Article(id=1309585003915338633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309584897006727797, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0031, pmid=null, cstr=32157.14.2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0177, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760112000000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-11, revisedDate=1762272000000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-05, acceptedDate=1763049600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-14, onlineDate=1790158995846, onlineDateStr=2026-09-23, pubDate=1778342400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790158995846, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790158995846, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790158995846, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1309584897006727797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, year='2026', volume='54', issue='5', pageStart='20250202-787', pageEnd='20250432-928', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778342400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790158970356, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790212920530, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1309811180533805448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309584897006727797, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1309811180533805449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309584897006727797, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=20250278-951, endPage=20250278-962, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1309585004150219658, articleId=1309585003915338633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, language=EN, title=Study on high-temperature ash behavior characteristics of biomass, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the biomass utilization process, the high-temperature behavior of ash significantly influences the operational efficiency of gasifiers. This study examined the variations in the high-temperature behavior of straw ash and the underlying mechanisms using an intelligent ash fusion analyzer, a Theta high-temperature rotating viscometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM-EDS and FactSage thermodynamic simulations. The results revealed that the high-temperature behavior of corn straw ash is mainly controlled by thermodynamic equilibrium, whereas that of wheat straw ash is primarily governed by kinetic factors. Both types of biomass ash contain a high proportion of K2O (>30%), which leads to relatively low ash flow temperatures (<1300 ℃). Interestingly, corn straw ash exhibited a higher flow temperature than wheat straw ash, despite its a higher K2O and lower SiO2 content. This anomalous behavior was attributed to the elevated levels of CaO (10.39%) and MgO (7.33%) in corn straw ash, which promote the formation of high-melting-point silicates such as K2MgSiO4, K2Ca2Si2O7 and CaSiO3 at elevated temperatures. In contrast, wheat straw ash, with comparatively lower CaO (4.92%) and MgO (2.82%) contents, tended to generate low-melting-point potassium silicates under similar thermal conditions. At high temperatures, both corn and wheat straw ashes exhibited typical crystalline slag melting characteristics, with viscosity increasing linearly as the temperature decreased below a certain threshold. The abrupt viscosity increase in corn straw ash slag was primarily caused by the rapid nucleation and growth of silicate crystals during cooling. Due to the “chemical dilution effect” caused by the high P2O5 content, KAlSiO4 persisted throughout the cooling process in wheat straw ash slag, which resulted in a generally higher viscosity and a sharp viscosity increase at the final stage of cooling. This study elucidated the mechanism by which the ash chemical composition, through determining high-temperature phase equilibrium and non-equilibrium kinetics, macroscopically influences the ash melting and flowing behaviors. This research provided a theoretical foundation for further exploration of the high-temperature properties of biomass ash.

, authors=Jiawei WU1, Yonghuang LIANG2, Kejie HUANG3, Xinping PEI3, Xin HAN1, Jinfan LI3, Yong ZHANG4, Zhichao MA4, Hao CHEN4, Ke LIU1, 3, *, Junguo LI3, 5, *, authorsList=Jiawei WU, Yonghuang LIANG, Kejie HUANG, Xinping PEI, Xin HAN, Jinfan LI, Yong ZHANG, Zhichao MA, Hao CHEN, Ke LIU, Junguo LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ke LIU, Junguo LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1309585009351156651, articleId=1309585003915338633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, language=CN, title=生物质高温灰行为特性研究, columnId=1309584910000677174, journalTitle=燃料化学学报(中英文), columnName=RESEARCH PAPER, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在生物质资源化利用过程中,其灰高温行为影响着气化炉的运行效益。本研究通过灰熔融测定仪、高温黏度计、XRD、SEM-EDS及FactSage热力学模拟,探究了玉米秸秆和小麦秸秆灰的高温行为差异及其影响机制。研究发现,玉米秸秆灰的高温行为主要由热力学平衡主导,小麦秸秆灰主要受动力学因素影响。两种生物质灰含有较高的K2O,均高于30%,其流动温度均低于1300 ℃。玉米秸秆灰在含有更高K2O和更低SiO2的情况下,流动温度却高于小麦秸秆灰。这是由于玉米秸秆灰含有更高的CaO (10.39%) 和MgO (7.33%),在高温下会生成高熔点的硅酸盐 (如K2MgSiO4、K2Ca2Si2O7、CaSiO3);小麦秸秆灰的CaO(4.92%)、MgO (2.82%) 含量较低,在高温下更倾向于生成低熔点的硅酸钾盐。高温下,玉米秸秆和小麦秸秆的熔渣属于典型的结晶渣,当温度降到特定温度时,黏度呈直线上升。玉米秸秆灰渣在降温过程中多种硅酸盐晶体快速析出与粗化是引起黏度突变的关键因素。小麦秸秆灰渣由于高P2O5 含量带来的“化学偏离效应”,使得KAlSiO4在降温过程中持续存在导致了整体黏度偏大及降温末期黏度的快速攀升。本研究阐明了灰化学组成通过决定高温相平衡与非平衡动力学,进而宏观影响灰熔融与流变行为的机理,为更深入地探究生物质灰的高温特性提供了理论依据。

, authors=吴家威1, 梁永煌2, 黄科杰3, 裴新平3, 韩鑫1, 李金帆3, 张勇4, 马志超4, 陈昊4, 刘科1, 3, *, 李俊国3, 5, *, authorsList=吴家威, 梁永煌, 黄科杰, 裴新平, 韩鑫, 李金帆, 张勇, 马志超, 陈昊, 刘科, 李俊国, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘科, 李俊国, authorNote=

吴家威(1997),博士研究生,研究方向为含碳燃料资源化利用;高温灰行为,

刘科(1964),博士,讲席教授,研究方向为绿色低碳甲醇;洁净煤技术; 土壤修复与改良;系统仿真、模拟与集成,

李俊国(1985),博士,研究教授,研究方向为含碳燃料资源化利用;高性能炭材料研发;土壤改良与修复;流化床反应器流动特性及应用基础研究,

, correspAuthorsNote=
Tel: 86-755-88018365,86-13811152706, E-mail:
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吴家威(1997),博士研究生,研究方向为含碳燃料资源化利用;高温灰行为,

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journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309585003915338633, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The viscosity-temperature characteristic curves of biomass from corn and wheat straw, figureFileSmall=u+fQoutskzkcIMuv+elOog==, figureFileBig=I84lC5uNCnJZzjzX+59VUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309585017748152321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309585003915338633, language=CN, label=图2, caption=玉米秸秆和小麦秸秆生物质灰的黏温特性曲线, figureFileSmall=u+fQoutskzkcIMuv+elOog==, figureFileBig=I84lC5uNCnJZzjzX+59VUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309585017848815618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309585003915338633, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Mineral transformations of biomass ash calculated by FactSage, figureFileSmall=41F/PFjFoGcUTBdjm0Favg==, figureFileBig=1vkur24av7TmJmihSq4HPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309585017936896003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309585003915338633, language=CN, label=图3, caption=基于FactSage 计算的生物质灰矿物质演化过程

(a): Corn stalk; (b): Wheat stalk.

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(a): SiO2-CaO-K2O; (b) SiO2-CaO-MgO; (c) SiO2-K2O-MgO.

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(a): Corn stalk; (b): Wheat stalk.

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(a) 1050 ℃; (b) 1250 ℃; (c) 1450 ℃.

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(a): EDS; (b) atomic percentage of different particles.

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(a) 1050 ℃; (b) 1150 ℃; (c) 1300 ℃.

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(a): EDS; (b): atomic percentage of different particles.

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The proximate analysis and ultimate analysis of corn and wheat straw

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleUltimate analysis w/%Proximate analysis wad/%
NCHSO*MAVFC
ad: air dry basis; O*: by difference.
Corn straw0.9942.785.860.0150.364.598.7376.889.80
Wheat straw0.4043.446.170.0149.974.199.2376.4110.18
), ArticleFig(id=1309585020663193621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309585003915338633, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

玉米和小麦秸秆的工业分析以及元素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleUltimate analysis w/%Proximate analysis wad/%
NCHSO*MAVFC
ad: air dry basis; O*: by difference.
Corn straw0.9942.785.860.0150.364.598.7376.889.80
Wheat straw0.4043.446.170.0149.974.199.2376.4110.18
), ArticleFig(id=1309585020738691094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309585003915338633, language=EN, label=Table2, caption=

The chemical composition of ash form corn and wheat straw

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleContent w/%
SiO2Al2O3Fe2O3CaOMgOTiO2SO3K2ONa2OP2O5
Corn straw32.632.381.2610.397.330.154.0437.410.543.87
Wheat straw45.440.740.484.922.820.044.0231.20.2910.05
), ArticleFig(id=1309585020830965783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309585003915338633, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

玉米和小麦秸秆灰的化学组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleContent w/%
SiO2Al2O3Fe2O3CaOMgOTiO2SO3K2ONa2OP2O5
Corn straw32.632.381.2610.397.330.154.0437.410.543.87
Wheat straw45.440.740.484.922.820.044.0231.20.2910.05
), ArticleFig(id=1309585020923240472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309585003915338633, language=EN, label=Table3, caption=

Average grain size of the main crystal phases in the corn straw ash slag

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Crystal phase nameAverage grain size/nm
1050 ℃1150 ℃1250 ℃1350 ℃1450 ℃
CaSiO340.062.129.622.8−
SiO239.143.861.915.7−
KAlSiO4192.991.060.720.5−
K2MgSiO4135.2100.476.6−−
K2CaSiO490.751.559.4−−
K2MgSi3O896.151.2−−−
), ArticleFig(id=1309585021007126553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309585003915338633, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

玉米秸秆灰渣的主要晶相组成以及平均晶粒尺寸

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Crystal phase nameAverage grain size/nm
1050 ℃1150 ℃1250 ℃1350 ℃1450 ℃
CaSiO340.062.129.622.8−
SiO239.143.861.915.7−
KAlSiO4192.991.060.720.5−
K2MgSiO4135.2100.476.6−−
K2CaSiO490.751.559.4−−
K2MgSi3O896.151.2−−−
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Average grain size of the main crystal phases in the wheat stalk ash slag

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1050 ℃1100 ℃1150 ℃1200 ℃1250 ℃1300 ℃
KAlSiO456.447.141.035.448.338.9
KCl45.524.6−−−−
K2O243.224.914.8−−−
SiO214.0−−−−−
KClO317.470.460.6−−−
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小麦秸秆激冷渣的主要晶相组成以及平均晶粒尺寸

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KCl45.524.6−−−−
K2O243.224.914.8−−−
SiO214.0−−−−−
KClO317.470.460.6−−−
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生物质高温灰行为特性研究
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吴家威 1 , 梁永煌 2 , 黄科杰 3 , 裴新平 3 , 韩鑫 1 , 李金帆 3 , 张勇 4 , 马志超 4 , 陈昊 4 , 刘科 1, 3, * , 李俊国 3, 5, *
燃料化学学报(中英文) | RESEARCH PAPER 2026,54(5): 20250278-951-20250278-962
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燃料化学学报(中英文) |RESEARCH PAPER 2026 , 54 (5) : 20250278-951 -20250278-962
生物质高温灰行为特性研究
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吴家威1 , 梁永煌2, 黄科杰3, 裴新平3, 韩鑫1, 李金帆3, 张勇4, 马志超4, 陈昊4, 刘科1, 3, * , 李俊国3, 5, *
作者信息
  • 1南方科技大学 理学院化学系, 广东 深圳 518055
  • 2中化学(海南)国际贸易有限公司, 海南 海口 570100
  • 3南方科技大学 创新创业学院, 广东 深圳 518055
  • 4浙江绿色智行科创有限公司, 浙江 宁波 3150003
  • 5南方科技大学 海洋高等研究院, 广东 深圳 518055
通讯作者:
Tel: 86-755-88018365,86-13811152706, E-mail:
作者简介:

吴家威(1997),博士研究生,研究方向为含碳燃料资源化利用;高温灰行为,

刘科(1964),博士,讲席教授,研究方向为绿色低碳甲醇;洁净煤技术; 土壤修复与改良;系统仿真、模拟与集成,

李俊国(1985),博士,研究教授,研究方向为含碳燃料资源化利用;高性能炭材料研发;土壤改良与修复;流化床反应器流动特性及应用基础研究,

Study on high-temperature ash behavior characteristics of biomass
Jiawei WU1 , Yonghuang LIANG2, Kejie HUANG3, Xinping PEI3, Xin HAN1, Jinfan LI3, Yong ZHANG4, Zhichao MA4, Hao CHEN4, Ke LIU1, 3, * , Junguo LI3, 5, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
  • 2China National Chemical (Hainan) International Trade Co., Ltd., Haikou 570100, China
  • 3College of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
  • 4Zhejiang Green Intelligent Mobility Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315003, China
  • 5Advanced Institute for Ocean Research, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
出版时间: 2026-05-10 doi: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0031
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在生物质资源化利用过程中,其灰高温行为影响着气化炉的运行效益。本研究通过灰熔融测定仪、高温黏度计、XRD、SEM-EDS及FactSage热力学模拟,探究了玉米秸秆和小麦秸秆灰的高温行为差异及其影响机制。研究发现,玉米秸秆灰的高温行为主要由热力学平衡主导,小麦秸秆灰主要受动力学因素影响。两种生物质灰含有较高的K2O,均高于30%,其流动温度均低于1300 ℃。玉米秸秆灰在含有更高K2O和更低SiO2的情况下,流动温度却高于小麦秸秆灰。这是由于玉米秸秆灰含有更高的CaO (10.39%) 和MgO (7.33%),在高温下会生成高熔点的硅酸盐 (如K2MgSiO4、K2Ca2Si2O7、CaSiO3);小麦秸秆灰的CaO(4.92%)、MgO (2.82%) 含量较低,在高温下更倾向于生成低熔点的硅酸钾盐。高温下,玉米秸秆和小麦秸秆的熔渣属于典型的结晶渣,当温度降到特定温度时,黏度呈直线上升。玉米秸秆灰渣在降温过程中多种硅酸盐晶体快速析出与粗化是引起黏度突变的关键因素。小麦秸秆灰渣由于高P2O5 含量带来的“化学偏离效应”,使得KAlSiO4在降温过程中持续存在导致了整体黏度偏大及降温末期黏度的快速攀升。本研究阐明了灰化学组成通过决定高温相平衡与非平衡动力学,进而宏观影响灰熔融与流变行为的机理,为更深入地探究生物质灰的高温特性提供了理论依据。

生物质  /  灰行为  /  熔融温度  /  黏温特性  /  晶相析出

In the biomass utilization process, the high-temperature behavior of ash significantly influences the operational efficiency of gasifiers. This study examined the variations in the high-temperature behavior of straw ash and the underlying mechanisms using an intelligent ash fusion analyzer, a Theta high-temperature rotating viscometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM-EDS and FactSage thermodynamic simulations. The results revealed that the high-temperature behavior of corn straw ash is mainly controlled by thermodynamic equilibrium, whereas that of wheat straw ash is primarily governed by kinetic factors. Both types of biomass ash contain a high proportion of K2O (>30%), which leads to relatively low ash flow temperatures (<1300 ℃). Interestingly, corn straw ash exhibited a higher flow temperature than wheat straw ash, despite its a higher K2O and lower SiO2 content. This anomalous behavior was attributed to the elevated levels of CaO (10.39%) and MgO (7.33%) in corn straw ash, which promote the formation of high-melting-point silicates such as K2MgSiO4, K2Ca2Si2O7 and CaSiO3 at elevated temperatures. In contrast, wheat straw ash, with comparatively lower CaO (4.92%) and MgO (2.82%) contents, tended to generate low-melting-point potassium silicates under similar thermal conditions. At high temperatures, both corn and wheat straw ashes exhibited typical crystalline slag melting characteristics, with viscosity increasing linearly as the temperature decreased below a certain threshold. The abrupt viscosity increase in corn straw ash slag was primarily caused by the rapid nucleation and growth of silicate crystals during cooling. Due to the “chemical dilution effect” caused by the high P2O5 content, KAlSiO4 persisted throughout the cooling process in wheat straw ash slag, which resulted in a generally higher viscosity and a sharp viscosity increase at the final stage of cooling. This study elucidated the mechanism by which the ash chemical composition, through determining high-temperature phase equilibrium and non-equilibrium kinetics, macroscopically influences the ash melting and flowing behaviors. This research provided a theoretical foundation for further exploration of the high-temperature properties of biomass ash.

biomass  /  ash behavior  /  fusion temperature  /  viscosity-temperature characteristics  /  crystalline phase precipitation
吴家威, 梁永煌, 黄科杰, 裴新平, 韩鑫, 李金帆, 张勇, 马志超, 陈昊, 刘科, 李俊国. 生物质高温灰行为特性研究. 燃料化学学报(中英文), 2026 , 54 (5) : 20250278-951 -20250278-962 . DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0031
Jiawei WU, Yonghuang LIANG, Kejie HUANG, Xinping PEI, Xin HAN, Jinfan LI, Yong ZHANG, Zhichao MA, Hao CHEN, Ke LIU, Junguo LI. Study on high-temperature ash behavior characteristics of biomass[J]. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 2026 , 54 (5) : 20250278-951 -20250278-962 . DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0031
中国作为农业大国,每年产生大量农业废弃物,高温热转化技术是其能源化利用的主要途径之一。农业废弃物通常富含硅与碱(土)金属元素,其复杂的灰化学组成易在热转化过程中诱发结渣、腐蚀及排渣不畅等问题,严重影响设备运行的稳定性与经济性。这些问题本质上均源于生物质灰在高温下的相变与熔融行为对其高温灰化学行为的影响[1]。
灰熔融特性与黏温行为是评估灰渣高温性能的关键指标,主要受其物理化学性质所影响。酸性氧化物(如SiO2、TiO2)倾向于形成高熔点相并增强熔体网络结构,提高灰熔点和黏度;碱性氧化物(如K2O、Na2O、CaO、MgO)则通常作为助熔剂,破坏硅氧网络,降低熔融温度与黏度;两性氧化物(如Al2O3、Fe2O3)则因反应条件差异起到使灰黏度上升或下降的作用,例如,Fe2O3在还原气氛下能降低灰黏度,在氧化气氛下却提高灰黏度[2−4]。Li等[5]通过向高钙褐煤中添加高铝大同煤,发现随着大同煤添加量的增加,熔融温度在上升,此时Al2O3由于键能较强的CaO存在起到提高灰熔融温度以及黏度的作用。Zhang等[6]和Kong等[7]通过向高硅煤灰中添加一定量的CaO,能有效降低其灰流动温度的同时改善其黏温特性。灰的高温行为不仅取决于化学组成,更与矿物相的种类、析出顺序、晶体形貌及微观结构密切相关[8]。Alam等[1]研究发现,在同一温度下氧化钾和氧化铝大量存在的生物质灰渣流速远低于氧化钙和氧化铝大量存在的煤灰渣,这是由于氧化钾和氧化铝大量存在有利于高熔点晶相 KAlSi2O6 的生成,氧化钙和氧化铝的大量共存有利于熔融物质的生成,使得在同一温度下煤灰渣黏度更低,流速更快。目前,灰高温行为的研究更多是针对高硅铝含量的煤灰,但对高硅、高碱(土)金属含量的生物质灰在高温下的晶相演变机制及其对灰高温行为的影响机制的研究较为缺乏。
因此,本研究选取玉米秸秆与小麦秸秆为典型对象,综合采用灰熔融测定仪、高温黏度计、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜-能谱分析(SEM-EDS)及FactSage热力学模拟等方法,系统研究两者在高温下的晶体行为对灰高温行为的影响机制,旨在阐明其灰化学组成—微观结构演变—宏观性能之间的作用机理,为生物质灰高温行为的精准预测与定向调控提供了理论基础和实践路径。
玉米和小麦秸秆来自江苏省连云港市,其工业分析以及元素分析如表1所示。
根据中国国标《固体生物质燃料工业分析方法》(GB/T 28731—2012)制备玉米和小麦秸秆的生物质灰。具体过程为:将玉米和小麦秸秆置于马弗炉中,以5 ℃/min的升温速率将炉温缓慢升至(250±10)℃,并在此温度下保持60 min;然后继续以5 ℃/min的升温速率升温到(550±10) ℃,灼烧至质量不变后,取出冷却并放置于干燥皿中。将得到的生物质灰进行研磨、筛分、干燥处理,使其粒径小于200 μm,并根据中国国标《固体生物质燃料灰成分测定方法》(GB/T 30725—2014)测定其化学组成,结果如表2所示。
根据中国国标《煤灰熔融性的测定方法》(GB/T 219—2008)测定玉米和小麦秸秆两种生物质灰的熔融特征温度:将制备的三角灰锥放入5E-AFIII 型自动灰熔融测定仪中,以15 ℃/min的升温速率从室温升至900 ℃,然后以 5 ℃/min 的速率继续升温,直至到1500 ℃。根据灰锥形状的变化观察并记录四个特征温度:变形温度(Deformation temperature, DT)、软化温度(Softening temperature, ST)、半球温度(Hemisphere temperature, HT)、流动温度(Flow temperature, FT)。
为了模拟气流床的熔渣流动情况,将玉米和小麦秸秆制备的生物质灰放置于高温电炉中进行预熔,预熔温度高于灰流动温度100−200 ℃,待自然冷却后取出坩埚破碎,得到高温预熔灰渣。将得到的灰渣置于Theta-1700型旋转高温黏度计(反应气氛:CO∶CO2=6∶4,气体流量:100 mL/min)并按照程序进行升温,达到目标温度后,将转子放入样品后进行降温黏度测试,降温速率为2 ℃/min,得到生物质灰熔渣的黏温特性曲线。
称取10 g生物质灰,平铺于刚玉舟,将其送入高温电炉(反应气氛:CO∶CO2=6∶4,气体流量:100 mL/min)中,以与高温黏度计一样的升温程序升温至指定温度(玉米秸秆:1450 ℃;小麦秸秆:1300 ℃),然后以2 ℃/min的速率降温至目标温度,在目标温度恒温20 min后快速取出置于液氮中快速冷却。将冷却后的炉渣进行破碎,过筛至74 μm以下,置于干燥皿中备用。
利用 Rigaku D/max 2500 型 X射线衍射分析仪(日本理学公司)测定激冷灰渣中的物质组成。该仪器采用 Cu 靶,石英单色器,操作电压 40 kV,电流 40 mA,扫描速率 8(°)/min,10°−90°扫描。样品经磨细、压片后测定,闪烁计数器记录强度,得到衍射峰的角度和相应的衍射强度,以确定矿物晶体的种类及晶粒尺寸。本研究主要通过Scherrer 公式[9]计算晶体的晶粒尺寸,计算方法如下:
$ D=\frac{K\lambda }{\beta \cos\theta } $
式中:λ为X射线波长;β为衍射峰的半高宽;θ为衍射角;K为常数,0.89。
采用Thermo Scientific Apreo 2型场发射扫描电镜及其配套能谱仪对1250 ℃玉米秸秆激冷灰渣和1050 ℃小麦秸秆激冷灰渣进行分析:以二次电子模式(1.0 nm @ 15 kV)观察灰渣的微观形貌;通过能谱仪对样品进行面扫描以及点扫描以获取元素分布信息。
基于吉布斯自由能最小原理,通过FactSage热力学计算软件中 Equilib和Phase Diagram模块,计算随着温度变化,生物质灰的矿物质种类及含量的变化过程。基于生物质灰中(SiO2 + K2O + CaO + MgO)占比超过90%,计算多个三元相图,构建组分变化对完全液相温度以及灰渣的主要组成的影响规律。本次计算中Equilib和Phase Diagram模块选取的数据库是“Fact-PS”和“FT-oxide”数据库。
图1为秸秆制备的两种生物质灰的熔融特征温度。玉米秸秆灰的DT-FT的温度为988−1241 ℃,区间间隔为243 ℃;小麦秸秆灰的DT-FT为962−1162 ℃,区间间隔为200 ℃。两者均具有较宽的温度区间,表明其灰从开始软化到完全液化是一个渐进的持续的过程。从化学组成上分析,离子势较高的酸性组分(如Si4+、Al3+的离子势为9.5、5.9)易形成聚合体,提高灰熔融特征温度;离子势低的碱性组分(如Mg2+、Ca2+、Na+和K+的离子势分别为3.0、2.0、1.1和0.75)则促使聚合体解离,导致特征温度下降[10]。玉米秸秆和小麦秸秆灰中碱性组分的质量分数均较高,分别为 55.67%和38.51%,其中,K2O含量尤为突出,分别达到37.41%、31.2%。因此,两种灰熔融特征温度均低于1300 ℃。小麦秸秆灰中碱性组分含量低于玉米秸秆灰,理论上其灰特征温度应更高,但实验结果表明,小麦秸秆灰的特征温度更低。玉米秸秆中CaO的质量分数达到了10.39%,高于小麦秸秆的4.92%;小麦秸秆灰中P2O5(10.05%)显著高于玉米秸秆(3.87%)。
文献表明,过量的CaO与SiO2会反应生成高熔点的硅酸钙盐; P2O5则能抑制高硅灰中高熔点莫来石的生成[1,11−12]。因此,在CaO和P2O5的作用下,小麦秸秆灰的熔融特征温度明显低于玉米秸秆灰。玉米秸秆与小麦秸秆DT和ST较低,其灰在流化床气化炉运行过程中,较高的操作温度易导致灰附着在炉壁、炉排或换热面上,导致严重的结渣和堵塞。玉米秸秆与小麦秸秆的FT均低于1300 ℃,其灰在气流床气化炉运行过程中,要实现气流床的流畅液态排渣,还需要有较好的黏温特性。
灰的黏温特性是指灰在高温下形成熔渣的黏度与温度之间的关系,是施加应力时流体对运动抵抗力的量度,是描述灰高温下流动性的最重要指标。总的来说,要实现稳定液态排渣,最佳的排渣黏度为2.5−25.00 Pa·s[13]。玉米秸秆和小麦秸秆灰黏温特性结果如图2所示。
如图2所示,玉米秸秆灰、小麦秸秆灰均属于典型的结晶渣,其黏度在温度降至特定值时均会急剧上升。玉米秸秆与小麦秸秆灰的临界黏度温度分别为1381、1283 ℃,均高于其FT。根据高温熔融灰渣网络结构理论,灰熔体的黏度主要受硅氧四面体熔体网络结构的连接程度影响,SiO2作为网络结构的形成体会扩大网络结构,增加熔体流动时内部质点运动的内摩擦力[14]。玉米秸秆和小麦秸秆灰中SiO2含量均较高,分别达到了32.63%、45.44%。因此,在反应温度高于FT的情况下,玉米秸秆和小麦秸秆灰黏度仍然处于一个较高值,且随着温度的降低其黏度在快速增加。
当反应温度仅从1381 ℃降低到1378 ℃,玉米秸秆灰黏度便从77.39 Pa∙s上升至139.71 Pa∙s。小麦秸秆灰满足2.5−25.00 Pa∙s温度段为1279 −1296 ℃,间隔仅为17 ℃,同时也具有较大的波动性,但增长速率较玉米秸秆灰慢。这种差异主要源于两者灰成分的不同。玉米秸秆灰中较高的CaO含量(10.39%)和MgO含量(7.33%)易于形成高熔点的矿物质(如硅酸钙盐、硅酸镁盐),其在高温下未能完全熔化,形成的晶体颗粒在熔体中产生较大的内摩擦力和流动阻力,导致黏度整体偏高且波动剧烈。小麦秸秆灰中较高的K2O(31.20%)和P2O5(10.05%)含量能有效促进共熔效应,加速矿物质的低温熔化,并抑制高熔点晶相(如莫来石)的生成,使黏度变化相对平缓,但其有效黏温区间也较为狭窄。玉米秸秆与小麦秸秆的黏温特性差异,是其灰化学成分驱动下矿物质高温演化行为的结果。
如图3(a)所示,玉米秸秆灰模拟预测的完全液相温度(tliq = 1384 ℃)与实测FT相符,表明其熔融过程主要由热力学平衡所主导。玉米秸秆灰在800−1384 ℃时多次发生主要晶相的转化才达到完全液相状态。复杂的硅酸盐矿物相(如K2MgSi3O8、K2Ca2Si2O7)在宽温度区间内持续生成或析出,解释了其较高的FT以及黏温曲线为何在1350 ℃附近便开始出现波动的原因。小麦秸秆灰在高温下的矿物质演化行为更为复杂。如图3(b)所示,因KCl等低熔点盐的存在,完全液相温度(tliq)低至1115 ℃,实测FT为1162 ℃,明显高于此预测值,表明实际过程偏离了热力学平衡。XRD结果(如图4)所示,在远超完全液相温度和FT的情况下,高熔点的KAlSiO4晶体作为亚稳相在小麦秸秆灰渣中持续存在。KAlSiO4在实验过程中未能完全熔化,在实际的黏度测试中形成了阻碍熔体流动的固相骨架。因此,尽管低熔点组分促进了低温共熔,但KAlSiO4作为亚稳相的持续存在,提高了实测FT并导致整体黏度偏高。
图5所示的三个三元体系相图从热力学平衡角度揭示了不同氧化物组分对灰渣高温熔融特性的影响。根据表2的灰化学成分分析,玉米与小麦秸秆灰的组成差异显著,在三元相图中的投影位置截然不同,决定了其截然不同的高温行为机制。玉米秸秆灰(SiO2: 32.63%、K2O: 37.41%、CaO: 10.39%、MgO: 7.33%)其组分在SiO2-K2O-MgO与SiO2-CaO-K2O相图上的投影点更靠近高钾角,并显著偏离SiO2顶点。此区域对应着钾镁硅酸盐(如K2MgSi5O12)、钾钙硅酸盐(如K2Ca2Si2O7)、钾铝硅酸盐(如KAlSiO4)等多种化合物的初晶区,普遍具有较高的熔点。另外,其较高的CaO和MgO含量意味着其相组成同时受到以高熔点晶相(如硅灰石、顽辉石)著称的SiO2-CaO-MgO体系强烈影响[11]。
小麦秸秆灰(SiO2: 45.44%、 K2O: 31.20%、 P2O5: 10.05%、 CaO+MgO: 7.74%),其SiO2的含量更高,在SiO2-K2O基的相图中投影更偏向于硅酸钾盐(如K2Si2O5、K2Si4O9)形成的低温共熔区,理论上应具有较好的熔融特性,解释了其较低的热力学模拟全液相温度。小麦秸秆中P2O5含量高达10.05%,大于玉米秸秆灰的P2O5含量。虽然P2O5可以与K2O等形成低熔点的磷酸盐玻璃相,但是在实际反应过程中,P2O5改变熔体结构,可能抑制某些硅酸盐相的熔融并促进亚稳相KAlSiO4的存留,导致实测FT偏离热力学预测,并使其熔体在高温下仍保持较高黏度[15−16]。
综上所述,玉米秸秆灰的高温行为符合热力学模拟计算预期,其高温行为可通过其在传统硅酸盐三元相图中的位置得到较好解释,高碱土金属含量导致的多高熔点相共存是其主要矛盾,高FT源于固有的高熔点硅酸盐组分;小麦秸秆灰表现为显著的动力学控制特征, P2O5这一关键组分带来的“化学偏离效应”,使其高温物理化学过程更为复杂,亚稳相KAlSiO4的持续存在,使其宏观特性(FT、黏度)偏离了热力学的“简单”预测,揭示了非平衡相变在实际生物质灰熔融过程中的关键影响。
如图6所示,玉米秸秆和小麦秸秆灰渣在高温下的相变行为存在显著区别,直接影响了其黏温特性。玉米秸秆灰渣在1250−1450 ℃的XRD谱图以非晶态“馒头峰”为主,表明灰渣在该温度区间主要处于熔融状态。在1350 ℃时检测到CaSiO3、KAlSiO4和SiO2的晶体衍射峰;在1250 ℃及以下温度时,K2MgSiO4、K2CaSiO4和K2MgSi3O4等复杂碱金属硅酸盐相继出现。随着温度降低,晶相的衍射峰强度逐渐增强,晶粒尺寸也呈现增大趋势。如表3所示, CaSiO3、KAlSiO4和SiO2的平均晶粒尺寸从1350 ℃时的22.8、20.5和15.7 nm分别增至1050 ℃时的40.0、192.9和39.1nm。K2MgSiO4、K2CaSiO4和K2MgSi3O8的晶粒尺寸始终处于一个较大值,从最初的76.6、59.4、51.2 nm分别增至1050 ℃时135.2、90.7、96.1 nm。
这一演变结果表明,在玉米秸秆灰渣降温过程中晶相在中高温区间已开始析出并逐渐粗化,干扰了熔体的流变行为,导致黏度测量值出现显著波动,使得整体黏度偏高。
相比之下,小麦秸秆灰在整个检测温度区间内均检测到KAlSiO4的稳定存在,其晶粒尺寸波动范围较小(38.9−56.4 nm),未见明显粗化现象(如表4所示)。其他晶相如KCl、K2O2等主要在低温阶段(≤1150 ℃)出现,且晶粒尺寸普遍较小。随着温度降低,非晶态“馒头峰”逐渐减弱,至1050 ℃时基本消失,表明灰渣逐渐由熔融液态向固态转变。小麦秸秆灰中晶粒尺寸随温度变化较为平缓,未出现类似玉米秸秆灰渣的剧烈晶体生长行为,因此,其黏温曲线相对平滑。高熔点相KAlSiO4(熔点:1850 ℃)在熔体中作为一种稳定、刚性的固相骨架持续存在,且在整个温度区间内未发生像玉米秸秆灰中那样的显著粗化或溶解。坚硬、不规则的KAlSiO4晶体颗粒相互接触、摩擦,形成了强大的内摩擦力和流动阻力,共同导致了其整体黏度偏高的宏观现象。
如图7所示,玉米秸秆和小麦秸秆灰渣在高温下的晶体析出顺序、晶粒生长动力学以及高温相组成稳定性存在着明显差异:玉米秸秆灰中多种硅酸盐晶体在中高温阶段的快速析出与粗化是引起黏度突变的关键因素;小麦秸秆灰中KAlSiO4的持续存在与晶粒尺寸的稳定性,则使其表现出更为平缓但整体偏高的黏温特性。晶体析出顺序、晶粒生长动力学以及高温相组成稳定性的不同导致了两种秸秆灰在高温下的黏温行为存在明显差异。
为从微区形貌和元素组成层面直接验证不同温度下晶体析出与粗化行为,对玉米与小麦秸秆激冷灰渣进行了扫描电镜-能谱分析(SEM-EDS),结果如图8−11所示。
如图8所示,玉米秸秆激冷灰渣在反应温度为1050、1250、1450 ℃时微观结构演变呈现显著阶段性特征。
当反应温度在1450 ℃时,玉米秸秆灰渣表面光滑,仅存在少量未完全熔融的微细颗粒,形貌呈现典型的高温熔体特征,表明此时灰渣主要以液态渣形式存在,处于熔融状态。当温度降至1250 ℃时,可观察到熔体基体上出现大量尺寸不一的析出颗粒。这些颗粒多数与基体界面模糊,呈现黏连状态;部分尺寸较大颗粒与基体界面清晰,无明显的黏连的情况。根据灰熔融特征温度测试与FactSage计算的结果,此时玉米秸秆灰渣主要处于熔融态,仅有少量的晶相以固态的形式存在,由此推测尺寸较大的颗粒可能为从熔体中独立析出的晶体。当温度持续降至1050 ℃时,相比于1250 ℃时样品中颗粒数量进一步增多,平均尺寸有所减小,分布密度显著增加。此时玉米秸秆灰渣主要以固相为主,灰渣颗粒可能是灰渣进入固相主导区域后发生的多核结晶现象。
为进一步明晰晶体析出情况,对1250 ℃玉米秸秆激冷灰渣进行EDS面扫描及多点分析,结果如图9所示。由图9(a)可知,面扫描结果显示灰渣基体主要包含Mg、Ca、K、Si、Al等元素,与玉米秸秆灰的化学组成特征相符。由图9(b)可知,颗粒中Si原子占比为59.80%,其次是K原子,占比为19.30%。这一结果与XRD检测结果相符,在该温度下玉米秸秆灰渣主要由硅酸钾盐和二氧化硅组成。随机选取了五个与熔融基体无明显黏连的颗粒进行点分析,其原子比例具有明显规律性。由于晶体析出过程中,是多个晶体共同析出,因此,图中小颗粒可能是一个或一个以上的晶体组成的。1号颗粒(K∶Ca∶Al∶Mg ≈ 4.57∶1.76∶1∶1.36)和2号颗粒(K∶Ca∶Al∶Mg ≈ 3.19∶1.37∶1∶1.15)的原子比与K2MgSiO4和K2CaSiO4的理论计量较吻合;3号颗粒(K∶Ca∶Al∶Mg ≈ 3.50∶1.18∶1∶1.43)同样符合钾镁硅酸盐与钾钙硅酸盐的混合相特征;4号颗粒(K∶Ca∶Al∶Mg ≈ 5.96∶2.37∶1∶1.21)显示出富钾钙特征,可能为K2CaSiO4与CaSiO3的混合;5号颗粒(K∶Ca∶Al∶Mg ≈ 2.94∶1.06∶1∶2.41)则表现出明显的钾镁硅酸盐(K2MgSiO4)组成特征。通过对析出的颗粒进行原子占比进行分析,验证了其主要晶相组成为K2MgSiO4、K2CaSiO4和CaSiO3,这与XRD检测的结果是一致的,由此说明在1250 ℃时,K2MgSiO4、K2CaSiO4和CaSiO3等晶相已从熔体中析出,且形成的晶体尺寸较大,进一步验证了晶体的析出与粗化是导致该温度区间黏温特性曲线波动的重要因素。
如图10所示,小麦秸秆灰渣随着反应温度(1050、1150、1300 ℃)变化其微观结构演变则呈现不同特征。
在1300−1050 ℃灰渣表面始终保持相对光滑,表明其具有较宽的液相温度区间,这与FactSage热力学计算显示的较低全液相温度和实测较低FT相一致。随温度降低,小麦秸秆灰渣熔融基体上观察到明显的析出行为。在1150 ℃时,熔体表面出现部分半嵌入状微细颗粒,说明该温度下小麦秸秆灰渣开始析出,但整体析出较为缓慢。随着温度进一步下降,在1050 ℃时,表面析出颗粒数量增多,且多数颗粒与基体界面清晰,小颗粒与基体之间基本不黏连或仅有部分黏连,黏连现象明显减弱。由此说明,随着温度的下降小麦秸秆灰渣晶体缓慢析出且逐步增强。
如图11所示,1050 ℃小麦秸秆灰渣的EDS分析揭示了其复杂的析出相组成。由图11(a)可知,1050 ℃时,小麦秸秆灰渣主要由K、Si、Al、Ca、Cl元素组成。由图11(b)可知,颗粒中Si原子占比为62.08%,其次是K原子,占比为22.19%。这一结果与XRD检测结果相符,小麦秸秆灰渣中存在着KAlSiO4和SiO2等晶相。EDS图中出现了明显的Cl元素富集情况,根据XRD结果显示该温度下小麦秸秆存在KCl与KClO3的晶相。随机选取了五个与大颗粒无明显黏连或轻微黏连的小颗粒进行区域扫描,其原子占比如图11(b)所示。1号颗粒显示出极高的K和Cl含量(K∶Al∶Mg∶Cl ≈ 16.69∶1∶1.85∶10.39),明确对应于KCl/KClO3物相;2号、4号和5号颗粒均表现出极高的K含量(K∶Al比为13.57−16.88),表明其主要由K2O2相组成;3号颗粒的K∶Al∶Mg∶Cl比例(约4.94∶ 1∶0.36∶0.90)则与KAlSiO4和K2O2混合物相特征相符。XRD检测表明,KAlSiO4在整个温度区间持续存在,但SEM-EDS结果显示其析出晶体仅可能在3号颗粒上存在,由此说明其在灰渣中的含量较低。这解释了为何该相的存在未显著影响灰熔融特征温度。但作为高熔点相,KAlSiO4在不同温度下均以固态的形式存在,对熔体流动产生阻碍作用[16−17]。同时,晶粒尺寸较大的K2O2等相在低温下的大量析出与粗化,是导致小麦秸秆灰在降温过程中黏度迅速上升的重要因素。
通过SEM-EDS分析从微观尺度完整揭示了两种灰渣的不同结晶行为:玉米秸秆灰中多种硅酸盐晶体的竞争性析出与快速粗化是其复杂黏温特性的结构基础;小麦秸秆灰中KAlSiO4的持续存在与低温析出相的行为,解释了其黏度在降温后期迅速增大的现象。
在生物质资源化利用过程中,其灰高温行为影响着气化炉的运行效益。本研究选取玉米秸秆和小麦秸秆作为典型生物质原料,对其灰的高温行为进行多尺度表征,系统阐明了其灰化学组成—微观结构演变—宏观性能(熔融特征温度、黏度)之间的作用机理。
两种生物质灰含有较高的碱性组分含量,其中,K2O含量均高于30%,两者熔融特征温度均低于1300 ℃。玉米秸秆灰的高温熔融行为主要由热力学平衡主导,其灰成分高CaO (10.39%) 和MgO (7.33%)的特点导致灰渣高温相组成复杂,主要由高熔点的硅酸盐(如K2MgSiO4、K2Ca2Si2O7、CaSiO3)组成,因此,其流动温度较高(1241 ℃)。小麦秸秆灰的CaO (4.92%)、MgO (2.82%)含量较低,在高温下更倾向于生成低熔点的硅酸钾盐。因此,玉米秸秆灰在含有更高K2O含量和更低SiO2含量的情况下,流动温度却高于小麦秸秆灰。
高温下,玉米秸秆和小麦秸秆的熔渣属于典型的结晶渣,当温度降到特定温度时,黏度呈直线上升。玉米秸秆灰在降温过程中晶体析出迅速、晶粒粗化明显(如KAlSiO4晶粒尺寸从1350 ℃的20.5 nm增长至1050 ℃的192.9 nm),这是导致其高温黏度较高且波动剧烈的关键因素。小麦秸秆灰行为主要受动力学因素控制。在过高的P2O5(10.05%)作用下,高熔点KAlSiO4晶体在小麦秸秆熔渣降温过程中持续存在。在降温过程中小麦秸秆熔渣的晶体析出缓慢且晶粒尺寸变化较小,但其体系中持续存在的KAlSiO4和低温下大量析出的K2O2,共同导致了整体黏度偏大及降温末期黏度的快速攀升。
基于以上研究,建议在调控玉米秸秆灰行为的过程中需重点关注高熔点硅酸盐的调控,可通过添加剂(Fe2O3等)促进低温共熔体的形成以改善熔融特性以及黏温特性;小麦秸秆灰,其结渣风险源于高黏度熔体,调控策略应侧重于抑制KAlSiO4的析出或改变其析出形态,可通过添加CaO/MgO,改变相平衡来消耗K2O和SiO2,以达到抑制KAlSiO4生成的目的。

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2026年第54卷第5期
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doi: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0031
  • 接收时间:2025-10-11
  • 首发时间:2026-09-23
  • 出版时间:2026-05-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-11
  • 修回日期:2025-11-05
  • 录用日期:2025-11-14
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    1南方科技大学 理学院化学系, 广东 深圳 518055
    2中化学(海南)国际贸易有限公司, 海南 海口 570100
    3南方科技大学 创新创业学院, 广东 深圳 518055
    4浙江绿色智行科创有限公司, 浙江 宁波 3150003
    5南方科技大学 海洋高等研究院, 广东 深圳 518055

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlhxxb/CN/10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0031
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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