Article(id=1309589035757174797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309589016928945013, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/2097-213X.2026.JFCT.0005, pmid=null, cstr=32157.14.2097-213X.2026.JFCT.0051, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1766419200000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-23, revisedDate=1769270400000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-25, acceptedDate=1770652800000, acceptedDateStr=2026-02-10, onlineDate=1790159957111, onlineDateStr=2026-09-23, pubDate=1788969600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790159957111, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790159957111, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790159957111, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1309589016928945013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, year='2026', volume='54', issue='9', pageStart='20250264-1753', pageEnd='20260189-1948', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788969600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790159952623, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790212381356, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1309808919069942755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309589016928945013, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1309808919069942756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309589016928945013, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=20250417-1873, endPage=20250417-1884, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1309589037401341966, articleId=1309589035757174797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, language=EN, title=Synergistic mechanism of Fe-Ce-Mn ternary oxides for wide-temperature NH3-SCR, columnId=1309584899380703863, journalTitle=Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, columnName=RESEARCH PAPER, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Conventional V2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalysts for NH3-SCR suffer from poor low temperature activity, limited thermal stability, and toxicity associated with vanadium, which restrict their application under flexible operating conditions. In this work, a series of Fe-Ce-Mn ternary oxide catalysts were synthesized by a sol-gel route and evaluated for the NH3-SCR of NO in the temperature range of 150 to 400 ℃. The optimized composition Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02 delivers more than 90% NO conversion between 150 and 350 ℃, while maintaining N2 selectivity above 80% even at elevated space velocity and under varied O2 concentrations and NH3/NO mol ratio feed ratios, indicating excellent tolerance to operating fluctuations. Structural and surface characterizations reveal uniformly distributed Fe, Ce and Mn species, a high specific surface area of about 160 m2/g, and a mesoporous network dominated by 4 to 5 nm pores, together with enriched surface adsorbed oxygen (Oα) and highly oxidized Fe3+/Ce4+/Mn4+ species. It synergizes with acidic sites to provide the surface chemistry foundation for NH3 adsorption activation and NOx surface conversion. In situ DRIFTS coupled with NH3-TPD, NO-TPD and DFT calculations reveal that NH3 preferentially adsorbs onto Lewis acid sites and undergoes deprotonation to form surface *NH2 species, while NO is converted into monodentate and bridging nitrate species via migratory surface adsorbed oxygen species. These nitrogen containing intermediates coexist isothermally within the 150–350 ℃ range and undergo in situ coupling via the key NH2NO intermediate, ultimately yielding N2 and H2O. Mn incorporation increases the density of electronic states near the Fermi level and significantly lowers the energy barriers for NH3 dehydrogenation and NH2 nitrate coupling, Gibbs free energy analysis indicates that the key step in this primary pathway is thermodynamically more favorable (with a lower ΔG), while the electronic structure (PDOS) reveals that charge transfer at the interface occurs more readily. Together, these findings collectively support this dominant reaction pathway. This study provides a rational design strategy for vanadium free NH3-SCR catalysts with broad temperature window activity.

, authors=Guangyao WANG, Yuchen LI, Rujin TIAN, Yanqing NIU*, authorsList=Guangyao WANG, Yuchen LI, Rujin TIAN, Yanqing NIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yanqing NIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1309589042199625777, articleId=1309589035757174797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, language=CN, title=Fe-Ce-Mn 三元氧化物宽温区NH3-SCR协同机理研究, columnId=1309589024768099233, journalTitle=燃料化学学报(中英文), columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对传统V2O5-WO3/TiO2脱硝催化剂低温活性不足、热稳定性有限及钒毒性等问题,本研究通过溶胶凝胶法构建了一系列Fe-Ce-Mn三元氧化物NH3-SCR催化剂,并系统考察其在150−400 ℃下的脱硝性能与机理。结果表明,最优配比Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02在150−350 ℃条件下NO转化率始终高于90%,在较高空速及不同O2体积分数、NH3/NO物质的量比条件下仍能兼顾高NO转化和超过80%的N2选择性,展现出优异的工况适应性。结构与表面表征显示,该三元体系具有均匀分散的Fe、Ce、Mn物种、约160 m2/g的高比表面积以及以4−5 nm细介孔为主的孔结构,同时富集表面活性氧Oα和高价Fe3+/Ce4+/Mn4+物种,并与酸性位点协同作用,为NH3吸附活化与NOx表面转化提供表面化学基础。原位DRIFTS联用NH3-TPD、NO-TPD及DFT计算结果表明,NH3优先吸附于Lewis酸位并发生去质子化生成表面*NH2物种,NO在可迁移表面吸附氧参与下转化为单齿及桥式硝酸盐物种。上述含氮中间体在150−350 ℃实现同温共存,并经由NH2NO关键中间体发生原位偶联,最终生成N2和H2O。Mn掺杂通过提升费米能级附近态密度并降低NH3去氢及NH2-硝酸盐偶联等关键步骤的能垒,自由能分析表明,该主通道关键步骤在热力学上更有利(ΔG更低),同时电子结构(PDOS)显示界面电荷转移更易发生,从而共同支持该主导反应通道。该研究为开发无钒宽温区NH3-SCR催化剂及其结构优化提供了可借鉴的设计思路。

, authors=王光耀, 李雨辰, 田如锦, 牛艳青*, authorsList=王光耀, 李雨辰, 田如锦, 牛艳青, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=牛艳青, authorNote=

王光耀(1996),博士研究生,研究方向为污染物生成与控制机理、金属催化剂的合成,

牛艳青(1985),博士,教授,研究方向为固体燃料高效清洁燃烧基础、工业过程节能减排技术、固废熔融资源化与化学储能技术,

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Tel: +86–18161847667, Fax: +86–029–82668703, E-mail:
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Fe/CeMnOx catalysts with mechanistically decoupled redox promotion and sulfation resistance for low-temperature NH3-SCR[J]. Water Air And Soil Pollution, 2026, 237: 204., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1309589051582283907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309589035757174797, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG B, WANG M, HAN L, et al. Improved activity and SO2 resistance by Sm-modulated redox of MnCeSmTiOx mesoporous amorphous oxides for low-temperature NH3-SCR of NO[J]. 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(b) In situ DRIFTS spectra of Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02 after NH3 pre-adsorption followed by NO + O2; (c) In situ DRIFTS spectra of Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02 after NO + O2 pre-adsorption followed by NH3; (d) Proposed NH3-SCR pathway and Gibbs free energy profiles on Fe0.1Ce0.04 and Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02; (e) Projected density of states (PDOS) of Fe0.1Ce0.04; (f) Projected density of states (PDOS) of Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02, figureFileSmall=2+eqsVinRKVseyAMC73ILw==, figureFileBig=lLkWIAiCD40igRWu2tXMEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309589046473621590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309589035757174797, language=CN, label=图2, caption=Fe-Ce-Mn催化剂NH3-SCR性能与机理解析:(a) Fe2O3、Fe0.1Cex与Fe0.1Ce0.04Mny催化剂NO转化率随温度变化;(b) Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02在预吸附NH3后通入NO + O2的原位DRIFTS光谱谱图;(c) Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02在预吸附NO + O2后通入NH3的原位DRIFTS光谱谱图;(d) Fe0.1Ce0.04与Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02上NH3-SCR反应路径及吉布斯自由能变化;(e) Fe0.1Ce0.04的投影态密度(PDOS);(f) Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02的投影态密度(PDOS), figureFileSmall=2+eqsVinRKVseyAMC73ILw==, figureFileBig=lLkWIAiCD40igRWu2tXMEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309589046549119063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309589035757174797, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=NH3-SCR activity and surface adsorption behavior of Fe-Ce-Mn based catalysts: (a) NH3 conversion rates of different catalysts as a function of temperature; 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(b) Effect of O2 concentration on NO conversion at 200 ℃; (c) Effect of space velocity on NO conversion at 200 ℃, figureFileSmall=bfrAKIZEevopURLHUWju8w==, figureFileBig=Fzv6QovamaFxQnCaUnbzkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309589046813360218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309589035757174797, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Fe-Ce-Mn 催化剂NH3-SCR选择性及反应条件影响:(a) 不同催化剂N2选择性随温度变化;(b) 200 ℃时O2体积分数对NO转化率的影响;(c)200 ℃时空速对NO转化率的影响, figureFileSmall=bfrAKIZEevopURLHUWju8w==, figureFileBig=Fzv6QovamaFxQnCaUnbzkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309589046888857691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309589035757174797, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=(a) Summary of the XPS spectra; XPS spectra of (b) O 1s; (c) Fe 2p; (d) Ce 3d and (e) Mn 2p, figureFileSmall=bSF0/5EPF+WpPMYmZNhszA==, figureFileBig=IKBaRSYRmf9B9XSnOG2krg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309589046951772252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309589035757174797, language=CN, label=图5, caption=(a) XPS光谱汇总;(b) O 1s光谱;(c) Fe 2p光谱;(d) Ce 3d光谱;(e) Mn 2p光谱, figureFileSmall=bSF0/5EPF+WpPMYmZNhszA==, figureFileBig=IKBaRSYRmf9B9XSnOG2krg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309589047023075421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309589035757174797, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=H2-TPR and O2-TPD profiles of Fe0.1Ce0.04 and Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02 catalysts, figureFileSmall=5Szx424bA3HveiuwjbT11A==, figureFileBig=qAmr813pes5z5J5/1KDfBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309589047098572894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309589035757174797, language=CN, label=图6, caption=Fe0.1Ce0.04与Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02催化剂的H2-TPR与O2-TPD表征

(a): H2-TPR; (b): O2-TPD.

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Fe-Ce-Mn 三元氧化物宽温区NH3-SCR协同机理研究
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王光耀 , 李雨辰 , 田如锦 , 牛艳青 *
燃料化学学报(中英文) | 研究论文 2026,54(9): 20250417-1873-20250417-1884
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燃料化学学报(中英文) |研究论文 2026 , 54 (9) : 20250417-1873 -20250417-1884
Fe-Ce-Mn 三元氧化物宽温区NH3-SCR协同机理研究
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王光耀 , 李雨辰, 田如锦, 牛艳青*
作者信息
  • 西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院 热流科学与工程教育部重点实验室, 陕西 西安 710049
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Tel: +86–18161847667, Fax: +86–029–82668703, E-mail:
作者简介:

王光耀(1996),博士研究生,研究方向为污染物生成与控制机理、金属催化剂的合成,

牛艳青(1985),博士,教授,研究方向为固体燃料高效清洁燃烧基础、工业过程节能减排技术、固废熔融资源化与化学储能技术,

Synergistic mechanism of Fe-Ce-Mn ternary oxides for wide-temperature NH3-SCR
Guangyao WANG , Yuchen LI, Rujin TIAN, Yanqing NIU*
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
出版时间: 2026-09-10 doi: 10.3724/2097-213X.2026.JFCT.0005
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针对传统V2O5-WO3/TiO2脱硝催化剂低温活性不足、热稳定性有限及钒毒性等问题,本研究通过溶胶凝胶法构建了一系列Fe-Ce-Mn三元氧化物NH3-SCR催化剂,并系统考察其在150−400 ℃下的脱硝性能与机理。结果表明,最优配比Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02在150−350 ℃条件下NO转化率始终高于90%,在较高空速及不同O2体积分数、NH3/NO物质的量比条件下仍能兼顾高NO转化和超过80%的N2选择性,展现出优异的工况适应性。结构与表面表征显示,该三元体系具有均匀分散的Fe、Ce、Mn物种、约160 m2/g的高比表面积以及以4−5 nm细介孔为主的孔结构,同时富集表面活性氧Oα和高价Fe3+/Ce4+/Mn4+物种,并与酸性位点协同作用,为NH3吸附活化与NOx表面转化提供表面化学基础。原位DRIFTS联用NH3-TPD、NO-TPD及DFT计算结果表明,NH3优先吸附于Lewis酸位并发生去质子化生成表面*NH2物种,NO在可迁移表面吸附氧参与下转化为单齿及桥式硝酸盐物种。上述含氮中间体在150−350 ℃实现同温共存,并经由NH2NO关键中间体发生原位偶联,最终生成N2和H2O。Mn掺杂通过提升费米能级附近态密度并降低NH3去氢及NH2-硝酸盐偶联等关键步骤的能垒,自由能分析表明,该主通道关键步骤在热力学上更有利(ΔG更低),同时电子结构(PDOS)显示界面电荷转移更易发生,从而共同支持该主导反应通道。该研究为开发无钒宽温区NH3-SCR催化剂及其结构优化提供了可借鉴的设计思路。

Fe-Ce-Mn三元氧化物  /  NH3-SCR  /  宽温区  /  原位DRIFTS  /  DFT机理计算

Conventional V2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalysts for NH3-SCR suffer from poor low temperature activity, limited thermal stability, and toxicity associated with vanadium, which restrict their application under flexible operating conditions. In this work, a series of Fe-Ce-Mn ternary oxide catalysts were synthesized by a sol-gel route and evaluated for the NH3-SCR of NO in the temperature range of 150 to 400 ℃. The optimized composition Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02 delivers more than 90% NO conversion between 150 and 350 ℃, while maintaining N2 selectivity above 80% even at elevated space velocity and under varied O2 concentrations and NH3/NO mol ratio feed ratios, indicating excellent tolerance to operating fluctuations. Structural and surface characterizations reveal uniformly distributed Fe, Ce and Mn species, a high specific surface area of about 160 m2/g, and a mesoporous network dominated by 4 to 5 nm pores, together with enriched surface adsorbed oxygen (Oα) and highly oxidized Fe3+/Ce4+/Mn4+ species. It synergizes with acidic sites to provide the surface chemistry foundation for NH3 adsorption activation and NOx surface conversion. In situ DRIFTS coupled with NH3-TPD, NO-TPD and DFT calculations reveal that NH3 preferentially adsorbs onto Lewis acid sites and undergoes deprotonation to form surface *NH2 species, while NO is converted into monodentate and bridging nitrate species via migratory surface adsorbed oxygen species. These nitrogen containing intermediates coexist isothermally within the 150–350 ℃ range and undergo in situ coupling via the key NH2NO intermediate, ultimately yielding N2 and H2O. Mn incorporation increases the density of electronic states near the Fermi level and significantly lowers the energy barriers for NH3 dehydrogenation and NH2 nitrate coupling, Gibbs free energy analysis indicates that the key step in this primary pathway is thermodynamically more favorable (with a lower ΔG), while the electronic structure (PDOS) reveals that charge transfer at the interface occurs more readily. Together, these findings collectively support this dominant reaction pathway. This study provides a rational design strategy for vanadium free NH3-SCR catalysts with broad temperature window activity.

Fe-Ce-Mn ternary oxides  /  NH3-SCR  /  wide temperature range  /  in situ DRIFTS  /  DFT mechanistic calculations
王光耀, 李雨辰, 田如锦, 牛艳青. Fe-Ce-Mn 三元氧化物宽温区NH3-SCR协同机理研究. 燃料化学学报(中英文), 2026 , 54 (9) : 20250417-1873 -20250417-1884 . DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2026.JFCT.0005
Guangyao WANG, Yuchen LI, Rujin TIAN, Yanqing NIU. Synergistic mechanism of Fe-Ce-Mn ternary oxides for wide-temperature NH3-SCR[J]. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 2026 , 54 (9) : 20250417-1873 -20250417-1884 . DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2026.JFCT.0005
氮氧化物(NOx)主要来自煤炭燃烧、工业炉窑和机动车尾气排放,是导致酸雨、雾霾和呼吸系统疾病等环境问题的主要空气污染物[1]。在众多控制技术中,采用氨进行氮氧化物的选择性催化还原(SCR)已被公认为固定源最有效且应用最广泛的燃烧后处理技术。商业化的V2O5-WO3/TiO2(VWTi)催化剂仍是工业领域的主流选择,尤其因其在300−400 ℃卓越的脱硝性能而备受关注[2]。
然而,VWTi催化剂存在若干固有局限性。其活性在280 ℃以下急剧下降,导致在低负荷或冷启动工况下失效。当温度高于420 ℃时,催化剂易发生烧结和结构退化,导致热稳定性差[3]。此外,钒元素存在毒性及环境隐患,限制了其在未来绿色催化技术中的应用前景。这些挑战促使业界日益关注开发替代性无钒催化剂,这类催化剂需具备环境友好特性,并在更宽广的温度范围内维持高活性。
过渡金属氧化物因其可调的氧化还原特性和多价金属中心,已成为新一代选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂的理想候选材料[4]。锰基催化剂(MnxOy)凭借强氧化能力和可变价态(Mn2+/Mn3+/Mn4+)展现出优异的低温活性,但因相变与热不稳定性,其高温性能不理想。铈基氧化物(CeO2)通过可逆的Ce4+/Ce3+氧化还原循环,具备卓越的氧储存与释放能力,可增强氧迁移与电子缓冲能力,从而有利于反应过程中活性位的维持与中间体转化。氧化铁(Fe2O3、Fe3O4)兼具适中的氧化还原特性、良好的耐热性及酸度调节能力,有助于增强中高温SCR活性[5]。尽管Ce-Mn、Fe-Mn等二元氧化物已被广泛研究,但通常难以在宽温区内同时兼顾低温起活与高温稳定性。例如Ce-Mn体系低温活性突出但高温易失活[6],Fe-Mn体系中高温活性较好但低温转化不足[7]。因此,近年来将Fe-Ce-Mn构筑为三元复合氧化物的研究逐渐增多。已有进展普遍认为,三元耦合可通过酸性位供给、氧化还原循环、界面电子作用的协同,在NH3的吸附与活化、NOx的吸附与还原转化以及关键表面含氮中间体的生成与耦合等步骤上实现更优匹配,从而拓宽有效反应温度窗口并提升工况适应性[8]。三元组分如何协同调控表面酸性位与氧化还原中心并实现速率匹配,仍缺乏统一的结构、性质、性能关联阐释。同时,NH3吸附活化(尤其Lewis位相关*NH2物种)的形成与演化,以及其与NO参与的表面反应路径与速率控制步骤,在不同三元体系中仍存在认识分歧[9]。
基于上述背景,本研究合成了系列组分可调且具有多孔结构的Fe-Ce-Mn三元氧化物催化剂。在固定床反应器中,系统评价了其在100−400 ℃的NH3-SCR活性,重点关注NO转化行为和温度适应性。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、氮气吸附-脱附测试(BET比表面积、BJH孔径分布)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)及原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱(in situ DRIFTS)等物性表征技术,阐明三元协同对酸性位与金属价态的耦合调控作用,并据此提出宽温区高活性形成的机理解释。研究进一步表明,合理的三元协同可在酸性位供给与氧化还原循环之间实现更优匹配,促进关键表面反应物种的形成与转化,从而提升整体脱硝效率并增强复杂工况下的稳定表现[10]。
采用溶胶-凝胶法制备Fe-Ce-Mn混合金属氧化物催化剂。将Fe(NO3)3·9H2O、Ce(NO3)3·6H2O和Mn(NO3)2·4H2O溶解于30 mL去离子水中(60 ℃,30 min)得到溶液A,并用浓硝酸将pH值调节至1。将柠檬酸溶解于100 mL乙醇中制得溶液B。将溶液B缓慢滴加至溶液A中得到混合溶液C,并经搅拌,超声辅助处理形成透明溶胶。溶胶经老化(60 ℃,4 h)、干燥(150 ℃,24 h)及煅烧(400 ℃,6 h)处理,所得样品研磨并筛分至0.30−0.45 mm备用[11]。为避免命名歧义,本文以Fe0.1CexMny表示样品的名义投料物质的量比,各前驱体投料量均按该比例计算并精确称量,以保证样品制备的可重复性与样品间可比性。
NH3-SCR脱硝性能评价借助固定床石英反应器进行,实验装置由模拟烟气模块、石英床反应模块以及烟气成分分析模块构成[12]。活性测试在100−400 ℃进行,进料组成、空速、总流量、催化剂装填量与粒径、升温程序以及NOx/N2的在线检测方式参照文献[12]并在不同样品间保持一致,以确保实验可重复与可比。
NH3转化率、NO转化率和N2选择性按下列公式计算:
$ \mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{\text{3}}转化率(\mathrm{\% })=\frac{{\left[\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{\text{3}}\right]}_{\mathrm{in}}-{\left[\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{\text{3}}\right]}_{\mathrm{out}}}{{\left[\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{\text{3}}\right]}_{\mathrm{in}}}\times {100\%} $
$ \mathrm{NO}转化率(\mathrm{\% })=\frac{{\left[\mathrm{NO}\right]}_{\mathrm{in}}-{\left[\mathrm{NO}\right]}_{\mathrm{out}}}{{\left[\mathrm{NO}\right]}_{\mathrm{in}}}\times {100\%} $
$ \begin{split} &{\mathrm{N}}_{\text{2}}选择性(\mathrm{\% })=\\&\qquad \frac{{\left[\mathrm{NO}\right]}_{\mathrm{in}}+{\left[\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{\text{3}}\right]}_{\mathrm{in}}-\text{2}{\left[{\mathrm{N}}_{\text{2}}\mathrm{O}\right]}_{\mathrm{out}}-{\left[\mathrm{NO}\right]}_{\mathrm{out}}}{{\left[\mathrm{NO}\right]}_{\mathrm{in}}+{\left[\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{H}}_{\text{3}}\right]}_{\mathrm{in}}}\times {100\%} \end{split}$
式中:下标in和out分别代表稳态下的入口体积分数和出口体积分数。
反应产物通过式 (3) N2选择性进行表征,并结合NO转化率共同用于讨论脱硝路径与副反应抑制情况。
通过XRD测定催化剂晶相结构,采用Cu Kα辐射(λ = 0.154 nm),10°−50°扫描,步长0.02°,扫描速率4(°)/min。样品在120 ℃真空脱气6 h后,织构参数通过氮气吸附-脱附测试获得,比表面积采用BET方法计算,孔径分布采用BJH方法(由脱附支线)计算。表面化学状态通过Al Kα辐射的XPS分析,所有结合能以C 1s = 284.8 eV校准。氧化还原及表面吸附特性通过H2-TPR与NO/NH3/O2-TPD表征。H2-TPR在10% H2/Ar气氛中于50−400 ℃进行,TPD在吸附吹扫后实施并升温至400 ℃。在150 ℃ N2预处理后,采用原位DRIFTS依次注入NH3和NO进行测试,光谱采集为1000−4000 cm−1,并采用Kubelka-Munk函数处理。自旋极化密度泛函理论(Spin-polarized DFT)计算采用VASP软件包,配置GGA-PBE泛函、DFT-D3修正及15 Å真空层,并通过吸附能与吉布斯自由能评估基本反应步骤[12]。与表征及计算相关的其余关键参数(如原位DRIFTS的气氛组成与流量、升温程序、吸附/吹扫时间、分辨率与扫描数,以及DFT的截断能、k点取样、收敛判据与合理性检验等)均按文献[12]的既定方法执行,并在不同样品间保持一致以确保结果可比性。
图1从晶相、形貌及孔结构三个层面整体揭示了Fe-Ce-Mn催化剂的结构特征,为其在NH3-SCR中的高效表现提供物质基础。XRD用于识别样品的主要晶相组成与结晶特征。如图1(a)所示,各样品呈现若干特征衍射信号,其中,Fe2O3、Fe3O4与CeO2在多个2θ区间存在峰位接近或重叠,同时整体峰形较宽,表明样品更可能为高度分散的复合氧化物体系,而非严格意义上的单一物相[13]。随着Ce含量增加,CeO2相关衍射贡献逐渐增强,说明CeO2相的含量或结晶程度提高。对于Mn掺入样品,未观察到可分辨的晶态MnOx特征峰,这更可能与Mn物种高度分散有关[14]。此外,部分样品出现的峰展宽与轻微位移,主要反映晶粒尺度减小及微应变等结构效应。综合峰位分布与重叠特征,可认为样品以FeOx和CeO2的衍射贡献为主,体现为高度分散的复合氧化物体系。Mn引入后峰形进一步局部轻微位移,反映晶粒尺度与微应变状态发生变化。SEM图像与EDS元素映射表明,Fe、Ce、Mn在微米尺度上的分布较为均一。在Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02中,Mn与Fe、Ce呈现明显共分布,未见清晰Mn富集区域,表明Mn相关物种具有较好的宏观分散性。与二元样品相比,Mn掺入后颗粒由相对平整的块状团聚体转变为由细小初级颗粒堆砌形成的粗糙多级结构,并伴随更多边缘破碎、裂纹及开放孔等形貌特征(图1(b)−(e))。这些形貌与孔隙结构变化有利于反应气体在颗粒间的传质与接触过程,从结构层面为后续性能差异及反应过程讨论提供支撑。
N2吸附-脱附等温线均呈IV型并伴随明显滞后环,表明样品以介孔为主(图1(f), (g))。在二元体系中,Fe0.1Ce0.04的比表面积与孔体积分别为110.7 m2/g和0.248 cm3/g,高于Ce = 0.02(82.5 m2/g,0.115 cm3/g)与 Ce = 0.06(82.6 m2/g,0.124 cm3/g),说明Ce摩尔分数为0.04时孔结构更为发达。进一步引入Mn后,Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.01、Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02、Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.03的比表面积分别为149.3、162.2与122.5 m2/g,孔体积分别为0.184、0.171与0.137 cm3/g。其中,Mn = 0.02在孔体积保持较高水平的同时获得最大比表面积,而Mn = 0.03出现回落,说明Mn掺入存在适宜范围,过量可能导致结构致密化或孔道部分堵塞[15]。BJH结果进一步表明,二元样品平均孔径分别为5.6、9.0与6.0 nm,其中,Fe0.1Ce0.04的平均孔径较大。三元样品平均孔径则主要集中在4−5 nm,孔径分布更集中。考虑到NH3与NO的动力学直径远小于该孔径范围,4−5 nm介孔可在保证分子扩散通畅的同时提供更大的可接触比表面积,从而为后续催化性能差异及反应过程讨论提供结构基础。综上,Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02在比表面积和介孔结构参数方面具有优势,这为后续催化性能的提升和反应机制的讨论提供了结构基础。
基于2.1节所揭示的晶相稳定性、均匀分散的Fe/Ce/Mn物种以及以4−5 nm细介孔为主的多级孔网络,本节进一步讨论不同配比催化剂的NH3-SCR性能,并结合原位DRIFTS与DFT结果阐明表面含氮中间体的生成与转化路径。需要强调的是,本研究不仅给出NO转化率,同时通过N2选择性等指标表征产物分布,从而在结构、性能、机理的证据链中形成闭环。
如图2(a)所示,Fe2O3、Fe0.1Cex及Fe0.1Ce0.04Mny催化剂在100−400 ℃的NH3-SCR活性存在显著差异。Fe2O3的NO转化率在100 ℃为50%,随温度升高至300 ℃增至80%,但在350与400 ℃分别降至50%与40%,呈现出有效温窗较窄且高温段活性回落的特征。引入Ce后,Fe0.1Cex的活性随 Ce含量表现为火山型变化,其中, x = 0.04 样品在250 ℃达到最高95%,但低温段仍然受限,例如在100与150 ℃仅为17%与30%。在此基础上进一步掺入少量Mn可实现全温区整体抬升,尤其在低温段提升最为显著。Fe0.1Ce0.04Mny (y = 0.01–0.03)在100 ℃即可获得88%–92%的NO转化率,150 ℃提升至90%–99%,并在200 ℃达到97%–100%的近完全转化。同时在250–350 ℃维持90%以上的高活性平台,即使在400 ℃仍保持71%–75%。上述结果表明,Mn掺杂有效降低反应起燃温度并显著拓宽高效脱硝温度窗口,为后续机理表征与理论计算揭示酸性位与可迁移表面吸附氧协同提供了宏观性能依据。在工程更关注的250−350 ℃中温窗口内,Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02的NO转化率稳定保持在93%−96%,x = 0.01和0.03也均维持在90%以上,体现出对进气温度波动良好的缓冲能力和工况适应性。即使进一步升至400 ℃,Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02的NO转化率仍为73%,显著高于Fe2O3的40%以及Fe0.1Ce0.04的60%−63%,说明Mn掺杂在不牺牲高温活性的前提下有效延缓了高温失活。综合低温点火温度、中温平台高度与宽度以及高温保持率,x = 0.02在该系列中实现了较优平衡,因此,选作后续机理分析的代表样品(图2(a))。
原位DRIFTS揭示了宽温区的表面根源,全文原位红外带分配及表面物种汇总于表S1。无论先NH3后NO + O2还是先NO + O2后NH3,100−350 ℃下1150−1510 cm−1配位NH3带均随温度减弱,而3260 cm−1 NH2带自150 ℃开始明显增强,1050 cm−1 ${\mathrm{NH}}_4^+ $带始终存在,说明NH3在升温和NOx参与下不断去质子化并在Brønsted/Lewis酸位之间迁移,形成以Lewis位NH2为主、Brønsted位${\mathrm{NH}}_4^+ $为缓冲库的稳态覆盖[16](图2(b)、(c))。在150−350 ℃下,1725、1565 cm−1 NH2NO特征峰只短暂出现且迅速衰减,表明Lewis位NH2与硝酸盐/亚硝酸盐在该温度窗口快速耦合,经NH2NO通道生成N2与H2O,同时避免硝酸盐过度覆盖和孔道堵塞,其行为与宏观低起燃和宽温区相一致[17]。
DFT自由能剖面对上述结果给出定量支撑。NH3吸附自由能在Fe0.1Ce0.04和Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02上分别为−4.73和−4.88 eV,说明Mn不削弱吸附。在首步去氢过程中,二元体系中吸附态NH3向NH2 + H的转化需跨越2.26 eV的能垒,而三元体系该能垒显著降低至0.90 eV,从而使150−350 ℃更易生成并维持具有足够覆盖度的表面NH2物种。这一趋势与Zhu等[18]报道的3260 cm−1处NH2特征峰在相同温度范围内持续出现的实验现象一致。NH2与NOx偶联生成NH2NO时,三元体系自由能由−3.98 eV降至−6.20 eV,而二元体系仅由−2.47 eV降至−4.34 eV。在OH + *HN2 → *H2O + N2及水脱附步骤中,三元体系自由能增加仅+0.63和+0.66 eV,低于二元体系的+1.30和+0.90 eV,表明Mn同时降低NH3去氢、NH2-NOx耦合和产物脱附的能垒,使NH2能稳定生成、NH2NO快速周转、活性位点易于再生(图2(d))。
投影态密度进一步从电子结构层面解释Mn的作用。Fe0.1Ce0.04中费米能级附近总态密度偏低,由O-p和Fe-d贡献为主,电子在金属-氧骨架中的迁移能力有限,且金属-氧键的共价性相对较弱。Mn引入后,Mn-d在费米能级邻域提供新的电子态,并与O-p、Fe-d、Ce-f形成更强轨道杂化,使费米能级附近总态密度显著提升、伪隙收窄,由此同时增强界面电荷转移能力并促进表面含氮物种的活化,使硝酸盐物种更易维持较高覆盖度并持续更新周转,从而加快*NH2与硝酸盐经NH2NO的关键耦合步骤,为低能垒路径提供电子结构层面的支撑(图1(e)、(f))[19]。
图2(a)−(f)表明,三元体系通过结构、酸性、表面吸附氧、电子结构的耦合实现关键步骤的速率匹配,开放的细介孔传质通道与更高的外表面暴露度提高可接近位点密度并缩短扩散路径。Lewis酸位促进NH3吸附并去质子化生成*NH2,富集的表面吸附氧(Oα)与Fe/Ce/Mn的可逆价态转化共同使硝酸盐物种保持较高覆盖度并持续更新周转,从而与*NH2在同温区实现有效共存,*NH2与硝酸盐经NH2NO快速耦合生成N2与H2O。上述协同使催化剂在100−400 ℃实现较低起活温度、宽温区与较高N2选择性的统一。
图3从NH3利用效率、进料配比敏感性、酸性位分布以及表面吸附物种演化等方面,对Fe-Ce-Mn基催化剂在NH3-SCR中的行为进行了评价,进一步支撑其在150−350 ℃实现宽温区高效脱硝的机理认识(图3(a)−(h))。
如图3(a)所示,各催化剂的NH3转化率随温度升高呈持续上升趋势,但不同体系在关键工作温区内的供氨能力差异显著。整体而言,Fe0.1Ce0.04Mny在100−400 ℃的NH3转化率均高于Fe2O3和Fe0.1Ce0.04,其优势主要体现在150−350 ℃的宽温区。以性能最优的 Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02为例,NH3转化率在150、200、250、300与350 ℃分别达到26%、40%、73%、87%与90%,显著高于Fe2O3的12%、17%、25%、55%与70%,也高于Fe0.1Ce0.04的22%、28%、45%、76%与88%,表明Mn掺杂不仅提前了NH3的有效供给起始温度,而且在中温至中高温段持续增强了NH3的反应性可用度[20]。
进一步以特征温度衡量,Fe2O3的t50与t80分别为292与378 ℃,引入Ce后降至258与329 ℃,而在最优Ce基础上掺入少量Mn后可进一步压低至215与275 ℃,说明在150−350 ℃,三元体系能够更早达到并更稳定维持较高的NH3转化水平,从而与图2所示NO转化在宽温区内保持高效与稳定的趋势一致。
在代表性温度200 ℃下改变NH3/NO摩尔比可以看到,当氨氮物质的量比(NH3/NO)从0.2逐步提高到0.6时,Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02上NO转化率由55%增加到78%。氨氮物质的量比继续升至1.0时迅速跃升至96%,在1.0−1.4基本维持在95%以上的平台,进一步提高到1.6已无明显增益(图3(b))。这说明,当进料接近化学计量比1∶1时,表面*NH2与NOx物种的计量和生成速率最为匹配,过量NH3不仅不能继续提高转化,反而可能引发副反应或无效氧化。结合图2(d)中三元体系NH3去氢能垒由2.26 eV降至0.90 eV、NH2-NOx偶联过程更为放热的结果,可以认为在合适进料比与中温条件下,Fe-Ce-Mn表面能够充分发挥NH2-硝酸盐主通道的优势,使200 ℃这一典型中温点即可接近完全脱硝。
NH3-TPD与NO-TPD为上述结论提供了酸性与NOx吸附储存的结构依据。NH3-TPD显示,Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02出现120、180、255、315、380 ℃多级解吸峰,而Fe0.1Ce0.04仅在155、240、280、365 ℃出现较少峰位且中温峰较弱(图3(c))[21],表明Mn掺杂使弱酸/中强酸位更丰富且分布更均衡。分峰积分进一步表明,Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02在180−320 ℃的中温脱附峰占比为71.8%,高于Fe0.1Ce0.04的43.1%,与其更低t90及更宽≥90%温窗一致(图2(a))。NO-TPD同样呈现更强的中温吸附特征:Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02在67、215、275、360 ℃具有四个解吸峰,而Fe0.1Ce0.04仅有71、240、385 ℃三峰,其中,215−275 ℃峰在三元体系中更为强烈(图3(d))[22]。对应地,分峰积分显示Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02在215−270 ℃的中温吸附峰占比为39.1%,而Fe0.1Ce0.04以低温弱吸附峰为主(70 ℃:77.9%),说明Mn掺杂增强了反应温区内NOx的适中强度吸附能力,从而与其150−350 ℃更高NO转化表现相对应(图2(a))。
两组原位DRIFTS进一步从时间温度维度揭示了这一协同吸附反应图景。对于供氨路径,在100 ℃时光谱中主要出现1485、1635−1585 cm−1变形带及1050、1000 cm−1振动峰,对应Brønsted酸位${\mathrm{NH}}_4^+ $和分子态NH3。随着温度升至200−300 ℃,上述${\mathrm{NH}}_4^+ $/分子态特征逐渐减弱,而1400、1220 cm−1一对配位NH3带显著增强并形成平台,继续升温时1350与3260 cm−1的吸收持续累积,指示部分配位NH3进一步脱氢转化为表面*NH2(图3(e)、(f))[23]。对于供NO路径,预吸附NO + O2后,1550与1260 cm−1硝酸盐特征以及1015 cm−1亚硝酸盐峰随温度升至300 ℃逐渐增强并进入平台。在此基础上通入NH3时,这些硝酸盐/亚硝酸盐峰在150−300 ℃迅速衰减,而3260 cm−1 NH2峰则先快速增强后又随温度继续升高而减弱,表明预成硝酸盐能够在中温区高效促进NH3去质子化并立即与NOx发生耦合,实现NH2与硝酸盐的快速周转(图3(g)、(h))[24]。
综上,图3表明,三元体系通过酸性位点调控,含氮中间体生成,硝酸盐物种周转,关键中间体耦合步骤实现同温区速率匹配。Mn掺杂使NH3吸附活化与逐步脱氢过程在较低温度即可发生,从而保证中温区*NH2的持续供给。同时酸位分布的优化与更高的表面吸附氧可用性,使硝酸盐物种在180−275 ℃保持较高覆盖度并持续更新周转,避免单向累积。在合理NH3/NO进料比下,*NH2与硝酸盐经NH2NO快速耦合生成N2和H2O,构成主反应通道。该DRIFTS、TPD、活性证据链与图2 PDOS结论相互印证,解释了150−350 ℃的高NO转化与高N2选择性。
图4从选择性和工况敏感性两个层面整体评价了Fe-Ce-Mn催化剂在NH3-SCR中的工程适用性(图4(a)−(c))。整体来看,少量Mn掺入后,在保证宽温区高NO转化率的同时,能够在较宽工况范围内保持优异的N2选择性和对O2体积分数、空速波动的强适应性。
从温度维度看,三元样品在全温区的N2选择性均显著优于Fe2O3,并与或略优于二元Fe0.1Cex。100 ℃时,Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.01、Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02和Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.03的N2选择性已分别为99%、99%和97%,而Fe2O3仅70%,Fe0.1Cex为97%−99%。在更具工程意义的200 ℃附近,x = 0.02的三元样品N2选择性可达100%,配合前述接近100%的NO转化,实现高度理想的选择性。即使升至300 ℃,其N2选择性仍90%,明显高于Fe2O3的40%和二元催化剂的88%。在400 ℃高温段,三元系列的N2选择性仍保持在82%、86%、72%,高于Fe2O3的40%。结合图2(a)中Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02在150−350 ℃>90%的NO转化率,可以确认Fe-Ce-Mn体系在中温窗口内兼具高活性和高N2选择性,说明以*NH2-硝酸盐耦合为主的选择性通路在温度扰动下始终占主导,NH3直燃及NO2/N2O生成等副反应被有效抑制(图4(a),图2(a))。
从气氛与流动条件看,Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02对O2和空速的变化也表现出良好鲁棒性。在200 ℃固定温度下,随着O2体积分数由0逐步提高到6%,NO转化率由32%依次提高到48%、66%、71%、80%和89%。在6%左右达到96%的峰值,继续升至7%时略降至95%,表明适中的氧分压既可维持催化剂的氧供给能力与表面氧相关组分(如Oα)的有效参与,并促进硝酸盐物种的形成与覆盖。同时又可避免过量O2对活性位的竞争吸附及对NH3非目标氧化的促进,从而提高净化效率,5%−6%为较优O2区间(图4(b))[25]。在相同200 ℃条件下将空速GHSV自4×104 h−1提高到9×104 h−1,可见Fe2O3的NO转化率由94.9%快速下降到52.2%,Fe0.1Ce0.04由95.6%降至58.3%。相比之下,Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02仅由100% 轻微下降至96.3%,在6×104 h−1仍可保持99.9%的接近完全转化(图4(c))。这说明在高空速、短停留时间下,Fe-Ce-Mn三元催化剂仍能维持吸附、活化、耦合、再生闭环高效运转,使*NH2与硝酸盐在150−350 ℃工作窗内实现快速周转,从而在温度、O2体积分数和空速同时波动的实际工况下,依旧兼具高NO转化率和高N2选择性,展现出突出的工程应用潜力。
图5基于O 1s与Fe 2p/Ce 3d/Mn 2p的拟合定量结果,定量表征表面吸附氧(Oα)比例与金属高价态分布,旨在阐明界面电荷调节能力及其对硝酸盐物种的稳定性与更新周转行为以及*NH2-硝酸盐关键中间体耦合步骤的影响。适中Ce含量叠加少量Mn掺杂,可显著提高表面吸附氧Oα及Fe3+、Ce4+、Mn4+比例,在Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02上构建出Oα-Fe3+-Ce4+-Mn4+协同网络,与其最佳脱硝性能高度一致。
由图5(a)可知,在二元体系中,Ce = 0.04时Oα、Fe3+和Ce4+含量均高于Ce = 0.02与0.08,过低Ce含量难以有效提升表面可迁移氧相关组分,过高Ce含量可能导致表面氧物种趋于饱和,从而削弱Oα相关组分比例与其可参与反应的可用性[26]。在此基础上引入Mn后,三者含量随y = 0−0.02持续上升,在0.02处达到峰值,y = 0.03又略有回落,呈火山型趋势。结合图2(a)与图3(a)中y = 0.02样品的高活性和宽温区,可认为适量Mn显著放大了表面可逆价态活性位密度[27]。O 1s谱进一步印证这一点。各样品在529、532和533 eV附近均可分解出晶格氧Oγ、表面吸附氧Oα及羟基Oβ三类峰(图5(b))。图5(b)显示了O 1s谱的变化,随着Ce含量的增加,Oα的比例逐渐上升,尤其在Ce = 0.04时达到最高。这表明,适量的Ce可以有效增强氧物种的可迁移性,Mn的掺入进一步提升了Oα的比例,尤其在y = 0到y = 0.02时,Oα比例显著上升,使Oα进一步富集。通过这种协同作用,Oα在表面富集,提供了NO氧化成硝酸盐和NH3去质子反应所需的氧源。这与NO-TPD中215−275 ℃中温解吸峰和原位DRIFTS中亚硝酸盐先生成后消耗、硝酸盐平台保持的特征相呼应[28]。XPS定量结果所反映的Oα比例与高价态分布变化,与PDOS所揭示的界面电荷转移更易发生的趋势一致,从电子结构层面为实验观察提供微观解释。与Fe0.1Ce0.04相比,Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02的Oα由42.40%升至45.31%,Fe3+由35.18%升至43.20%,Ce4+由72.88%升至78.81%,且Mn4+ = 35.63%,表明其表面活性氧与高价态比例更高,从而与更低t90和更宽温区相一致(图2(a))。
Fe 2p与Ce 3d谱共同反映Fe、Ce价态的协同调节(图5(c)、(d))。Fe 2p3/2主峰由Fe2+和Fe3+组成,其中,Ce = 0.04样品中Fe3+比例最高。掺Mn后,y = 0−0.02过程中Fe3+进一步增加,主峰轻微正移且卫星峰减弱,表明Fe-O共价性增强,而y = 0.03时该趋势回退[29]。Ce 3d拟合显示,Ce = 0.04具有最高Ce4+含量。Mn由0增至0.02时Ce4+/Ce3+比继续上升,y = 0.03略降。图5(c)、(d)中的Fe 2p和Ce 3d谱共同表明,Fe3+、Ce4+的比例在适量Mn掺杂后进一步提高,Mn掺杂促使Fe、Ce的平均价态向高价移动,增强了Fe3+/Fe2+与Ce4+/Ce3+之间的可逆价态转化能力与协同电子交换[30]。通过这种价态调节,Fe、Ce和Mn共同促进了表面吸附氧Oα的富集,为氧迁移和催化反应提供了更强的支持。
Mn 2p谱表明,随x由0.01增至0.02,Mn4+在总Mn中的占比明显上升,Mn2+与Mn3+相应降低,而y = 0.03时Mn4+比例回落(图5(e))。结合Oα及Fe3+/Ce4+变化,Mn 2p谱显示,随着Mn含量的增加,Mn4+的比例显著上升,形成了以Mn4+为主的Mn氧团簇,参与NO活化和氧迁移[31]。当Mn含量为y = 0.02时,这一作用最为明显,Mn4+与富Oα环境的耦合增强了催化剂的氧化还原能力,从而提升了催化性能。图5展示了Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02催化剂的电子结构变化,表明适量Mn掺杂显著提升了Fe3+、Ce4+、Mn4+的比例,并通过氧物种的增强,形成了Oα-Fe3+-Ce4+-Mn4+的协同网络。在这种网络中,Oα与金属可逆价态之间的电子交换有助于表面电荷补偿,因此,表面仍可呈现较高比例的高价态组分,并为催化过程中氧物种的参与提供了反应所需的氧源。
图6综合反映了Fe0.1Ce0.04与Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02的可逆价态转化特性和氧迁移相关行为。结果表明,Mn掺杂显著降低了氧相关过程的起始温度,使得在150−350 ℃工作窗口内即可实现更活跃的电子转移与氧迁移耦合,从而强化反应条件下的动态补偿能力。由H2-TPR可见(图6(a)),二元样品主要在290和365 ℃出现还原峰,而三元样品则在235、305和380 ℃依次给出多级还原信号,主峰整体左移40−55 ℃且低中温肩峰更加清晰,说明与Fe、Ce及Oα耦合的还原过程在更低温度即可依次启动,表面金属价态往复与氧补给在实际反应温区内就能顺畅进行[32]。
O2-TPD结果进一步证明了这一点(图6(b))。Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02在145、240、300和390 ℃出现氧解吸峰,相比二元样品对应的150、245、305和400 ℃整体前移5−10 ℃,且低中温区峰形更强、更分散。结合O 1s 中Oα分数的提高,可将这些低中温峰归因于与空位耦合的表面吸附氧,其解吸温度的降低意味着氧迁移势垒减小、在150−300 ℃即可实现温和释放快速回补的动态平衡[33]。一方面为NO轻度氧化和硝酸盐/亚硝酸盐生成提供稳定氧源,支撑图1、图2中中温硝酸盐平台与快速起活;另一方面避免过高氧压导致NH3过氧化,与图3所示宽温区内的高N2选择性相一致。综上,适量Mn通过协同调节还原与脱附行为,使氧供给速率与NH3-SCR主通路在目标温域内实现内在匹配,为Fe-Ce-Mn三元催化剂在宽温区和高空速下保持高效运行提供了关键动力学支撑。
本研究针对无钒宽温区烟气脱硝需求,围绕Fe-Ce-Mn三元氧化物的成分设计、结构调控与机理解析,构建了孔结构、酸性位点、表面吸附氧、价态分布、电子结构的机理证据链。实验表征结果与DFT计算在趋势与机制解释上相互印证,共同支持所提出的主反应通道。主要结论如下:
Fe-Ce-Mn三元氧化物在NH3-SCR反应中表现出优异的宽温区活性与选择性。最优组分Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02在150−350 ℃的NO转化率保持在90%以上,200 ℃接近完全转化,400 ℃仍具有较高活性。在高空速、不同O2体积分数及NH3/NO摩尔比条件下依然维持高NO转化与80%以上的N2选择性,显示出良好的工况适应性与工程应用潜力。
结构与表面表征表明,Fe-Ce-Mn三元催化剂在晶相、孔结构和表面价态上协同优化。Mn以高度分散或晶格取代形式嵌入Fe、Ce氧化物而不形成体相MnOx,最优Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02具160 m2/g的BET比表面积和4−5 nm 细介孔网络,兼顾位点暴露与高GHSV下的低传质阻力。XPS及H2-TPR、O2-TPD表明Ce与Mn协同富集Oα与Fe3+/Ce4+/Mn4+,在150−350 ℃形成由Oα与高价态金属物种耦合的表面电子转移网络。NH3-TPD、NO-TPD与原位DRIFTS证实Lewis酸位NH3生成NH2并与硝酸盐经NH2NO中间体偶联生成N2与H2O,实现覆盖度匹配与快速更新,从而兼具高活性与高N2选择性。
DFT计算与PDOS分析从电子结构层面印证了三元体系的协同本质。Fe0.1Ce0.04Mn0.02上NH3首步去氢能垒显著降低,NH2与硝酸盐偶联更放热,生成物阶段能量障碍及水脱附代价同步减小。Mn-d与O-p、Fe-d、Ce-f发生更强杂化,提升了费米能级邻近态密度与电子迁移能力,从而为低起活温度、宽活性平台和高N2选择性提供了坚实的电子学支撑。
综上,通过优化Ce含量以调控表面吸附氧(Oα)比例与可逆价态转化能力、精细匹配Fe/Mn比以增强界面电荷调节并提升硝酸盐物种的覆盖度与更新周转能力,并构建以4−5 nm细介孔为主的多级孔网络以提高位点可达性与传质效率,可在Fe-Ce-Mn三元氧化物中形成高Oα,高价态,细介孔,高态密度的耦合特征,使*NH2的生成速率与硝酸盐物种的更新周转速率在150−350 ℃实现匹配,进而经NH2NO主通道在该宽温区内持续实现高NO转化与高N2选择性,为复杂烟气工况下无钒NH3-SCR催化剂与反应器的理性设计提供参数化指引。

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2026年第54卷第9期
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doi: 10.3724/2097-213X.2026.JFCT.0005
  • 接收时间:2025-12-23
  • 首发时间:2026-09-23
  • 出版时间:2026-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-23
  • 修回日期:2026-01-25
  • 录用日期:2026-02-10
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    西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院 热流科学与工程教育部重点实验室, 陕西 西安 710049

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
种数
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species
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Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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