pageStart='20250202-787', pageEnd='20250432-928', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778342400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790158970356, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790212920530, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1309811180533805448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309584897006727797, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1309811180533805449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309584897006727797, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=20250360-759, endPage=20250360-786, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1309584977218596963, articleId=1309584977025658978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, language=EN, title=Research progress on solid acid catalysts for enhanced CO2 desorption from alkanolamine solutions in the past five years, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, the growing urgency for carbon capture has placed chemical absorption at the forefront of post-combustion CO2 capture technologies, valued for its high efficiency and process maturity. However, traditional amine-based methods face significant challenges during rich solvent regeneration, including high energy demand, solvent degradation, and substantial operating costs, which limit their scalability. To overcome these limitations, catalytic CO2 desorption has emerged as an innovative approach. By incorporating solid acid catalysts into the CO2-rich amine solvent regeneration process, this technique lowers the energy barrier for CO2 release, enhances reaction kinetics, and enables efficient solvent regeneration at low temperatures. As a result, it considerably cuts energy consumption and solvent loss. This paper systematically reviews the research on key catalyst materials in catalytic desorption technology over the past five years, with a focus on the structure-activity relationships of different types of solid catalysts. It highlights the synergistic mechanisms of catalytically active sites (such as Lewis acid, Brønsted acid, and basic sites) in catalytic CO2 desorption reactions and their influence on desorption pathways. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the key scientific and technological challenges currently faced by this technology and provides an outlook on its industrial application prospects in the field of low-cost carbon capture.

, authors=Zhan TAN, Xiaowen ZHANG*, Huiling HE, Zhiyang ZHANG, Yuxiang LIU, Jiayu MAO, Kuiyi YOU*, Hean LUO, authorsList=Zhan TAN, Xiaowen ZHANG, Huiling HE, Zhiyang ZHANG, Yuxiang LIU, Jiayu MAO, Kuiyi YOU, Hean LUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaowen ZHANG, Kuiyi YOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1309585003063898402, articleId=1309584977025658978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, language=CN, title=近五年固体酸催化剂强化醇胺溶液解吸CO2技术研究进展, columnId=1309584916959032029, journalTitle=燃料化学学报(中英文), columnName=REVIEW, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近年来,随着全球范围对碳减排需求的日益迫切,有机胺溶剂化学吸收法作为燃烧后CO2捕集的主流技术,因其吸收效率高、工艺成熟而备受关注。然而,传统有机胺吸收法在溶剂再生阶段(CO2解吸)存在能耗高、溶剂易降解和腐蚀设备等问题,制约了其规模化应用。为解决上述难题,催化CO2解吸技术应运而生,通过在富液再生过程中引入固体酸催化剂,有效降低了CO2解吸反应能垒,显著提升了传质与反应动力学性能,从而实现在较低温度下高效再生,大幅削减再生能耗及溶剂损耗。本综述围绕近五年催化解吸技术中关键催化剂材料的研究展开评述,重点揭示了不同类型固体酸催化剂的构效关系、催化活性中心(如Lewis酸、Brønsted酸及碱性位点)在催化解吸反应中的协同机制,以及其对解吸路径的影响规律,进而剖析当前该技术面临的关键科学与技术挑战,并对其在低成本碳捕集领域的工业应用前景作出展望。

, authors=谭湛, 张晓文*, 何慧玲, 张治阳, 刘宇祥, 毛嘉屿, 游奎一*, 罗和安, authorsList=谭湛, 张晓文, 何慧玲, 张治阳, 刘宇祥, 毛嘉屿, 游奎一, 罗和安, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张晓文, 游奎一, authorNote=

谭湛(1997),博士研究生,研究方向为二氧化碳捕集及利用,

张晓文(1992),博士,副教授,博士生导师,湘潭大学化工学院化工系主任,湖南省芙蓉计划科技创新类青年人才,主要从事二氧化碳捕集及利用方面的研究工作,

游奎一(1979),博士,二级教授,博士生导师,湘潭大学化工学院院长,湖南省杰出青年基金获得者,主要从事催化材料与催化反应工程、有机催化合成以及石油化工产品等方面的研究工作,

, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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谭湛(1997),博士研究生,研究方向为二氧化碳捕集及利用,

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Chem Eng J, 2025, 525: 169926., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1309585003353305379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584977025658978, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1309585003361693988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584977025658978, companyId=1309585003353305379, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Chemical Process Simulation and Intensification, College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1309585003370082597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584977025658978, companyId=1309585003353305379, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=湘潭大学化工学院 化工过程模拟与强化国家地方联合工程研究中心, 湖南 湘潭 411105)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1309585008004788568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584977025658978, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Experimental setup for catalytic CO2 desorption batch reactor (a), continuous reactor (b) and column reactor (c)[19–20](with permission from Elsevier), figureFileSmall=IFJAGM5J63aPFnN41cOR6g==, figureFileBig=efwE3/GCH/OK2vtNz7oigA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309585008071897433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584977025658978, language=CN, label=图1, caption=催化CO2解吸实验装置间歇式(a),连续式(b)和塔式反应器(c)[19–20], figureFileSmall=IFJAGM5J63aPFnN41cOR6g==, figureFileBig=efwE3/GCH/OK2vtNz7oigA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309585008290001242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584977025658978, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Synthesis flowchart of supported packed-bed catalysts (a)[22], and catalytic CO2 desorption performance of molecular sieve-based catalysts, Nb/HZ (b)−(e)[26], MnOOH/HZSM-5 (f)[25] and Mnx-SAPO (g)[30](with permission from Elsevier and American Chemical Society), figureFileSmall=0eev/6nG5BOuPK+NZ8ZlTg==, figureFileBig=4/hJOUduE+qC6++etecZyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309585008373887323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584977025658978, language=CN, label=图2, caption=负载型填料催化剂的合成流程图(a)[22],Nb/HZ(b)−(e)[26]、MnOOH/HZSM-5(f)[25]、Mnx-SAPO(g)[30]分子筛基催化剂的催化CO2解吸性能, figureFileSmall=0eev/6nG5BOuPK+NZ8ZlTg==, figureFileBig=4/hJOUduE+qC6++etecZyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309585008449384796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584977025658978, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=(a) CO2 desorption rate of FeZrOx series catalysts[57]; (b) Synthesis process of water-dispersible Fe3O4-based catalysts using amino acids[58]; (c) Synthesis schematic of mesoporous solid acid catalyst Zr/Al2O3 [59]; (d) CO2 desorption amount and relative heat duty of solid acid catalysts such as ${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/ZrTiOx[67]; (e) CO2 desorption rate[68], (f) CO2 desorption amount[68] and (g) relative heat duty[68] of several metal oxide catalysts such as V2O5(with permission from Elsevier and American Chemical Society), figureFileSmall=/nJoMkx1MQgRWsVKSYZzPQ==, figureFileBig=Vk3mW4uC3tQoTVOjX1BiKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309585008541659485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584977025658978, language=CN, label=图3, caption=FeZrOx系列催化剂的CO2解吸速率(a) [57];利用氨基酸制备水分散Fe3O4基催化剂的合成过程(b) [58];介孔固体酸催化剂Zr/Al2O3的合成示意图(c) [59];${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/ZrTiOx等固体酸催化剂的CO2解吸量、相对再生能耗(d) [67];V2O5等金属氧化物催化剂的CO2解吸速率(e) [68]、CO2解吸量(f) [68]和相对再生能耗(g) [68], figureFileSmall=/nJoMkx1MQgRWsVKSYZzPQ==, figureFileBig=Vk3mW4uC3tQoTVOjX1BiKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309585008621351262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584977025658978, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Comparison of catalytic desorption performance for different Mont-based catalysts: (a) CO2 desorption rate curve, (b) total CO2 desorption amount and (c) relative heat duty[75−77]; (d) Comparison of desorption performance for different Sep-based catalysts; (e) Effect of pure ATP catalyst on desorption performance[82−84]; (f) Comparison of catalytic desorption performance with and without FA catalyst[91]; (g) Process analysis of catalytic desorption using 3D-printed catalysts[92]; (h) Schematic diagram of modified packed-bed catalyst[92]; (i) Bubble data for CO2 desorption on the surface of different 3D catalytic packings[92](with permission from Elsevier, the Royal Society of Chemistry and American Chemical Society), figureFileSmall=jo/axlAN3Tai2/mGAqbY8g==, figureFileBig=ZB+T6fRbqTNV/ll559DpYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309585008692654431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584977025658978, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同Mont基催化剂对应催化解吸性能比较:CO2解吸速率曲线(a)、CO2解吸总量(b)和相对再生能耗(c)[75−77];不同Sep基催化剂解吸解吸性能比较(d)[81];纯ATP催化剂对解吸性能的影响(e)[82−84];有无FA催化时催化解吸性能比较(f)[91];3D打印催化剂催化解吸流程分析(g)[92];改性催化填料示意图(h)[92];不同3D催化填料表面CO2解吸气泡数据(i)[92], figureFileSmall=jo/axlAN3Tai2/mGAqbY8g==, figureFileBig=ZB+T6fRbqTNV/ll559DpYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309585008768151904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584977025658978, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=(a) Schematic diagram of the preparation process for SZC@TiO2[103]; (b) Catalytic performance with different γ-Al2O3/MWCNTs loadings[105]; (c) Catalytic performance with different Fe2O3-MWCNTs loadings[106]; (d) Chemical structural formulas of the utilized IL catalysts [107](with permission from Elsevier), figureFileSmall=VyAPVw2zndKHSkjTepBidg==, figureFileBig=lzWNQ2JNTWRvgP1zCr5jnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309585008847843681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584977025658978, language=CN, label=图5, caption=(a) SZC@TiO2制备过程示意图[103] ;(b)不同γ-Al2O3/MWCNTs含量的催化性能[105] ;(c)不同Fe2O3-MWCNTs含量的催化性能[106] ;(d)使用的ILs化合物的化学结构式[107], figureFileSmall=VyAPVw2zndKHSkjTepBidg==, figureFileBig=lzWNQ2JNTWRvgP1zCr5jnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309585008948506978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584977025658978, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=(a) Two proton transfer mechanisms in the catalytic desorption process; (b) Catalytic regeneration mechanism of CO2-rich TETA-DEEA solvent over the TiO2/Ti3C2 catalyst[132](with permission from Elsevier), figureFileSmall=LIDHLbjWXcVRwcejJV68bQ==, figureFileBig=CWxkZ2zitN124v+FV2XPog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309585009091113315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584977025658978, language=CN, label=图6, caption=(a) 催化CO2解吸机理中的两种质子传递机制;(b) TiO2/Ti3C2催化剂催化富碳TETA-DEEA溶剂解吸CO2反应机制[132], figureFileSmall=LIDHLbjWXcVRwcejJV68bQ==, figureFileBig=CWxkZ2zitN124v+FV2XPog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309585009191776612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584977025658978, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=(a) Catalytic CO2 desorption mechanism over the SnO2/ATP catalyst[83]; (b) Catalytic CO2 desorption mechanism over the HOOCMIMCl catalyst[107]; (c) Catalytic CO2 desorption mechanism using the CNT catalyst (where C, N, O, and H are represented in gray, blue, red, and white, respectively)[108], (All reactions were conducted with a CO2 -rich 5 M MEA solution as the substrate)(with permission from Elsevier), figureFileSmall=8n9vykffbvmFN4oDC2yVGQ==, figureFileBig=4PkHT3Q+Dnk8pK0sp3UW5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309585009271468389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584977025658978, language=CN, label=图7, caption=(a)SnO2/ATP催化剂催化CO2解吸机理[83];(b)HOOCMIMCl催化剂催化CO2解吸机理[107];(c)CNT催化剂催化CO2解吸机理(C、N、O和H分别用灰色、蓝色、红色和白色表示)[108],(反应底物均为富碳5 M MEA溶液), figureFileSmall=8n9vykffbvmFN4oDC2yVGQ==, figureFileBig=4PkHT3Q+Dnk8pK0sp3UW5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309585009388908902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584977025658978, language=EN, label=Table1, caption=

Catalytic CO2 desorption performance of molecular sieve-based catalysts

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberCatalystTemperature/℃RHD/%Increased desorption
amount/%
Increased desorption
rate/%
Time/minRef.
1ZSM-59063.954.8−60[21]
2Fenske/ZSM-59633.378.6−60[22]
3 ${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/${\mathrm{ZrO}}_2 $/HZSM-5-1/49869.040.037.0120[23]
4MnOx/HZSM-580−−−30[24]
5MnOOH/HZSM-5−68.2−−100[25]
64.0-Nb/HZSM-59063.550.061.060[26]
77.85-Ni/HZSM-59072.936.0−20[27]
8Ni/Ce/HZSM-59064.255.8−18.3[28]
915%Al-SAPO-348843.6−78.418[29]
10Mn15-SAPO9042.9133.331.014.3[30]
11Hβ9055.979.0200.120.8[31]
12Ni/Hβ9869.843.2150.060[32]
13MCM-41/Fe-109867.5−−90[33]
14MCM-41-SO3H-0.69066.753.019520[34]
15Cu/HZSM-5/MCM-41-29061.363.2−30[35]
16KIT-69666.5−150.3480[36]
17CuO/KIT-610066.649.050.320[37]
18Ni/Fe@KIT-69358.8−58.126.7[38]
19 ${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/ZrO2/SBA-15(2/1)97.573.5−−60[39]
2010Ni/SBA-158680.124.712.090[40]
21HPW-SBA-15-SO3H-18862.356.056.325[41]
22Fe-Zr@β-SBA-159767.0−−60[42]
23CMK-3-SiO29762.6−195.0180[43]
24HZSM-59050−55−1300−150037-41[44]
25γ-Al2O3/H-ZSM-5(2∶1)9032.9−−60[45]
26 ${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/TiO2-HZSM-5(2/1)9878.315.4−−[46]
27Fe/0.8H2SO4-HZSM-59879.512.8−−[47]
28HND-89563.8−45.330[48]
), ArticleFig(id=1309585009493766503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584977025658978, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

分子筛基催化剂的催化CO2解吸性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberCatalystTemperature/℃RHD/%Increased desorption
amount/%
Increased desorption
rate/%
Time/minRef.
1ZSM-59063.954.8−60[21]
2Fenske/ZSM-59633.378.6−60[22]
3 ${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/${\mathrm{ZrO}}_2 $/HZSM-5-1/49869.040.037.0120[23]
4MnOx/HZSM-580−−−30[24]
5MnOOH/HZSM-5−68.2−−100[25]
64.0-Nb/HZSM-59063.550.061.060[26]
77.85-Ni/HZSM-59072.936.0−20[27]
8Ni/Ce/HZSM-59064.255.8−18.3[28]
915%Al-SAPO-348843.6−78.418[29]
10Mn15-SAPO9042.9133.331.014.3[30]
11Hβ9055.979.0200.120.8[31]
12Ni/Hβ9869.843.2150.060[32]
13MCM-41/Fe-109867.5−−90[33]
14MCM-41-SO3H-0.69066.753.019520[34]
15Cu/HZSM-5/MCM-41-29061.363.2−30[35]
16KIT-69666.5−150.3480[36]
17CuO/KIT-610066.649.050.320[37]
18Ni/Fe@KIT-69358.8−58.126.7[38]
19 ${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/ZrO2/SBA-15(2/1)97.573.5−−60[39]
2010Ni/SBA-158680.124.712.090[40]
21HPW-SBA-15-SO3H-18862.356.056.325[41]
22Fe-Zr@β-SBA-159767.0−−60[42]
23CMK-3-SiO29762.6−195.0180[43]
24HZSM-59050−55−1300−150037-41[44]
25γ-Al2O3/H-ZSM-5(2∶1)9032.9−−60[45]
26 ${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/TiO2-HZSM-5(2/1)9878.315.4−−[46]
27Fe/0.8H2SO4-HZSM-59879.512.8−−[47]
28HND-89563.8−45.330[48]
), ArticleFig(id=1309585009577652584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584977025658978, language=EN, label=Table2, caption=

Catalytic CO2 desorption performance of metal oxide-based catalysts

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberCatalystTemperature/℃RHD/%Increased desorption
amount/%
Increased desorption
rate/%
Time/minRef.
1NiOx-5007848.0−221.060.0[55]
2Ni4Al1-LDO8854.046.589.024.0[56]
3Fe0.7Zr0.3Ox9056.478.0−180[57]
4Fe3O4-Ala-C6560.263.3207.020.0[58]
5Zr/Al2O38873.036.7178.049.5[59]
6C@Mn3O410768.071.4255.060.0[60]
7AlOOH8883.027.7−120[61]
8ZrO(OH)29948.0−−180.0[62]
9ZrOxHy8827.0148.1−180.0[63]
10AlOOH/FeOOH9078.724.7−30.0[64]
11RuxMn1−xOOH8056.598.2−60.0[65]
12NiSO4/NiO8846.038.5360.060.0[66]
13 ${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/ZrTiOx9070.942.699.0200.0[67]
14V2O59076.530.767.712.0[68]
15Mn2CoO4@TiO2/${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $9856.0103.0111.030.0[69]
16 ${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/TiO295−28.9−10.0[70]
17TiP2O79187.014.241.540.0[71]
18 ${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/NF9549.370.2264.037.0[72]
19α-Fe2O39458.472.8~200.090.0[73]
20 ${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/ZrO29475.0118.0−180.0[74]
), ArticleFig(id=1309585011448312170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584977025658978, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

金属氧化物基催化剂催化CO2解吸性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberCatalystTemperature/℃RHD/%Increased desorption
amount/%
Increased desorption
rate/%
Time/minRef.
1NiOx-5007848.0−221.060.0[55]
2Ni4Al1-LDO8854.046.589.024.0[56]
3Fe0.7Zr0.3Ox9056.478.0−180[57]
4Fe3O4-Ala-C6560.263.3207.020.0[58]
5Zr/Al2O38873.036.7178.049.5[59]
6C@Mn3O410768.071.4255.060.0[60]
7AlOOH8883.027.7−120[61]
8ZrO(OH)29948.0−−180.0[62]
9ZrOxHy8827.0148.1−180.0[63]
10AlOOH/FeOOH9078.724.7−30.0[64]
11RuxMn1−xOOH8056.598.2−60.0[65]
12NiSO4/NiO8846.038.5360.060.0[66]
13 ${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/ZrTiOx9070.942.699.0200.0[67]
14V2O59076.530.767.712.0[68]
15Mn2CoO4@TiO2/${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $9856.0103.0111.030.0[69]
16 ${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/TiO295−28.9−10.0[70]
17TiP2O79187.014.241.540.0[71]
18 ${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/NF9549.370.2264.037.0[72]
19α-Fe2O39458.472.8~200.090.0[73]
20 ${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/ZrO29475.0118.0−180.0[74]
), ArticleFig(id=1309585011565752683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584977025658978, language=EN, label=Table3, caption=

Catalytic performance of clay mineral-based catalysts

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberCatalystTemperature/℃RHD/%Increased desorption
amount/%
Increased desorption
rate/%
Time/minRef.
1PO4-Mont8667.647.875.022[75]
2Fe-Mont8560.082.5315.022[76]
3SO4-Mont8755.979.0215.022[77]
4SZ@Sep-1/28851.4105.792.025[78]
5Fe/Zr-Sep8865.067.666.825[79]
6Sep-H2SO48854.483.677.925[80]
7Fe2O3-Sep10054.080.0−20[81]
8ATP-18868.750.257.219[82]
9ATP-28867.747.954.119[82]
101/2-SnO2/ATP8848.2222.0265.020.8[83]
11Ni/ATP85−8938.6144.2196.021.6[84]
122/1-CuOx/ATP9035.5194.0205.013.5[85]
13Ni/ATP
(1.5 M MEA-1 M EAE-2 M 3DEA1P)
9038.6159.0−25[86]
141-FA8872.096.096.035[87]
15Al2O3-FA8856.477.175.125[88]
16SZ@FA-1/28854.677.7−25[89]
17FA8858.272.0~180.025[90]
18FA
(2 M EAE + 1 M DMAEE+ 2 M AMP)
10031.6280.6−60[91]
193D-Fe
(5 M MEA + AMP)
9258.392.8159.330[92]
203D-Fe
(5 M MEA + MDEA)
9258.349.5136.130[92]
21RM8883.731.7289.0100[93]
2230% Al-D8756.835.559.118.8[94]
23Ca(OH)22053.772.5−30[95]
243D Model-181.856.0106.0195.030[96]
), ArticleFig(id=1309585011871936876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584977025658978, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

黏土矿物类催化剂的催化性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberCatalystTemperature/℃RHD/%Increased desorption
amount/%
Increased desorption
rate/%
Time/minRef.
1PO4-Mont8667.647.875.022[75]
2Fe-Mont8560.082.5315.022[76]
3SO4-Mont8755.979.0215.022[77]
4SZ@Sep-1/28851.4105.792.025[78]
5Fe/Zr-Sep8865.067.666.825[79]
6Sep-H2SO48854.483.677.925[80]
7Fe2O3-Sep10054.080.0−20[81]
8ATP-18868.750.257.219[82]
9ATP-28867.747.954.119[82]
101/2-SnO2/ATP8848.2222.0265.020.8[83]
11Ni/ATP85−8938.6144.2196.021.6[84]
122/1-CuOx/ATP9035.5194.0205.013.5[85]
13Ni/ATP
(1.5 M MEA-1 M EAE-2 M 3DEA1P)
9038.6159.0−25[86]
141-FA8872.096.096.035[87]
15Al2O3-FA8856.477.175.125[88]
16SZ@FA-1/28854.677.7−25[89]
17FA8858.272.0~180.025[90]
18FA
(2 M EAE + 1 M DMAEE+ 2 M AMP)
10031.6280.6−60[91]
193D-Fe
(5 M MEA + AMP)
9258.392.8159.330[92]
203D-Fe
(5 M MEA + MDEA)
9258.349.5136.130[92]
21RM8883.731.7289.0100[93]
2230% Al-D8756.835.559.118.8[94]
23Ca(OH)22053.772.5−30[95]
243D Model-181.856.0106.0195.030[96]
), ArticleFig(id=1309585012014543213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584977025658978, language=EN, label=Table4, caption=

Catalytic CO2 desorption performance of MOF, COF, carbon-based, and other materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberCatalystTemperature/℃RHD/%Increased desorption
amount/%
Increased desorption
rate/%
Tim/minRef.
1CeM-HPW-158870.638.1166.0180[97]
2HZ-Ni@UiO-669063.557.7210.060[98]
3Fe3O4@UiO-66-SO48855.380.9−120[99]
42D Co-N-C NSs8858.083.5281.0180[100]
5ZIF-840−−49.740[101]
6ZIF-6740−−83.340[101]
7MZC-HPW-208868.052.0123.060[102]
8SZC@TiO28864.064.5153.0180[103]
9Ni/Fe@COF8842.5−540.0120[104]
10S-Co/NC11071.263.6733.0100[105]
11γ-Al2O3/MWCNTs8744.274.3150.0120[105]
12Fe2O3-MWCNTs8750.653.847.440[106]
13HOOCMIMCl9061.436.7−60[107]
14CNT9867.050.0−50[108]
15N-doped CNT85−23.9503.030[109]
16STC9854.082.3−50[110]
17Phen-Fe-N-C88−−50.030[111]
18Fe/FeSA@GNC10059.319.5440.057[112]
19Functionalized carbon spheres8689.212.0108.045[16]
20ZrO2/SiO2/BC9069.024.026.025[113]
21Fe/SiO2/BC9066.035.0−25[114]
22PF69082.421.4−60[115]
23[Et3NH][AlCl4]10060.083.043.060[116]
24Amberlyst-159082.321.0−60[117]
25H2Pc9073.122.61679.060[118]
), ArticleFig(id=1309585012362670446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584977025658978, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

MOF、COF、碳材料和其他材料的催化CO2解吸性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberCatalystTemperature/℃RHD/%Increased desorption
amount/%
Increased desorption
rate/%
Tim/minRef.
1CeM-HPW-158870.638.1166.0180[97]
2HZ-Ni@UiO-669063.557.7210.060[98]
3Fe3O4@UiO-66-SO48855.380.9−120[99]
42D Co-N-C NSs8858.083.5281.0180[100]
5ZIF-840−−49.740[101]
6ZIF-6740−−83.340[101]
7MZC-HPW-208868.052.0123.060[102]
8SZC@TiO28864.064.5153.0180[103]
9Ni/Fe@COF8842.5−540.0120[104]
10S-Co/NC11071.263.6733.0100[105]
11γ-Al2O3/MWCNTs8744.274.3150.0120[105]
12Fe2O3-MWCNTs8750.653.847.440[106]
13HOOCMIMCl9061.436.7−60[107]
14CNT9867.050.0−50[108]
15N-doped CNT85−23.9503.030[109]
16STC9854.082.3−50[110]
17Phen-Fe-N-C88−−50.030[111]
18Fe/FeSA@GNC10059.319.5440.057[112]
19Functionalized carbon spheres8689.212.0108.045[16]
20ZrO2/SiO2/BC9069.024.026.025[113]
21Fe/SiO2/BC9066.035.0−25[114]
22PF69082.421.4−60[115]
23[Et3NH][AlCl4]10060.083.043.060[116]
24Amberlyst-159082.321.0−60[117]
25H2Pc9073.122.61679.060[118]
), ArticleFig(id=1309585012761129327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584977025658978, language=EN, label=Table5, caption=

Analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of different types of catalysts and the study of catalyst stability

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Catalyst typeAdvantagesDisadvantagesRepresentative catalystsCycle timesPost-cycle catalytic desorption performance/%Ref.
Molecular sieveOutstanding structural advantages, acidic adjustability, better stability and flexible functionalized designStrong structural influence on performance and sensitivity to solvent systemsHβ1074.4[31]
KIT-61077.1[36]
Ni/Fe@KIT-61062.9[38]
CMK-3-SiO21077.0[43]
Fe/0.8H2SO4-HZSM-51084.2[47]
Metal oxideThe preparation is relatively simple and low cost; the acidic sites are abundant; the applicability is wide, and the catalytic effect on different amine solvents is achievedAfter recycling, there are problems of reduced number of acidic sites and weakened strength; lower specific surface area or pore structure is prone to collapse; most of them are less resistant to impurities in flue gas and ion erosion in high alkaline environmentAlOOH/FeOOH596.3[64]
RuxMn1−xOOH688.9[65]
NiSO4/NiO1881.0[66]
${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/ZrTiOx574.5[67]
Mn2CoO4@TiO2/${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $1079.9[69]
${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/TiO2496.2[70]
TiP2O71093.3[71]
${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/NF596.9[72]
α-Fe2O3585.1[73]
ClayLow cost, wide source, environmentally friendly, well-balanced catalytic performance, easy to scale up preparationLow initial catalytic performance, need to be modified to improve, poor water stability, poor resistance to mechanical abrasion performanceSZ@Sep-1/22089.1[70]
Sep-H2SO41093.8[72]
ATP-11595.4[73]
1/2-SnO2/ATP1279.8[74]
SZ@FA-1/22081.9[80]
Metal/covalent organic skeletal materials and their derivativesHigh porosity, low density, large specific surface area, regular pore channels, adjustable pore sizeComplex synthesis process, high costFe3O4@UiO-66-SO41091.0[99]
SZC@TiO21083.0[103]
Carbon materialHigh chemical and mechanical stabilityLow adsorption selectivity and mechanical strengthCNT2096.0[108]
STC1591.0[110]
Ionic liquidGood stability, non-volatile, structure can be designed with more acidic sites, high reactivityHomogeneous systems do not separate easilyHOOCMIMCl1096.6[107]
), ArticleFig(id=1309585013180559728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584977025658978, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同类型催化剂优缺点分析及催化剂稳定性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Catalyst typeAdvantagesDisadvantagesRepresentative catalystsCycle timesPost-cycle catalytic desorption performance/%Ref.
Molecular sieveOutstanding structural advantages, acidic adjustability, better stability and flexible functionalized designStrong structural influence on performance and sensitivity to solvent systemsHβ1074.4[31]
KIT-61077.1[36]
Ni/Fe@KIT-61062.9[38]
CMK-3-SiO21077.0[43]
Fe/0.8H2SO4-HZSM-51084.2[47]
Metal oxideThe preparation is relatively simple and low cost; the acidic sites are abundant; the applicability is wide, and the catalytic effect on different amine solvents is achievedAfter recycling, there are problems of reduced number of acidic sites and weakened strength; lower specific surface area or pore structure is prone to collapse; most of them are less resistant to impurities in flue gas and ion erosion in high alkaline environmentAlOOH/FeOOH596.3[64]
RuxMn1−xOOH688.9[65]
NiSO4/NiO1881.0[66]
${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/ZrTiOx574.5[67]
Mn2CoO4@TiO2/${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $1079.9[69]
${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/TiO2496.2[70]
TiP2O71093.3[71]
${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/NF596.9[72]
α-Fe2O3585.1[73]
ClayLow cost, wide source, environmentally friendly, well-balanced catalytic performance, easy to scale up preparationLow initial catalytic performance, need to be modified to improve, poor water stability, poor resistance to mechanical abrasion performanceSZ@Sep-1/22089.1[70]
Sep-H2SO41093.8[72]
ATP-11595.4[73]
1/2-SnO2/ATP1279.8[74]
SZ@FA-1/22081.9[80]
Metal/covalent organic skeletal materials and their derivativesHigh porosity, low density, large specific surface area, regular pore channels, adjustable pore sizeComplex synthesis process, high costFe3O4@UiO-66-SO41091.0[99]
SZC@TiO21083.0[103]
Carbon materialHigh chemical and mechanical stabilityLow adsorption selectivity and mechanical strengthCNT2096.0[108]
STC1591.0[110]
Ionic liquidGood stability, non-volatile, structure can be designed with more acidic sites, high reactivityHomogeneous systems do not separate easilyHOOCMIMCl1096.6[107]
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近五年固体酸催化剂强化醇胺溶液解吸CO2技术研究进展
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谭湛 , 张晓文 * , 何慧玲 , 张治阳 , 刘宇祥 , 毛嘉屿 , 游奎一 * , 罗和安
燃料化学学报(中英文) | REVIEW 2026,54(5): 20250360-759-20250360-786
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燃料化学学报(中英文) |REVIEW 2026 , 54 (5) : 20250360-759 -20250360-786
近五年固体酸催化剂强化醇胺溶液解吸CO2技术研究进展
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谭湛(1997),博士研究生,研究方向为二氧化碳捕集及利用,

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谭湛 , 张晓文* , 何慧玲, 张治阳, 刘宇祥, 毛嘉屿, 游奎一* , 罗和安
作者信息
  • 湘潭大学化工学院 化工过程模拟与强化国家地方联合工程研究中心, 湖南 湘潭 411105
通讯作者:
作者简介:

谭湛(1997),博士研究生,研究方向为二氧化碳捕集及利用,

张晓文(1992),博士,副教授,博士生导师,湘潭大学化工学院化工系主任,湖南省芙蓉计划科技创新类青年人才,主要从事二氧化碳捕集及利用方面的研究工作,

游奎一(1979),博士,二级教授,博士生导师,湘潭大学化工学院院长,湖南省杰出青年基金获得者,主要从事催化材料与催化反应工程、有机催化合成以及石油化工产品等方面的研究工作,

Research progress on solid acid catalysts for enhanced CO2 desorption from alkanolamine solutions in the past five years
Zhan TAN , Xiaowen ZHANG* , Huiling HE, Zhiyang ZHANG, Yuxiang LIU, Jiayu MAO, Kuiyi YOU* , Hean LUO
Affiliations
  • National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Chemical Process Simulation and Intensification, College of Chemical Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
出版时间: 2026-05-10 doi: 10.3724/2097-213X.2026.JFCT.0001
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近年来,随着全球范围对碳减排需求的日益迫切,有机胺溶剂化学吸收法作为燃烧后CO2捕集的主流技术,因其吸收效率高、工艺成熟而备受关注。然而,传统有机胺吸收法在溶剂再生阶段(CO2解吸)存在能耗高、溶剂易降解和腐蚀设备等问题,制约了其规模化应用。为解决上述难题,催化CO2解吸技术应运而生,通过在富液再生过程中引入固体酸催化剂,有效降低了CO2解吸反应能垒,显著提升了传质与反应动力学性能,从而实现在较低温度下高效再生,大幅削减再生能耗及溶剂损耗。本综述围绕近五年催化解吸技术中关键催化剂材料的研究展开评述,重点揭示了不同类型固体酸催化剂的构效关系、催化活性中心(如Lewis酸、Brønsted酸及碱性位点)在催化解吸反应中的协同机制,以及其对解吸路径的影响规律,进而剖析当前该技术面临的关键科学与技术挑战,并对其在低成本碳捕集领域的工业应用前景作出展望。

CO2捕集  /  燃烧后捕集  /  催化再生技术  /  固体酸催化剂  /  降低能耗

In recent years, the growing urgency for carbon capture has placed chemical absorption at the forefront of post-combustion CO2 capture technologies, valued for its high efficiency and process maturity. However, traditional amine-based methods face significant challenges during rich solvent regeneration, including high energy demand, solvent degradation, and substantial operating costs, which limit their scalability. To overcome these limitations, catalytic CO2 desorption has emerged as an innovative approach. By incorporating solid acid catalysts into the CO2-rich amine solvent regeneration process, this technique lowers the energy barrier for CO2 release, enhances reaction kinetics, and enables efficient solvent regeneration at low temperatures. As a result, it considerably cuts energy consumption and solvent loss. This paper systematically reviews the research on key catalyst materials in catalytic desorption technology over the past five years, with a focus on the structure-activity relationships of different types of solid catalysts. It highlights the synergistic mechanisms of catalytically active sites (such as Lewis acid, Brønsted acid, and basic sites) in catalytic CO2 desorption reactions and their influence on desorption pathways. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the key scientific and technological challenges currently faced by this technology and provides an outlook on its industrial application prospects in the field of low-cost carbon capture.

CO2 capture  /  post-combustion capture  /  catalytic regeneration technology  /  solid acid catalysts  /  energy consumption reduction
谭湛, 张晓文, 何慧玲, 张治阳, 刘宇祥, 毛嘉屿, 游奎一, 罗和安. 近五年固体酸催化剂强化醇胺溶液解吸CO2技术研究进展. 燃料化学学报(中英文), 2026 , 54 (5) : 20250360-759 -20250360-786 . DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2026.JFCT.0001
Zhan TAN, Xiaowen ZHANG, Huiling HE, Zhiyang ZHANG, Yuxiang LIU, Jiayu MAO, Kuiyi YOU, Hean LUO. Research progress on solid acid catalysts for enhanced CO2 desorption from alkanolamine solutions in the past five years[J]. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 2026 , 54 (5) : 20250360-759 -20250360-786 . DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2026.JFCT.0001
化石燃料的燃烧产生大量的二氧化碳(CO2),其排放量在全球温室气体中占比超过四分之三,已成为驱动全球气候变化的决定性因素[1−2]。碳捕集、利用与封存(CCUS)技术能够从排放源头捕集CO2,进而将其资源化利用或安全贮存,是实现大规模工业碳减排的关键途径之一[3],对于应对全球变暖及温室效应等环境挑战具有重要战略意义。在CCUS全流程中,CO2捕集环节能耗最为突出,因此,如何有效降低该环节能耗已成为核心课题,这也是制约CCUS广泛应用的主要技术瓶颈之一[4−5]。
化学吸收法是当前燃烧后CO2捕集领域中发展最为完善、应用最广泛的技术之一,这得益于其工艺流程简单、反应速度快、吸收能力强以及技术成熟度高等优势[6]。然而,该方法也面临解吸效率低、再生能耗高等缺陷,其中,富碳溶剂再生环节(CO2解吸)的能耗占系统总能耗的40.0%−60.0%[7−9]。常用的化学吸收剂以醇胺类化合物为主,其分子与CO2之间形成较强的C−N键,致使解吸反应焓值高。在强碱性胺溶液环境中,质子迁移受阻,使得质子化胺的去质子及氨基甲酸盐分解均需消耗较大量能量,因此,反应热在整个再生能耗中所占比例较高,通常达到解吸总能耗的三分之一至二分之一。为完成解吸,系统需通入大量蒸汽以维持110−130 ℃的操作温度。在此高温条件下,胺溶液中的水分容易挥发,而水分的气化潜热消耗优先于氨基甲酸盐中C−N键的断裂,从而增加了额外的热能能耗。因此,降低解吸阶段的能耗已成为当前有机胺法CO2捕集技术发展的关键挑战。
近几十年来,围绕降低CO2解吸能耗这一关键问题,研究人员开展了广泛探索。当前的研究方向主要集中于以下三个层面:一是开发新型高效吸收体系,如混合胺吸收剂、相变吸收剂、非水或贫水吸收剂等,以优化吸收剂性能[10−11];二是推进工艺优化与流程创新,通过采用微波[12]、吸收塔级间冷却[13]、贫富液分流、解吸塔中间加热工艺[14]和多压力解吸[15]等节能手段及其系统集成,提高整体能源利用效率,减少热能损失;三是致力于新型CO2解吸手段的研发,如催化解吸技术,通过引入固体酸催化剂、相转移催化剂等,有效提升CO2解吸反应速率,降低再生温度,从而降低解吸过程的能耗[16]。
在富胺体系中引入弱有机酸虽有助于降低再生能耗,但其残留于贫胺溶液中将显著抑制CO2的吸收效率。为此,固体酸催化剂(SACs)的应用为这一矛盾提供了新的解决路径。研究表明,添加纳米固体酸催化剂,不仅可以通过提供酸活性位点,显著改善解吸反应动力学,有效强化CO2解吸过程,而且提升了反应过程质热传递性能[17−18]。更重要的是,该方法能有效降低解吸温度,使解吸塔的操作压力大幅降低,甚至可从带压运行转为常压运行,减少了设备投资与运行成本。此外,合适的固体催化剂可在反应后实现与贫胺溶液的完全分离,避免对CO2吸收环节造成不利影响。
目前,实验装置主要分为间歇式、连续式和塔式反应器三大类,如图1所示。间歇式反应器是将定量的、负载CO2的MEA溶液与催化剂置于密闭反应器(如高压釜、圆底烧瓶等)中,通过外部油浴或电加热套程序升温,引发解吸。而塔式反应器通常采用的模拟工业解吸塔,富液从顶部进入解吸塔,解吸塔内固载有催化剂,富液在塔内被加热并在催化剂的辅助下发生解吸。解吸出的CO2与水蒸气从塔顶排出,通过冷凝后与水蒸气分离。再生后的贫液从塔底部通过泵的作用进入吸收塔循环使用。连续反应器在结构上与塔式相似,也分为吸收区和解吸区,但催化剂并不固载在装置中,通常与胺溶液混合形成纳米流体。
间歇式反应器装置适用于催化剂初筛、解吸动力学研究和机理探索等方面的应用,具有结构简单、成本低、操作灵活和易于改变催化剂浓度、温度等实验变量等优点,但存在传质性能较差,难以测量瞬时解吸速率,能量损失大和能耗评估困难等问题。塔式反应器是最接近工业解吸塔的操作原理和流体动力学状态,数据工程价值高。可直接、准确地测量关键指标,包括解吸速率、贫/富液CO2负荷、再生蒸汽消耗量/再生能耗。非常适合评估催化剂对长期运行(稳定性、降解)的影响。但是,塔式反应器也存在装置复杂,搭建和操作难度大,耗时耗材;达到稳态所需时间长,实验周期长;对于非均相催化,催化剂装填方式(固定床/悬浮)对结果影响显著,且可能存在堵塞、磨损、流失问题。连续反应器可以极大增加传质与反应接触面积,使催化位点更均匀暴露在溶液中,均匀的纳米流体可以避免解吸塔中可能出现的压降、沟流等问题。然而,该技术仍面临纳米催化剂分散稳定性不足、分离回收困难以及长期运行耐久性欠佳等技术瓶颈,且高性能纳米流体难以可控制备。基于上述实验装置,研究者们对各类固体酸催化剂在催化CO2解吸反应中的性能进行了广泛探索。
本综述系统评述了2020年以来催化CO2解吸方法的研究进展,重点围绕金属氧化物、分子筛、黏土矿物、碳材料、金属/共价有机框架以及其他新型固体酸催化剂,揭示其物化特性与催化再生性能间的关联,解析其催化反应机理,总结影响催化解吸效率的关键参数,并进一步归纳了催化解吸过程中的性能和能耗优化策略。最后,对当前研究中的规律进行总结,并对未来高性能催化剂的开发及低能耗解吸工艺的研究方向提出展望,为该领域的深入探索提供参考。
分子筛催化剂因其独特的有序孔道结构、高比表面积和可调变活性中心,已成为多相催化领域广泛应用的催化剂或载体材料。目前,用于CO2催化解吸领域的分子筛主要包括沸石(如HZSM-5、SAPO-34和Hβ等)和介孔二氧化硅分子筛材料(如MCM-41、KIT-6和SBA-15等),相关研究汇总于表1。
在CO2捕集技术的研究体系中,5 mol/L单乙醇胺(5 M MEA)溶液是应用最广泛的吸收剂。目前,相关研究多聚焦于富碳5 M MEA溶液解吸CO2性能的优化。Jiang等[21]采用3D打印技术制备了基于ZSM-5的整体式催化剂。结果表明,以低Si/Al比(25)、550 ℃煅烧优化且具有菱形通道的ZSM-5催化剂的催化效果最好,与空白解吸(无催化剂)相比,该催化剂可将CO2解吸量提高54.8%,相对再生能耗降低36.1%。Wu等[22]采用了一种创新的表面处理-晶种-水热合成方法,将ZSM-5催化剂负载到不同工业填料(Dixon、Fenske螺旋和Y型填料)的表面(图2(a))。研究发现,在合成时间为12 h、凝胶硅铝比为200和合成层数为3的合成条件下,以Fenske螺旋制备的负载型催化剂填料性能最佳,与空白Fenske 螺旋填料相比,相对再生能耗降低44.0%,解吸量提高78.6%。通过该方法制备的负载型工业填料所形成的涂层具有适度的粗糙度,既增加了气液接触面积,又为CO2成核释放提供了微尺度空腔,减少了传质阻力。
Xing等[23]通过一步离子交换法合成了系列SZ@H-x催化剂,其中,SZ@H代表${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/ZrO2-HZSM-5,x(1/2、1/4、1/8)代表ZrO2与HZSM-5的质量比。与空白体系相比,SZ@H-1/4催化剂表现出最佳催化性能,其可将CO2解吸量和CO2解吸速率分别提高40.0%和37.0%,相对再生能耗降低31.0%。研究发现,${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $和ZrO2的引入,在催化剂表面形成了质子供给能力强的Zr-O-S-OH位点。当质量比为1/4时,ZrO2主要以无定形相存在,并均匀地分散在HZSM-5的表面甚至孔道中,最大限度地暴露了活性位点。
Liu等[24]通过浸渍法制备了MnOx修饰的HZSM-5催化剂(MnOx/HZ)。为克服传统鼓泡法存在的测量不确定性,研究提出了一种基于单位面积解吸速率的可视化新方法,用于精准评价催化CO2解吸性能。实验表明,MnOx/HZ催化填料的${\textit{υ}}_{{\mathrm{CO}}_2/面积} $是HZSM-5的1.78倍,其解吸反应表观活化能较陶瓷鞍环填料降低58.6%、较HZSM-5降低18.0%。Yang等[25]通过水热法在HZSM-5表面原位生长MnOOH,制备了不同质量比(10.0%、20.0%、30.0%)的MnOOH/HZSM-5复合催化剂(MH10、MH20、MH30)。其中,MH20表现出最佳的催化性能,在催化剂用量仅为胺溶液的0.2%时,CO2解吸效率提高了68.2%,相对再生能耗降低了31.8%(图2(f))。研究发现,MnOOH表面的O和OH基团是质子转移的关键位点,而HZSM-5则提供Brønsted酸位点(B酸),通过两者协同作用,共同促进了质子化胺(MEAH+)的脱质子过程与氨基甲酸盐(MEACOO−)的质子化分解,从而加速CO2的释放。Song等[26]通过浸渍法调控Nb/HZSM-5(Nb/HZ)催化剂的Nb负载量(2.5%、3.0%、4.0%、5.0%)。其中,4%的Nb负载催化剂性能最优,与空白体系相比可使解吸速率提高61.0%,CO2解吸量增加50.0%,相对再生能耗降低36.5%(图2(b)−(e))。该团队进一步研究了催化剂构效关系,发现介孔比表面积(MSA)、总酸量(TAS)和B/L比值三者共同决定了分子筛催化剂的催化性能。
Sun等[27]采用浸渍法制备了不同Ni含量(2.16%–9.80%)的Ni-HZSM-5催化剂。该团队发现,Ni的负载量、MSA和B/L值的协同作用可提高富胺溶液再生速率。其中,7.85-Ni-HZ表现出优异的催化性能,与空白体系相比,可将CO2解吸量提高36.0%,相对再生能耗降低27.1%。基于7.85-Ni-HZ的优异性能,Sun等[28]通过一步合成法制备了HZ-NiCe(3∶2)催化剂。与空白体系相比,该催化剂可将CO2解吸量提高55.8%,相对再生能耗降低35.8%。研究发现,Ni与Ce通过协同效应强化了质子-电子转移过程并实现了活性位点的功能互补,显著提升了催化剂的反应效率。
Guo等[29]采用浸渍法合成了不同Al2O3含量的Al-SAPO-34复合催化剂。当Al2O3含量为15%时,复合催化剂性能最佳,与空白体系相比,可将CO2解吸速率提高78.4%,相对再生能耗56.4%。表征结果表明,Al2O3的引入为复合催化剂构建了介孔结构,该介孔结构与SAPO-34分子筛协同优化了表面酸性位点的强度与分布。Song等[30]通过Mn3O4修饰SAPO-34合成了系列Mnx-SAPO催化剂(x表示Mn3O4与SAPO-34的质量比)。其中,Mn15-SAPO表现出最优的催化性能,与空白体系相比,其CO2解吸速率提升31.0%,CO2解吸量增加133.3%,相对再生能耗降低57.1%(图2(g))。
Zhang等[31]采用Na2CO3-NH4Cl对Hβ催化剂(Hβ-1)进行了扩孔改性。与空白体系相比,该多级孔Hβ催化剂可使解吸速率提升200.1%,解吸量提高79.0%,相对再生能耗降低44.1%。结果表明,Hβ-1的多级孔结构不仅调控了酸活性位点的空间分布,还提高了活性位点的利用率。Fu等[32]采用湿浸渍法合成了1.25% Ni/β催化剂。Ni的引入取代了H-β分子筛羟基上的H质子,增加了Lewis酸位点(L酸)并调节了B/L比例。与空白体系相比,1.25% Ni/β可将CO2解吸量提高43.2%,相对再生能耗降低30.2%。Zhang等[33]以MCM-41介孔分子筛为载体,用湿浸渍法合成了三种不同Fe2O3含量(质量分数5%、10%和15%)的Fe2O3/MCM-41催化剂。其中,Fe2O3负载量为10%的催化剂(MFe10%)性能最优,可使解吸因子提高337.1%,相对再生能耗降低32.5%。在金属改性研究的基础上,Sun等[34]通过后合成法制备了系列MCM-41-SO3H-x催化剂,其中,x表示氯磺酸体积与MCM-41分子筛质量的比值(mL/g)。研究发现,MCM-41-SO3H-0.6催化剂表现出最好的催化性能,磺酸基团的引入使其总酸位点显著增加,且介孔结构得到了一定保留。与空白体系相比,1.25%的MCM-41-SO3H-0.6催化剂可使CO2瞬时解吸率提升195.0%,CO2解吸量提高53.0%,相对再生能耗降低33.3%。
基于已有的MCM-41和HZSM-5金属改性与酸性调控研究,Yao等[35]采用离子交换法将Cu负载于HZSM-5,并与MCM-41按不同质量比复合,制备了系列Cu/HZSM-5/MCM-41催化剂。其中,Cu/HZSMCM-2具有最好的催化性能。与空白体系相比,CO2解吸量增加63.2%,相对再生能耗降低38.7%。该催化剂优异的性能归因于Cu活性位点与复合分子筛结构的协同作用。Cu的引入显著增加了L酸位点数量,微孔HZSM-5提供了丰富且强效的酸活性位点,而介孔MCM-41改善了传质效率。
Bairq等[36]将KIT-6介孔材料用于CO2解吸过程。结果表明,与空白体系相比,KIT-6使解吸速率提高了150.3%,相对再生能耗降低了33.5%。经表征分析,KIT-6材料具有超高的比表面积和有序的介孔结构,这不仅提供了大量的酸碱活性位点,还确保了反应物能够充分接触到这些位点,并发挥其协同催化作用。Zhang等[37]通过浸渍法制备了三种过渡金属氧化物(CuO、NiO和Fe2O3)改性的KIT-6催化剂。其中,CuO-KIT-6催化剂的性能最好。与空白体系相比,CuO-KIT-6可将CO2解吸量提高49.0%,相对再生能耗降低33.4%。经表征分析发现,CuO的引入有效增加了催化解吸所必需的B酸位点数量,并提供了适宜的酸强度。Zhou等[38]制备了具有有序孔隙和双金属酸性位点的Ni/Fe@KIT-6催化剂。催化测试结果表明,与空白体系相比,该催化剂可使CO2解吸效率提高58.1%,相对再生能耗降低41.2%。
Gao等[39]以ZrOCl2·8H2O、SBA-15为原料,通过均匀尿素水解法首次合成了具有不同ZrO2含量的复合催化剂${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/ZrO2/SBA-15(SZS)。与空白体系相比,SZS(2/1)催化剂可将相对再生能耗降低26.5%。研究表明,${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $以双齿螯合形式与Zr4+配位,形成强L酸中心及衍生B酸中心,显著增强了催化剂质子供给能力。Min等[40]合成了棒状SBA-15(RS)和褶皱状SBA-15(WS),并通过湿法浸渍法引入NiO来调节SBA-15的酸性位点进而提高催化剂的催化性能,其中,含有10% NiO的WS催化剂表现出最佳性能。NiO的引入与WS载体之间形成了Si−O−Ni键,从而提高了催化剂的酸性位点数量,且其合适的孔径促进了传质性能。与空白相比,1 g 10Ni/WS催化剂可将CO2解吸量提高24.7%,相对再生能耗降低19.9%。Niu等[41]采用后合成修饰法合成了HPW-SBA-15-SO3H催化剂。结果表明,HPW-SBA-15-SO3H-1催化剂具有最佳的催化性能,与空白体系相比,可将CO2解吸速率和CO2解吸量分别提高56.3%和56.0%,相对再生能耗降低37.7%。Huang等[42]研究了一种新型介孔-微孔复合材料β-SBA-15(BS)负载的Fe–Zr催化剂催化CO2解吸性能。与空白体系相比,Fe-Zr@BS催化剂可使CO2解吸因子提高212.0%,相对再生能耗降低33.0%。研究发现,催化剂的B酸位点、超强酸位点浓度越高,CO2解吸速率越快、再生能耗越低。
在硅基介孔材料研究基础上,Bairq等[43]通过浸渍修改法合成了CMK-3-SiO2、CMK-3-MCM-41、CMK-3-SBA-15三种改性多相介孔催化剂及${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/ZrO2固体酸催化剂。CMK-3-SiO2催化效果最佳,可使CO2解吸速率提高195.0%,相对再生能耗降低37.4%。研究显示,CMK-3-SiO2中碳材料与二氧化硅介孔间具有强的相互作用,该作用不仅增强了催化剂的结构稳定性,还优化酸位点的分布与活性。
除分子筛本身的结构与性能调控外,溶剂体系的优化及其与分子筛催化剂间的协同调控,也成为提升CO2解吸效率的关键。Ulus等[44]评估了HZSM-5、FER和MOR三种改性沸石对富CO2的两种非水胺溶液(5 M MEA-1-己醇和4 M MEA-1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑鎓(1 M)-[bmim][Ac]-己醇)再生性能的影响。其中,HZSM-5的催化性能最好,与空白非水MEA和离子液体混合MEA溶剂体系相比,解吸效率提高了11.6%−17.2%,相对再生能耗降低45.0%−50.0%。HZSM-5具有三维交叉孔道和丰富且强度适宜的B酸位点,两者协同作用可显著降低反应能垒。Shi等[45]考察了固体碱催化剂CaCO3与固体酸催化剂(γ-Al2O3、HZSM-5及其混合物)对MEA+丁基乙醇胺(BEA)+2-氨基-2-甲基-1-丙醇(AMP)三溶剂体系(0.1−0.5+2+2 mol/L)的催化性能。研究发现,当三溶剂浓度为0.3 MEA+0.2 BEA+2 AMP,且催化剂为混合酸催化剂(γ-Al2O3/H-ZSM-5=2∶1)时的催化效果最佳,与传统5 M MEA溶剂相比,其相对再生能耗降低了67.1%。Song等[46−47]通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了一系列不同TiO2/HZSM-5质量比(1/2、1/1、2/1)的${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/TiO2-HZSM-5催化剂(STH),并将其用于催化30.0% N-甲基二乙醇胺(MDEA)+5% 哌嗪(PZ)混合胺溶液的CO2解吸反应。当TiO2/HZSM-5质量比为2/1时,催化剂具有最好的催化性能(STH(2/1)),与空白体系相比,可使CO2解吸量提高15.4%,相对再生能耗降低21.7%。在此基础上,该团队进一步采用了不同硫酸浓度(0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 mol/L)对HZSM-5分子筛进行脱铝处理,并使用了Fe2O3、Co3O4、NiO和ZnO四种不同的金属氧化物进行改性。其中,Fe/0.8H2SO4-HZ展现出优异的催化性能,可使CO2解吸量提高12.8%,相对再生能耗降低20.5%。Zhang等[48]通过评估四种不同配比的三元胺溶剂MEA+EAE+AMP(0.2+2+2、0.5+2+2、0.3+1.5+2.5和0.2+1+3 mol/L)与五种固体酸催化剂(γ-Al2O3/HZSM-5、H-beta、H-mordenite、HND-580和HND-8)的组合性能,发现0.2+1+3 mol/L的混合胺溶剂与HND-8催化剂的组合催化性能最佳,与空白体系相比,平均解吸速率提高45.3%,相对再生能耗降低36.2%。
近年来,多种复配醇胺溶剂被开发用于改善CO2捕获性能,简要概述如下。(1)MEA+叔胺组合,是现阶段应用较为广泛复配胺溶剂,在固体酸催化剂的催化作用下,MEA-MDEA溶剂的再生能耗可降低30%左右[49−51]。(2)基于空间位阻胺如AMP的复配醇胺吸收剂,例如AMP-PZ[52]和AMP-BEA[52]等。(3)三元复配醇胺吸收剂,例如MEA-PZ-AMP[53]和MEA-二乙醇胺(DEA)-PZ[54]。尽管不同复配醇胺体系因其空间位阻、碱性及质子转移能力不同,导致同一催化剂的增效幅度存在差异,但仍存在一些共性规律。首先,在功能互补的混合胺体系(如快胺-慢胺组合)中催化作用增幅最明显,其核心机制在于,催化剂能够选择性促进慢胺组分的解吸过程,并同时优化胺分子间的质子转移动力学。其次,复配醇胺体系为固体酸催化剂提供了更丰富的反应路径选择,使得催化CO2解吸过程更易向活化能更低的路径(如${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^- $分解)进行。最后,催化剂的效能取决于热力学(包括各胺溶剂类型、比例等)与动力学(包括催化剂类型、用量等)的协同,这表明催化剂与溶剂体系的匹配性设计至关重要。
金属氧化物催化剂被广泛应用于催化富碳胺溶液再生过程,该类催化剂的优势源于其表面大量的缺陷位点与酸位点。在反应过程中,这些位点可通过直接催化作用和界面相互作用,显著加速CO2解吸反应。然而,金属氧化物类固体酸催化剂通常存在介孔率低、比表面积小及酸性位点有限等缺点,在高温碱性环境中活性位点易浸出、稳定性差。因此,进一步开发高性能、低成本的用于催化富胺溶液再生过程的金属氧化物类催化剂至关重要。
近年来,金属化合物类催化剂催化CO2解吸性能研究主要以5 M MEA溶液为反应底物,相关研究总结于表2。
Li等[55]以醋酸镍为原料并通过可控热处理的方法制备了Ni/NiO异质结构催化剂(NiOx-t,t代表煅烧温度),并发现Ni/NiO异质界面的氧空位可吸附并解离水分子生成表面羟基,协同不饱和Ni位点加速MEACOO−中C−N键断裂。结果表明,NiOx-500在反应温度为78 ℃时表现最优,与空白体系相比,CO2解吸速率提高了221.0%,相对再生能耗降低了52.0%。Zhang等[56]采用共沉淀法制备了NiAl-LDO、MnAl-LDO、CoAl-LDO系列层状双金属氧化物催化剂,结果表明,三种催化剂均能有效改善CO2的解吸性能。其中,Ni4Al1-LDO的催化性能最优,CO2最大解吸速率提升89.0%,CO2解吸量增加46.5%,相对再生能耗降低46.0%。Geng等[57]制备了系列FeZrOx催化剂,其中,Fe0.7Zr0.3Ox的催化性能最优。如图3(a)所示,90 ℃时,Fe0.7Zr0.3Ox的CO2解吸速率为空白体系的10.5倍,同时CO2解吸量增加78.0%,相对再生能耗降低43.6%。这是因为FeZrO异质结界面的Zr-OH-Fe活性羟基可促进质子转移,使得MEAH+去质子化过程能垒从2.94 eV降至2.61 eV。此外,该催化剂中的Fe位点可以削弱MEACOO−中的N−C键,加快CO2的解吸过程。如图3(b)所示,Alivand等[58]通过水热法制备了水分散性Fe3O4纳米催化剂(Fe3O4-Ala-C),并经EDC−NHS交联法引入−SO3H基团。在65 ℃时,该催化剂的CO2解吸速率较空白提升207%,解吸量增加63.3%,相对再生能耗降低了39.8%。该催化剂表面−SO3H能提供B酸位点,Fe3O4能提供L酸位点,同时良好的水分散性增强了解吸过程的传质。
除上述镍基、铁基氧化物外,其他金属氧化物在催化CO2解吸实验中也表现出较好的效果。如图3(c)所示,Chen等[59]合成了Zr/Al2O3介孔固体酸催化剂,该催化剂在77.5 ℃时表现出优异的CO2解吸性能,解吸速率相比空白提升了178%。反应120 min后,CO2解吸总量提高36.7%,相对再生能耗降低27.0%。在工业规模测试中,该催化剂使CO2捕获效率达到54.2%,较空白体系提升12.5%。Xing等[60]制备了核壳C@Mn3O4催化剂并将其用于催化含1.0×10−4 SO2的5 M MEA溶液解吸CO2。结果发现,当催化剂用量为0.1%时,CO2解吸速率较空白提升255.0%,解吸量增加71.4%,相对再生能耗降低32.0%。该催化剂的碳核能促进电子转移,Mn3O4壳层可通过Mn-S键将硫中毒的MEA溶剂迁移重构为−SO3H(B酸位点),同时生成的Mn2+增强了L酸位点,协同促进CO2解吸反应中的质子耦合电子转移过程。
羟基化金属氧化物因表面富含羟基基团,具有丰富的酸性位点,可通过质子转移或协同效应加速MEACOO−分解,其催化解吸性能通常优于一般的金属氧化物。铝基羟基氧化物是其中的重点研究方向之一。Jiang等[61]采用水热法合成了纳米级AlOOH。在88 ℃下,当反应开始解吸时AlOOH可使CO2解吸速率提升560.0%,反应2 h时的 CO2解吸量增加27.7%,能耗降低17.0%。Ji等[62]研究表明,在90 ℃时ZrO(OH)2可使催化解吸过程的再生能耗降低52.0%,且其循环稳定性良好。该催化剂表面丰富的羟基与高比表面积可促进反应物在催化剂表面吸附,加速MEACOO−分解。Zhou等[63]研究发现,ZrOxHy纳米催化剂表现出优越的解吸性能。在88 ℃下,该催化剂可在50 min内将CO2解吸量提升148.1%,并降低73.0%的相对再生能耗。表面的桥连羟基与端基羟基以1∶1比例通过质子穿梭协同作用,实现双循环催化机制。Shi等[64]制备了系列AlOOH/FeOOH复合催化剂(AF-M/N),结果表明AF-1/9性能最优。与空白体系相比,其CO2平均解吸速率提高23.4%,相对再生能耗降低21.3%。AlOOH作为L酸催化氨基甲酸盐异构化,将活化能从85.9 kJ/mol降至69.2 kJ/mol。Yang等[65]研究了RuxMn1−xOOH催化剂在光照条件下对MEA富液解吸性能的影响。结果表明,该催化剂因原位光热效应产生表面高温,可使CO2解吸量增加98.2%,相对再生能耗降低43.5%。
催化剂的酸性性质同样对催化CO2解吸性能起着重要作用,如硫酸化金属氧化物通过引入${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $基团增加表面酸性位点(尤其是B酸),强化质子转移能力,可有效提升催化解吸性能。Tan等[66]采用简单的一步合成法制备了NiSO4/NiO催化剂,可使CO2解吸温度降低4.0−5.0 ℃。NiSO4/NiO在88 ℃时使CO2解吸速率提升360.0%,总解吸量增加38.5%,相对再生能耗降低54.0%,且在18次吸收-解吸循环实验后仍保持良好稳定性。Geng等[67]通过浸渍沉淀法制备了${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/ZrTiOx催化剂。如图3(d)所示,${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/ZrTiOx可使CO2解吸量增至264.7 mmol,与空白体系相比相对再生能耗降低29.1%。Zr与Ti掺杂形成的无定形结构使该催化剂介孔丰富,且酸位点较强,有效加快CO2解吸速率。如图3(e-g)所示,Bhatti 等人[68]的研究表明,V2O5等多种金属氧化物具有良好的催化活性。
Zhong等[69]通过共沉淀法、外部动态包覆、浸泡三步合成了Mn2CoO4@TiO2/${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $催化剂。与空白体系相比,Mn2CoO4@TiO2/${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $催化剂在98 ℃时使CO2最大解吸速率提高111.0%,相对再生能耗降低44.0%。同时,TiO2壳层可抑制活性组分溶出,因此,10次循环实验后解吸量仍高于空白组50.0%,且在含1.0×10−4 SO2烟气中可缓解MEA硫中毒,维持CO2 4.7 mmol/min的解吸速率。Li等[70]以廉价的工业级偏钛酸为原料,经煅烧制备了具有独特的Ti-O-S螯合双齿结构的${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/TiO2(ST-x)催化剂。该催化剂独特的结构不仅保留了钛基材料的强酸性,还通过稳定的化学键抑制酸位点流失。结果表明,ST-500催化剂的催化性能最优,在95 ℃时CO2解吸量提升28.9%。除${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $外,${\mathrm{P}}_2{\mathrm{O}}_7^{4-} $同样可以改善金属氧化物催化性能。Chen等[71]制备钛焦磷酸盐(TiP2O7)催化剂并用于催化解吸。结果发现,与空白体系相比,催化剂的CO2解吸速率提升41.5%,平衡解吸量增加14.2%,相对再生能耗降低13.0%。在解吸过程中,该催化剂表面的${\mathrm{P}}_2{\mathrm{O}}_7^{4-} $可作为质子载体,同时Ti4+能进一步攻击MEACOO−中N原子,加速C−N键断裂步骤。
黏土类固体酸催化剂在催化富碳胺溶液解吸CO2方面展现出巨大潜力。该类催化剂还具备与胺溶液相容性好、成本低廉、易于再生、环境友好以及结构与功能可调等诸多优势,因此,近年来受到广泛关注与研究,相关研究进展汇总于表3。蒙脱石(Mont)经酸蚀或金属离子交换后,其酸位密度与介孔比表面积扩大,催化解吸性能与循环稳定性得到显著提升。Bhatti等[75−77]先后通过酸蚀与金属离子交换对Mont进行改性。该团队首先用H3PO4、HCl、HNO3酸化得到H-Mont、NO3-Mont和PO4-Mont,其中,PO4-Mont介孔比表面积明显增大,介孔率与总酸量同步提升,相对再生能耗降低32.4%,五轮循环后活性几乎无衰减。另外,该团队通过引入Cr3+、Fe3+和${\mathrm{CO}}_2^+ $对Mont进行离子交换制得Cr-Mont、Fe-Mont和Co-Mont催化剂,其中,Fe-Mont催化剂催化性能最好,相对再生能耗可降低40.0%。该团队进一步通过将Mont与H2SO4和ZrOCl2溶液进行离子交换,获得SO4-Mont和Zr-Mont催化剂。如图4(a)−(c)所示,相较于未改性Mont,SO4-Mont的催化性能表现最好,比表面积与总酸量均得到显著提升,相对再生能耗可降低44.1%。
Li等[78]利用一步尿素水解法将${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/ZrO2(SZ)嫁接在海泡石(Sep),制得SZ@Sep-1/2复合催化剂。与空白体系相比,该催化剂凭借较高的总酸量与均衡的B/L比例,可使其相较于空白体系解吸速率提高92.0%,解吸量提升105.7%,相对再生能耗降低48.6%,20次循环后其性能无明显衰减。Li等[79]采用HNO3预处理-离子交换策略,在Sep骨架上植入Zr物种制备出Zr-Sep催化剂,其通过与Fe3+结合形成Fe-O-Zr界面,显著降低反应能垒,有效促进CO2解吸反应进程:在88 ℃下可使相对再生能耗降低35.0%,经10次循环后催化活性保持稳定。Li等[80]利用H2SO4对Sep进行酸蚀活化制得Sep-H2SO4,并发现该催化剂通过自身丰富的Sep-OH(B酸位)与裸露的L酸位协同促进MEACOO−中C−N键断裂步骤,在解吸过程中相较于空白体系的解吸速率和解吸量增幅可分别达到77.9%和83.6%,相对再生能耗也降低了45.6%。此外,Zhang等[81]以等体积浸渍法将Fe2O3或CuO负载于Sep,对比发现Fe2O3-Sep因具有更高的B/L比和适宜介孔结构,可使解吸总量提升80.0%,相对再生能耗降低46.0%(图4(d))。
Tan等[82−84]发现,凹凸棒石(ATP)可将富碳5 M MEA溶液解吸CO2反应相对能耗降低32.0%(图4(e))。进一步,该团队以SnCl·6H2O为锡源,采用沉淀-浸渍法在ATP上锚定SnO2得到1/2-SnO2/ATP催化剂,其B酸密度和强酸量均得到明显提高,可使相对再生能耗降低51.8%。此外,该团队采用等体积浸渍法将Ni、Zr和Sn负载于ATP上得到M/ATP系列催化剂(M=Ni、Zr、Sn)。其中,Ni/ATP具有较多B酸位,相较于空白体系,其解吸速率和解吸量分别增加196.0%和144.2%,相对再生能耗降低61.4%。Liu等[85]通过湿法浸渍焙烧法(Cu(NO3)2与ATP质量比为2∶1)制备出2/1-CuOx/ATP催化剂。该催化剂利用其Cu+/Cu+氧化还原对与高强酸位点的协同作用,将相对再生能耗降低了64.5%。Zhang等[86]将ATP催化剂拓展至“三元胺-固体酸”协同体系,系统考察了MEA-EAE-3DEA1P三元胺与四种ATP基固体酸催化剂(Fe/ATP、Mo/ATP、Sn/ATP、Ni/ATP)的协同再生性能。在无催化条件下,相比5 M MEA空白体系,三元胺催化解吸相对再生能耗降低了51.0%。加入Ni/ATP进行催化后,通过Ni2+的L酸位点对AmCOO−中C−N键的削弱作用,25 min内三元胺体系的解吸量较5 M MEA空白体系提高159.0%,相对再生能耗降低61.4%。该工作通过多种质子转移途径和较高的${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^- $浓度显著增强解吸性能,将新型三溶剂胺与高效催化剂集成,为黏土基催化剂在复杂胺体系中的工业放大提供了理论依据。
在5 M MEA吸收液、88 ℃解吸再生体系下,Chen等[87]以不同硅铝比的三种原灰粉煤灰(FA),1-FA、2-FA和3-FA为对象进行性能评估,发现1-FA因Al2O3-CaO含量高、B/L酸量丰富,使得解吸速率提高96.0%,相对再生能耗降低28.0%,经五次循环后其催化活性保持良好。Zhang等[88]用浸渍-焙烧法将Fe2O3与Al2O3负载于FA制得Fe2O3-FA和Al2O3-FA催化剂,其中,Al2O3-FA表现性能更为优异,相对再生能耗降低43.6%。Niu等[89]采用一步水热法将${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/ZrO2负载于FA制得SZ@FA-1/2,其因Zr-O-Si键高度分散且保留FA原有大孔结构,可使相对再生能耗降低45.4%。Niu等[90]比较了FA与八种商品化固体酸催化剂催化CO2解吸性能,FA性能表现优异,可使相对再生能耗降低41.8%。Zhang等[91]将FA推广至三元胺体系解吸CO2反应中,在EAE∶DMAEE∶AMP比例为2∶1∶2的溶剂中加入FA,其解吸速率提高28.0%,相对再生能耗降低68.4%(图4(f))。
Li等[93]研究表明,赤泥可在88 ℃解吸条件下,将5 M MEA溶液的相对再生能耗降低16.3%。催化解吸过程中亚微米颗粒表面Fe3+/Al3+水合生成金属−OH(B酸位点)与L酸位点,继而通过质子循环降低MEACOO−分解能垒,加快CO2解吸速率。Li等[94]以环保硅藻土为载体,通过沉淀法制备Al2O3改性复合催化剂,可使相对再生能耗降低43.2%,经50次循环仍表现出优异稳定性。为同步实现能耗显著降低与较低成本解吸,Zhang等[95]借助化学再生技术,在90 ℃的MDEA+MEA溶液中加入Ca(OH)2得到原位CaCO3再生黏土基体系,在30 min内解吸量提升72.5%,相对再生能耗降低46.3%,经五次循环后循环负荷保持稳定,解吸过程中通过OH−中和质子化胺并沉淀${\mathrm{CO}}_3^{2-} $,可实现“脱附-矿化”解吸平衡。
近年来,凭借3D打印对催化剂化学组成与比例的精准调控,可实现催化剂活性的显著提升,突破了以MEA为代表的传统化学吸收法在催化解吸上面临的高能耗问题。在5 M MEA、85 ℃连续鼓泡体系中,Meng等[96]采用高岭土-PVP浆料,通过3D打印开发单片固体酸催化剂。无需额外负载金属,该催化剂凭借1100 ℃焙烧生成的莫来石骨架与B/L=0.17的固有酸位,即可使解吸速率提升195.0%,相对再生能耗降低44.0%,经五次循环催化剂活性仅呈微幅下降,该研究通过精确控制催化剂内部结构、优化孔隙配置(图4(g)),有效地调节了催化剂在MEA中的流场结构,其“构型优化”的思路呈现出与金属改性催化剂性能相当的效果,但成本更低操作更简单,为金属-3D打印协同设计奠定结构模板。延续“构型+金属”驱动思路,Jiang等[92]以工业黏土为原料,采用DIW(Direct ink write)3D印刷工艺进行金属改性,并通过一锅法和浸渍法制备了四种低成本、单片黏土基催化填料(图4(h)),在MEA+AMP/MEA+ MDEA混胺体系中评价了它们的催化效率:与浸渍样W-Fe、W-Mn相比,一锅法使金属氧化物含量提升2.0−3.0倍,总酸量与B、L酸位分别提高1.9与2.9倍,30 min解吸速率与解吸量显著提升,相对再生能耗降低41.7%,经10次循环催化活性略减。该工艺中3D打印赋予的规则通道降低流动阻力,提供丰富成核位点,“一锅法”引入的铁物种显著增加酸位密度,蜂窝结构生成的微气泡强化传质并抑制酸位覆盖,三者协同共同促进催化解吸反应进程,将3D打印黏土催化剂从单一高岭土拓展至廉价工业黏土,为低能耗黏土基催化剂从实验室粉末走向工业单体提供了一条新路径。
金属有机框架(MOF)和共价有机框架(COF)是两类新型多孔晶体材料,MOF由金属离子与有机配体通过配位键组装而成,COF则完全由轻质有机分子通过强共价键连接形成,且均具有高度有序的孔隙结构。受益于其独特的孔道结构和丰富的活性位点等优势,该类催化材料在催化富碳MEA溶液解吸CO2解吸性能方面得到了越来越多的关注,相关研究进展汇总于表4。
Wei等[97]采用简单的水热法制备了CeM-HPW-15。CeO2与HPW相互作用形成的Ce−O−W键可强化酸位点,CeO2和H2O形成活性羟基可提供质子,同时外层的HPW作为B酸位点也可为MEACOO−断裂反应提供质子。与非催化解吸相比,催化条件下的CO2解吸量提高了38.1%,相对再生能耗降低了29.5%。同时Sun等[98]以Ni改性的多级结构HZSM-5催化剂为载体,覆盖由不同Ce-MOF前驱体合成的CeO2涂层,合成了Ce-MOF衍生复合催化剂(包括HZ-Ni@MOF-808、HZ-Ni@UiO-66和HZ-Ni@Ce-BDC-2)。HZ-Ni@UiO-66催化剂改性后显著提高了酸性位点,加速质子转移,降低反应能垒,从而提高了催化效率。CO2解吸量提高了57.7%,相对再生能耗降低了36.5%。Alivand等[99]发现,羧酸与水分子形成了氢键,保持了颗粒的水分散性,将酸性Fe3O4纳米团簇与不同MOF复合,制备具有微介孔结构的Fe3O4@MOF。通过硫酸化引入B酸,其中,0.1%的Fe3O4@UiO-66-SO4具有最好的催化解吸性能,可将相对再生能耗降低了44.7%。但由于三维框架的疏水表面会限制活性位点扩散,且酸位点易失活,因此,Xing等[100]通过N掺杂优化壳包裹MOF的亲水性设计了具有高度分散和均匀分布的CoNx结构、Co0纳米团簇和OH基团的二维Co−N−C纳米片(2D Co−N−C NSs)。N掺杂增强反应物与活性位点的接触,提升其催化效率。CoNx结构的强配位效应会阻碍Co与−NH2之间的团聚,减少催化剂表面活性成分流失,提高催化剂稳定性。与空白相比,该催化剂将解吸速率提升281.0%,反应温度降至88 ℃,与98 ℃的无催化剂CO2解吸相比水蒸发量减少20.3%,相对再生能耗降低了42.0%。
沸石-咪唑酸盐骨架(ZIFs)为MOFs的一个子类,Ai等[101]首次将ZIF-8和ZIF-67应用在富胺溶液再生过程。其在增强CO2传质方面表现出高催化活性,并显示出促进电子和质子转移的巨大潜力。增加ZIF-8(最佳质量浓度为150 mg/mL)和ZIF-67(最佳质量浓度为125 mg/mL)的质量浓度可提高CO2解吸量。ZIF-8和ZIF-67的解吸速率分别提高了49.7%和83.3%。为了进一步提升ZIF的催化性能,Waseem等[102]通过煅烧覆盖有MoO3的ZIF-67,并用0.2 g的HPW进一步处理,得到产物MZC-HPW-20,其可将相对热负荷降低了32.0%。Xing等[103]合成了微米级的ZIF-67晶体,并将TiO2涂层均匀沉积在ZIF-67晶体上,形成TiO2/ZIF-67杂化核壳结构。在低温450 ℃氩气条件下,通过TiO2/ZIF-67碳化得到具有Co-Nx位的ZC@TiO2球。TiO2在ZIF-67表面的成功涂层可以降低ZC@TiO2的比表面积和孔隙体积,引入−SO3H官能团磺化后得到SZC@TiO2(如图5(a))。TiO2涂层有效地防止了活性组分从催化剂表面剥离,延长了催化剂的使用寿命,−SO3H官能团提升其酸性。该催化剂使CO2的解吸量提高了64.5%,相对再生能耗降低了36%。
Li等[104]将COF材料应用与MEA-CO2解吸过程,通过COFs包裹纳米级NiFe2O4团簇合成了双金属-有机-骨架衍生的磁性多孔复合催化剂(Ni/Fe@COF),可降低氨基甲酸盐降解的能垒,在NiFe2O4团簇和COFs载体的界面处,Ni−N−(Ni)或Fe−N−(Fe)键的配位会促使L酸转化为B酸。Ni/Fe@COF的外壳不仅提供L酸位点,而且有效保护有机组分,相对再生能耗降低了57.5%。Li等[20]采用希夫碱反应和醋酸催化合成了具有−SO3H修饰的二维晶壁的COF支架S-Co/NC。−SO3H的配位协同改善了COF结构和Co-N-C构型,使催化剂具有高比表面积和优异的催化活性。使CO2的解吸量提高了63.6%,相对再生能耗降低了28.8%。
在催化CO2解吸过程中,碳材料的优势在于结构与性能的可调性强,同时具备优异的耐腐蚀性与化学稳定性,在苛刻的酸碱环境中不易失活,使用寿命优于金属氧化物等固体酸催化剂。碳材料来源广泛、制备成本低,近年来在催化胺溶液解吸CO2反应中得到广泛应用,相关研究进展如表4所示。
Li等[108]选择多种碳材料包括碳分子筛(CMS)、多孔炭(PC)、不同的多壁碳纳米管(CNT、CNT−OH、CNT−COOH、CNT−NH2)和石墨烯,并探讨了该类材料催化胺再生性能。在MEA溶液中,CNT使CO2解吸量增加了50.0%,相对再生能耗降低了33.0%。而在MDEA溶液中,CO2解吸量增加了100.0%,相对再生能耗降低了50.0%。通过20次循环吸收-解吸实验CNT催化性能几乎没有下降,具有良好循环稳定性。Gao等[109]通过超声和水热法用硝酸和尿素改性碳纳米管,生成兼具酸性和碱性的两性碳纳米管,与不含CNT相比,CO2解吸量提高了23.9%。
Li等[110]选择超强酸${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/TiO2为活性组分,CNTs为载体,制备了不同材料配比的改性催化剂${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/TiO2−CNT。提出了CNTs和${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/TiO2的协同作用理论,CNTs通过电荷转移促进${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^- $分解,而${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/TiO2通过质子转移机制促进MEACOO−分解。催化剂结合CNTs和${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/TiO2的优点,降低碳捕获过程中的能耗。该催化剂使CO2解吸量提高了82.3%,相对再生能耗降低了46.0%。
多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)具有高孔隙率、高稳定性和高比表面积等结构优势,但其分散性和结合性差,需要对其进行改善以提高性能。Li等[105]采用低温活化和超声沉淀法合成了γ-Al2O3/MWCNTs催化剂,其高比表面积和多孔性为反应提供了更大的接触面积,并暴露出更多的催化活性位点,有利于MEACOO−、${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^- $和${\mathrm{CO}}_3^{2-} $的分解,促进富胺溶液再生过程中CO2的解吸。使用0.20 g γ-Al2O3/MWCNTs催化剂解吸时,表现出最好的催化性能(如图5(b)),CO2解吸量提高了74.3%,解吸速率提高了150.0%,相对再生能耗降低了55.8%。为了进一步探究MWCNT在催化CO2解吸方面的性能,Li等[106]采用金属氧化物Fe2O3对MWCNTs表面进行改性,增加了MWCNTs表面的L酸与B酸,有助于加速MEACOO−的分解,促进MEAH+的去质子化,从而降低能耗,质量分数为30%的Fe2O3-MWCNTs催化剂表现出最好的催化性能(如图5(c))。与空白组和MWCNTs催化相比,该催化剂使解吸速率和解吸量分别提高了47.4%和53.8%的,使相对再生能耗降低了49.4%。
Li等[111]通过二次热解处理制备涂覆高石墨碳层的Fe-N-C催化剂。高石墨碳作为涂层剂有助于建立稳定的碳基质,并增强了Fe-N-C位点的活性,为CO2解吸过程中的质子-电子转移和C−N键断裂提供了更多的酸性位点,NC物质的配位环境会增强Fe-N-C位的活性。与传统的Fe-N-C和无催化剂的反应相比,最大CO2解吸速率分别提高了27.0%和50.0%。Li等[112]通过盐辅助活化-石墨化方法,合成以生物质壳聚糖为原料的石墨烯氮掺杂碳(NC),在Fe/Zn前驱体存在下,通过高温处理,将纳米颗粒和单原子铁固定在NC载体上制备Fe/FeSA@GNC催化剂。Fe纳米颗粒在石墨层中形成了原子级分散的Fe-N-C位点,有利于促进质子转移和降低C−N键断裂的反应能垒。同时Fe-N-C位点在碱性有机溶液中循环20次后,仍具有优异的稳定性和耐久性。
Bhatti等[16]利用葡萄糖合成了一种具有异乙酸功能化的环境友好型葡萄糖衍生碳球催化剂——纳米异乙酸(2-羟乙烷-1-磺酸)功能化碳球,该催化剂加速了MEACOO−的分解,在低温下加速了CO2从胺溶液中的解吸,分别使CO2解吸速率和解吸量提高108.0%和12.0%,相对再生能耗降低了10.8%。Chen等[113]采用氯化锆和小麦粉共热解的方法合成了ZrO2、SiO2和生物炭(BC)组成的三元催化剂,该催化剂提供L酸和B酸,促进解吸反应过程中的质子转移,减少MEACOO−分解的热需求。又因为有较高的电导率,可以增强界面的电荷转移。在该催化剂的催化下CO2解吸速率和解吸量分别提高了26.0%和24.0%,相对再生能耗降低了31.0%。Rao等[114]使用SiO2纳米颗粒、小麦粉和FeCl3通过热解法制备了一系列不同FeCl3与SiO2物质的量比的Fe/SiO2/BC三元催化剂,具有丰富酸位点的Fe3O4纳米晶体通过多孔生物炭连接到SiO2纳米颗粒上形成聚集体,生物炭增加复合催化剂的比表面积,并提供了额外的质子供体和非酸性催化位点,效果最好的催化剂使CO2解吸量提高了35.0%,相对再生能耗降低了34.0%。
除了上述催化剂外,近些年还报道了一些用于强化CO2解吸的新型材料,比如酸性离子液体(IL)、酞菁、离子交换树脂等(见表4)。
酸性ILs在CO2捕集领域因为高效吸收能力备受关注,在化学吸收中作为胺溶剂的替代品或添加剂。ILs在催化CO2解吸中会改变反应路径,降低CO2解吸所需要的活化能。Sun等[115]考察了咪唑系酸性离子液体([Bmim]PF6、[Bmim]BF4、[Bmim]HSO4、[Bmim]NO3、[Bmim]CH3COOH、[Bmim]Cl、[Bmim]Br和[Bmim]I)对CO2解吸的催化效果,[Bmim][PF6]与MEA不同配比反应,最高可将CO2解吸量提高21.4%,相对再生能耗降低了26.9%。Zhang等[107]采用图5(d)所示的12种不同的咪唑离子液体在富CO2的MEA中催化促进CO2解吸。1%的HOOCMIMCl表现出最高的催化活性,当MEA中含有大量的ILs催化剂时,反应体系的黏度提高,减少催化位点和反应物之间的接触面积,增加转移阻力,降低催化CO2解吸性能。ILs催化剂的酸性越强,促进CO2解吸的效果越明显,酸性部位能够为氨基甲酸盐分解提供酸性质子,而不依赖于质子化胺去质子化反应。HOOCMIMCl可使CO2解吸量提高36.7%,相对再生能耗降低了38.6%。经10次CO2吸收-解吸循环试验后仍保持较高的稳定性。Xing等[116]研究表明,双酸功能化AFIL[Et3NH][AlCl4]催化剂能促进MEA溶液解吸。在相对低浓度的酸功能化的氨基功能化离子液体(AFIL)下,CO2解吸受到可用酸性位点数量有限的限制。在高AFIL浓度下,离子基团中的Al3+大量水解,水解产物抑制了Al3+与MEACOO−的结合,从而降低了整体解吸效率。AFILs与氨基甲酸盐之间的氢键和配位键延长了氨基甲酸盐中的C−N键,降低了键能,从而促进MEA再生,降低了能耗。添加了AFILs后,CO2解吸速率和解吸量分别提高了43.0%和83.0%,相对再生能耗降低了40.0%。
酞菁具有一个大环结构,其扩展的π-共轭体系可作为L酸位点,大环上的氮原子和氢原子分别充当碱位点和酸位点,酸碱位点协同作用,显著加速了CO2解吸速率,Chen等[117]引入了酞青催化剂,在MEA溶液中使CO2解吸量提高了22.6%。解吸速率显著提高了1679.0%。
Sun等[119]考察了Amberlite IR-120、Amberlyst-35、Amberlite-732、Amberlyst-15阳离子交换树脂催化剂在CO2解吸过程中的催化活性,Amberlyst-15含有磺酸基团,具有较高的介孔比表面积与较多的酸位点,促进了质子转移。Amberlyst-15可将CO2解吸量提高21.0%,相对再生能耗降低了17.7%。五次循环稳定性实验发现,催化性能无明显变化,具有良好稳定性。
催化剂的稳定性决定了工艺的经济性和可行性。本综述对几类固体酸催化剂的稳定性实验进行了归纳,结果如表5所示。
碳材料催化剂在几种固体酸催化剂中显示最佳的稳定性,例如CNT催化剂在20次循环后仍然保持着96.0%的催化性能[108]。而金属氧化物催化剂,如AlOOH/FeOOH、${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $/ZrTiOx、α-Fe2O3等催化剂虽然表现出高初始活性,但其催化活性在经过几次循环后下降较快[64−67,71]。该类催化剂失活的主要原因可能是表面活性组分化学衰减,例如酸性位点失活、离子浸出、碱中毒及团聚等。黏土类催化剂的稳定性同样较差差,其主要原因可能是水溶性差,机械强度低,改性后活性易组分流失等。分子筛和MOF/COF类催化剂的催化活性主要依赖孔道结构,其失活的原因主要来自孔道堵塞、化学坍塌以及团聚。Fe3O4@UiO-66-SO4催化剂因采用核壳策略显著提升了其稳定性,在10次循环后仍然保持91.0%的催化性能[99]。核壳结构虽然在一定程度上可以提高催化剂的稳定性,但是在催化性能和制备成本上带来了限制。离子液体作为液相催化剂,其稳定性问题从化学失活转变为分离问题,HOOCMIMCl催化剂10次循环后保持着96.6%的催化性能,但回收困难,且面临着挥发和夹带损失等问题[107]。目前,催化CO2解吸用催化剂的稳定性评估仍然缺乏标准和统一的方案,大部分研究仅仅模拟了烟道气中CO2的浓度,但缺少真实工况下复杂气体环境(如NOx、SOx的影响)的稳定性测试。此外,催化剂的稳定性除了与其本身结构特征等相关以外,还与其所处的溶剂体系(如混合胺的类型、降解产物浓度)和操作条件(如温度、压力)紧密相关。因此,评价催化剂必须从全生命周期分析和技术经济分析的视角,将催化剂的初始活性、衰减速率、再生成本、寿命周期以及对整体CO2捕获能耗的影响进行综合考量。
Xing等[19]探讨了化胺-溶剂再生的高技术成熟度能力,为涉及催化剂辅助高效CO2捕获的潜在应用提供了宝贵见解。他们在文中指出目前的研究处于粉末催化剂合成阶段,而开发低成本、高活性、高耐久性和高可行性的先进固体酸催化剂仍具挑战性。此外,固体酸催化剂与填料塔的耦合相当重要,但这一领域却鲜少受到关注,催化剂的长期耐久性和技术经济性评价同样缺少研究。因此,固体酸催化剂催化CO2解吸技术仍处于概念验证的实验阶段,远未达到工业应用水平[59]。Xing等采用ZrO2/Al2O3催化剂在填料塔中进行了催化富碳胺溶剂再生工艺的研究。结果表明,该催化剂可使活化能降低40.7%,溶剂再生能耗降低27.6%,CO2捕集的整体成本降低10.5%。孔宇等[120]自主设计并搭建了10 t/a规模CO2吸收-解吸循环试验系统,考察了纳米流体吸收剂在解吸塔中的CO2吸收-解吸综合强化机制。研究表明,钛基纳米流体可有效提升CO2吸收-解吸循环容量40%。Lai等[121]将TiO(OH)2作为催化剂,使得MEA催化解吸速率增加超过4500.0%,并通过50次循环验证了催化剂的稳定性。Idem等[122]采用了一种新型的全循环式CO2吸收工艺,该工艺以热水作为加热源,主体分为吸收塔和解吸塔,解吸塔被分为五个填料段,用于安装催化剂。在该装置中,他们研究了在解吸塔中添加固体酸酸催化剂(如HZSM-5和γ-Al2O3)对CO2捕集过程的影响。结果表明,HZSM-5和γ-Al2O3均提高了循环容量和吸收效率,并降低了工艺的热负荷。此外,基于该中试装置和HZSM-5和γ-Al2O3催化剂建立了一种用于固体酸催化剂催化富碳胺溶剂解吸CO2过程的数值模型[123]。总之,固体酸催化CO2解吸技术目前正处于从实验室研究、中试放大向初步工业化示范过渡的阶段。虽然离大规模的商业化应用还上游距离,但已展现出巨大的节能潜力和应用前景。
传统醇胺吸收剂体系的热再生过程本质上是通过高温驱动吸热反应平衡逆向进行,从而实现CO2解吸的过程。目前,关于CO2在胺类吸收剂中的吸收与解吸机制主要存在三种理论解释,即两性离子机制[33]、单步三级机制[124]和氨基甲酸机制[125],其中,两性离子机制被广泛接受用于解释伯胺溶液捕集CO2过程。该机理指出,对于CO2解吸过程可以分成两个主要的步骤(以MEA为例):MEACOO−的断裂和MEAH+的去质子化过程,如式(1)和式(2)所示。
$\begin{split} &\qquad \mathrm{MEACOO}^{ \mathrm-} \mathrm{+H}_{ \mathrm{3}} \mathrm{O}^{ \mathrm+} \mathrm{\leftrightarrow Zwitterion \leftrightarrow MEA}+\\ & {\mathrm{CO}}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{\uparrow +H}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{O} \end{split} $
$ \mathrm{MEAH}^{ +} +\mathrm{H}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{O \leftrightarrow MEA}+{\mathrm{H}}_{ \mathrm{3}} \mathrm{O}^{ +} $
${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^- $在CO2解吸过程中具有两种作用:①${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^- $作为质子受体,从供体MEAH+中接受质子形成碳酸(H2CO3),H2CO3受热释放CO2和H2O,如式(3)所示。②由于${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^- $碱性介于MEA和H2O之间,MEAH+可以转移质子给${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^- $形成H2CO3,H2CO3再转移质子给H2O形成${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^- $和H3O+,如式(4)和式(5)所示。这两个反应并未改变整个去质子化过程的热力学平衡,但通过将一个难以进行的反应拆分为两个更易进行的步骤,降低了反应活化能,提高了有效碰撞概率,从而有助于降低再生过程能耗。但伯胺体系中,${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^- $浓度受限,催化作用有限,无法从根本上解决高能耗问题。
$ \begin{split} &\qquad {\rm{MEAH^+ + HCO_3^- \leftrightarrow MEA + H_2CO_3 \leftrightarrow}}\\&{\mathrm{MEA +H_2O + CO_2 \uparrow}}\end{split}$
$ \mathrm{MEAH}^{ \mathrm+} \mathrm{+HCO}_{ \mathrm{3}}^{ \mathrm-} \mathrm{\leftrightarrow MEA+H}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{CO}_{ \mathrm{3}} $
$ \mathrm{H}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{CO}_{ \mathrm{3}} \mathrm{+H}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{O \leftrightarrow HCO}_{ \mathrm{3}}^{ \mathrm-} \mathrm{+H}_{ \mathrm{3}} \mathrm{O}^{ \mathrm+} $
MEA较高的CO2解吸能耗主要源于两方面。首先,MEACOO−的分解反应依赖于MEAH+去质子化所提供的质子。但由于MEA的碱性比水强,质子更容易与MEA结合形成MEAH+,而非与H2O生成H3O+。这种热力学偏好导致质子转移过程存在能垒,致使可用于分解MEACOO−的质子供应不足,从而抑制反应进行。其次,解吸反应本身为强吸热过程,需吸收大量反应热,同时质子化胺MEAH+的去质子化活化能较高,共同导致MEA吸收体系中的CO2解吸能耗显著上升。因此,降低MEA溶液CO2解吸能耗的关键在于促进式(2)中MEAH+的去质子化过程进行,提升CO2解吸反应过程的质子迁移效率。
催化富胺溶液解吸CO2解吸已经成为一种有效的节能手段,该方法能增强MEACOO−分解过程中的质子传递效率,从而提升CO2解吸速率。胺溶液再生机制主要包含质子转移和C−N键断裂两步。
该类催化再生机制主要可分为两种(图6(a)):质子直接转移机制和质子耦合电子转移机制(PCET)。
在质子直接转移机制中,含有丰富B酸位点作为质子供体的催化剂被引入溶剂,以增加系统中的整体质子浓度[99,121]。MEACOO−的羧基接受一个质子并将其从氧原子转移到氮原子,完成异构化过程。MEACOO−转化为两性离子,促使C–N键断裂和CO2解吸。此外,溶液中的质子化胺可为催化剂提供补偿质子,完成去质子化过程,也进一步加速MEACOO−的质子化[126]。然而,MEACOO−中的氮原子具有孤对电子,形成了稳定的p−π共轭效应,质子难以直接进攻氮原子,从而影响催化效率[99]。
与之不同,PCET机制则通过协同转移质子和电子来克服这一能垒。例如,向溶液中添加具有L酸位点的催化剂(如TiO2和ZrO2)。其金属位点能够作为电子受体捕获MEACOO−中氮原子的孤对电子,使氮原子构型从sp2转变为sp3,从而破坏p−π共轭,弱化拉伸C–N键以促进质子转移[127–128]。通过PCET促进质子从质子化胺转移到MEACOO−[129]。在PCET反应中,质子和电子的同步转移形成共享过渡态,避免了高能中间体的形成,降低了反应的活化能垒和驱动力。因此,PCET机制凭借其协同效应,通常表现出比单一的质子或电子转移过程更快的反应动力学[130–131]。
Sun等[132]通过将Ti3C2Tx MXene纳米片的原位氧化,开发了TiO2/Ti3C2纳米岛结构催化剂。将TiO2/Ti3C2催化剂应用于富含CO2的两相溶剂(三亚乙基四胺(TETA)-二乙胺乙醇(DEEA))再生系统中,相比无催化条件,解吸速率提升了150.0%,相对能耗减少了75.0%。TiO2/Ti3C2催化剂展现了优异的PCET效率和高稳定性。其中,导电性优异的MXene载体为TiO2纳米岛之间提供了快速电子转移通道,有效促进了PCET过程并降低了质子转移的能量势垒。其潜在催化反应机理如图6(b)所示。首先,DEEAH+吸附在TiO2/Ti3C2表面并将质子转移给催化剂。不饱和的钛位点作为L酸位点,吸附并活化MEACOO−。从氮原子中移除孤对电子,使其构型从sp2转变为sp3,破坏了C–N和C=O键之间的p−π共轭,弱化拉伸C–N键。与此同时,PCET效应加速质子转移,促进两性离子的形成,并驱动其分解为CO2和水。
除了PECT机制外,固体酸催化剂表面B酸和L酸位点在CO2解吸再生过程中的催化作用已多有文献报道[93]。固体酸催化剂通过其表面B酸和L酸位点的协同作用,显著降低CO2解吸反应的活化能,从而实现低温高效再生,以伯胺溶液MEA为例。B酸是指催化剂表面能直接提供质子(H+)的酸性位点,B酸位点在氨基甲酸盐分解机制中的催化反应过程如式(6)、式(7)所示。MEACOO−吸附在B酸位点(H-B),一方面催化剂的B酸位点直接提供酸性质子来参与MEACOO−的断裂反应;另一方面,失去质子的催化剂活性位点通过从MEAH+上获得酸性质子,使催化剂活性位点得到恢复。
$ \mathrm{MEACOO}^{ \mathrm-} \mathrm{+BH}^{ \mathrm+} \mathrm{\leftrightarrow MEACOOH+B} $
$ \mathrm{MEAH}^{ \mathrm+} \mathrm{+B \leftrightarrow MEA+BH}^{ \mathrm+} $
L酸是指催化剂表面能接受电子对的酸性位点,L酸位点在胺去质子化机制中的催化反应过程如式(8)、式(9)所示。MEAH+吸附在碱性位点(去质子化过程),L碱性位点主要起到催化剂的作用,将酸性质子从MEAH+上夺取过来,将其传递给水,同时也实现了L碱性位点的恢复。
$ \mathrm{MEAH}^{ \mathrm+} \mathrm{+L}^{ \mathrm-} \mathrm{\leftrightarrow MEA+LH} $
$ \mathrm{L+H}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{O \leftrightarrow L}^{ \mathrm-} \mathrm{+H}_{ \mathrm{3}} \mathrm{O}^{ \mathrm+} $
如图7(a)所示,Tan等[83]对SnO2/ATP催化剂中B酸和L酸位点对富CO2的5 M MEA溶液的催化再生机理进行了系统研究:SnO2/ATP的B酸和L酸通过加速MEACOO−的断裂和MEAH+的去质子化过程来加速富胺溶液再生。首先,共轭碱位点通过引入SnO2/ATP催化剂,将质子从MEAH+转移到MEACOO−,参与MEAH+的去质子化过程。去质子化反应产生的质子或SnO2/ATP催化剂的B酸(Cat-H)与MEACOO−反应,在MEACOO−分解过程中将其转化为MEACOOH。SnO2/ATP的L酸位点(不饱和金属原子Sn4+)与MEACOOH中的O原子发生化学吸附。质子通过异构化反应从O原子转移到N原子。质子抢夺N原子上的孤对电子,N原子构型从sp2转变成sp3杂化轨道,拉伸并减弱C−N键。同时,L酸位点持续攻击N原子并接受N原子的孤对电子,进一步弱化C−N键。最终C−N键断裂,两性离子分解为MEA和CO2。失去质子的SnO2/ATP(以Cat−形式存在)通过MEAH+的去质子化获得质子,重新转化为含B酸位点的Cat-H形式,从而恢复催化活性。
离子液体催化胺溶液CO2再生的核心机理在于其酸性位点能够显著降低解吸反应的活化能。B酸性离子液体的阳离子作为“质子泵”,直接提供质子(H+)促进MEACOO−和碳酸氢盐的分解,并通过其共轭碱实现催化循环。L酸性离子液体的阴离子通过配位作用攻击并拉伸C–N键,削弱其稳定性从而加速断裂[108]。这两种机制共同作用于胺再生过程的速率控制步骤,在不影响CO2吸收的前提下,实现了低温下的高效、低能耗解吸。
Zhang等[107]通过FT-IR和13C NMR等表征对HOOCMIMCI离子液体催化解吸机理进行研究。如图7(b)所示,HOOCMIMCI通过提供质子和参与质子转移来催化MEACOO−的分解和MEAH+的去质子化,从而加速CO2的释放过程。具体如下:HOOCMIMCI的B酸位点([MIMCOOH]+)直接提供质子促进MEACOO−分解为MEA和CO2,如式(10)所示。同时其共轭碱([MIMCOO]−)作为质子载体促进MEAH−的去质子化,如式(11)所示,实现催化剂的循环使用,降低反应能垒,提高解吸效率。
$ \begin{split} &\qquad \text{[MIMCOOH}{\text{]}}^{\text+}\text{+MEACO}{\text{O}}^{-}\to\\& [{\mathrm{MIMCO}}{\text{O}}^{-}{\text{]}}^{\text+}\text{+MEA+C}{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}\uparrow \end{split} $
$ \begin{matrix}\text{[MIMCO}{\text{O}}^{-}{\text{]}}^{\text+}\text{+MEA}{\text{H}}^{\text+}\text{→[MIMCOOH}{\text{]}}^{\text+}\text{+MEA}\\ \end{matrix} $
与传统固体酸催化剂的质子转移反应机理不同,非酸性碳纳米材料通过电荷转移实现CO2催化解吸[108]。以CNT为例,CNT负载−OH、−COOH和−NH2后的催化解吸性能相比CNT提升微弱。因此,Li等[108]认为,CNT作为非酸性催化剂,其催化性能不高度依赖于表面酸位点,就此提出了电子转移机制,如图6(c)所示。通过拉曼光谱分析发现,CNT的存在能更高效的催化${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{-} $的分解(式(12)\(13))。碳材料将从直接和间接两个方面促进MEACOO−的分解,从式(14)可以看出,碳材料促进MEACOO−直接分解。从式(15)和式(16)可以看出,碳材料先促进MEACOO−转变成MEACOOH,然后转化为${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^- $,最终分解为CO2。对于${\mathrm{CO}}_3^{2-} $也有相似的趋势(式(17))这一结果也通过 13C核磁定量法进一步证实。通过DFT计算发现,CO2和MEA对CNT的相对弱吸附有利于CO2释放和MEA的再生利用,而${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{-} $、${\mathrm{CO}}_3^{2-} $和MEACOO−则表现出与CNT表面较强的吸附能力。根据Hirshfeld和Mulliken分析,${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{-} $和MEACOO−会向CNT表面转移电子。电荷转移可激活${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{-} $和MEACOO−,从而促进CO2释放和MEA再生。${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^{-} $的C−OH键长被拉伸展现出优异的CO2释放能力。
$ 2\text{MEA}{\mathrm{H}}^++2{\text{HCO}}_{3}^-\leftrightarrow {\text{MEACOO}}^-+{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}+{\text{CO}}_{2}\uparrow $
$ {{\mathrm{MEAH}}}^++{\text{HCO}}_{3}^-\leftrightarrow \mathrm{MEA}+{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}+{\text{CO}}_{2}\uparrow $
$ {{\mathrm{MEAH}}}^+ + {{\mathrm{MEACOO}}}^- \leftrightarrow 2\mathrm{MEA} + {\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O} + {\text{CO}}_{2} \uparrow $
$ {{\mathrm{MEAH}}}^++{{\mathrm{MEACOO}}}^-\leftrightarrow \mathrm{MEA}+\text{MEACOOH} $
$ {{\mathrm{OH}}}^-+{\mathrm{MEACOOH}}\leftrightarrow \mathrm{MEA}+{\text{HCO}}_{3}^- $
$ 2{{\mathrm{MEAH}}}^++{\text{CO}}_{3}^{2-}\leftrightarrow 2\mathrm{MEA}+{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}+{\text{CO}}_{2}\uparrow $
胺溶液化学吸收法捕集CO2技术的高能耗问题一直是制约其大规模应用的主要瓶颈。本综述通过系统梳理近五年固体酸催化剂催化CO2解吸技术的研究进展,重点归纳了不同类型催化剂的性能特点、作用机理及关键操作参数,为该技术的进一步发展提供了重要参考。
当前已报道的各类催化剂均存在相应的优势与局限性。金属氧化物成本低、易制备且介孔结构利于传质,但酸性弱、酸位点密度低,导致催化效率有限。沸石分子筛具有可调控的酸性位点和优异的水热稳定性,但其微孔结构限制了解吸反应过程中反应物的传质,造成内部活性位点难以利用。黏土矿物来源广、价格低,但酸性和孔道均一性差,性能可控性不足。MOF/COF材料结构可调、比表面积高,孔道设计灵活,然而多数MOF水热稳定性差,合成成本高,制约了其实际应用。碳材料稳定性好、疏水性可调,但其酸性依赖表面改性,而引入的官能团在长期使用中易发生流失与中毒,影响催化剂的耐久性。在催化CO2解吸领域,未来低成本高效催化剂的核心发展方向可能是:以储量丰富的非贵金属(如过渡金属氧化物)和碳基材料为基础,通过单原子催化、缺陷工程等方法设计精准创制高活性位点,并构建多组分协同的复合体系以提升活性和抗毒性。最终,催化剂设计需面向工业化应用,除了具备优异的催化活性以外,还需兼顾易规模化制备、长寿命与可再生性,最终实现低成本、高效率的固体酸催化CO2解吸技术的落地与推广。为实现固体酸催化强化胺基CO2捕集技术的工业化应用,未来可从以下几个方面着手:
(1)催化解吸机理深入研究:当前机理研究多集中于MEA溶液,对在混合胺溶剂、相变胺溶剂等新型吸收剂中的催化CO2解吸行为研究报道较少、认知尚浅。此外,研究需从实验室环境转向复杂工业条件,揭示催化剂在真实的CO2捕集场景中的作用与失活机制。未来应聚焦固-液界面微观反应过程,借助先进原位表征技术追踪中间体演变,阐明活性中心与胺液组分间的演变规律,以指导兼具高活性和高稳定性与催化剂的设计。
(2)催化剂与解吸工艺的协同创新:为了更快满足工业化应用的需求,一方面,应开发具备规整孔道结构且易于放大的催化剂形态,以克服粉末催化剂在工业装置中的传质与分离难题;另一方面,需探索催化剂与低品位热能、微波或电化学等新型能量输入方式的协同作用,以构建节能高效的新型催化CO2解吸工艺。
(3)贴近真实工况的条件下,建立催化剂全生命周期评估体系,统筹考量其制备成本、催化效率与再生稳定性,为催化CO2解吸技术的实际应用提供技术支撑。借助密度泛函理论、分子动力学等方法对解吸工艺进行深入研究,以建立工艺模型。利用计算化学和过程工程模拟相结合的手段来优化整个解吸系统的设计和运行参数。对催化解吸技术的经济可行性和环境影响进行全流程评估,最终推动固体酸催化CO2解吸技术的工业应用。

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2026年第54卷第5期
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doi: 10.3724/2097-213X.2026.JFCT.0001
  • 接收时间:2025-11-10
  • 首发时间:2026-09-23
  • 出版时间:2026-05-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-10
  • 修回日期:2025-12-21
  • 录用日期:2025-12-29
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    湘潭大学化工学院 化工过程模拟与强化国家地方联合工程研究中心, 湖南 湘潭 411105

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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