Article(id=1309584915054818011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309584897006727797, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0036, pmid=null, cstr=32157.14.2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0201, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1761148800000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-23, revisedDate=1765296000000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-10, acceptedDate=1766246400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-21, onlineDate=1790158974660, onlineDateStr=2026-09-23, pubDate=1778342400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790158974660, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790158974660, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790158974660, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1309584897006727797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, year='2026', volume='54', issue='5', pageStart='20250202-787', pageEnd='20250432-928', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778342400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790158970356, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790212920530, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1309811180533805448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309584897006727797, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1309811180533805449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309584897006727797, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=20250306-731, endPage=20250306-742, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1309584915251950300, articleId=1309584915054818011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, language=EN, title=Research progress on bifunctional catalysts for hydrogenation of COx to LPG, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a clean fuel and important chemical raw material, the efficient production of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) has attracted widespread attention. This manuscript summarizes the current research progress on the hydrogenation of CO and CO2 (COx) to produce LPG. Specifical emphasis is focused on the design and optimization of bifunctional catalysts, evaluating the adsorption and activation of COx on different metal oxide surfaces, as well as the influence of pore structure and acidity of zeolites on LPG selectivity. The synergistic effects between metal oxide and zeolite components in promoting LPG production and enhancing catalyst stability are elucidated, aiming to provide theoretical guidance for the development of highly efficient catalytic systems.

, authors=Yingnuo FAN1, 2, Sen WANG1, *, Mei DONG1, Weibin FAN1, *, authorsList=Yingnuo FAN, Sen WANG, Mei DONG, Weibin FAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Sen WANG, Weibin FAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1309584922956886772, articleId=1309584915054818011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, language=CN, title=用于催化COx加氢制LPG的双功能催化剂研究进展, columnId=1309584916959032029, journalTitle=燃料化学学报(中英文), columnName=REVIEW, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

作为一种清洁燃料和重要的化工原料,液化石油气(liquefied petroleum gas, LPG)的高效制备受到了广泛关注。本综述汇总了当前CO和CO2(COx)加氢制LPG的研究进展。重点聚焦于双功能催化剂的设计与优化,并考察了在不同金属氧化物表面COx的吸附和活化方式,以及分子筛孔道结构和酸性调控对于LPG选择性的影响机制。揭示了金属氧化物与分子筛组分间的协同效应对促进LPG生成和提高催化剂稳定性的作用规律,以期为新型高效催化体系的构筑提供理论指导。

, authors=范樱诺1, 2, 王森1, *, 董梅1, 樊卫斌1, *, authorsList=范樱诺, 王森, 董梅, 樊卫斌, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王森, 樊卫斌, authorNote=

范樱诺(2001),硕士,研究方向为CO2定向转化制高附加值烃类及含氧化合物,

王森(1988),研究员,研究方向为甲醇、合成气、CO2定向转化制高附加值烃类及含氧化合物,

董梅(1974),研究员,研究方向为煤炭清洁转化过程关键催化材料设计 分子筛材料控制合成、烃和醇定向催化转化,

樊卫斌(1969),研究员,研究方向为煤化工、石油化工和环保领域分子筛催化剂的设计、作用机制及性能,

, correspAuthorsNote=
Tel: 0351-4046092, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©燃料化学学报(中英文) 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=1RRb/4KQnnfNNf/7/EKUIA==, magXml=J7KX3Q54TEP90c3ht0LvtA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Oyir2bRc8vUhhcYAPJp31Q==, pdfFileSize=3568565, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=VhUgtv25LvcJrUKX7bbJmQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=3kZv1Q1PPdcCeEXxOkRC1w==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1309584926828229372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584915054818011, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=fanyingnuo23@mails.ucas.ac.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1309584926916309759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584915054818011, authorId=1309584926828229372, language=EN, stringName=Yingnuo FAN, firstName=Yingnuo, middleName=null, lastName=FAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
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范樱诺(2001),硕士,研究方向为CO2定向转化制高附加值烃类及含氧化合物,

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范樱诺(2001),硕士,研究方向为CO2定向转化制高附加值烃类及含氧化合物,

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王森(1988),研究员,研究方向为甲醇、合成气、CO2定向转化制高附加值烃类及含氧化合物,

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王森(1988),研究员,研究方向为甲醇、合成气、CO2定向转化制高附加值烃类及含氧化合物,

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董梅(1974),研究员,研究方向为煤炭清洁转化过程关键催化材料设计 分子筛材料控制合成、烃和醇定向催化转化,

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董梅(1974),研究员,研究方向为煤炭清洁转化过程关键催化材料设计 分子筛材料控制合成、烃和醇定向催化转化,

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樊卫斌(1969),研究员,研究方向为煤化工、石油化工和环保领域分子筛催化剂的设计、作用机制及性能,

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樊卫斌(1969),研究员,研究方向为煤化工、石油化工和环保领域分子筛催化剂的设计、作用机制及性能,

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Catal Today, 2005, 104(1): 30−36., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1309584923204350709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584915054818011, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1309584923212739318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584915054818011, companyId=1309584923204350709, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1309584923221127927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584915054818011, companyId=1309584923204350709, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国科学院山西煤炭化学研究所 煤炭高效低碳利用国家重点实验室, 山西 太原 030001)]), AuthorCompany(id=1309584926727566072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584915054818011, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1309584926731760377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584915054818011, companyId=1309584926727566072, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1309584926740148986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584915054818011, companyId=1309584926727566072, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国科学院大学, 北京 100049)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1309584928694694680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584915054818011, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of the reaction route for CO2 hydrogenation to hydrocarbons, figureFileSmall=O2vPkMjLvBIrUM7WD9paww==, figureFileBig=VhUgtv25LvcJrUKX7bbJmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584930380804891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584915054818011, language=CN, label=图1, caption=CO2加氢制烃反应路线示意图, figureFileSmall=O2vPkMjLvBIrUM7WD9paww==, figureFileBig=VhUgtv25LvcJrUKX7bbJmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584930640851740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584915054818011, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Changes in the selectivity of hydrocarbon products over different ranges with chain growth probability, figureFileSmall=WrbLx2O5RHJJlGLHTMMKUw==, figureFileBig=b9dCs/ae6n9r1v1IRaWqrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584930724737821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584915054818011, language=CN, label=图2, caption=烃类产品选择性在不同范围内随链增长概率的变化, figureFileSmall=WrbLx2O5RHJJlGLHTMMKUw==, figureFileBig=b9dCs/ae6n9r1v1IRaWqrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584930796040990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584915054818011, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=(a) Configuration of the dual-bed catalyst system for syngas-to-propane reaction; (b) Catalytic performance of syngas conversion over various catalysts; (c) Stability of syngas-to-propane reactions over (CuZnAlOx + ZSM-5)/SSZ-13[45](with permission from ACS Publications), figureFileSmall=KsOxXCIb/JTn91Di4zCLGg==, figureFileBig=fk/1LqCqlMJJZYxwjxeTHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584930892509983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584915054818011, language=CN, label=图3, caption=(a)合成气制丙烷双床催化系统流程图;(b)不同催化剂上合成气转化的催化性能;(c)(CuZnAlOx+ZSM-5)/SSZ-13催化剂上合成气制丙烷反应的稳定性[45], figureFileSmall=KsOxXCIb/JTn91Di4zCLGg==, figureFileBig=fk/1LqCqlMJJZYxwjxeTHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584930976396064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584915054818011, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Reaction pathway of CO2 hydrogenation to methanol on In2O3(110) surface[54] (with permission from ACS Publications), figureFileSmall=+lMnbG2fJpZjrJiQrEs/hw==, figureFileBig=tTS5TGwJY9vxHyhDqGLTlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584931051893537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584915054818011, language=CN, label=图4, caption=In2O3(110)晶面上CO2加氢制甲醇反应路线图 [54], figureFileSmall=+lMnbG2fJpZjrJiQrEs/hw==, figureFileBig=tTS5TGwJY9vxHyhDqGLTlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309584931148362530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584915054818011, language=EN, label=Table1, caption=

Catalytic performance of various bifunctional catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation to liquefied petroleum gas via the FTS/MTH pathway

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Catalystt/℃p/MPaC/H ratio $x_{{\mathrm{CO/CO_2}}} $/% $s_{{\mathrm{CO_2/CO}}} $/%sLPG/%yLPG/%Ref.
a: a catalyst for the FTS pathway; b: a catalyst for the methanol intermediate pathway.
Cu/FeMg@SiO2a3001.02.096.621.937.928.6[38]
CuZnOx@ H-β-P a3503.02.061.84570.236.6[42]
CuZnAl@ H-βa3003.02.030.344.67712.9[43]
CuZnAl/ H-ZSM-5+Pd-Y a250/335−4053.0/1.0−2.02.080347539.6[44]
CuZnAl/ H-ZSM-5 +SSZ-13 a260/4105.07.095.711.884.770.1[45]
ZnCrOx/H-SSZ-39 a4004.02.563408933.6[46]
Cu-Zn/DAY a3002.12.072437915.9[68]
ZnCr + DAYa3502.12.01147465.6[68]
Cu-Zn /USY a3252.12.073467637.6[69]
Cu-Zn + ZSM-5 a3252.12.073465538.5[69]
Cu-Zn +β a3502.12.066457328.9[69]
ZnCr + βa3502.12.033486417.4[69]
Pd-Ca/SiO2 + βa3755.12.074337540.7[70]
GO-Fe/K-Cob3203.02.5462.243.619.6[48]
CuZnZrOx(CZZ) b3502.03.027.960.75.60.6[52]
CZZ /SAPO-34b3502.03.02458.675.17.5[52]
CZZ/5%MnSAPO-34b3502.03.024.878.368.13.7[52]
CZZ/5%ZnSAPO-34b3502.03.025.27863.73.5[52]
CZZ/5%ZrSAPO-34b3502.03.025.768.486.17.0[52]
In2O3+SSZ-13b3502.03.03.05867.40.8[56]
InZrOx+SSZ-13b3502.03.0246190.28.4[56]
CuZnAlOx+SSZ-13b3502.03.0336159.87.7[56]
GaZrOx/H-SSZ-13b3503.06.043.431.889.426.5[24]
MoSx@HSSZ-39b3804.03.032.7408316.3[59]
), ArticleFig(id=1309584931257414435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309584915054818011, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基于FTS/MTH路线制备LPG的不同双功能催化剂反应性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Catalystt/℃p/MPaC/H ratio $x_{{\mathrm{CO/CO_2}}} $/% $s_{{\mathrm{CO_2/CO}}} $/%sLPG/%yLPG/%Ref.
a: a catalyst for the FTS pathway; b: a catalyst for the methanol intermediate pathway.
Cu/FeMg@SiO2a3001.02.096.621.937.928.6[38]
CuZnOx@ H-β-P a3503.02.061.84570.236.6[42]
CuZnAl@ H-βa3003.02.030.344.67712.9[43]
CuZnAl/ H-ZSM-5+Pd-Y a250/335−4053.0/1.0−2.02.080347539.6[44]
CuZnAl/ H-ZSM-5 +SSZ-13 a260/4105.07.095.711.884.770.1[45]
ZnCrOx/H-SSZ-39 a4004.02.563408933.6[46]
Cu-Zn/DAY a3002.12.072437915.9[68]
ZnCr + DAYa3502.12.01147465.6[68]
Cu-Zn /USY a3252.12.073467637.6[69]
Cu-Zn + ZSM-5 a3252.12.073465538.5[69]
Cu-Zn +β a3502.12.066457328.9[69]
ZnCr + βa3502.12.033486417.4[69]
Pd-Ca/SiO2 + βa3755.12.074337540.7[70]
GO-Fe/K-Cob3203.02.5462.243.619.6[48]
CuZnZrOx(CZZ) b3502.03.027.960.75.60.6[52]
CZZ /SAPO-34b3502.03.02458.675.17.5[52]
CZZ/5%MnSAPO-34b3502.03.024.878.368.13.7[52]
CZZ/5%ZnSAPO-34b3502.03.025.27863.73.5[52]
CZZ/5%ZrSAPO-34b3502.03.025.768.486.17.0[52]
In2O3+SSZ-13b3502.03.03.05867.40.8[56]
InZrOx+SSZ-13b3502.03.0246190.28.4[56]
CuZnAlOx+SSZ-13b3502.03.0336159.87.7[56]
GaZrOx/H-SSZ-13b3503.06.043.431.889.426.5[24]
MoSx@HSSZ-39b3804.03.032.7408316.3[59]
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用于催化COx加氢制LPG的双功能催化剂研究进展
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范樱诺 1, 2 , 王森 1, * , 董梅 1 , 樊卫斌 1, *
燃料化学学报(中英文) | REVIEW 2026,54(5): 20250306-731-20250306-742
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燃料化学学报(中英文) |REVIEW 2026 , 54 (5) : 20250306-731 -20250306-742
用于催化COx加氢制LPG的双功能催化剂研究进展
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董梅(1974),研究员,研究方向为煤炭清洁转化过程关键催化材料设计 分子筛材料控制合成、烃和醇定向催化转化,

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董梅(1974),研究员,研究方向为煤炭清洁转化过程关键催化材料设计 分子筛材料控制合成、烃和醇定向催化转化,

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樊卫斌(1969),研究员,研究方向为煤化工、石油化工和环保领域分子筛催化剂的设计、作用机制及性能,

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樊卫斌(1969),研究员,研究方向为煤化工、石油化工和环保领域分子筛催化剂的设计、作用机制及性能,

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范樱诺1, 2 , 王森1, * , 董梅1 , 樊卫斌1, *
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院山西煤炭化学研究所 煤炭高效低碳利用国家重点实验室, 山西 太原 030001
  • 2中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
通讯作者:
Tel: 0351-4046092, E-mail:
作者简介:

范樱诺(2001),硕士,研究方向为CO2定向转化制高附加值烃类及含氧化合物,

王森(1988),研究员,研究方向为甲醇、合成气、CO2定向转化制高附加值烃类及含氧化合物,

董梅(1974),研究员,研究方向为煤炭清洁转化过程关键催化材料设计 分子筛材料控制合成、烃和醇定向催化转化,

樊卫斌(1969),研究员,研究方向为煤化工、石油化工和环保领域分子筛催化剂的设计、作用机制及性能,

Research progress on bifunctional catalysts for hydrogenation of COx to LPG
Yingnuo FAN1, 2 , Sen WANG1, * , Mei DONG1 , Weibin FAN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
  • 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2026-05-10 doi: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0036
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作为一种清洁燃料和重要的化工原料,液化石油气(liquefied petroleum gas, LPG)的高效制备受到了广泛关注。本综述汇总了当前CO和CO2(COx)加氢制LPG的研究进展。重点聚焦于双功能催化剂的设计与优化,并考察了在不同金属氧化物表面COx的吸附和活化方式,以及分子筛孔道结构和酸性调控对于LPG选择性的影响机制。揭示了金属氧化物与分子筛组分间的协同效应对促进LPG生成和提高催化剂稳定性的作用规律,以期为新型高效催化体系的构筑提供理论指导。

COx加氢  /  液化石油气  /  双功能催化剂  /  产物调控

As a clean fuel and important chemical raw material, the efficient production of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) has attracted widespread attention. This manuscript summarizes the current research progress on the hydrogenation of CO and CO2 (COx) to produce LPG. Specifical emphasis is focused on the design and optimization of bifunctional catalysts, evaluating the adsorption and activation of COx on different metal oxide surfaces, as well as the influence of pore structure and acidity of zeolites on LPG selectivity. The synergistic effects between metal oxide and zeolite components in promoting LPG production and enhancing catalyst stability are elucidated, aiming to provide theoretical guidance for the development of highly efficient catalytic systems.

COx hydrogenation  /  liquefied petroleum gas  /  bifunctional catalyst  /  product regulation
范樱诺, 王森, 董梅, 樊卫斌. 用于催化COx加氢制LPG的双功能催化剂研究进展. 燃料化学学报(中英文), 2026 , 54 (5) : 20250306-731 -20250306-742 . DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0036
Yingnuo FAN, Sen WANG, Mei DONG, Weibin FAN. Research progress on bifunctional catalysts for hydrogenation of COx to LPG[J]. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 2026 , 54 (5) : 20250306-731 -20250306-742 . DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0036
煤炭、石油和天然气等富碳化石燃料的大规模利用促进了经济社会的高速发展,但也导致了大量碳氧化合物(CO和CO2,统称COx)的排放,引发了全球变暖、极端气候和海洋酸化等严峻的生态环境问题[1−3]。作为温室气体的主要成分,2024年全球CO2的排放量较上年增长0.9%,总计达36.3亿吨,造成该年全球平均气温达到历史最高记录。这些持续且高位的CO2排放快速消耗了《巴黎协定》预定的碳预算,使得全球升温限制在1.5 ℃的目标所剩碳预算将在未来五年内耗尽[4]。与此同时,化石燃料的不完全燃烧会导致有毒气体一氧化碳(CO)的生成。CO的排放不仅直接危害人体健康和生态环境,同时也造成了大气中二次污染物的形成。因此,需要针对COx进行高值化利用,以期降低其在大气中的浓度及其带来的负面影响 [5−9]。在诸多反应过程中,将COx定向转化为高附加值的燃料和化学品意义重大,且具有重要的工业应用前景[10−12]。
近年来, COx加氢制备液体燃料和高附加值化学品是C1化学领域的研究热点。然而,CO2和CO均为热力学稳定且动力学惰性的分子。其中,CO2的标准生成吉布斯自由能(∆G)为−394.38 kJ/mol,其碳氧双键键能高达728 kJ/mol[13−14];而CO的标准生成吉布斯自由能(∆G)为−137.16 kJ/mol,其碳氧三键键能更是高达1072 kJ/mol。因此,这些惰性分子的活化与转化通常需要大量的能量输入。COx与可再生能源(如太阳能、风能、生物质能和潮汐能等)制取的绿氢(H2)进行催化加氢,是实现COx定向转化的有效途径。例如,李灿院士提出的“液态阳光”技术,利用太阳能等可再生能源光解或电解水制取绿氢,再通过催化加氢可将CO2转化制备甲醇,其可行性已获初步验证[15],而CO通过费托合成的方式加氢制备烃类产品,已经实现了大规模工业应用。由此可见,通过COx加氢制取高附加值化学品和燃料,不仅在发展清洁能源方面潜力巨大,同时在实现碳资源循环利用、减少碳排放方面也扮演着至关重要的角色。
以CO2加氢制烃过程为例,该过程可通过甲醇中间体(methanol to hydrocarbons,MTH)路线和费托合成(Fischer-Tropsch synthesis,FTS)路线来实现。如图1所示,由于COx加氢过程中平行反应众多,导致产物分布广泛,包括了甲烷[16]、甲醇[17−18]、乙醇[19]、甲酸[20]、二甲醚(DME)[21]、低碳烯烃[22−23]、液化石油气(LPG)[24−25]、芳烃[26−27]和汽油[28−30]等。其中,液化石油气是重要的基础化工原料。2018年,中国LPG产量达3800.5万吨,较2017年增长11.2%。同年,中国LPG进口量为920亿立方米。LPG的主要成分是丙烷和丁烷,其燃烧比较充分,不会生成粉尘颗粒,是一种环境友好的清洁燃料,广泛用于住宅、商业和农业供热应用[31]。同时,LPG还能作为气溶胶推进剂和制冷剂,用于取代氯氟烃以减少对地球臭氧层的破坏[32−35]。此外,LPG也可以作为化学原料,通过脱氢生成丙烯和丁烯。预计到2030年,全球液化石油气年产量将达到3.5亿吨 [36]。
因此,COx加氢制LPG过程的开发和应用,不仅可以减缓温室效应、减少环境污染,同时也开辟了制备重要化学品的新途径。为此,本综述汇总了当前COx加氢制LPG的研究进展。重点聚焦于双功能催化剂的设计与优化,并考察了在不同金属氧化物表面COx的吸附和活化方式,以及分子筛孔道结构和酸性调控对于LPG选择性的影响机制。揭示了金属氧化物与分子筛组分间的协同效应对促进LPG生成和提高催化剂稳定性的作用规律,以期为新型高效催化体系的构筑提供理论指导。
合成气高效转化为高附加值的清洁燃料,特别是液化石油气(LPG),是实现碳资源可持续利用和能源结构优化的重要途径。目前,合成气可以经由费托合成路线和甲醇中间体路线来制取LPG。
费托合成反应(Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis,FTS)最早由Kaiser Wilhelm研究院的德国化学家Franz Fischer和Hans Tropsch于1923年发现。费托合成反应是实现非油基的碳资源直接转化为液体燃料和其他化学品的关键过程。费托合成过程包括了如下步骤:(1) CO和H2的吸附和解离;(2)表面CHx(x=0−3)物种的形成;(3) CHx物种通过C−C偶联实现碳链增长和表面CnHm中间体的生成;(4) CnHm中间体发生脱氢或加氢反应,生成烯烃或烷烃产物[37]。
经由费托合成路线转化合成气制备C2+烃类虽然展现出了高的CO转化率,但也面临产物分布调控的挑战,主要起源于Anderson-Schulz-Flory (ASF) 规则的限制。如图2所示,当α= 0.46时,C2−C4(包括了烯烃和烷烃)产物选择性最大不超过58%。这种ASF规则的存在,导致了烃类产物分布调控极其困难,很难大幅提升特定、甚至单一烃的选择性。
目前,通过FTS路线直接转化合成气制LPG的研究报道相对较少,主要因为ASF规则限制,导致了LPG选择性普遍偏低。为此,研究人员通过对催化剂的结构进行调控,构筑了核壳型催化体系用来提高CO转化率和LPG选择性。这种设计具有显著优势:介孔SiO2外壳不仅能保护内部催化剂核心免受积炭和烧结影响,延长稳定性,同时其可调的孔径、壳层厚度及高比表面积等特点促进了产物分布的定向调控,并抑制甲烷等副产物生成。基于此策略,Zhang等[38]设计并制备了改性Cu/FeMg@SiO2核壳催化剂。他们在FeMg催化剂核心外延包覆介孔SiO2壳层,并在SiO2壳层表面进一步修饰铜(Cu)粒子。该催化剂表现出优异的合成气制LPG性能;CO转化率高达96.6%,LPG选择性提升至37.9%。机理研究表明,合成气首先在FeMg核心上转化为具有较长链烃的烃类产物,这些烃类产物在穿过介孔SiO2壳层时,受空间限域效应的影响,可进一步转化为短链烃类。更为关键的是,分散在SiO2壳层表面的Cu粒子发挥了双重作用:(1) 促进烯烃加氢生成烷烃;(2) 催化C5+等重质烃裂解生成轻质烃。这两者的协同效应显著提高了LPG的选择性和产率。因此,Cu/FeMg@SiO2催化剂的设计为开发基于FTS路线制LPG的高效金属-沸石复合纳米催化剂提供了新思路。
Co基催化剂因其C=O键解离活性高、碳链增长能力强以及制备成本低廉等优势而被广泛用于费托合成反应。金属钴原子(Co0)被认为是催化费托合成的主要活性位点。Lyu等[39]发现,改变Co的晶体结构会对其费托合成反应性能产生重要影响,六方相的Co(hcp-Co)通常具有较高的碳链增长能力。这是因为hcp-Co催化剂的CO解离能垒较低(101 kJ/mol),更易生成CHx单体并促进C−C耦合,从而有利于长链烃(C5+)形成;同时其表面H覆盖度较低,抑制了烯烃加氢,因此,烯烃选择性更高,而抑制了烷烃的生成。
尽管Fe基、Co基等费托合成催化剂已被广泛研究,但针对高选择性获得 LPG 的研究仍有限。受ASF规则的限制,常规费托体系难以大幅提高C3−C4烷烃选择性。因此,开辟新的反应途径,突破费托合成路线中ASF规则的制约,就变得尤为关键。甲醇中间体路线在上世纪 90 年代已被提出并用于转化合成气,但近十年的研究在提高碳利用效率、产物定向控制等方面取得了重要突破。2016年包信和院士团队和王野教授团队分别提出了含氧中间体路线,用于转化合成气制备高附加值低碳烯烃[40−41]。在该反应过程中,CO首先在金属氧化物表面位点吸附和活化,并通过加氢生成含氧中间体,如甲醇或烯酮;这些含氧中间体进一步在分子筛酸位点通过脱水和C−C偶联等过程形成烃类产物。在含氧中间体路线中,研究人员将用于C=O键活化和用于C−C键耦合的反应位点进行了有效分离,从而避免了在单一活性位点上发生非选择性碳链增长。同时,引入酸性分子筛,还可利用其空间限域效应,有效调控C−C耦合反应途径,进而实现了目标烃类的可控合成。
虽然合成气制甲醇过程在较高反应温度条件下会受到热力学限制,但产生的甲醇在分子筛酸位点的快速消耗,促进了甲醇的合成,进而产生明显的驱动效应,打破了热力学限制。例如,Lu等[42]设计了CuZnOx@H-Beta双功能催化剂;其中,CuZnOx主要用于催化合成气制甲醇,而H-Beta分子筛主要用于甲醇转化制LPG。在350 ℃、3.0 MPa和4000 mL/(g·h)空速条件下,CO转化率和烃类选择性分别达到61.8%和64.2%;其中,烃类产物中LPG的占比达到70.2%,明显突破了传统ASF规则限制。Lu等[43]进一步对CuZnAl@H-Beta核壳催化剂进行了改进;在CuZnAl核心与H-Beta壳层之间形成了具有含量梯度的“金属-沸石界面”。该独特界面结构的存在,不仅有利于甲醇中间体的快速扩散和转化,同时也驱动了形成的低碳烯烃在暴露的Cu位点进一步加氢生成C3−C4饱和烃。在合成气转化过程中,LPG在总烃中占比进一步提升至77%,而甲烷和乙烷的选择性大幅下降至<2.0%。
值得注意的是,构筑核壳结构催化剂虽然可有效促进合成气经甲醇中间体转化生成LPG,但该类催化体系面临稳定性较低的问题且再生较为困难;这主要因为金属Cu、Zn等位点在还原性气氛下较容易发生迁移,进而导致了分子筛酸位点被快速毒化。Ma等[44]的研究发现,使用双床层策略可以明显提升催化剂的稳定性和再生性能。在该研究中,第一个床层使用了Cu-Zn-Al/ZSM-5催化剂,在250 ℃条件下可将合成气高效转化为DME;生成的DME进入第二个床层,在335−405 ℃和1.0−2.0 MPa的条件下,在Pd-Y催化剂上进行DME转化制LPG。值得注意的是,第二阶段的Pd-Y催化剂在经过了最初的诱导期后,其LPG选择性在200 h内均超过77%;进一步延长反应时间到300 h后,LPG选择性逐步降低至65%。在5% O2和95% Ar的混合气体高温再生处理2 h后,该催化剂的LPG选择性回复至76%,并在400 h内保持至71%以上。经过第二次和第三次再生后,LPG的选择性均可恢复至73.0%−74.0%,表明了该催化剂具有良好的再生性能。总之,采用上述分层策略避免了金属位点的快速加氢,延长了催化剂寿命;同时,将Cu-Zn-Al/ZSM-5和Pd-Y催化剂进行物理分离,还能减少高温烧炭再生处理对铜基催化剂结构的破坏。特别值得注意的是,再生后因强酸位点有所减少,抑制了后续反应中积炭的快速形成。如图3(a)所示,Liu等[45]采用了类似的双床层策略,用于合成气制LPG。其中,第一层催化剂为CuZnAlOx + ZSM-5用于合成气制DME;第二床层采用H-SSZ-13分子筛用于DME制丙烷。在第一床层和第二床层的温度分别为533和683 K,而两个床层压力同为5.0 MPa的条件下,如图3(b)所示,CuZnAlOx + ZSM-5/H-SSZ-13催化剂相较其他催化剂,表现出优异性能。其中,CO转化率可达95.7%,丙烷选择性高达77.4%,丙烷产率65.5%。同时,该体系有效抑制了水煤气转化反应,减少了CO2的生成,CO2选择性仅为11.4%。如图3(c)所示,经过200 h性能测试,CO转化率和丙烷选择性分别维持在93.6%和78.6%。
Bao等[46]在合成气一步制LPG方面取得了重要进展。他们设计的ZnCrOx/H-SSZ-39双功能催化剂,在合成气转化制LPG反应中,LPG选择性高达89%。研究发现,合成气首先在ZnCrOx金属氧化物表面吸附和活化,生成甲酸盐(HCOO*)中间体,并进一步通过加氢和解离生成甲醇(CH3OH);甲醇快速扩散到H-SSZ-39分子筛的酸位点,通过脱水生成LPG。由于H-SSZ-39分子筛具有很强的强酸强度,有利于烯烃中间体快速加氢,从而提高了LPG选择性[47]。
鉴于现有的合成气制LPG催化剂存在稳定性和成本等方面的不足,CO2加氢制LPG成为了有潜力的后续研究方向。利用CO2加氢制LPG,一方面可以减少CO2这一温室气体的排放,实现碳资源的有效利用;另一方面,也有助于开辟制备重要化学产品的新工艺过程。与CO加氢制LPG过程相似,CO2加氢制LPG也可以通过费托合成路线和甲醇中间体路线来实现。例如,Liang等[48]通过改变石墨烯负载金属的添加顺序,可以调整Fe和Co的接触距离。一种是紧密接触模式,即Fe-Co位于石墨烯同侧;此时,Fe5C2与Co0直接接触,促进电子转移(Co→Fe5C2),从而形成缺电子构型,有利于吸附氢气,增强烯烃生成能力。
该模式中,低碳烯烃(${\mathrm{C}}_2^=-{\mathrm{C}}_4^= $)选择性达到50.1%,CO2转化率为55.4%。另一种是空间分离模式,即Fe-Co分居石墨烯内外层,其中,内部Fe5C2催化RWGS反应及FTS链增长,生成低碳烯烃中间体,而外部Co0的强吸附氢的特性促使烯烃中间体二次加氢为烷烃,且由于Co具有很强的CO解离能力,负载在外表面上的Co将消耗由内部Fe活性中心产生的CO,从而大幅降低CO选择性低至2.2%,而LPG时空产率高达151.0 g/(kg·h)。
尽管基于费托合成路线的Fe基催化剂在CO2加氢过程中表现出了更高的CO2活化能力,但由于ASF规则的限制,造成了LPG选择性较低,制约了其现实应用。相比之下,甲醇中间体路线则可以显著提高LPG选择性。在CO2加氢制LPG的双功能催化体系中,金属氧化物组分负责整个过程的活化步骤,即高效活化CO2并生成甲醇(或二甲醚)中间体;这些中间体在分子筛酸中心上进一步转化为目标C3−C4烷烃。金属氧化物的组成、结构及其表面缺陷浓度等因素对CO2转化效率、甲醇选择性以及整体催化性能具有决定性影响。本部分综述聚焦于ZnZr基、In基、Ga基及其他代表性金属氧化物催化剂耦合分子筛催化剂(H-SSZ-13、H-SSZ-39、H-Beta、H-SAPO-34)在CO2加氢制LPG过程中的研究进展,主要介绍通过调节组成、优化结构、引入助剂或构筑复合氧化物等方法,提升催化活性、LPG选择性和催化稳定性,并降低副产物CO选择性。
李灿院士团队研发的ZnO-ZrO2固溶体催化剂,在320 ℃、5.0 MPa条件下实现CO2转化率10%且甲醇选择性高达90%,展现出工业化潜力[49]。自此之后,ZnZr基金属氧化物催化剂因其较低的RWGS活性、出色的抗烧结性而备受关注。Wang等[50]发现,ZnO-ZrO2固溶体催化剂在高温320 ℃下,仍保持较高CO2转化率和甲醇选择性,并能在硫化物气氛下维持很好的稳定性。ZnO-ZrO2固溶体的高甲醇选择性归因于Zn和Zr之间在H2活化中的协同效应;其中,H2和CO2分别在相邻的Zn和Zr位点上同时活化,并快速加氢生成甲醇。提高甲醇选择性,也是提升整个过程碳利用效率的关键。Sha等[51]考察了不同方法制备的ZnZrOx固溶体催化剂的催化性能。研究发现,回流氨法制备的ZnZrOx固溶体催化剂表面含有较多的Zn-OH物种,增强了CO2和H2的活化和吸附,促进了HCOO∗物种的产生,并进一步加氢生成甲醇。
尽管ZnO-ZrO2固溶体自身已表现出优异的CO2加氢制甲醇性能,但研究表明,通过引入其他金属组分对其进行改性,能够进一步优化和提升其催化性能。Tong等[52]加入Cu助剂对ZnZr体系产生了多方面的重要影响。金属Cu能有效促进H2的解离,提供反应所需的氢源,并与ZrO2协同作用形成Cu-ZrO2界面位点,该界面有助于改善H2的解离效率和增强了氢溢流效应。同时,ZnO与CuO组分之间的相互作用提高了金属组元的分散度,有效阻止了Cu颗粒的烧结,维持了催化剂的高活性。根据密度泛函理论计算和原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱研究,ZnO-ZrO2界面被认为是CO2吸附和活化的关键活性位点,而金属Cu则主要促进H2的化学吸附和解离,两者协同作用共同驱动甲醇合成。在产物选择性方面,纯Cu-Zn-Zr(CZZ)催化剂上CO2加氢过程中主要生成CH4和CO,且CH4选择性极高,可达89.1%,这可能源于甲醇在金属位点上发生了过度加氢所致。值得注意的是,引用Zr改性的SAPO-34分子筛组分,通过不断消耗甲醇,产生了明显的热力学驱动力,从而减缓了甲醇的过度加氢,并抑制了RWGS反应,降低CO和CH4选择性。在Zr含量从1%增加到5%的过程中,CZZ/5%ZrSAPO-34催化剂的性能逐渐提升。在350 ℃、2.0 MPa,Zr含量为5%时,CO2转化率达到最高的25.7%,甲烷选择性显著降低至9.7%,甲醇中间体完全消失,C3−C4链烷烃选择性提高至86.1%。这是因为该催化剂提供了充足的甲醇供应和富氢环境,促使合成的烯烃中间体在金属位点上发生加氢反应生成LPG。然而,当Zr负载量进一步增加到10%时,甲烷选择性增加,LPG选择性下降至71.6%,这可能是由于ZrO2在沸石晶体外表面沉积,导致DME分解,以及沸石结构变化影响了低碳烯烃的生成。作为对比,引入Zn和Mn改性的SAPO-34分子筛在耦合CZZ催化剂后,CZZ/5%ZnSAPO-34和CZZ/5%MnSAPO-34的LPG选择性分别为63.7%和68.1%,选择性明显下降。这是由于这两类分子筛的酸位点强度较低,限制了烯烃加氢为烷烃。
氧化铟(In2O3)作为一种具有独特性质的金属氧化物,在CO2活化和甲醇选择性生成方面表现出优异的性能[53]。2013年,Ye等[54]通过密度泛函理论 (DFT) 计算证实了含氧缺陷的In2O3(110) 晶面有利于甲醇的生成,且在抑制RWGS反应方面具有明显的优势。如图4所示, CO2在In2O3的氧空位上吸附和活化,生成了HCOO*、CH3O*等中间体,并进一步加氢为甲醇。Peng等[55]将In2O3与SSZ-13分子筛耦合,在350 ℃、3.0 MPa的条件下,LPG选择性保持在90%以上,且经过100 h反应后烃类产物选择性没有明显变化。不过CO2的转化率略有下降,从11.9%下降到9.8%,这是由于In2O3在高温下粒径增大烧结导致。为了解决In2O3在高温下烧结而导致的催化剂失活问题,可以通过添加助剂或引入载体的方法来稳定In2O3的结构,同时抑制催化剂的团聚。Liu等[56]通过H2-TPR、CO2-TPD与O 1s XPS等表征结果证实,与纯InOx和ZrO2相比,InZrOx复合氧化物更容易被H2还原,从而产生更多的氧空位,有利于H2和CO2的吸附和活化。Wang等[25]通过用正硅酸四乙酯溶液改性InZrOx氧化物,从而在其表面沉积SiO2;经过500 ℃高温焙烧后,得到了SiO2沉积量分别为4%和8%的4%InZrOx和8%InZrOx两种改性氧化物。XRD表征表明,SiO2以无定型相形式高度分散在InZrOx表面。
TEM结果证实,未改性InZrOx的平均粒径为9.76 nm,改性后平均粒径降低至4.70−6.10 nm,表明SiO2改性抑制了高温煅烧导致的InZrOx的团聚。与此同时,Beta分子筛与InZrOx氧化物组成双功能复合催化剂后,可将InZrOx氧化物上生成的甲醇中间体在分子筛酸性位点上进一步转化为丁烷等烃类产物。Beta分子筛的三维十二元环通道有利于形成富含异丙基侧链的高级甲基苯和甲基萘,这些物质构成烃池(HCP)物种,促进甲醇中间体向丁烷的转化。在315 ℃、3.0 MPa、空速1200 mL/(g·h)、H2/CO2比为3的条件下,InZrOx-Beta复合催化剂对丁烷的选择性高达53.4%(不含CO),CO2转化率为20.4%,CH4选择性仅约2%;异丁烷占两种丁烷异构体的86.5%。进行表面SiO2改性的8%InZrOx-Beta的稳定性,相较于未改性的InZrOx-Beta的,提高了接近2倍。
近年来研究人员发现,Ga基金属氧化物在CO2加氢制甲醇过程中也展现出了较大的应用潜力,但催化剂中Ga物质的含量需要被精细调控;Ga含量过低导致氧空位不足,且解离氢气能力较差,造成了反应活性低,Ga含量过高又会导致HxCO中间体的C−O键断裂,倾向生成甲烷而非甲醇。
Zhang等[57]通过共沉淀法制备了不同Ga/Zr比的GaZrOx氧化物。研究发现,随着Ga比例增加,表面氧空位浓度先升高后降低,而解离H2的能力则逐渐增强。表面氧空位浓度的提升直接促进了CO2的吸附与活化。活化后的CO2分子可与Ga位点产生的活性氢(Ga-Hδ−)反应,形成关键的甲酸盐中间体(HCOO*),该中间体通过连续加氢反应生成甲氧基(CH3O*),并最终形成甲醇。值得注意的是,过多的Ga位点会导致大量活性氢物质的产生,从而诱发了过度加氢,生成甲烷等副产物。因此,在GaZrOx等复合金属氧化物体系中,调控Ga与Zr比例至关重要,因为其决定了CO2吸附和H2解离活性,进而影响了LPG的产物选择性和收率。Wang等[24]将适量的Ga引入ZrO2中得到GaZrOx氧化物,再复合H-SSZ-13分子筛,构筑成了双功能复合催化剂。在350 ℃和3.0 MPa下,CO2转化率为43.4%,LPG的选择性达到89.4%,而CO的选择性仅为31.8%,LPG的产率高达26.5%。Ga3+离子半径(0.40 Å)小于Zr4+(0.82 Å),将适量Ga引入ZrO2时,会使ZrO2的晶胞收缩,产生高浓度的表面氧空位,从而促进CO2的吸附和活化。通过同位素标记DRIFT光谱、魔角旋转核磁共振(13C MAS NMR)以及多种探针实验证实了Ga1Zr2Ox展现出了最佳的甲醇生成活性,进而在H-SSZ-13分子筛酸位点快速脱水形成LPG。
Hu等[58]发现,富硫空位的MoS2催化CO2加氢制甲醇中展现了杰出的低温活性;在180 ℃、5.0 MPa的条件下,CO2转化率为12.5%,甲醇选择性高达94.3%。该团队进一步构筑了Mo3S4@NaZSM-5催化剂,实现了在180 ℃低温下,甲醇选择性超过98%,且CO2转化率维持在10.8%。Zhao等[59]采用DFT理论计算研究了在MoSx簇上甲醇生成路线;结果指出, CO2在Mo3S4簇上被吸附后,可直接解离或氢助解离生成CO,并进一步加氢生成HCO、 H2CO和*H3CO,最终形成CH3OH。将MoSx与H-SSZ-39分子筛耦合后,可实现CO2定向转化生成LPG,LPG选择性和收率分别高达71%和13.9%。
综上所述,ZnZr基、In基、Ga基以及其他金属氧化物作为CO2加氢制LPG双功能催化剂的核心组分,其合成甲醇中间体的能力对整个反应过程起到关键作用。通过调控金属种类、比例、引入助剂或构建固溶体结构,能够诱导表面氧空穴的生成,从而增强了CO2吸附活化能力。此外,合理调控Zn、In及Ga物种的含量和状态,可以控制H2的解离活性,最终促进了更多的甲醇中间体的产生。在此基础上,进一步耦合适宜的酸性分子筛,可促进甲醇在酸位点快速脱水,生成目标烃类。
除了金属氧化物外,LPG的生成同样依赖于酸性分子筛。在双功能催化体系中,分子筛的孔道结构和酸性特征是决定LPG选择性的关键因素。目前,HSSZ-13、HSSZ-39、Beta和 H-SAPO-34等分子筛因其适宜的孔道限域效应以及酸性特征,被广泛用于CO2加氢制LPG。
SSZ-13是一种具有CHA拓扑结构的硅铝酸盐沸石分子筛。SSZ-13分子筛具有八元环超笼结构。这种规整的微孔结构赋予其优异的筛分效应和择形催化能力。此外,通过控制合成过程,调变骨架硅铝比,可以控制SSZ-13分子筛的Brønsted酸位点含量和强度,这些酸性中心对甲醇中间体进一步发生脱水和C−C键耦合、裂解及氢转移等反应至关重要。为此,研究人员尝试将SSZ-13分子筛与适宜的金属氧化物耦合,构筑成复合催化剂,用来促进CO2加氢生成LPG。Peng等[55]设计了一种In2O3/SSZ-13双功能催化剂,LPG选择性达90%;研究发现,SSZ-13分子筛的强酸位点可将In2O3氧化物组元上生成的甲醇中间体快速转化为烯烃,并进一步加氢生成LPG。Wang等[24]研制的GaZrOx/H-SSZ-13复合催化剂在350 ℃、3.0 MPa下,CO2转化率和LPG选择性分别达到43.4%和89.4%,并且丙烷在烃类中的占比接近80%。他们的研究证实,在高压富氢气氛下,提高SSZ-13的强酸中心抑制了芳烃中间体的生成,从而降低了芳烃循环贡献;相反,烯烃循环增强,有利于丙烯和少量丁烯的生成,并在强酸位点快速加氢生成LPG。Liu等[56]得到了相似的结果。他们采用离子交换法制备不同酸密度的SSZ-13,并耦合MoS2用于CO2加氢制LPG。研究发现,随着SSZ-13分子筛强Brønsted酸密度的增加,丙烷选择性明显提高,证实了提高Brønsted酸密度和酸强度对促进丙烷生成起着重要作用。
H-SSZ-39分子筛由于具有侧开口的梨形笼和直8-MR通道结构,在合成小分子烃类化合物中表现出了较好的性能 [60−61]。同时,其较强的Brønsted酸性特征有效抑制了芳香族烃池物质的形成[62],从而显著降低了芳烃循环的贡献,减少了C2,而促进了C3烃的生成 [63−64]。Zhao等[59]通过两步固相交换和硫化法将MoSx簇限域在H-SSZ-39沸石超笼内,利用MoSx簇的Mo与分子筛骨架上O原子之间的强相互作用,稳定了MoSx簇,防止其在高温反应中发生团聚 [65−66]。在MoSx簇上,CO2加氢生成甲醇,并快速在临近的H-SSZ-39分子筛强酸位点上发生脱水和C−C耦合,生成LPG。在380 ℃、4.0 MPa的条件下,CO2转化率和LPG选择性分别达到32.7%和50%。
H-Beta分子筛是一种具有三维交叉孔道结构的沸石材料;其骨架由硅氧四面体和铝氧四面体组成,较大的十二元环孔道结构,有利于更大的反应分子生成。H-Beta分子筛经过质子交换后,呈现显著的Brønsted酸性和一定的Lewis酸性,其酸强度与分布可通过改变合成条件、控制骨架硅铝比等进行调控。H-Beta分子筛同时具备良好的热稳定性与水热稳定性,使其在高温反应过程中表现出较高的催化稳定性。
Wang等[25]发现,Beta分子筛三维十二元环孔道结构有利于促进甲醇转化形成富含异丙基侧链的高级多甲基苯和多甲基萘等烃池物种。这些物种经历连续甲基化生长后,发生异丙基侧链消除生成丙烯;丙烯继而通过进一步的甲基化及加氢步骤最终生成丁烷。同时,Beta分子筛的Brønsted酸含量对丁烷选择性也起到关键作用,适中酸性有利于提高丁烷选择性,而过低的酸量不利于甲醇转化,过高的酸量又会导致严重的裂解副反应。Li等[67]通过引入Pd原子对Beta分子筛进行改性,利用金属-酸性位点协同机制实现了CO2低温高效定向转化。Pd的引入有效促进了H2解离,形成活性氢物种(H+/H−),并通过氢溢流效应迁移至沸石酸性位,驱动碳正离子中间体直接加氢生成烷烃。这促使了在低温260 ℃的反应条件下即可实现烃类化合物的高效合成,显著降低能耗并抑制甲烷生成。同时,Pd的引入大幅提升了叔丁基碳正离子的热力学稳定性,使其成为主要活性中间体,并进而增加了产物中异丁烷的占比。总之,通过构筑独特的金属/沸石协同催化体系,有效调控了关键中间体的种类和结构以及演变规律,从而促进了丁烷的高效合成。
SAPO-34分子筛是一类具有CHA拓扑结构的硅铝磷酸盐,其独特的八元环孔口结合以及适中的酸强度,使其被广泛用于甲醇制低碳烯烃过程。因此,为了提高其生成LPG的能力,需要对其酸性进行调控,通过增强酸强度,来促使烯烃中间体进一步加氢为烷烃。Tong等[52]采用超声浸渍法将金属(Mn、Zn、Zr)负载于SAPO-34上形成MeSAPO-34改性分子筛。金属助剂的引入对促进LPG的生成起到关键作用。例如,所构筑的CZZ/5%ZrSAPO-34催化剂,在CO2加氢过程中LPG选择性达到86.1%。但进一步提高Zr的负载量会导致甲烷选择性增加,LPG选择性降低。整体来说,针对SAPO-34进行额外的金属助剂改性,可以通过改变酸位点含量和强度,来促进烯烃中间体加氢,从而增加了烷烃在烃类化合物中的占比。
综上所述,在甲醇中间体路线中,金属氧化物组元主要用于CO2加氢生成甲醇中间体,而分子筛酸位点则促进了甲醇中间体快速脱水和经过C−C耦合生成烃类化合物。实现LPG高效合成,需要同时控制金属氧化物的结构和组成,用来调控其表面氧空穴浓度,增强 CO2和H2的吸附和活化,从而生成更多甲醇中间体;同时,需要对分子筛的孔道结构、形貌和酸性进行精准调节,用来调变甲醇制烃过程中烯烃循环和芳烃循环的相对贡献,从而实现CO2定向转化生成LPG。表1总结了当前COx加氢通过费托合成路线和甲醇中间体制备LPG的常见双功能催化剂。
本工作综述了当前COx加氢制备液化石油气(LPG)的研究进展,重点聚焦于双功能催化剂的设计、优化及其作用机制。COx加氢制LPG主要通过费托合成(FTS)路线和甲醇中间体(MTH)路线实现。对于FTS路线制LPG,其研究核心在于突破Anderson-Schulz-Flory (ASF)分布规则的限制。研究人员通过催化剂结构调控(如设计核壳结构、金属空间分离与电子对于甲醇中间体路线,通过设计金属氧化物/分子筛双功能催化剂,突破了费托调控等策略)在一定程度上提高了C3−C4烃类的选择性,但幅度仍然有限。合成反应中的ASF分布限制,实现了高选择性合成LPG。这两类路线各具优势:费托路线具有更高COx转化率,适配现有煤制油/气工艺体系等场景,而甲醇中间体路线更适合用于构建面向C3−C4烷烃的定向催化反应过程。在合成气制LPG中,目前的研究侧重于金属-沸石界面结构的优化以及反应器构型(如核壳催化剂、双床层系统)的设计,以促进甲醇/烯酮等含氧中间体的生成与快速转化。在CO2加氢制LPG方面,更多的研究则聚焦于构建高活性甲醇合成组元与具有择形限域催化的分子筛之间的高效耦合,通过两类活性中心的协同实现LPG的高选择性生成。
尽管取得了重要的进展,但无论费托合成路线还是甲醇中间体路线,在COx制LPG方面依然存在一些挑战。对于费托合成路线,主要的问题依然是ASF分布规则的制约,造成了LPG选择性偏低;同时催化剂在高温下的积炭和失活问题以及高能耗的反应条件也限制了其大规模应用。对于甲醇中间体路线,主要的问题是所研制的金属氧化物/分子筛双功能催化剂展现了较低的CO2活化能力,导致CO2转化率偏低;同时,反应生成了大量CO副产物,造成碳资源利用效率偏低。因此,未来的研究重点需要进一步设计和构筑新型催化体系,通过调控金属/金属氧化物的表面电子结构、电荷密度以及暴露晶面等,来促进COx的吸附和活化,进而提高甲醇、烯酮等含氧中间体的含量,有利于提升COx的转化效率。同时,针对分子筛孔道结构、微观形貌和酸性进行调控,用来控制甲醇、烯酮等中间体快速转化为低碳烯烃,并继续在强酸位点通过加氢生成LPG。除此之外,分子筛酸位点在反应过程中容易因积炭而失活,并且金属氧化物活性组分在长周期测试过程中存在迁移和烧结的风险,影响催化剂稳定性。需要对金属氧化物表面进行改性,通过引入适宜的氧化硅壳层,来阻碍金属离子的迁移和团聚;同时,在传统微孔分子筛中引入多级孔结构,可以明显提高其扩散性能,防止结焦积炭,从而提高稳定性。

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2026年第54卷第5期
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doi: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0036
  • 接收时间:2025-10-23
  • 首发时间:2026-09-23
  • 出版时间:2026-05-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-23
  • 修回日期:2025-12-10
  • 录用日期:2025-12-21
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    1中国科学院山西煤炭化学研究所 煤炭高效低碳利用国家重点实验室, 山西 太原 030001
    2中国科学院大学, 北京 100049

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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