Article(id=1309631235471798644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309631130006024809, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/2097-213X.2026.JFCT.0003, pmid=null, cstr=32157.14.2097-213X.2026.JFCT.0031, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1765123200000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-08, revisedDate=1767715200000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-07, acceptedDate=1768924800000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-21, onlineDate=1790170018308, onlineDateStr=2026-09-23, pubDate=1783612800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790170018308, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790170018308, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790170018308, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1309631130006024809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, year='2026', volume='54', issue='7', pageStart='20250277-1333', pageEnd='20260154-1299', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783612800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790169993163, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790212736922, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1309810410379894947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309631130006024809, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1309810410379894948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309631130006024809, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=20250396-1300, endPage=20250396-1310, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1309631235664736629, articleId=1309631235471798644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, language=EN, title=Effect of phosphorus and transition metal-modified ZSM-5 on the catalytic pyrolysis performance of C7 hydrocarbons with different structures, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, phosphorus and transition metal-modified ZSM-5 molecular sieves were prepared via the incipient wetness impregnation method and characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption, and pyridine-IR spectroscopy. The effects of modified zeolites on the catalytic pyrolysis of n-heptane, 3-methylhexane, and methylcyclohexane were systematically investigated, revealing the structure-activity relationship between acid properties and catalytic performance. The results indicate that phosphorus and transition metal modification can regulate the L/B acid ratio of ZSM-5, which significantly influences product distribution. An excessively high L/B acid ratio promotes hydrogen and coke formation, leading to pore blockage and reduced conversion, whereas an appropriate L/B acid ratio facilitates mild dehydrogenation, enhancing ethylene and propylene yields. The reactant conversion followed the order: n-heptane > 3-methylhexane > methylcyclohexane. Efficient conversion of 3-methylhexane and methylcyclohexane requires catalysts with high L acid mount, strong Brønsted acid amount, optimized L/B acid ratio, as well as high specific surface area and micropore specific surface area. This study provides critical insights for designing high-efficiency alkane pyrolysis catalysts.

, authors=Kaijun HOU1, 2, Meijia LIU3, Zhifeng WANG2, Jinjun CAI2, Rong GUO2, Jinsen GAO1, *, Gang WANG1, *, An MA1, 4, authorsList=Kaijun HOU, Meijia LIU, Zhifeng WANG, Jinjun CAI, Rong GUO, Jinsen GAO, Gang WANG, An MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jinsen GAO, Gang WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1309631239586410894, articleId=1309631235471798644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, language=CN, title=磷和过渡金属改性ZSM-5对不同结构C7烃催化裂解反应性能的影响, columnId=1309584910000677174, journalTitle=燃料化学学报(中英文), columnName=RESEARCH PAPER, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

采用等体积浸渍法制备了磷和过渡金属改性ZSM-5分子筛,并通过XRD、N2吸附-脱附和吡啶吸附红外等手段对其物化性质进行表征。考察了改性分子筛对正庚烷、3-甲基己烷和甲基环己烷催化裂解性能的影响,揭示了酸性质与反应性能的构效关系。研究表明,磷和过渡金属改性可调控ZSM-5的L酸/B酸比例,该比例显著影响产物分布。过高的L酸比例会促进氢气和焦炭生成,导致孔道堵塞和转化率下降;而适宜的L酸/B酸比例有利于温和脱氢,提高乙烯和丙烯收率。反应物转化率呈现正庚烷>3-甲基己烷>甲基环己烷的规律,其中,3-甲基己烷和甲基环己烷的高效转化需要催化剂兼具较高的L酸酸量、B酸强酸量、优化的L酸/B酸比例以及较高的比表面积和微孔比表面积。该研究为设计高效烷烃裂解催化剂提供了重要依据。

, authors=侯凯军1, 2, 刘美佳3, 王智峰2, 蔡进军2, 郭蓉2, 高金森1, *, 王刚1, *, 马安1, 4, authorsList=侯凯军, 刘美佳, 王智峰, 蔡进军, 郭蓉, 高金森, 王刚, 马安, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=高金森, 王刚, authorNote=

侯凯军(1982),博士生,高级工程师,研究方向为催化裂化催化剂及催化裂化/裂解工艺研究,

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E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©燃料化学学报(中英文) 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=cgfOhTUrb6bmG0AIfRmnDQ==, magXml=f7UJ1Svs8cHaDACx13wFZQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=He44BnWg5q4zHzNYn28XiA==, pdfFileSize=3779559, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=/CyvKu6Gi2b1Lx7p4Whekg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=DZJFfsljxNKIA4g6tZhMjQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1309631240148447644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631235471798644, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=houkaijun1982@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1309631240253305247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631235471798644, authorId=1309631240148447644, language=EN, stringName=Kaijun HOU, firstName=Kaijun, middleName=null, lastName=HOU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
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(1) P-Z-S,(2) P-Fe-Z,(3) P-La-Z,(4) P-Cu-Z,(5) P-Y-Z,(6) P-W-Z.

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Relative crystallinity, BET specific area and pore volume of modified ZSM-5 molecular sieves by hydrothermal treatment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleRelative crystallinity
/%
BET specific area
/(m2·g−1)
Micropore specific area
/(m2·g−1)
Total pore volume
/(cm3·g−1)
Micropore volume
/(cm3·g−1)
Z100283.0220.20.1860.114
P-Z-S94.7296.2151.10.1770.065
P-Fe-Z-S82.9286.2120.30.1700.054
P-La-Z-S80.3295.2117.00.2000.053
P-Cu-Z-S77.6261.5117.70.1670.052
P-Y-Z-S88.2283.295.90.1790.048
P-W-Z-S90.8274.8121.90.1870.055
), ArticleFig(id=1309631245789786594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631235471798644, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

水热处理后改性ZSM-5分子筛的相对结晶度、比表面积和孔体积

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleRelative crystallinity
/%
BET specific area
/(m2·g−1)
Micropore specific area
/(m2·g−1)
Total pore volume
/(cm3·g−1)
Micropore volume
/(cm3·g−1)
Z100283.0220.20.1860.114
P-Z-S94.7296.2151.10.1770.065
P-Fe-Z-S82.9286.2120.30.1700.054
P-La-Z-S80.3295.2117.00.2000.053
P-Cu-Z-S77.6261.5117.70.1670.052
P-Y-Z-S88.2283.295.90.1790.048
P-W-Z-S90.8274.8121.90.1870.055
), ArticleFig(id=1309631245861089763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631235471798644, language=EN, label=Table2, caption=

Acidic properties of modified ZSM-5 molecular sieves by hydrothermal treatment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample200 ℃350 ℃
acid amount /(μmol·g−1)LT /BTacid amount/(μmol·g−1)LS /BS
total B acidtotal L acidstrong B acidstrong L acid
Note: LT/BT represents the ratio of total acid amount of L acid to total acid amount of B acid, LS/BS represents the ratio of acid amount of strong L acid to acid amount of strong B acid.
P-Z-S39.111.00.2823.51.80.08
P-Fe-Z-S54.829.30.5433.91.80.05
P-La-Z-S39.17.30.1926.11.80.07
P-Cu-Z-S31.3230.97.3728.798.93.44
P-Y-Z-S54.816.50.3031.35.50.18
P-W-Z-S49.618.30.3731.37.30.23
), ArticleFig(id=1309631245944975844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631235471798644, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

水热处理后改性ZSM-5分子筛的酸性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample200 ℃350 ℃
acid amount /(μmol·g−1)LT /BTacid amount/(μmol·g−1)LS /BS
total B acidtotal L acidstrong B acidstrong L acid
Note: LT/BT represents the ratio of total acid amount of L acid to total acid amount of B acid, LS/BS represents the ratio of acid amount of strong L acid to acid amount of strong B acid.
P-Z-S39.111.00.2823.51.80.08
P-Fe-Z-S54.829.30.5433.91.80.05
P-La-Z-S39.17.30.1926.11.80.07
P-Cu-Z-S31.3230.97.3728.798.93.44
P-Y-Z-S54.816.50.3031.35.50.18
P-W-Z-S49.618.30.3731.37.30.23
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磷和过渡金属改性ZSM-5对不同结构C7烃催化裂解反应性能的影响
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侯凯军 1, 2 , 刘美佳 3 , 王智峰 2 , 蔡进军 2 , 郭蓉 2 , 高金森 1, * , 王刚 1, * , 马安 1, 4
燃料化学学报(中英文) | RESEARCH PAPER 2026,54(7): 20250396-1300-20250396-1310
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燃料化学学报(中英文) |RESEARCH PAPER 2026 , 54 (7) : 20250396-1300 -20250396-1310
磷和过渡金属改性ZSM-5对不同结构C7烃催化裂解反应性能的影响
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侯凯军1, 2 , 刘美佳3, 王智峰2, 蔡进军2, 郭蓉2, 高金森1, * , 王刚1, * , 马安1, 4
作者信息
  • 1中国石油大学(北京)化学工程与环境学院, 北京 102249
  • 2中国石油石油化工研究院兰州化工研究中心, 甘肃 兰州 730060
  • 3中国石油石油化工研究院, 北京 102206
  • 4中国石油规划总院, 北京 100083
通讯作者:
作者简介:

侯凯军(1982),博士生,高级工程师,研究方向为催化裂化催化剂及催化裂化/裂解工艺研究,

Effect of phosphorus and transition metal-modified ZSM-5 on the catalytic pyrolysis performance of C7 hydrocarbons with different structures
Kaijun HOU1, 2 , Meijia LIU3, Zhifeng WANG2, Jinjun CAI2, Rong GUO2, Jinsen GAO1, * , Gang WANG1, * , An MA1, 4
Affiliations
  • 1College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
  • 2Lanzhou Petrochemical Research Center, Petrochemical Research Institute, PetroChina, Lanzhou 730060, China
  • 3Petrochemical Research Institute, PetroChina, Beijing 102206, China
  • 4PetroChina Planning & Engineering Institute, Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2026-07-10 doi: 10.3724/2097-213X.2026.JFCT.0003
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采用等体积浸渍法制备了磷和过渡金属改性ZSM-5分子筛,并通过XRD、N2吸附-脱附和吡啶吸附红外等手段对其物化性质进行表征。考察了改性分子筛对正庚烷、3-甲基己烷和甲基环己烷催化裂解性能的影响,揭示了酸性质与反应性能的构效关系。研究表明,磷和过渡金属改性可调控ZSM-5的L酸/B酸比例,该比例显著影响产物分布。过高的L酸比例会促进氢气和焦炭生成,导致孔道堵塞和转化率下降;而适宜的L酸/B酸比例有利于温和脱氢,提高乙烯和丙烯收率。反应物转化率呈现正庚烷>3-甲基己烷>甲基环己烷的规律,其中,3-甲基己烷和甲基环己烷的高效转化需要催化剂兼具较高的L酸酸量、B酸强酸量、优化的L酸/B酸比例以及较高的比表面积和微孔比表面积。该研究为设计高效烷烃裂解催化剂提供了重要依据。

3-甲基己烷  /  甲基环己烷  /  热解  /  分子筛  /  反应  /  过渡金属  /  改性  /  脱氢

In this study, phosphorus and transition metal-modified ZSM-5 molecular sieves were prepared via the incipient wetness impregnation method and characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption, and pyridine-IR spectroscopy. The effects of modified zeolites on the catalytic pyrolysis of n-heptane, 3-methylhexane, and methylcyclohexane were systematically investigated, revealing the structure-activity relationship between acid properties and catalytic performance. The results indicate that phosphorus and transition metal modification can regulate the L/B acid ratio of ZSM-5, which significantly influences product distribution. An excessively high L/B acid ratio promotes hydrogen and coke formation, leading to pore blockage and reduced conversion, whereas an appropriate L/B acid ratio facilitates mild dehydrogenation, enhancing ethylene and propylene yields. The reactant conversion followed the order: n-heptane > 3-methylhexane > methylcyclohexane. Efficient conversion of 3-methylhexane and methylcyclohexane requires catalysts with high L acid mount, strong Brønsted acid amount, optimized L/B acid ratio, as well as high specific surface area and micropore specific surface area. This study provides critical insights for designing high-efficiency alkane pyrolysis catalysts.

3-methylhexane  /  methylcyclohexane  /  pyrolysis  /  molecular sieves  /  reaction  /  transition metal  /  modification  /  dehydrogenation
侯凯军, 刘美佳, 王智峰, 蔡进军, 郭蓉, 高金森, 王刚, 马安. 磷和过渡金属改性ZSM-5对不同结构C7烃催化裂解反应性能的影响. 燃料化学学报(中英文), 2026 , 54 (7) : 20250396-1300 -20250396-1310 . DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2026.JFCT.0003
Kaijun HOU, Meijia LIU, Zhifeng WANG, Jinjun CAI, Rong GUO, Jinsen GAO, Gang WANG, An MA. Effect of phosphorus and transition metal-modified ZSM-5 on the catalytic pyrolysis performance of C7 hydrocarbons with different structures[J]. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 2026 , 54 (7) : 20250396-1300 -20250396-1310 . DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2026.JFCT.0003
乙烯和丙烯作为化工行业的关键基础原料,其生产工艺主要依赖于石脑油蒸汽裂解、丙烷脱氢和甲醇制烯烃等技术。与传统石脑油蒸汽裂解工艺相比,新兴的石脑油催化裂解技术具有显著优势,其反应温度约675 ℃,可降低125−175 ℃,展现出突出的减碳节能效益[1]。直馏石脑油中链烷烃和环烷烃(主要为C6−C10组分)占比高达80%−90%,这些烃类的反应特性直接决定了催化裂解过程中乙烯和丙烯的收率[2]。因此,深入研究链烷烃和环烷烃的催化裂解行为对开发高效低碳烯烃生产工艺具有重要意义。
ZSM-5分子筛作为石脑油催化裂解催化剂的关键材料,其酸性和金属活性位的调控对提高低碳烯烃选择性具有决定性作用[3−4]。研究表明,通过多种物理和化学改性方法,可以精确调控 ZSM-5 的酸性位点(包括B酸和L酸的种类、强度和分布)以及引入特定的金属活性位,从而优化催化裂解反应路径,抑制副反应,并最终提升乙烯、丙烯等目标产物的收率和选择性[5−7]。Sendesi等[8]对ZSM-5采用P改性提高了强酸保留率。韩蕾等[9]综述了不同元素改性ZSM-5分子筛在轻烃催化裂解中的应用,过渡金属改性后产生的L酸可以促进脱氢反应,提高脱氢裂解活性,从而提高低碳烯烃收率。对ZSM-5进行单独的磷改性或金属改性可能还不足以满足石脑油催化裂解对催化剂水热稳定性和酸性调变的要求。研究发现,通过磷和过渡金属改性可有效优化ZSM-5的催化反应性能。刘鸿洲等[10]研究发现,银改性ZSM-5分子筛能够在不降低丙烯收率的情况下显著提高乙烯产率,这归因于银物种的双重作用机制:既能促进正碳离子反应路径,又可通过氧化还原作用引发自由基反应。Han等[11]通过磷和钨共改性研究揭示了磷的独特作用,其不仅能抑制钨物种的聚集,还能改变钨的配位环境,从而降低脱氢活性,使丙烯收率提升1.9个百分点。Liu等[12]对磷-银共改性体系的深入研究进一步表明,这种改性方式可显著增加ZSM-5分子筛的L酸量,促进正构烷烃的C−H键活化,同时Ag+的存在强化了L酸中心的脱氢功能,最终实现低碳烯烃收率的整体提升。
目前,关于催化裂解反应的研究报道多集中于以烯烃、正构烷烃和异构烷烃作为模型化合物[13−19],而对同一碳数、不同结构烃类分子的系统性对比研究较为缺乏。同时,对于磷和过渡金属改性ZSM-5,L酸与B酸的酸量比例如何影响模型化合物的脱氢性能,以及催化裂解产物中低碳烯烃选择性和收率的研究报道较少。
本研究选取正庚烷(直链烷烃)、3-甲基己烷(异构烷烃)和甲基环己烷(环烷烃)三种典型结构的烃类作为模型化合物,系统考察了磷和不同过渡金属改性ZSM-5分子筛对其催化裂解性能的影响。重点揭示了改性分子筛的酸性质(包括酸量、酸类型及酸强度)与脱氢活性、裂解性能之间的构效关系,阐明了不同结构烃类在改性分子筛上的反应规律差异。通过对比三种烃类的转化行为,深入解析了改性分子筛酸性调控对不同结构烃类裂解路径和产物分布的影响机制,为开发高效石脑油催化裂解催化剂提供了理论依据。
实验所用的ZSM-5分子筛来自天津南化催化剂有限公司,硅/铝物质的量比(n(SiO2)/n(Al2O3))为50,标记为Z。实验所用改性试剂为磷酸铵((NH4)3PO4)、九水合硝酸铁(Fe(NO3)3·9H2O)、六水合硝酸镧(La(NO3)3·6H2O)、三水合硝酸铜(Cu(NO3)2·3H2O))、六水合硝酸钇(Y(NO3)3·6H2O)、偏钨酸铵(H26N6W12O40·xH2O)均为分析纯,采购自阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司。正庚烷(n-C7H16)、3-甲基己烷(i-C7H16)、甲基环己烷均为分析纯,国药集团北京试剂公司生产。
新鲜ZSM-5分子筛标记为Z。以(NH4)3PO4为磷源,将一定浓度的(NH4)3PO4溶液与一定量的ZSM-5分子筛等体积浸渍,搅拌2 h,置于130 ℃烘箱干燥5 h,在550 ℃的马弗炉中焙烧2 h,得到P2O5质量分数分别为2%的磷改性ZSM-5分子筛,标记P-Z。分别以九水合硝酸铁(Fe(NO3)3·9H2O)、六水合硝酸镧(La(NO3)3·6H2O)、三水合硝酸铜(Cu(NO3)2·3H2O)、六水合硝酸钇(Y(NO3)3·6H2O)、偏钨酸铵(H26N6W12O40·xH2O)作为金属源,配置相应的金属盐溶液,与一定量的ZSM-5分子筛等体积浸渍,搅拌2 h,置于130 ℃烘箱干燥5 h,在550 ℃的马弗炉中焙烧2 h,得到金属氧化物负载质量分数均为2%的磷和过渡金属改性ZSM-5分子筛,分别记为P-Fe-Z、P-La-Z、P-Cu-Z、P-Y-Z和P-W-Z。将改性分子筛在760 ℃、100%水蒸气条件下水热处理4 h,水热处理后的分子筛记作P-Z-S、P-Fe-Z-S、P-La-Z-S、P-Cu-Z-S、P-Y-Z-S和P-W-Z-S。将上述分子筛压片、碾碎成20−40目的颗粒物用于固定床微型反应器中进行催化裂解反应性能评价。
使用日本理学公司生产的D/max-3C型X射线衍射仪(XRD)对分子筛的晶相结构进行表征;在美国Micromeritics公司生产的ASAP 2010型氮气吸附仪上,采用N2静态吸附容量法测定分子筛的比表面积和孔体积;分子筛B酸、L酸采用德国BRUKER公司生产的TENSOR 27型红外光谱仪测定。
使用固定床微型反应器,在常压和原料质量空速16 h−1条件下评价分子筛的催化裂解反应性能。固定床微反装置为课题组自制[20],反应器材质为不锈钢,热电偶插在位于反应器床层中心的套管内。具体评价过程如下:向反应器中装入5 g分子筛样品,调节氮气载气流量为20 mL/min,将反应器升温至670 ℃,稳定30 min后,使用微型注射泵注入原料,进料量为1.0 g,进料时间为70 s,反应后使用氮气吹扫30 min,剂油比为5。反应后的液体产品通过冷凝收集,气体产品通过排水集气法收集,使用Agilent 7890B气相色谱对气体产品进行分析;采用HIR-944B型红外定碳仪测定反应后的分子筛积炭含量。
以x表示原料的转化率,以y表示某一反应产物的收率,如式(1)所示。
$ \mathit{x} {=(1-m}_{ \mathrm{a}} {/m}_{ \mathrm{b}} \mathrm{)\times 100\% } $
式中:ma为未转化的正庚烷或3-甲基己烷或甲基环己烷质量,g;mb为正庚烷或3-甲基己烷或甲基环己烷的进料量,g。
产物i的收率y(i)为产物中组分i与总进料量的质量之比,如式(2)所示。
$ \mathit{y} \mathrm{(} \mathit{i} {)=(m}_{ \mathit{i} } {/m}_{ \mathrm{b}} \mathrm{)\times 100\% } $
式中:mi为产物中组分i的质量,g。
以CMR公式计算单分子与双分子裂解反应机理贡献比率。
$ \mathrm{CMR=(} \mathit{n} \mathrm{(C}_{ \mathrm{1}} \mathrm{)+\sum } \mathit{n} \mathrm{(C}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{))/} \mathit{n} \mathrm{(} \mathit{i} \mathrm{\text{-}butane)} $
式中:n(C1)、$\displaystyle\sum n({\mathrm{C}}_2) $和 n(i-butane)分别代表生成甲烷、乙烷+乙烯、异丁烷的物质的量。
水热处理后改性ZSM-5分子筛的XRD谱图如图1所示。从图1可以看出,水热处理后的磷和过渡金属改性ZSM-5分子筛在2θ为7.8°、8.7°以及22.5°−25.0°出现明显的MFI结构特征衍射峰,表明经过磷和过渡金属改性以及水热处理后的ZSM-5结构没有较大的改变。与图1中P-Z-S的XRD谱图相比,P-Fe-Z-S、P-La-Z-S、P-Cu-Z-S、P-Y-Z-S和P-W-Z-S的谱图中没有发现典型的P2O5、Fe2O3、La2O3、CuO、Y2O3、WO3特征衍射峰,这表明,负载的磷和金属氧化物含量较低且在ZSM-5分子筛表面分散较为均匀,X射线衍射仪无法检测到相应的衍射峰[21]。
为了考察磷和过渡金属改性对分子筛结构的影响,定义新鲜ZSM-5的XRD谱图中位于22.5°−25.0°的“五指峰”峰面积之和为基准峰面积,且新鲜ZSM-5的结晶度为100%,改性分子筛的“五指峰”峰面积之和与基准峰面积之比为相对结晶度[22],结果见表1。从表1可以看出,水热处理后的磷改性ZSM-5分子筛P-Z-S的相对结晶度降低为94.7%,表明其骨架结构保持较好;在磷改性的基础上分别经过Fe2O3、La2O3、CuO、Y2O3、WO3改性,水热处理之后的ZSM-5分子筛相对结晶度分别下降到82.9%、80.3%、77.6%、88.2%和90.8%。这可能是因为引入过渡金属后,金属氧化物进入分子筛的微孔孔道,从而引起结构发生变化[23]。
表1还列出了水热处理后改性ZSM-5分子筛的比表面积和孔体积。从表1可以看出,与水热处理后的磷改性ZSM-5分子筛P-Z-S相比,采用磷和过渡金属氧化物改性后的分子筛总比表面积、微孔面积、微孔体积均有不同程度的下降,这可能是由于磷和过渡金属氧化物在ZSM-5分子筛孔道内部发生团聚,堵塞了部分微孔,从而引起总比表面积、微孔面积、微孔体积的下降。
ZSM-5分子筛的酸类型对其催化裂解反应性能具有重要的影响,对水热处理后改性ZSM-5分子筛进行吡啶吸附红外光谱分析,如图2所示。1450和1550 cm−1 处的吡啶吸附红外吸收峰分别归属于L酸中心和B酸中心[24]。
表2列出了ZSM-5分子筛改性后的吡啶吸附红外酸性数据。从表2可以看出,除了P-Cu-Z-S分子筛以L酸中心为主以外,其他改性分子筛主要以B酸中心为主,所有改性分子筛的B酸以强酸为主。与P-Z-S分子筛相比,P-Fe-Z-S分子筛的B酸总酸量和L酸总酸量显著增加,B酸强酸量显著增加,L酸强酸量基本不变; P-La-Z-S分子筛的B酸总酸量基本不变,L酸总酸量显著减少,B酸强酸量略有增加,L酸强酸量基本不变;P-Cu-Z-S分子筛的B酸总酸量略有减少,L酸总酸量大幅度增加,B酸强酸量略有增加,L酸强酸量大幅度增加;P-Y-Z-S分子筛的B酸总酸量显著增加,L酸总酸量略有增加,B酸强酸量和L酸强酸量均略有增加; P-W-Z-S分子筛的B酸总酸量和L酸总酸量均略有增加,B酸强酸量和L酸强酸量均略有增加。对比改性分子筛的LT /BT,比P-Z-S的LT /BT低的只有P-La-Z-S分子筛;对比改性分子筛的LS /BS,比P-Z-S的LS /BS低的有P-Fe-Z-S分子筛和P-La-Z-S分子筛,说明不同过渡金属改性可以明显影响分子筛的B酸与L酸的比例。
图3列出了改性ZSM-5分子筛催化不同结构C7烃裂解反应的转化率及主要产品收率。对比分析不同结构C7烃的催化裂解性能,从图3(a)中可以看出,对于不同金属改性的ZSM-5分子筛,均表现出了正庚烷的转化率最高,3-甲基己烷次之,甲基环己烷最低,分析其原因可能是由于不同结构C7烃的分子尺寸差异导致。ZSM-5分子筛可容纳的最大球形直径只有0.636 nm[25],而正庚烷的最小截面尺寸和最大截面尺寸分别为0.54 nm×0.61 nm和0.64 nm×0.91 nm[26],甲基环己烷的临界直径为0.66 nm[27],已经超过ZSM-5分子筛可容纳的最大球形直径0.636 nm,较大的分子尺寸不容易进入改性ZSM-5分子筛孔道内发生反应,从而导致3-甲基己烷和甲基环己烷的转化率较低。同时,从图3(b)−(e)可以看出,相比于3-甲基己烷和甲基环己烷,由于正庚烷的转化率高,其乙烯、丙烯和丁烯等低碳烯烃收率以及甲烷+乙烷+丙烷+丁烷收率也高。在P-W-Z-S分子筛上,正庚烷催化裂解的乙烯、丙烯、丁烯的收率分别达到了17.1%、23.7%和12.4%。对于3-甲基己烷和甲基环己烷的催化裂解,结合表1、表2和图3发现,与P-Z-S分子筛相比,P-La-Z-S分子筛总B酸量相当,但强B酸量略高,催化3-甲基己烷和甲基环己烷裂解的转化率分别增加2.2和5.4个百分点,表明3-甲基己烷和甲基环己烷的高效转化需要催化剂具有较高的强B酸量,而P-Y-Z-S分子筛的强B酸量高,但其催化3-甲基己烷和甲基环己烷转化率低,可能是由于分子筛的总比表面积和微孔比表面积低,抑制了3-甲基己烷和甲基环己烷的催化裂解。
进一步对比C7烃在不同金属改性ZSM-5分子筛上的催化裂解性能。从图3中可以看出,C7烃在P-W-Z-S分子筛上催化裂解具有高的转化率和低碳烯烃收率,正庚烷、3-甲基己烷甲基环己烷的转化率分别为84.7%、70.7%和47.2%,乙烯收率分别为17.1%、16.0%和12.5%,丙烯收率分别为23.7%、21.9%和18.3%,丁烯收率分别为12.4%、11.0%和8.2%。与P-Z-S分子筛相比,P-W-Z-S分子筛催化正庚烷、3-甲基己烷和甲基环己烷的裂解转化率分别增加4.1、6.8和5.1个百分点,乙烯收率分别增加1.6、1.7和2.2个百分点,丙烯收率分别增加0.6、0.9和0.8个百分点,丁烯收率分别增加0.8、0.7个百分点和减少0.2个百分点。结合表1和表2可知,与P-W-Z-S分子筛相比,P-Fe-Z-S和P-Cu-Z-S分子筛的比表面积和微孔比表面积相差不大,酸量明显高于P-W-Z-S分子筛,但高的酸量并未提高C7烃的转化率和低碳烯烃收率。
分析C7烃在P-Fe-Z-S和P-Cu-Z-S分子筛上的催化裂解反应性能,发现与P-Z-S分子筛相比,铁、铜改性后的ZSM-5,尤其P-Cu-Z-S分子筛催化正庚烷、3-甲基己烷和甲基环己烷的裂解转化率,以及乙烯和丙烯收率都显著减少,氢气和焦炭收率大幅度增加,结合表2的分析结果,这可能与其L酸量显著增加有关。Lian等[28]研究表明,对Mo/ZSM-5分子筛采用Ga进行改性,产生的L酸位点促进了烯烃或芳烃的π−π堆积,形成稠环结构,因此,P-Fe-Z-S和P-Cu-Z-S分子筛中大量的L酸中心可能促进了烃分子的过度脱氢反应,导致氢气和焦炭收率的增加,分子筛孔道被焦炭堵塞,C7烃分子无法进入孔道内进行吸附和反应,从而引起转化率和低碳烯烃的大幅度下降。
结合表1和表2可以看出,P-W-Z-S分子筛具有较高且适宜的L酸总酸量和B酸强酸量,以及较高的比表面积,适量的L酸促进C–H键断裂,使C7烃分子直接生成三配位正碳离子,从而在B酸的作用下继续发生β断裂生成乙烯,或通过脱H+生成H2,最终使原料的转化率提高,产物中的乙烯收率增加。
在催化裂解过程中,调整催化剂的B酸与L酸比例是引导烃类分子反应路径的关键策略,进而能够优化目标产物的选择性[29]。许顺年等[30]研究发现,磷和铁改性ZSM-5分子筛催化正戊烷裂解生成乙烯的选择性随着L酸与B酸比值逐渐增加而升高,增加L酸比例能够提高乙烯的选择性。为了分析改性ZSM-5分子筛中B酸和L酸对C7烃催化裂解反应的影响,图4列出了不同结构C7烃催化裂解主要产物选择性随LT /BT变化规律,从图4(a)可以看出,不同结构C7烃的乙烯+丙烯选择性存在较大的差别,在相同的LT /BT条件下,甲基环己烷的乙烯+丙烯选择性最高,3-甲基己烷的次之,正庚烷的最低,随着LT /BT的增加,三种原料的乙烯+丙烯选择性总体上都呈现先增加后降低的趋势。从图4(b)可以看出,不同结构C7烃的氢气选择性存在一定的差别,在相同的LT /BT条件下,甲基环己烷的氢气选择性最高,3-甲基己烷的氢气选择性略高于正庚烷的氢气选择性。随着LT /BT的增加,三种原料的氢气选择性总体上都呈现增加的趋势。从图4(c)可以看出,当LT /BT低于0.4时,正庚烷和3-甲基己烷的焦炭选择性基本相当,甲基环己烷的焦炭选择性略高于3-甲基己烷和正庚烷的焦炭选择性,但当LT /BT高于0.5时,三种原料的焦炭选择性显著增加,且甲基环己烷的焦炭选择性最高,3-甲基己烷的次之,正庚烷的最低,这表明不同结构C7烃的产物选择性有差异,可能与其催化裂解反应路径有关。综合图4(a)−(c)可以看出,适宜的L酸/B酸比例有利于温和脱氢,提高乙烯+丙烯选择性,从而有利于增产低碳烯烃,过高的L酸/B酸比例会促进氢气和焦炭生成,导致乙烯+丙烯选择性的降低。
为了阐明改性ZSM-5分子筛的酸类型对C7烃催化裂解过程中单分子和双分子裂解反应路径的影响,根据Wielers等[31]提出的计算裂化机理比率(CMR)的方法,对不同结构C7烃催化裂解进行了单分子与双分子裂解反应机理贡献比率计算,如图4(d)所示。在所有的LT /BT取值范围内,CMR都大于60,表明磷和过渡金属改性分子筛催化C7烃裂解反应中以单分子反应为主。当LT /BT低于0.4时,随着LT /BT比值增加,CMR总体上呈现增加趋势,说明增加L酸可以抑制双分子裂解反应,提高单分子裂解反应路径。然而,当LT /BT高于0.5时,CMR值降低,可能是由于大量L酸中心过度促进了脱氢反应导致生焦,使分子筛的孔道被焦炭堵塞,阻碍了原料进入分子筛孔道内部发生单分子裂解反应。
根据烃分子催化裂解反应规则,进一步分析不同结构C7烃在改性ZSM-5的B酸和L酸上的单分子裂解反应机理,如图5所示。当正庚烷、3-甲基己烷和甲基环己烷在改性ZSM-5分子筛的B酸中心上进行催化裂解反应时,B酸中心提供H+,使C7烃分子首先形成不稳定的五配位正碳离子中间体,裂解生成短链烷烃分子和短链的三配位正碳离子。由于短链烷烃分子化学键能较高,难以进一步裂解,会导致产物中低碳烯烃收率较低。而在L酸中心上,L酸通过接受电子对促进C–H键断裂,使C7烃分子直接生成三配位正碳离子,进一步裂解为低碳烯烃和新的三配位正碳离子。若新生成的三配位正碳离子继续发生β断裂或通过脱H+生成H2,则产物中仅包含低碳烯烃和H2,有助于实现低碳烯烃收率的最大化。因此,在LT/LB比值为0.1−0.4时,随着该比值增大,C7烃分子更倾向于通过单分子裂解路径反应,从而提高低碳烯烃选择性。其根本原因在于,相较于B酸中心,L酸中心可促进C7烃发生脱氢裂解反应,抑制短链烷烃的生成。然而,当LT/LB比值过高(高于0.5)时,C7烃分子在裂解过程中易发生过度脱氢,导致焦炭生成量增加。由此可见,适宜的L酸比例有助于促进单分子裂解路径与温和脱氢过程,从而提高低碳烯烃收率。
综合上述分析,改性ZSM-5催化不同结构C7烃裂解反应路径如图6所示。不同结构C7饱和烃可以在改性ZSM-5的B酸中心发生质子化裂解,生成低碳烷烃和低碳烯烃。当B酸中心过量后,会导致低碳烯烃进一步发生氢转移、芳构化和生焦反应生成低碳烷烃、芳烃和焦炭。不同结构C7饱和烃也可以在过渡金属形成的L酸中心上发生C−H键断裂,脱氢生成烯烃,进一步裂解为低碳烯烃,有利于提高低碳烯烃选择性。当L酸中心过量后会导致中间产物烯烃过度脱氢,生成芳烃和焦炭,不利于增产低碳烯烃。因此,与单独磷改性的ZSM-5相比,过渡金属改性形成的适量L酸有利于温和脱氢,提高低碳烯烃选择性,从而提高低碳烯烃收率。
采用磷和不同过渡金属对ZSM-5分子筛进行改性后,改性分子筛的B酸都以强酸为主,L酸都以弱酸为主;除了采用磷和铜改性分子筛的B酸总酸量下降以外,其他改性分子筛的B酸总酸量均有所增加;对于L酸总酸量而言,与磷改性相比,除了采用磷和镧金属改性分子筛的L酸总酸量下降以外,其他改性分子筛的L酸总酸量均有所增加。
对于不同结构的C7烃,正构烷烃的催化裂解性能最优,异构烷烃次之,而环烷烃的最差,这与它们的分子尺寸相关,较大的分子尺寸不容易进入改性ZSM-5分子筛孔道内发生反应。
改性ZSM-5分子筛中的L酸具有较强的脱氢作用,L酸总酸量与B酸总酸量比值对反应产物有较大的影响,L酸过量将导致氢气和焦炭产率显著增加,从而堵塞分子筛孔道,引起转化率的下降,导致乙烯和丙烯收率降低;适宜的L酸总酸量与B酸总酸量比值有利于促进单分子裂解路径与温和脱氢过程,促进C–H键断裂,提高乙烯和丙烯的收率。
对于3-甲基己烷和甲基环己烷而言,需要改性分子筛具有较高的L酸酸量、B酸强酸量和适宜的L酸总酸量与B酸总酸量比值,同时还需要催化剂具有较高的比表面积和微孔比表面积,才能提高其转化率和低碳烯烃收率。采用磷和钨改性的ZSM-5分子筛,L酸酸量和B酸强酸量分别为18.3和31.3 μmol/g,LT /BT为0.37,具有较好的催化裂解反应性能和最高的乙烯收率。

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2026年第54卷第7期
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doi: 10.3724/2097-213X.2026.JFCT.0003
  • 接收时间:2025-12-08
  • 首发时间:2026-09-23
  • 出版时间:2026-07-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-08
  • 修回日期:2026-01-07
  • 录用日期:2026-01-21
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    1中国石油大学(北京)化学工程与环境学院, 北京 102249
    2中国石油石油化工研究院兰州化工研究中心, 甘肃 兰州 730060
    3中国石油石油化工研究院, 北京 102206
    4中国石油规划总院, 北京 100083

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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