Article(id=1309589065008251109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309589016928945013, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/2097-213X.2026.JFCT.0004, pmid=null, cstr=32157.14.2097-213X.2026.JFCT.0042, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1764864000000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-05, revisedDate=1767369600000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-03, acceptedDate=1769961600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-02-02, onlineDate=1790159964085, onlineDateStr=2026-09-23, pubDate=1788969600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790159964085, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790159964085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790159964085, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1309589016928945013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, year='2026', volume='54', issue='9', pageStart='20250264-1753', pageEnd='20260189-1948', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788969600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790159952623, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790212381356, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1309808919069942755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309589016928945013, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1309808919069942756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309589016928945013, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=20250393-1885, endPage=20250393-1895, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1309589065238937830, articleId=1309589065008251109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, language=EN, title=Effect of nitrogen source on the structure and electrocatalytic performance of waste paper-derived carbon nanotubes, columnId=1309584899380703863, journalTitle=Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, columnName=RESEARCH PAPER, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Carbon-based oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts have attracted widespread attention due to their low cost, high conductivity, tunable structures, and excellent stability. In this work, wastepaper was used as a carbon source, while urea and dicyandiamide served as nitrogen sources, to successfully prepare two types of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (N-CNTs) through a one-step pyrolysis method. The physicochemical properties and ORR catalytic performance of the materials were systematically investigated using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemical measurements. Structural characterization revealed that the urea-derived carbon nanotubes (UCNTs-0.15) possessed a unique wrinkled tubular morphology and exhibited a high pyridinic-N content of up to 20%, significantly higher than the 11% observed in the dicyandiamide-derived sample (DCNTs-0.15). Electrochemical tests demonstrated that UCNTs-0.15 displayed excellent ORR activity in 0.1 mol/L KOH, with an onset potential of 0.94 V and a half-wave potential of 0.74 V (vs. RHE), an electron-transfer number close to 4, and markedly superior stability compared to DCNTs-0.15. Zinc-air batteries assembled with UCNTs-0.15 achieved a peak power density of 80 mW/cm2 and a specific capacity of 644 mA·h/g (based on Zn), and maintained stable cycling for 60 h. Mechanistic studies indicated that urea releases NH3 at low temperatures during pyrolysis, promoting the formation of Fe3N and pyridinic/graphitic N doping, whereas dicyandiamide releases HCN at higher temperatures, leading instead to Fe3C formation and predominantly pyrrolic-N structures. This work elucidates how the choice of nitrogen source regulates the phase of Fe catalysts and nitrogen-release behavior, thereby determining the structure and performance of carbon nanotubes. The findings provide theoretical and experimental insights for the high-value utilization of wastepaper and the sustainable design of electrocatalysts.

, authors=Zhiwei ZHOU1, 2, Juntao YANG2, Xiaoyue ZHOU2, Wanjia ZHANG1, 2, Jing GU1, 2, Haoran YUAN1, 2, Gaixiu YANG1, 2, *, authorsList=Zhiwei ZHOU, Juntao YANG, Xiaoyue ZHOU, Wanjia ZHANG, Jing GU, Haoran YUAN, Gaixiu YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Gaixiu YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1309589070255325459, articleId=1309589065008251109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, language=CN, title=氮源对废纸衍生氮掺杂碳纳米管结构与电催化性能的影响, columnId=1309589024768099233, journalTitle=燃料化学学报(中英文), columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

碳基氧还原(ORR)催化剂因其成本低、导电性高、结构可调及稳定性好等优势而备受关注。本工作以废纸为碳源,分别以尿素和双氰胺为氮源,通过一步热解法制备了两种氮掺杂碳纳米管(N-CNTs)。利用X射线衍射、拉曼光谱、X射线光电子能谱及电化学测试等手段分析了材料的物理化学性质与ORR催化性能。结构表征表明,尿素衍生碳纳米管(UCNTs-0.15)呈现独特的褶皱状管状结构,其吡啶氮含量高达20%,显著高于双氰胺衍生样品(DCNTs-0.15)的11%。电化学测试显示,UCNTs-0.15在0.1 mol/L KOH电解液中表现出优异的ORR活性,其起始电位与半波电位分别达到0.94与0.74 V(vs. RHE),电子转移数接近4,且稳定性显著优于DCNTs-0.15。以其组装的锌-空气电池展现出80 mW/cm2的峰值功率密度和644 mA·h/g(以Zn计)的比容量,并可稳定循环60 h。机理研究表明,尿素在热解过程中低温释放NH3,促进Fe3N生成和吡啶氮/石墨氮掺杂;而双氰胺高温释放HCN,导致Fe3C形成与吡咯氮为主的结构。本研究揭示了氮源类型通过调控Fe催化剂相态与氮释放行为,进而决定碳管结构与性能的机制,为废纸高值化与可持续电催化剂设计提供了理论与实验依据。

, authors=周志伟1, 2, 杨俊涛2, 周晓月2, 张菀珈1, 2, 顾菁1, 2, 袁浩然1, 2, 杨改秀1, 2, *, authorsList=周志伟, 杨俊涛, 周晓月, 张菀珈, 顾菁, 袁浩然, 杨改秀, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨改秀, authorNote=

周志伟(2000),硕士,研究方向为有机固废高值化利用,

杨改秀(1984),博士,研究员,研究方向为有机固体废弃物高效热转化利用,

, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©燃料化学学报(中英文) 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ai8KV3ETHvs5Ec6gJ3wA9Q==, magXml=TpS0rF1YjlZudF/a9BkbHA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=lXn8PPxEEB2os9I2s/6dhg==, pdfFileSize=7256860, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=+B+u+GgfGDKKVuiLi2/sZQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=TTVIJ/xVhrmyQVmDbGtUXw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1309589070632812827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309589065008251109, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zhouzhiwei0113@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1309589070720893214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309589065008251109, authorId=1309589070632812827, language=EN, stringName=Zhiwei ZHOU, firstName=Zhiwei, middleName=null, lastName=ZHOU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
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Correspondence between nitrogen addition amount and nitrogen source mass

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0.051.051.5
0.12.13
0.153.154.5
0.24.26
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氮添加量与氮源质量对应关系

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0.051.051.5
0.12.13
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氮源对废纸衍生氮掺杂碳纳米管结构与电催化性能的影响
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周志伟 1, 2 , 杨俊涛 2 , 周晓月 2 , 张菀珈 1, 2 , 顾菁 1, 2 , 袁浩然 1, 2 , 杨改秀 1, 2, *
燃料化学学报(中英文) | 研究论文 2026,54(9): 20250393-1885-20250393-1895
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燃料化学学报(中英文) |研究论文 2026 , 54 (9) : 20250393-1885 -20250393-1895
氮源对废纸衍生氮掺杂碳纳米管结构与电催化性能的影响
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周志伟1, 2 , 杨俊涛2, 周晓月2, 张菀珈1, 2, 顾菁1, 2, 袁浩然1, 2, 杨改秀1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1沈阳化工大学 环境与安全工程学院 辽宁 沈阳 110142
  • 2中国科学院广州能源研究所 广东省退役新能源器件高质循环利用重点实验室 广东 广州 510640
通讯作者:
作者简介:

周志伟(2000),硕士,研究方向为有机固废高值化利用,

杨改秀(1984),博士,研究员,研究方向为有机固体废弃物高效热转化利用,

Effect of nitrogen source on the structure and electrocatalytic performance of waste paper-derived carbon nanotubes
Zhiwei ZHOU1, 2 , Juntao YANG2, Xiaoyue ZHOU2, Wanjia ZHANG1, 2, Jing GU1, 2, Haoran YUAN1, 2, Gaixiu YANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
  • 2Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High-Quality Recycling of End-of-Life New Energy Devices, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
出版时间: 2026-09-10 doi: 10.3724/2097-213X.2026.JFCT.0004
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碳基氧还原(ORR)催化剂因其成本低、导电性高、结构可调及稳定性好等优势而备受关注。本工作以废纸为碳源,分别以尿素和双氰胺为氮源,通过一步热解法制备了两种氮掺杂碳纳米管(N-CNTs)。利用X射线衍射、拉曼光谱、X射线光电子能谱及电化学测试等手段分析了材料的物理化学性质与ORR催化性能。结构表征表明,尿素衍生碳纳米管(UCNTs-0.15)呈现独特的褶皱状管状结构,其吡啶氮含量高达20%,显著高于双氰胺衍生样品(DCNTs-0.15)的11%。电化学测试显示,UCNTs-0.15在0.1 mol/L KOH电解液中表现出优异的ORR活性,其起始电位与半波电位分别达到0.94与0.74 V(vs. RHE),电子转移数接近4,且稳定性显著优于DCNTs-0.15。以其组装的锌-空气电池展现出80 mW/cm2的峰值功率密度和644 mA·h/g(以Zn计)的比容量,并可稳定循环60 h。机理研究表明,尿素在热解过程中低温释放NH3,促进Fe3N生成和吡啶氮/石墨氮掺杂;而双氰胺高温释放HCN,导致Fe3C形成与吡咯氮为主的结构。本研究揭示了氮源类型通过调控Fe催化剂相态与氮释放行为,进而决定碳管结构与性能的机制,为废纸高值化与可持续电催化剂设计提供了理论与实验依据。

废纸  /  碳纳米管  /  氮掺杂  /  氧还原反应  /  锌空电池

Carbon-based oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts have attracted widespread attention due to their low cost, high conductivity, tunable structures, and excellent stability. In this work, wastepaper was used as a carbon source, while urea and dicyandiamide served as nitrogen sources, to successfully prepare two types of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (N-CNTs) through a one-step pyrolysis method. The physicochemical properties and ORR catalytic performance of the materials were systematically investigated using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemical measurements. Structural characterization revealed that the urea-derived carbon nanotubes (UCNTs-0.15) possessed a unique wrinkled tubular morphology and exhibited a high pyridinic-N content of up to 20%, significantly higher than the 11% observed in the dicyandiamide-derived sample (DCNTs-0.15). Electrochemical tests demonstrated that UCNTs-0.15 displayed excellent ORR activity in 0.1 mol/L KOH, with an onset potential of 0.94 V and a half-wave potential of 0.74 V (vs. RHE), an electron-transfer number close to 4, and markedly superior stability compared to DCNTs-0.15. Zinc-air batteries assembled with UCNTs-0.15 achieved a peak power density of 80 mW/cm2 and a specific capacity of 644 mA·h/g (based on Zn), and maintained stable cycling for 60 h. Mechanistic studies indicated that urea releases NH3 at low temperatures during pyrolysis, promoting the formation of Fe3N and pyridinic/graphitic N doping, whereas dicyandiamide releases HCN at higher temperatures, leading instead to Fe3C formation and predominantly pyrrolic-N structures. This work elucidates how the choice of nitrogen source regulates the phase of Fe catalysts and nitrogen-release behavior, thereby determining the structure and performance of carbon nanotubes. The findings provide theoretical and experimental insights for the high-value utilization of wastepaper and the sustainable design of electrocatalysts.

waste paper  /  carbon nanotubes  /  N-doping  /  oxygen reduction reaction  /  zinc-air battery
周志伟, 杨俊涛, 周晓月, 张菀珈, 顾菁, 袁浩然, 杨改秀. 氮源对废纸衍生氮掺杂碳纳米管结构与电催化性能的影响. 燃料化学学报(中英文), 2026 , 54 (9) : 20250393-1885 -20250393-1895 . DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2026.JFCT.0004
Zhiwei ZHOU, Juntao YANG, Xiaoyue ZHOU, Wanjia ZHANG, Jing GU, Haoran YUAN, Gaixiu YANG. Effect of nitrogen source on the structure and electrocatalytic performance of waste paper-derived carbon nanotubes[J]. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 2026 , 54 (9) : 20250393-1885 -20250393-1895 . DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2026.JFCT.0004
有机固体废弃物(OSW)产生量持续增加,已成为全球性的资源与环境挑战[1−2]。据世界银行预测,到2050年全球固废将攀升至(25.6−33.3)亿吨[3]。在众多OSW中,废纸因产量大、回收量高而占据较大比例。据统计,中国废纸回收量在2023年已达到1900万吨[4−8],然而,废纸在多次循环使用后纤维质量差,导致回收效率下降、再生性能不足,从而限制了其高值利用潜力[9−10]。大量废纸若得不到有效处理,会造成环境污染[7,11−12]。因此,探索废纸资源化与高附加值利用途径,对于构建循环经济体系以及实现“双碳”目标具有重大意义。
将废纸转化为高性能碳材料,被视为一条极具潜力的升级回收路径。在各类碳材料中,碳纳米管(CNTs)以其优异的导电性、机械性能和催化特性,在电催化和能源存储与转换装置中展现出广阔的应用前景[13−16]。尤其是氮掺杂碳纳米管(N-CNTs)通过在碳骨架中引入电负性更高的氮原子,可形成吡啶氮(pyridinic N)、石墨氮(graphitic N)和吡咯氮(pyrrolic N)等多种键合形式,从而有效调控其电子结构并增加活性位点密度[17]。这些氮位点能够有效重塑碳材料的局部电子分布,增强对氧分子的吸附与活化能力,并加速反应过程中的电荷转移,从而显著提升其在氧还原反应(ORR)中的催化活性与稳定性[18]。
废纸的主要成分中纤维素含量超过80%[19−20]。而纤维素热稳定性差,热解产物中会生成CO、CO2、CH4和H2等小分子气体,它们是化学气相沉积法(CVD)制备CNTs的重要碳源[21−23],这为利用废纸制备N-CNTs提供了理论可行性。Liu等[24]以废纸为碳源,通过Co催化原位生长CNTs,构建了Co/N共掺杂的CNT@多孔碳复合材料,在氧还原反应中表现出优异的催化性能与稳定性。该方法为利用废纸成功制备具有高效ORR催化性能的碳纳米管提供了重要参考。然而,目前尚缺乏针对不同氮源在废纸体系中的掺杂机制与构效关系的系统性对比研究。该部分研究中仍面临两大挑战:一是废纸复杂的组分导致N-CNTs制备路径难以调控;二是氮源的种类会影响最终产物的性能。例如,双氰胺与尿素因热解路径不同,会分别主导生成石墨氮/吡啶氮或吡咯氮,从而显著改变N-CNTs的电催化活性。
基于此,本研究以废纸为碳源,选取双氰胺与尿素两类典型氮源,通过催化热解法制备N-CNTs,结合材料结构表征、化学组成、氮掺杂类型及电化学测试比较两种氮源对N-CNTs的ORR催化性能的影响,并结合TG-MS-FTIR联用技术,深入揭示不同氮源在热解过程中的分解行为及其与废纸的协同作用机制。
氮掺杂碳纳米管的合成:本研究采用催化热解法,以废纸为碳源,双氰胺或尿素为氮源,合成N-CNTs,为保证实验结果可重复性,每组实验进行了三次。具体步骤如下:
将1 g废纸与特定质量的氮源(双氰胺或尿素)共同分散于50 mL无水乙醇中,经干燥后获得均匀的含氮前驱体,并置于坩埚中。钛片(2 cm × 4 cm)经酸化和氧化预处理后,将4.48 mg纳米Fe粉置于100 μL乙醇中超声分散15 min,通过刷涂法均匀负载于钛片表面,干燥后称重以确保Fe的负载量相同。将负载有Fe催化剂的钛片盖在坩埚上,一同置于管式炉中,在N2气氛下以20 ℃/min的升温速率加热至1000 ℃热解1 h,待自然冷却后,收集所得产物。为探究氮含量对N-CNTs催化性能的影响,本研究以氮元素的摩尔量为变量,设置了0.05、0.10、0.15和0.20 mol四个添加量梯度,所得样品命名为DCNTs-X(双氰胺体系)和UCNTs-X(尿素体系),其中,X表示氮物质的量(0.05–0.20)。作为对比,将废纸直接热解所得产物记为废纸衍生炭。
不同氮源的具体投料质量根据其分子式中的氮含量计算确定,计算公式为:
$ \begin{matrix}\mathrm{氮源质量}\left( {\mathrm{g}}\right) =\dfrac{\text{氮元素添加量}\left( {\mathrm{mol}}\right) \times \text{氮源分子量}}{\text{氮源分子中氮原子数}} \end{matrix} $
对应关系如表1所示。
预先通过电化学测试发现,在氮物质的量为0.15 mol时所得样品表现出优异的ORR性能(图1)。因此,对该条件下的产物进行重点表征与分析。
使用扫描电子显微镜SEM (Hitachi SU-70) 分析催化剂的微观结构;使用X射线粉末衍射仪XRD (PANalytical, Cu Kα, 5°–80°) 测试所得材料的物相组成;配合激光共聚焦拉曼光谱仪 (LabRAM HR800,532 nm, 1000–3500 cm−1) 分析催化剂缺陷程度;利用X射线光电子能谱仪XPS (ESCALAB 250Xi) 对催化剂表面的元素组成和价态进行表征分析。热解过程机理采用TG-MS-FTIR三联分析 (Nicolet 6700Q50, 40–1000 °C, 20 °C/min, 4000–400 cm−1)。
催化剂油墨的制备:准确称取8 mg N-CNTs,加入到1 mL无水乙醇、去离子水以及0.5% Nafion组成的混合溶液(体积比为25∶25∶1)中,经连续超声20 min处理形成均一分散液。
ORR电化学测试:在上海辰华CHI 760e工作站上,室温条件下以标准三电极体系进行。其具体流程如下:将直径为3 mm玻碳电极进行抛光处理后,滴涂N-CNTs于工作电极,控制其负载量为0.509 mg/cm2(该负载量处于碱性ORR测试中常用范围)[25],后自然干燥,以Pt丝和Hg/HgO电极为电极和参比电极。循环伏安(CV)和旋转圆盘电极(RDE)测试均在0.1 mol/L KOH中进行,电位均转换为RHE。电子转移数由Koutecky-Levich方程计算,RRDE用于测定电子转移数n值和H2O2产率。
文中的电位转换为可逆氢电极(RHE)参考值,使用公式(2)进行转换:
$ \begin{matrix}{E}_{{\mathrm{RHE}}}={E}_{{\mathrm{Hg/HgO}}}+0.098\;{\mathrm{V}}+0.059\;{\mathrm{pH}} \end{matrix} $
根据以下Koutecky-Levich (K-L)方程,从直线的斜率中确定电子转移数:
$ \begin{matrix}\dfrac{1}{J}=\dfrac{1}{{J}_{{\mathrm{L}}}}+\dfrac{1}{{J}_{{\mathrm{K}}}}=\dfrac{1}{{B}_{{{\omega }^{1/2}}}}+\dfrac{1}{{J}_{{\mathrm{K}}}} \end{matrix} $
$ \begin{matrix}B=0.62nF{C}_{0}{\left({D}_{0}\right)}^{2/3}{v}^{-1/6} \end{matrix} $
$ \begin{matrix}{J}_{{\mathrm{K}}}=nFk{C}_{0} \end{matrix} $
式中:J为测量电流密度,$ {J}_{{\mathrm{L}}} $为扩散限制电流密度,$ {J}_{{\mathrm{K}}} $为动力学电流密度,ω为旋转圆盘电极的角速度,n为电子转移数,F为法拉第常数(F=96485 C/mol),$ {C}_{0} $为O2的饱和浓度(在0.1 mol/L KOH中为1.2×10−6 mol/cm3),$ {D}_{0} $为O2的扩散系数(在0.1 mol/L KOH中为1.9×10−5 cm2/s),v为电解质的黏度(在0.1 mol/L KOH 中为0.01 cm2/s),k为电子转移速率常数。
在1600 r/min下绘制旋转环盘电极(RRDE)极化曲线。转移的电子数(n)和过氧化物产率的百分比(H2O2 %)可以用以下方程式计算:
$ \begin{matrix}n=4\times \dfrac{{I}_{{\mathrm{d}}}}{{I}_{{\mathrm{d}}}+{I}_{{\mathrm{r}}}/N}\end{matrix} $
$ \begin{matrix}{\mathrm{{H}_{2}{O}_{2}}}(\mathrm{\% })=200\times \dfrac{{I}_{{\mathrm{r}}}/N}{{I}_{{\mathrm{d}}}+{I}_{{\mathrm{r}}}/N} \times 100\% \end{matrix} $
式中:Id是圆盘电极上的法拉第电流,Ir是圆环电极上的法拉第电流,N是圆环电极的H2O2收集系数,与电极几何尺寸相关,本实验中所使用的旋转环盘电极N的值为0.37。
ZAB电化学性能测试:以6 mol/L KOH为电解液,使用0.5 mm厚度的锌板作为负极,将催化剂滴涂在碳布上干燥后用作空气电极(1 cm×1 cm, 2 mg/cm2),并于40 °C干燥,循环测试为恒流放电-充电方式进行,充放电时间为30 min。
首先通过SEM对添加双氰胺和尿素两种不同氮源得到的碳材料进行了形貌表征,结果如图2所示。由图2(b)可以看出,废纸原料直接热解得到的废纸衍生炭主要是表面粗糙的不规则或类球形块状炭,没有生成CNTs。而通过图2(c)和(d)可以看出,在废纸原料中添加两种不同氮源(双氰胺或尿素)改性剂后都成功制得了碳纳米管。不同的是,添加双氰胺制得的DCNTs-0.15的管外壁光滑;而添加尿素制得的UCNTs-0.15的管外壁呈褶皱状。
为系统解析添加不同氮源对废纸制备碳材料结构的差异,本研究进一步采用XRD对制得的碳材料进行了分析(图3)。由图3(a)可见,废纸衍生炭在26.5°左右仅出现较宽的(002)峰,说明其石墨化程度低,以无序碳为主;而DCNTs-0.15和UCNTs-0.15均表现出高而尖锐的(002)峰,表明引入氮源后碳层堆叠明显有序,这主要是CNTs本身具有较高的石墨化结构引起的。不同的是,DCNTs-0.15表现出了更强的(002)峰,并伴随明显的Fe3C衍射信号,双氰胺分解产物更易与Fe形成碳化物相,Fe3C是CNTs生长过程中重要的活性位点,具有更高的碳溶解/析出能力,使碳原子在催化生长中快速沉积并形成致密堆叠的石墨层,从而提升整体石墨化程度[26]。相较之下,UCNTs-0.15的(002)峰相对较弱,样品中主要出现了Fe3N衍射峰,尿素裂解产生的氮物种倾向于与Fe形成氮化物相,由于氮化铁的碳溶解度与析出速率均低于碳化铁,碳层沉积更缓、堆叠程度较低,因此,UCNTs-0.15表现出了较低的石墨化程度。同时,通过Raman光谱对所制得碳材料结构差异进行了进一步分析(图3(b))。结果显示,与废纸衍生炭相比,DCNTs-0.15和UCNTs-0.15的ID/IG显著提高,这主要是由于添加氮源后催化生长过程中氮掺杂引入了更多结构缺陷,且两者的ID/IG接近。
为了揭示添加不同氮源对制备碳材料电子结构与化学状态的影响,还对碳材料进行了XPS表征(图4)。由图4(a)可见,所有碳材料中都存在C、O、Fe元素。不同的是,DCNTs-0.15与UCNTs-0.15均呈明显的N 1s峰,而废纸衍生炭没有检测到N的存在,由此可见添加氮源(双氰胺和尿素)可显著提升碳材料氮掺杂水平。图4(b)的C 1s谱图显示,相较于原料,掺氮后出现明显的C−N峰,进一步证实了在CNTs中实现了氮掺杂。
为了进一步明晰DCNTs-0.15与UCNTs-0.15氮掺杂差异,对其N 1s光谱进行了拟合分析(图4(c)和(e))。N 1s谱图可以拟合为四类化学态峰:吡啶氮(~398.2 eV)、Fe–N(~399 eV)、吡咯氮(~400.3 eV)和石墨氮(~401.2 eV)。DCNTs-0.15中吡啶氮、Fe–N、吡咯氮和石墨氮分别占11%、27%、35%和27%;而UCNTs-0.15分别为20%、24%、19%和37%。由此可见,相较于DCNTs-0.15,UCNTs-0.15展现出了更高的吡啶氮与石墨氮占比。此外,还分析了Fe 2p的谱图(图4(d)、(f))。结果显示,所有碳材料中均存在Fe3+和Fe2+物种,但分布特征不同,与DCNTs-0.15(Fe2+含量:46%)相比,UCNTs-0.15中Fe2+含量达到了65%。两种N-CNTs的Fe2+/Fe3+比显著不同,说明Fe价态及其局域环境发生变化。
综上,DCNTs-0.15中Fe与N、C的强相互作用促进了Fe–C和Fe–N活性相的共存,使样品呈现较强的碳化特征和高比例吡咯型氮;而UCNTs-0.15的Fe主要形成Fe–N结构,氮更倾向以吡啶氮和石墨氮形式存在,导致表面电子结构更富含π–π共轭与孤对电子位点。不同氮源分解行为及与Fe的反应路径差异,正是造成两者化学态与电子结构显著不同的根本原因。
为了比较添加不同氮源对制备的碳催化剂ORR活性的影响差异,对所有碳材料进行了电化学测试。如图5(a)、(b)所示,添加氮源制得UCNTs-0.15展现出比DCNTs-0.15和废纸衍生炭更正的起始电位(Eonset)和半波电位(E1/2),分别为0.94和0.74 V vs. RHE,略低于商业Pt/C的0.98和0.82 V vs. RHE。由此可见,添加氮源后得到的CNTs氧还原性能明显高于未改性碳材料;而UCNTs-0.15表现出优于DCNTs-0.15的氧还原性能,其活性优势可主要归因于两方面因素的协同作用:一是更优化的氮掺杂形态(高比例的吡啶氮与石墨氮);二是更高的Fe2+相对含量。其中,吡啶氮通过提供孤对电子增强了O2的化学吸附[27−28],石墨氮促进了4e−转移路径以提升电子传导效率[29−30],而Fe2+则直接参与并加速了氧还原过程中的电子转移与关键中间体的活化[31−32]。吡啶氮、石墨氮与Fe2+之间共同构成了高效的复合活性中心,从而提升了UCNTs-0.15的催化效率和反应动力学。
Tafel斜率计算进一步证实了这一结果,如图5(c)所示,相较于DCNTs-0.15(109.94 mV/dec)和废纸衍生炭(137.04 mV/dec),UCNTs-0.15表现出最小的Tafel斜率值(89.99 mV/dec),这意味着UCNTs-0.15具有更快的反应动力学。
图5(d)测试了所有样品在O2饱和或N2饱和电解液中的CV曲线。所有碳催化剂在N2饱和环境下都没有显现出明显的峰,而在O2饱和条件下都展现出了明显氧还原峰。这表明,所制得的碳催化剂都展现出了对ORR良好的选择性。其中,UCNTs-0.15显示出了比DCNTs-0.15(0.68 V vs. RHE)更正的还原峰(0.73 V vs. RHE),进一步印证UCNTs-0.15具有更优异的ORR活性。
为进一步对比分析碳催化剂的氧还原特性,在1600 r/min下分别测试所有碳催化剂的RRDE(图5(e))。结果显示,废纸衍生炭的ORR主要遵循2 e−路径(n≈2.3,H2O2产率约84%);而添加氮源后得到的UCNTs-0.15和DCNTs-0.15显著提升了碳材料对4 e−路径的选择性。特别是UCNTs-0.15展现出了比DCNTs-0.15(n≈3.5,H2O2≈28%)更高的电子转移数(n=3.6)以及更低的过氧化氢产率(20%)。
通过计时电流测试(图5(f))评估了所有碳催化剂稳定性和耐久性,结果显示,UCNTs-0.15展现出了最好的耐久性,其在7.5 h后仍保持89.2%的初始电流,而DCNTs-0.15与废纸衍生炭仅保留了原来的68.67%和34.98%。这种稳定性的提升归因于其较高比例的石墨氮结构,可有效抑制活性中心流失与碳骨架腐蚀[33−35]。
通过不同转速下的所有催化剂的LSV曲线,如图5(g)–(i)所示,在0.2–0.5 V(vs. RHE)废纸衍生炭、DCNTs-0.15和UCNTs-0.15都表现出良好的线性关系。图5(g)–(i)中插图是根据不同转速拟合得到的K-L方程。根据拟合曲线斜率计算得到UCNTs-0.15的电子转移数(n=3.5)高于废纸衍生炭(n=2.9)和DCNTs-0.15(n=3.2),这与RRDE测试计算结果趋于一致,进一步证实了UCNTs-0.15具有更优异的4 e−选择性。
为进一步验证所制得碳催化剂在实际能量器件中的应用潜力,将废纸衍生炭、UCNTs-0.15和DCNTs-0.15分别作为空气电极催化层组装了ZAB,并进行了系列电化学性能测试。如图6(a)所示,UCNTs-0.15电池的开路电压最高,达到1.46 V,其次为DCNTs-0.15的1.42 V,而废纸衍生炭仅为1.39 V,表明UCNTs-0.15体系催化剂在阴极反应中具有更优的反应动力学与电极电位稳定性。倍率性能测试(图6(b))显示,随着放电电流密度的增加,UCNTs-0.15始终保持较为平稳的充放电平台,说明其在高负载下仍具有较好的反应可逆性与电化学稳定性;相较之下,DCNTs-0.15的电位波动略大,废纸衍生炭则在高电流密度下明显极化,表现出较差的倍率响应。功率密度曲线(图6(c))进一步反映了这种差异,UCNTs-0.15实现了最高功率密度约80 mW/cm2,高于DCNTs-0.15的约60 mW/cm2和废纸衍生炭的约40 mW/cm2,这说明UCNTs-0.15具有更优的电催化活性和电子传输能力。比容量测试结果如图6(d)所示,UCNTs-0.15的放电比容量最高,为644 mA·h/g (以Zn计),明显优于DCNTs-0.15(580 mA·h/g (以Zn计))和废纸衍生炭(513 mA·h/g (以Zn计))。这一性能提升与前述XPS与ORR分析结果一致:UCNTs-0.15中较高比例的吡啶氮、石墨氮有助于调节电子分布并增强氧分子吸附活化能力,从而在实际电池中实现更高的能量输出与反应利用率;相对而言,DCNTs-0.15中较多的Fe3C与吡咯氮结构虽提高了导电性,但活性位电子耦合能力较弱,限制了其放电容量。电池循环稳定性测试结果如图6(e)所示,在5 mA/cm2电流密度下连续充放电时,UCNTs-0.15电池的电压曲线保持最为平稳,近60 h后才出现轻微波动;而DCNTs-0.15和废纸衍生炭分别在约30和40 h出现明显衰减。UCNTs-0.15优异的循环耐久性源于其高度石墨化的管壁结构,可有效抑制反应中间产物的积累与活性位点流失。
综合以上结果,UCNTs-0.15在能量器件中的应用潜力优于DCNTs-0.15与废纸衍生炭。其卓越的性能归因于尿素氮源在反应过程中形成的吡啶氮、石墨氮为主的高活性中心,这种结构可在保证导电性的同时有效调控电子分布和界面反应动力学,从而显著提升了催化剂在锌空气电池中的整体电化学性能。
为阐明不同氮源在合成过程中对N-CNTs形成机理及性能差异的影响,通过热重-红外-质谱联用(TG-IR-MS)对废纸(P)、废纸+双氰胺(DP)及废纸+尿素(UP)三种前驱体进行了分析(图7)。
图7(a)显示,UP在低温区(200–400 ℃)出现显著的质量损失,而P的主要失重集中在300–400 ℃,DP则在300–800 ℃缓慢持续下降,表明三者分解行为存在明显差异。图7(b)的NH3-MS曲线进一步揭示,UP在低温段释放出大量氨气,其释放强度约为DP的3倍;相反,图7(c)的HCN–MS数据显示,DP在600–800 ℃出现明显的HCN释放峰,而NH3信号整体较弱。这说明,尿素在热解前期即可提供高浓度氮化气氛,而双氰胺则主要在中高温阶段缓慢裂解并释放含氮气体。由此可见,两种氮源在气相行为上存在显著差异:尿素表现为低温“供氮”,而双氰胺更偏向高温“供碳-氮”模式。
为进一步探究尿素与双氰胺对气相产物演变的影响,对气相红外光谱进行了对比分析(图7(d))。结果显示,氮源类型显著改变了废纸的热解路径及挥发产物释放特征。纯废纸(P)在360 ℃时的光谱主要表现为2350 cm−1(CO2 ν3)的吸收峰,以及3700–3500和1630 cm−1的H2O吸收,体现出典型的多糖类生物质热解特征。尿素组(UP)在2250 cm−1处出现强吸收峰,对应氰尿酸的生成,这一过程同时会产生大量的NH3[36],与MS结果相符。相比之下,双氰胺组(DP)在256 ℃阶段O–H/N–H区域吸收较弱,说明其低温分解有限;当温度升至627–667 ℃时,光谱出现2250 cm−1(C≡N伸缩)的强吸收峰,对应HCN的释放。这表明,双氰胺在中高温阶段经缩聚后才剧烈分解,释放HCN为主的含氮气体,其氮释放明显滞后。
这种差异与两种氮源的热分解/缩聚行为及其导致的气相氮物种释放特征密切相关。尿素在较低温区即可发生分解并释放NH3,从而在早期阶段形成相对富氮的气相环境。在该条件下,NH3在铁表面发生吸附与解离可为体系提供活性氮物种,因而铁相更倾向于发生氮化并生成Fe3N等氮化物。与此同时,纤维素在低温阶段尚未充分裂解,碳源供给相对有限,这可能有助于在早期抑制过快渗碳,使催化剂处于以氮化过程占优的反应过程。随着温度升高,纤维素逐步热解并持续供给碳物种;同时,已形成的Fe3N在后续升温过程中可能发生部分分解并释放含氮活性物种,从而有利于氮元素进一步嵌入碳层骨架并调控氮构型分布。由此出现CNTs中吡啶氮与石墨氮比例较高的现象[37]。
相比之下,双氰胺在中温阶段更易先经历缩聚反应并生成富氮、挥发性较低的聚合中间体(如HCN),其挥发性含氮小分子释放相对滞后。因此,在中温区体系气相NH3贡献有限时,铁相氮化趋势相对不足,催化剂更可能处于富碳物种主导的环境。进入更高温区(>600 ℃)后,尽管含氮挥发物释放增强,但在较高碳活度条件下铁相更倾向于渗碳生成Fe3C等碳化物,相应地促进碳纳米管的生长。在该路径下,氮的有效掺入程度通常较低,所得样品中氮物种更可能以吡咯氮等形式占比提高,而吡啶氮含量相对有限,从而使活性位点密度与电化学性能可能低于尿素体系[38]。
综上,尿素与双氰胺在热解阶段的气相氮物种释放与固相演化存在显著差异(图8):尿素在低温段释放NH3更易提供氮化条件并促使Fe3N形成,进而可能促进氮的高效掺入并提高吡啶/石墨氮比例;而双氰胺则更易在中温段缩聚、气相活性氮释放滞后,使铁相氮化受限并在高温富碳条件下更倾向形成Fe3C,导致氮掺杂程度与构型调控效果相对有限。因此,上述差异被认为是两种氮源所得碳纳米管在结构与电化学表现上呈现系统性差别的重要原因之一。
本工作通过一步热解法可控合成了废纸衍生N-CNTs,揭示了不同氮源(双氰胺和尿素)对所制备碳材料的物理化学结构特性以及电化学性能影响差异。结果显示,相比DCNTs-0.15,UCNTs-0.15拥有更多的缺陷,更高占比的石墨氮、吡啶氮等ORR活性位点。基于这些差异,UCNTs-0.15展现出了更优异的电化学性能和实际能量器件中的应用性能,表现出最正的起始电位(Eonset=0.94 V vs. RHE)、半波电位(E1/2=0.74 V vs. RHE)、最小的Tafel斜率值(89.99 mV/dec)和更好的4 e−选择性以及稳定性;同时,UCNTs-0.15组装的ZAB展现出最好的功率密度(80 mW/cm2)和比容量(644 mA·h/g)以及60 h循环充放电稳定性。还在机理分析的基础上进一步明晰不同氮源添加对制备的碳纳米管物理化学结构特性以及电化学性能影响差异。本研究为实现了废纸的高值化利用提供了新的设计思路,同时为通过木质纤维素类物质直接制备氮掺杂碳纳米管提供了理论支撑与实验参考。

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doi: 10.3724/2097-213X.2026.JFCT.0004
  • 接收时间:2025-12-05
  • 首发时间:2026-09-23
  • 出版时间:2026-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-05
  • 修回日期:2026-01-03
  • 录用日期:2026-02-02
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    1沈阳化工大学 环境与安全工程学院 辽宁 沈阳 110142
    2中国科学院广州能源研究所 广东省退役新能源器件高质循环利用重点实验室 广东 广州 510640

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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