Article(id=1309631843608125777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309631821596423027, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0025, pmid=null, cstr=32157.14.2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0160, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757088000000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-06, revisedDate=1760198400000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-12, acceptedDate=1761235200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-10-24, onlineDate=1790170163298, onlineDateStr=2026-09-23, pubDate=1773072000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790170163298, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790170163298, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790170163298, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1309631821596423027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, year='2026', volume='54', issue='3', pageStart='20250121-412', pageEnd='20250365-540', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773072000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790170158051, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790213000114, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1309811514299744400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309631821596423027, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1309811514299744401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309631821596423027, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=20250222-500, endPage=20250222-512, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1309631843771703634, articleId=1309631843608125777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, language=EN, title=Effects of the endogenous potassium and calcium metal ions on the yields and characteristics of products drived from pyrolysis of corn stalk, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Endogenous alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEMs) in biomass ash and pyrolysis temperature have a significant impact on the properties of pyrolysis polygeneration products. In this study, alkali metal (potassium) and alkaline earth metal (calcium) were selected as representative metals of AAEMs. Potassium ions (K+) and calcium ions (Ca2+) at different concentrations (2%, 5%, 7%) were added to corn stover via the impregnation method, and fixed-bed pyrolysis experiments were conducted at 400, 500 and 600 ℃ to systematically investigate the yields and compositions of pyrolysis gas, liquid, and solid products. The results showed that in terms of the effect of concentration, with the increase of metal ion concentration, the biochar yield increased significantly—when the concentration of Ca2+ was 7%, the biochar yield reached 24.96%—while the bio-oil yield generally decreased. Due to its strong Lewis acidity, Ca2+ significantly promoted the formation of H2 (accounting for 32.49% in the gas phase at 7% concentration) and facilitated the enrichment of furan compounds to 65.88%. For K+, low concentrations were conducive to the formation of phenolic substances, while high concentrations promoted the generation of ketone compounds and intensified bio-oil cracking. In terms of the effect of temperature, as the pyrolysis temperature increased from 400 to 600 ℃, the biochar yield decreased, while the gas yield increased continuously. In addition, high temperatures promoted the secondary cracking and reforming reactions of volatiles, significantly increasing the yields of H2 and CH4 while inhibiting the formation of oxygen-containing components. Specifically, at 600 ℃, catalysis by K+ increased the content of acidic substances to 39.41%, whereas catalysis by Ca2+ increased the content of furan compounds to 65.89%. This study realized the directional regulation of high-value components in bio-oil and high-energy gases by adjusting the concentration of metal ions and pyrolysis temperature, providing a theoretical basis for the optimized utilization of biomass pyrolysis products.

, authors=Hanle CAI1, Liang ZHU1, Wei CAI1, Weimiao LU1, Yutao ZHANG2, Zhongqing MA1, *, authorsList=Hanle CAI, Liang ZHU, Wei CAI, Weimiao LU, Yutao ZHANG, Zhongqing MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhongqing MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1309631847928258927, articleId=1309631843608125777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, language=CN, title=玉米秸秆内源性钾和钙金属离子对其热解气体、固体和液体产物特性的影响, columnId=1309584910000677174, journalTitle=燃料化学学报(中英文), columnName=RESEARCH PAPER, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

生物质灰分中的内源性碱和碱土金属(AAEMs)及其热解温度对热解多联产产物特性具有显著的影响。本工作选取碱金属(钾)和碱土金属(钙)作为AAEMs的代表性金属,通过浸渍法向玉米秸秆中添加不同质量比(2%、5%、7%)的钾离子(K+)和钙离子(Ca2+),并在400、500、600 ℃下进行固定床热解实验,研究了热解气、液、固三相产物的产率与组成。结果表明,随着金属离子质量比的提高,生物炭产率显著上升,其中,钙离子在7%质量比时炭产率达到24.96%,而生物油产率普遍下降。Ca2+凭借其强 Lewis 酸性显著促进H2生成,在7%质量比时H2在气体中占比达32.49%,并推动呋喃类化合物富集至65.88%;K+在低质量比时有利于酚类物质形成,高质量比则促进酮类化合物生成并加剧生物油裂解。随着热解温度从400 ℃升高至600 ℃,生物炭产率下降,气体产率持续增加。高温促进挥发分的二次裂解和重整反应,显著提高H2和CH4产量,同时抑制含氧组分生成。600 ℃时,钾离子催化使酸类物质含量上升至39.41%,而钙离子催化下呋喃类物质含量提高至65.89%。本研究通过调控金属离子质量比与热解温度,实现了对生物油高值组分与高能气体的定向调控,为生物质热解产物的优化利用提供了理论依据。

, authors=蔡瀚樂1, 朱亮1, 蔡伟1, 陆伟苗1, 张瑜涛2, 马中青1, *, authorsList=蔡瀚樂, 朱亮, 蔡伟, 陆伟苗, 张瑜涛, 马中青, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=马中青, authorNote=

蔡瀚樂(2000),硕士,研究方向为生物质热解,

马中青(1987),博士,教授,主要从事生物质热化学转化的研究工作,

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E-mail:
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蔡瀚樂(2000),硕士,研究方向为生物质热解,

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蔡瀚樂(2000),硕士,研究方向为生物质热解,

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马中青(1987),博士,教授,主要从事生物质热化学转化的研究工作,

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The behavior of biomass pyrolysis catalyzed by metallic ions and their effects on the products[J]. 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Ultimate and proximate analyses of corn stalk before and after acid elution ash and metal ion loading

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleUltimate analysis wdaf/%Proximate analysis wd/%Higher heating
value/(MJ·kg−1)
CHONSVFCA
CS-Raw46.096.4046.740.590.1877.3920.002.6118.91
CS-AW46.456.9246.130.380.1285.1613.261.5819.06
CS-K-2%46.466.3146.120.260.8578.8817.513.6119.12
CS-K-5%44.485.9549.220.230.1274.8417.247.9218.53
CS-K-7%43.055.6851.000.240.0471.5116.8911.5918.18
CS-Ca-2%43.336.2345.075.37075.7920.583.6316.89
CS-Ca-5%39.406.4940.6513.46069.1722.018.8313.70
CS-Ca-7%37.376.5129.5626.56065.8323.2510.929.99
), ArticleFig(id=1309631854911775147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631843608125777, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

酸洗脱灰及金属离子负载前后玉米秸秆的元素分析和工业分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleUltimate analysis wdaf/%Proximate analysis wd/%Higher heating
value/(MJ·kg−1)
CHONSVFCA
CS-Raw46.096.4046.740.590.1877.3920.002.6118.91
CS-AW46.456.9246.130.380.1285.1613.261.5819.06
CS-K-2%46.466.3146.120.260.8578.8817.513.6119.12
CS-K-5%44.485.9549.220.230.1274.8417.247.9218.53
CS-K-7%43.055.6851.000.240.0471.5116.8911.5918.18
CS-Ca-2%43.336.2345.075.37075.7920.583.6316.89
CS-Ca-5%39.406.4940.6513.46069.1722.018.8313.70
CS-Ca-7%37.376.5129.5626.56065.8323.2510.929.99
), ArticleFig(id=1309631854999855532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631843608125777, language=EN, label=Table2, caption=

The contents of the alkali and alkaline earth metals in the raw and acid-washing treated corn stalk

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleContents of AAEMs/(μg·g−1)Removal rates of AAEMs/%
KNaCaMgKNaCaMg
CS-Raw7375.47417.06663.03789.85−−−−
CS-AW14.98214.869.2715.2699.7948.4898.6098.06
), ArticleFig(id=1309631855230542253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631843608125777, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

酸洗脱灰前后玉米秸秆的碱和碱土金属含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleContents of AAEMs/(μg·g−1)Removal rates of AAEMs/%
KNaCaMgKNaCaMg
CS-Raw7375.47417.06663.03789.85−−−−
CS-AW14.98214.869.2715.2699.7948.4898.6098.06
), ArticleFig(id=1309631855310234030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631843608125777, language=EN, label=Table3, caption=

Residual carbon of corn stalk pyrolysis under different concentrations of potassium ions and calcium ions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleTotal carbon
residue/%
Net organic
carbon residue/%
*: Net organic char residue rate is calculated as: [(mass of char residue-mass of KCl/CaCl2) / (mass of raw material-mass of KCl/CaCl2)] × 100%
CS-AW13.7413.74
CS-K-2%18.4015.28
CS-K-5%21.7114.22
CS-K-7%25.5915.31
CS-Ca-2%17.1712.58
CS-Ca-5%23.0012.34
CS-Ca-7%30.4016.91
), ArticleFig(id=1309631855410897327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631843608125777, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同质量比的钾离子和钙离子作用下玉米秸秆热解的残炭率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleTotal carbon
residue/%
Net organic
carbon residue/%
*: Net organic char residue rate is calculated as: [(mass of char residue-mass of KCl/CaCl2) / (mass of raw material-mass of KCl/CaCl2)] × 100%
CS-AW13.7413.74
CS-K-2%18.4015.28
CS-K-5%21.7114.22
CS-K-7%25.5915.31
CS-Ca-2%17.1712.58
CS-Ca-5%23.0012.34
CS-Ca-7%30.4016.91
), ArticleFig(id=1309631855629001136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631843608125777, language=EN, label=Table4, caption=

Effect of the concentration of the potassium and calcium ions on the ultimate and proximate analyses of bio-char

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleUltimate analysis wd/%Proximate analysis wd/%Higher heating
value/(MJ·kg−1)
CHO*NSVFCA
*: by difference.
CS-AW80.552.896.921.310.1023.8167.968.2329.85
CS-K-2%71.232.308.140.740.1316.7065.8417.4624.95
CS-K-5%59.241.904.880.640.3814.2352.8132.9621.09
CS-K-7%54.121.732.060.630.4012.2646.6941.0620.08
CS-Ca-2%73.392.897.070.880.8623.3061.7914.9126.67
CS-Ca-5%59.973.608.410.520.7120.0653.1426.8022.59
CS-Ca-7%53.104.347.730.450.7513.9252.4533.6420.90
), ArticleFig(id=1309631855993905585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631843608125777, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同质量比钾离子和钙离子玉米秸秆热解炭的基本特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleUltimate analysis wd/%Proximate analysis wd/%Higher heating
value/(MJ·kg−1)
CHO*NSVFCA
*: by difference.
CS-AW80.552.896.921.310.1023.8167.968.2329.85
CS-K-2%71.232.308.140.740.1316.7065.8417.4624.95
CS-K-5%59.241.904.880.640.3814.2352.8132.9621.09
CS-K-7%54.121.732.060.630.4012.2646.6941.0620.08
CS-Ca-2%73.392.897.070.880.8623.3061.7914.9126.67
CS-Ca-5%59.973.608.410.520.7120.0653.1426.8022.59
CS-Ca-7%53.104.347.730.450.7513.9252.4533.6420.90
), ArticleFig(id=1309631856086180274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631843608125777, language=EN, label=Table5, caption=

Ultimate and proximate analyses of corn stalk pyrolysis carbon at different temperatures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleUltimate analysis wd/%Proximate analysis wd/%QHHV/(MJ·kg−1)
CHO*NSVFCA
*: by difference.
400-7%K56.373.0712.330.580.3227.8344.8327.3421.19
500-7%K53.612.2916.380.470.2619.2753.7326.9920.26
600-7%K54.121.732.060.630.4012.2646.6941.0620.08
400-7%Ca47.937.2016.240.340.1829.3242.5728.1119.65
500-7%Ca51.255.718.290.320.5422.2343.8733.9020.73
600-7%Ca53.104.347.730.450.7513.9252.4533.6420.90
), ArticleFig(id=1309631856165872051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309631843608125777, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同热解温度玉米秸秆热解生物质炭的元素分析和工业分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleUltimate analysis wd/%Proximate analysis wd/%QHHV/(MJ·kg−1)
CHO*NSVFCA
*: by difference.
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玉米秸秆内源性钾和钙金属离子对其热解气体、固体和液体产物特性的影响
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蔡瀚樂 1 , 朱亮 1 , 蔡伟 1 , 陆伟苗 1 , 张瑜涛 2 , 马中青 1, *
燃料化学学报(中英文) | RESEARCH PAPER 2026,54(3): 20250222-500-20250222-512
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燃料化学学报(中英文) |RESEARCH PAPER 2026 , 54 (3) : 20250222-500 -20250222-512
玉米秸秆内源性钾和钙金属离子对其热解气体、固体和液体产物特性的影响
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蔡瀚樂1 , 朱亮1, 蔡伟1, 陆伟苗1, 张瑜涛2, 马中青1, *
作者信息
  • 1浙江农林大学 竹子研究院, 浙江 杭州 311300
  • 2浙江农林大学 环境与资源学院, 浙江 杭州 311300
通讯作者:
作者简介:

蔡瀚樂(2000),硕士,研究方向为生物质热解,

马中青(1987),博士,教授,主要从事生物质热化学转化的研究工作,

Effects of the endogenous potassium and calcium metal ions on the yields and characteristics of products drived from pyrolysis of corn stalk
Hanle CAI1 , Liang ZHU1, Wei CAI1, Weimiao LU1, Yutao ZHANG2, Zhongqing MA1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Bamboo Industry Institute, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
  • 2College of Environment and Resources, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
出版时间: 2026-03-10 doi: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0025
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生物质灰分中的内源性碱和碱土金属(AAEMs)及其热解温度对热解多联产产物特性具有显著的影响。本工作选取碱金属(钾)和碱土金属(钙)作为AAEMs的代表性金属,通过浸渍法向玉米秸秆中添加不同质量比(2%、5%、7%)的钾离子(K+)和钙离子(Ca2+),并在400、500、600 ℃下进行固定床热解实验,研究了热解气、液、固三相产物的产率与组成。结果表明,随着金属离子质量比的提高,生物炭产率显著上升,其中,钙离子在7%质量比时炭产率达到24.96%,而生物油产率普遍下降。Ca2+凭借其强 Lewis 酸性显著促进H2生成,在7%质量比时H2在气体中占比达32.49%,并推动呋喃类化合物富集至65.88%;K+在低质量比时有利于酚类物质形成,高质量比则促进酮类化合物生成并加剧生物油裂解。随着热解温度从400 ℃升高至600 ℃,生物炭产率下降,气体产率持续增加。高温促进挥发分的二次裂解和重整反应,显著提高H2和CH4产量,同时抑制含氧组分生成。600 ℃时,钾离子催化使酸类物质含量上升至39.41%,而钙离子催化下呋喃类物质含量提高至65.89%。本研究通过调控金属离子质量比与热解温度,实现了对生物油高值组分与高能气体的定向调控,为生物质热解产物的优化利用提供了理论依据。

玉米秸秆  /  热解多联产  /  碱和碱土金属  /  热解温度  /  产物特性

Endogenous alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEMs) in biomass ash and pyrolysis temperature have a significant impact on the properties of pyrolysis polygeneration products. In this study, alkali metal (potassium) and alkaline earth metal (calcium) were selected as representative metals of AAEMs. Potassium ions (K+) and calcium ions (Ca2+) at different concentrations (2%, 5%, 7%) were added to corn stover via the impregnation method, and fixed-bed pyrolysis experiments were conducted at 400, 500 and 600 ℃ to systematically investigate the yields and compositions of pyrolysis gas, liquid, and solid products. The results showed that in terms of the effect of concentration, with the increase of metal ion concentration, the biochar yield increased significantly—when the concentration of Ca2+ was 7%, the biochar yield reached 24.96%—while the bio-oil yield generally decreased. Due to its strong Lewis acidity, Ca2+ significantly promoted the formation of H2 (accounting for 32.49% in the gas phase at 7% concentration) and facilitated the enrichment of furan compounds to 65.88%. For K+, low concentrations were conducive to the formation of phenolic substances, while high concentrations promoted the generation of ketone compounds and intensified bio-oil cracking. In terms of the effect of temperature, as the pyrolysis temperature increased from 400 to 600 ℃, the biochar yield decreased, while the gas yield increased continuously. In addition, high temperatures promoted the secondary cracking and reforming reactions of volatiles, significantly increasing the yields of H2 and CH4 while inhibiting the formation of oxygen-containing components. Specifically, at 600 ℃, catalysis by K+ increased the content of acidic substances to 39.41%, whereas catalysis by Ca2+ increased the content of furan compounds to 65.89%. This study realized the directional regulation of high-value components in bio-oil and high-energy gases by adjusting the concentration of metal ions and pyrolysis temperature, providing a theoretical basis for the optimized utilization of biomass pyrolysis products.

corn stalk  /  pyrolysis polygeneration  /  alkali/alkaline earth metals  /  pyrolysis temperature  /  product properties
蔡瀚樂, 朱亮, 蔡伟, 陆伟苗, 张瑜涛, 马中青. 玉米秸秆内源性钾和钙金属离子对其热解气体、固体和液体产物特性的影响. 燃料化学学报(中英文), 2026 , 54 (3) : 20250222-500 -20250222-512 . DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0025
Hanle CAI, Liang ZHU, Wei CAI, Weimiao LU, Yutao ZHANG, Zhongqing MA. Effects of the endogenous potassium and calcium metal ions on the yields and characteristics of products drived from pyrolysis of corn stalk[J]. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 2026 , 54 (3) : 20250222-500 -20250222-512 . DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0025
生物质具有储量丰富、可再生性和碳中性等优点,可通过热解等热化学转化技术转化为生物油、生物燃气和生物炭等高附加值产物[1]。生物油是热解液体产物,可通过催化加氢脱氧工艺转化为可持续航空燃料等先进液体燃料;生物燃气是热解气体产物,主要含CO2、CO、H2、CH4等组分,可用作锅炉燃烧供热或通过费托合成转化为甲醇等液体燃料;生物炭是热解固体产物,富含碳元素,孔结构丰富,在土壤改良、碳封存及储能材料应用方面潜力巨大[2]。生物质灰分富含具有催化活性的碱和碱土金属(AAEMs),根据其在水和酸性溶液中的溶解特性,通常可分为水溶性、离子交换性与酸溶性三类金属,对热解产物的产率和特性具有显著影响[3−4]。
碱金属钾在热解过程中通过促进脱水、脱羧等反应,并促进挥发分的二次裂解,可调控产物质量分布,通常表现为提升生物炭产率、降低液体焦油收率,并对液体组分产生显著影响。Jensen等[5]研究发现,添加KCl使麦秸热解的焦炭产率从12%增至20.6%,同时抑制了挥发分生成。王金杰等[6]也证实多种钾盐(如K2CO3、K2SO4、CH3COOK)均能提升核桃壳热解炭收率,且残留钾量与炭产率呈正相关。对于液体产物组分,碱金属钾能强烈催化糖类分解,减少左旋葡聚糖等脱水糖,增加呋喃、酮类等轻质含氧化合物。丁紫霞等[7]的研究表明,酸根钾盐促进中间体向呋喃和酮转化,李顺等[8]对比发现,K2SO4、KOH等使纤维素热解液体中糖类减少而酮类、环烷烃增加。此外,韩晓峰等[9]研究了不同钾盐对核桃壳热解油组分变化后发现,KCl会略微促进酸类产物的生成,K2CO3和K3PO4会抑制酸类和脱水糖类产物的生成,促进酮类和酚类产物的生成。因此,钾离子的具体影响与其赋存形态及添加浓度密切相关,其催化机理仍需深入研究。
与钾类似,碱金属钙通过促进生物质的解聚、脱水、开环和再聚合等过程,可对液体生物油的组分产生显著影响。Shimada等[10]在研究碱土金属氯化物对纤维素热转化的影响时发现,CaCl2能大幅降低纤维素的热解温度并加速其解聚。Wang等[11]对松木与氢氧化钙物理混合物热解行为的研究表明,钙盐的添加抑制了醛类和酸类产物的生成,但显著提高了醇类产物和H2的产量。Wang等[12]发现,CaCl2通过降低碱木质素主热解阶段(200−560 ℃)的活化能,将其热降解温度区间向低温方向移动并促进其热裂解。Zhu等[13]在探究AEMs对纤维素热解的催化作用时发现,向纤维素中添加钙离子可获得碳氧比更高的生物油,并且与镁离子相比,钙离子在促进焦炭的初始形成、将左旋葡聚糖 (LG) 转化为轻质含氧化合物和呋喃类物质,以及将5-羟甲基糠醛转化为糠醛等小分子呋喃方面活性更高。
目前,关于AAEMs对生物质快速热解影响的研究主要集中于其对液体产物的影响,而对于AAEMs对热解生物燃气、生物质炭和生物油三相产物的质量产率分布与特性的研究报道相对较少。本工作选取碱金属(钾)和碱土金属(钙)作为AAEMs的代表性金属,通过对玉米秸秆浸渍不同浓度的钾离子(源自KCl)和钙离子(源自CaCl2),研究碱和碱土金属离子类别(K+、Ca2+)、金属离子质量比(2%、5%、7%)和热解温度(400、500、600 ℃)对生物质热解产物产率和特性的影响。
选取玉米秸秆(Corn stalk,CS)作为热解原料,取自江苏省连云港市灌南县的当地农场,经粉碎机破碎成粉末,保留粒径为80−120目的粉末,在105 ℃烘箱中烘干后,装于密封袋备用。盐酸(36%−38%)、氯化钾(分析纯,≥99.5%)、无水氯化钙(分析纯,≥96%)等化学药品购买自国药集体化学试剂有限公司。
首先采用酸洗法脱除生物质中的碱和碱土金属(图1),玉米秸秆粉末样品(CS-Raw)以1∶10的固液比浸渍于1 mol/L的盐酸溶液中,在室温条件下匀速搅拌12 h,经过过滤、漂洗、再过滤、干燥等步骤,得到酸洗脱灰后的固体样品,命名为CS-AW。选取经酸洗预处理后的样品,加入含有不同金属离子浓度的氯化钾和氯化钙,K+和Ca2+金属离子质量相较于原料的质量比分别为2%、5%和7%,以1∶10固液比浸渍于去离子水中,烘干后得到浸渍KCl和CaCl2的原料样品,命名为CS-A-B,A指负载离子,B指离子质量比。
采用全自动元素分析仪(Vario EL III,德国 Elementary 公司)和微机全自动量热仪(ZDHW-300A,鹤壁市科达仪器仪表有限公司)分别对原料及其热解固体产物的元素分析和高位热值(QHHV)(干基)进行测定。参照GB/T 28731—2012《固体生物质燃料工业分析方法》对原料的工业分析进行测定。采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES,iCAP 7000,美国赛默飞)对原料及其酸洗脱灰原料中的K、Ca、Na和Mg等AAEMs含量进行测定。采用热重分析仪(TG209 F1 Libra,德国耐驰公司)对原料及其金属离子负载原料的热解失重规律进行分析,每次实验取样品5 mg加入Al2O3坩埚,氮气(N2)流量为40 mL/min,以20 ℃/min的升温速率从室温升至800 ℃。
采用自制的固定床热解装置(图1)研究灰分中的钾和钙金属对玉米秸秆热解产物的影响。固定床热解装置可分为供气系统、反应系统、液体收集系统、气体收集系统四个部分。其中,供气系统包含高纯氮气瓶、高纯氧气瓶和气体流量控制器;反应系统配有温度控制器与加热反应器,主要用于生物质快速热解实验;液体收集系统由低温浴槽和冷凝管组成,通过收集可冷凝气体得到热解液体产物;气体收集系统则包含干燥剂和集气袋,用于收集不可冷凝的可燃气体,进而获得热解气体产物。
每次热解实验称取3 g原料样品置于石英管中,底部垫石英棉防漏,实验前将石英管悬挂于石英反应管顶部冷却区。密封后通入200 mL/min的N2吹扫至少10 min,置换管内残余气体。热解开始后,热解反应管从室温以20 ℃/min升温速率升至不同的热解温度(400、500和600 ℃)。待炉温稳定后,迅速将坩埚垂直移入石英管中部反应区,连接集气袋并维持热解工况20 min。热解结束后,关闭加热电源,继续保持氮气通入,将石英管拉至顶部冷却区,待石英管内样品冷却后取出得到固体残炭,称取质量M1,在−34 ℃乙醇冷阱中冷凝液体产物,冷凝管在热解反应前后的质量差为液体产物质量M2,气体产量则用差量法计算。产率计算公式如下,式中,M0为原料初始质量:
$ 固体产物质量产率(\%)= \frac{{M}_{1}}{{M}_{0}} \times 100\% $
$ 液体产物质量产率(\%)= \frac{{M}_{2}}{{M}_{0}} \times 100\% $
$ \begin{split} & 气体产物质量产率(\% )=100\% -固体产物质量\\&\qquad 产率-液体产物质量产率\end{split} $
采用气相色谱仪(GC9890B,南京仁华色谱科技应用开发公司)对可燃气的组分进行分析,采用Porapak Q色谱柱,搭载13X分子筛,配置热导检测器(TCD)与氢火焰离子化检测器(FID),柱箱温度为80 ℃,TCD检测器温度为95 ℃,FID检测器氧化铝毛细管进样器温度为150 ℃,FID检测器温度260 ℃,程序升温设定初始时间为19 min、升温速率为30 ℃/min、终止温度为180 ℃、终止时间5.67 min,总计28 min。以高纯氩气(99.999%)为载气,CO2、H2、CH4、CO气体分别采用TCD和FID检测器进行检测,分析计算出燃气中各气体组分质量分数。采用气相色谱-质谱(ISQ7000,美国赛默飞公司)联用仪(GC/MS)对热解过程的液体产物组分进行分析,测试前先采用色谱级甲醇溶剂对液体产物进行稀释,稀释4倍。气相色谱检测条件:载气为高纯氦气(99.999%),载气流量1 mL/min,色谱柱为HP-5MS毛细管柱(30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm),不分流。柱箱升温过程为:首先在40 ℃保持5 min后,以6 ℃/min速率升温至320 ℃并维持5 min。质谱检测条件为70 eV、质荷比为50−400,离子源温度为230 ℃、四极杆温度为150 ℃,采用全扫描模式且溶剂延迟7.5 min。最终通过NIST谱库比对并结合现有研究文献对液体产物进行定性分析,利用峰面积归一化法计算各组分的相对含量[14]。
表1为酸洗脱灰及金属离子负载前后玉米秸秆的元素分析和工业分析。由工业分析可知,酸洗后玉米秸秆的灰分含量显著降低,从2.61%降至1.58%,脱灰率达到39.5%,残余的灰分中主要由惰性的Si元素为主,难以被酸洗脱除。此外,酸洗后玉米秸秆的固定碳含量从20.00%降至13.26%,而挥发分含量从77.39%升至85.16%。由元素分析可知,酸洗后玉米秸秆的C、H和O等主要有机元素发生了轻微变化,C和H含量分别从46.09%和6.40%小幅增加至46.45%和6.92%,而O含量则从46.74%降至46.13%。主要是因为盐酸对纤维素和半纤维素的化学结构产生轻微破坏,导致少量含氧官能团(如羟基、羧基)脱落。
由于玉米秸秆中C和H含量的小幅增加,导致酸洗后玉米秸秆的热值有所提升,从18.91 MJ/kg增加至19.06 MJ/kg。在负载金属离子阶段,随着钾离子和钙离子质量比增加,灰分含量由1.58%分别上升至11.59%和10.92%,同时固定碳含量由13.26%分别上升至16.89%和23.25%,而挥发分含量则由85.16%分别降至71.51%和65.83%。由元素分析可知,随着钾离子质量比从2%增加至7%,C和H含量分别由46.46%和6.31%下降至43.05%和5.68%,O含量则由46.12%增加至51.00%。随着钙离子质量比从2%增加至7%,C含量从43.33%降至37.37%,H含量由6.23%增加至6.51%,O含量则从45.07%下降至29.56%。这些变化可能与金属离子在热解过程中催化降解纤维素、半纤维素有关。此外,在钙离子作用下,由于C元素含量的大幅下降,生物质炭的热值也随之降低。
表2为酸洗脱灰前后玉米秸秆的碱和碱土金属含量。玉米秸秆原料中碱和碱土金属含量排序依次为K(7375.47 μg/g)>Mg(789.85 μg/g)>Ca(663.06 μg/g)>Na(417.06 μg/g),说明玉米秸秆中碱金属K为含量最高的金属元素,而碱土金属Mg和Ca含量差异不大,碱金属Na含量最低,仅约为K含量的1/20,碱和碱土金属的1/2。经过酸洗脱灰预处理后,玉米秸秆中的碱和碱土金属含量发生了显著变化。首先,玉米秸秆中碱金属K几乎被全部脱除,仅剩14.98 μg/g,脱除率高达99.79%。K是水溶性的碱金属,在生物质中易溶于的Cl−、${\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-} $和${\mathrm{HCO}}_3^- $等离子结合,主要以水溶性盐或酸溶性盐形式存在于生物质的细胞间隙中,极易被酸洗脱除。Ca和Mg的脱除率分别达98.60%和98.06%,表明两者大部分以无机盐(碳酸盐、磷酸盐等)或离子交换态(与羧基、酚羟基结合)存在于生物质中,酸性溶液可有效溶解和脱除这类化合物。酸洗后碱金属Na的脱除率最低,仅有48.48%,低于其他金属,主要是由于Na除少量水溶性盐外,更多以炭基体包裹的钠化合物、硅铝酸盐等难溶态盐的形式存在,难以被盐酸浸出[15]。
图2为不同质量比的钾离子和钙离子对玉米秸秆热解产物质量产率的影响。首先,随着金属离子质量比的增加,生物质炭产率总体呈上升趋势,其中在钙离子作用下增长更为明显,从17.84%逐步提高至24.96%。生物质炭产率的增加,主要是因为碱和碱土金属的加入促进生物质挥发分向焦炭转化[16]。其次,随着金属离子质量比的增加,从总体上看,生物油的产率呈现逐渐下降的趋势,从51.69%分别降低至钾离子负载后的40.83%和钙离子负载后的35.26%,表明碱和碱土金属显著促进了热解挥发分的二次裂解[17]。
需要特别指出的是,在仅添加2%质量比的Ca2+条件下,生物油产率出现了显著下降,下降了约8.94%,表明轻微含量的碱土金属即可对生物油的产率产生显著影响。随着金属离子质量比的增加,生物燃气的质量产率随呈现波动上升趋势,从30.47%分别增至钾离子负载后的40.68%和钙离子负载后的39.78%,反映出气体产率受固体与液体产率相互制约的影响,整体表现为伴随金属质量比提高而逐步上升。
图3为不同质量比的钾离子和钙离子对玉米秸秆热失重规律的影响。由图3(a)和(c)可知,随着钾离子和钙离子质量比的增加,玉米秸秆热解残炭质量从13.74%分别增加至25.59%和30.40%,此结论与图2的结论一致。一方面,两种金属离子均被认为是生物质热解常用的催化剂,其存在导致初始热解温度提前;另一方面,随着钾离子和钙离子质量比的增加,金属盐的残余质量也随之增加。由于残留量的增加更多是金属盐掺入导致的,因此,扣除金属盐的质量后计算得到净残炭率,如表3所示。由表3可知,钾离子的添加使净有机残炭率由13.74%提升至15.31%,表明钾离子能稳定促进热解炭的残留。与之相反,钙离子在中低质量比时,净有机残炭率下降至12.34%,当质量比达到7%时才回升至16.91%,这表明,低质量比钙离子主要催化了有机物的分解。
由图3(b)和(d)可知,玉米秸秆在热失重过程中存在干燥、快速热解和炭化三个阶段。首先,150 ℃以下为干燥阶段,主要是自由水的蒸发,钙离子负载样品因CaCl2的强吸湿性,导致其比钾离子负载样品含有更多结合水,存在更明显的水分挥发失重峰,当钙离子质量比为5%时,其失重率达到最大值(2.81% min–1)。其次,在150−400 ℃为快速热解阶段,随着钾离子质量比从2%增加至7%,最大失重峰处的失重率从18.76% min–1增加至23.38% min–1;随着钙离子质量比增加,玉米秸秆失重峰的峰型从一个的尖锐失重峰转变为两个失重峰,表明,Ca2+阻碍了玉米秸秆的热裂解,且最大失重峰处的失重率从14.34% min–1下降至8.45% min–1。
表4为不同质量比的钾离子和钙离子对玉米秸秆热解生物质炭基本特性的影响。由工业分析可知,随着钾离子和钙离子质量比的增加,生物质炭中灰分含量从8.23%分别急剧增至41.06%和33.64%,而固定碳与挥发分含量则同时出现下降。由元素分析可知,随着钾离子质量比从2%增加至7%,C元素含量从71.23%降至54.12%,表明K+的加入促进了玉米秸秆中含C化学结构的热裂解;O元素含量则从8.14%下降至2.06%,表明K+的的加入促进了含氧官能团的断裂;H元素含量从2.30%下降至1.73%。随着钙离子质量比从2%增加至7%,C元素含量从73.39%降至53.10%,H元素含量从2.89%增加至4.34%,O元素含量则从7.07%增加至7.73%。由于C元素含量的大幅下降,随着钾离子和钙离子质量比的增加,生物质炭的热值出现大幅度下降。
图4(a)和(b)为不同质量比的钾离子和钙离子对热解生物气组分的影响。钾离子和钙离子对CO含量的影响规律存在显著差异,在钾离子催化下,随着其质量比的增加,CO含量呈现先下降后上升的非单调性变化:在2%的低质量比时,CO含量从63.73%降至50.26%,而当质量比增加至5%后,CO含量则回升至54.02%。这是因为K+在低质量比条件下会强化脱羧基反应及促进Boudouard反应的正向进行,消耗CO并生成CO2[18]。而K+在高质量比条件下,可挥发迁移量增加,促进了CO2发生逆Boudouard反应,导致CO重新生成[19]。这也导致了CO2含量在钾离子质量比为2%时升至24.49%,而在5%时下降至17.73%。
与之相反,CO含量随钙离子质量比增加呈现持续下降的趋势,从63.73%连续降低至30.20%。主要原因与钾离子有相似之处,钙离子质量比的增加丰富了催化活性位点,促进了脱羧和Boudouard反应,大量消耗CO并生成CO2和H2[20]。当钙离子质量比增加到5%以后,CO2含量的下降可能归因于CaCl2在热解过程中形成的CaO与CO2反应形成CaCO3[21]。而H2含量从5.67%大幅提升至32.49%,主要源于钙离子的强Lewis酸性,导致纤维素和半纤维素中的糖苷键断裂以及木质素的芳环脱氢,促使小分子释放及大量氢自由基转化为H2[22]。Wang等[11]也通过研究发现,钙离子可直接催化生物质分解生成H2以及促进Boudouard反应,从而显著提高H2产率。以上结果表明,钙离子因具有更强的Lewis酸性,对生物燃气组分的影响更大,尤其在对CO的持续抑制和H2的显著促进方面表现尤为突出。
图4(c)和(d)为不同质量比的钾离子和钙离子对玉米秸秆热解生物油组分的影响。生物油的主要组分为糖类、酸类、酮类、呋喃类和酚类物质等,钾离子或钙离子的加入对各个组分的含量有显著影响。随着钾离子和钙离子的质量比从0增加至5%,糖类组分的含量从45.99%均急剧下降至0,这源于金属离子与纤维素吡喃环氧原子的强吸附作用形成−C−O−M金属氧复合物(M为金属离子),协同触发纤维素热解过程的均裂和异裂反应,促使糖苷键断裂与开环反应同步发生,生成更多含氧小分子片段并加速糖苷键和脱水产物反应[23−24]。酮类化合物的相对含量随钾离子和钙离子质量比的增加稳定增长,从1.58%分别增至12.76%和10.49%,这是因为K+或Ca2+通过降低脱羰及缩合反应能垒,定向促进糖类衍生中间体向酮类化合物转化。
不同种类的金属离子对呋喃类化合物的生成存在显著差异,其中,钙离子对呋喃生成的选择性明显高于钾离子。随着钙离子质量比增加,呋喃相对含量从2.89%显著升高至65.88%,而钾离子质量比变化对其含量的影响较小,Li等[25]研究表明,糠醛等呋喃类化合物的形成源于半纤维素直接脱水形成,碱金属对该转化路径具有抑制作用,而CaCl2解离的Ca2+因其更强的Lewis酸性,不仅能促进纤维素和半纤维素脱水生成脱水糖,还能进一步推动脱水糖发生二次转化生成糠醛。
钾离子和钙离子也对酸类、酯类化合物含量表现出显著差异。以2%金属离子质量比为例,酸类化合物的相对含量大小顺序为Ca2+(9.45%)<K+(24.18%),而酯类化合物则相反,为Ca2+(11.77%)>K+(0.19%)。这主要是因为K+在高温热解过程中催化活性较高,促进纤维素链和吡喃环断裂,有利于生成酸类等小分子产物并抑制酯化反应,而Ca2+则易被纤维素非糖结构固定和钝化,导致催化性能减弱[26]。同时,两类金属离子对酚类产物也呈现出不同的调控行为。在K+催化下,酚类含量随质量比的增加先升后降,在离子质量比为2%时达到最大值(26.20%),而随着钙离子质量比增加,酚类含量持续降低直至完全消失。其原因在于低质量比K+促进木质素发生均裂反应,从而增加酚类含量,高质量比时则引发酚类缩合为大分子产物,Ca2+则持续抑制木质素分解,导致酚类含量降低[25]。以上结果表明,钾离子和钙离子通过差异化催化路径显著影响热解生物油的组分分布,其中,钙离子在定向调控呋喃生成与酚类降解方面表现尤为突出。
图5为热解温度对玉米秸秆热解产物产率的影响,其中,钾离子和钙离子的质量比固定为7%。首先,随着热解温度从400 ℃升高到600 ℃,生物质炭的产率逐步降低,在钾离子和钙离子的催化作用下分别从28.71%和32.61%下降至18.50%和24.96%,表明高温增强了挥发分的二次裂解与焦炭的气化反应,同时金属的催化作用促进了炭相的转化。随着热解温度的升高,钾离子催化下的生物油产率呈现总体下降的趋势,这是由于K+主要通过电子催化效应在中高温促进油相裂解。而在钙离子催化下的生物油产率则相反,呈现总体上升的趋势,这源于Ca2+更倾向于催化多糖脱水,使油相中的含氧化合物富集。其中,在热解温度为500 ℃时,两种金属离子体系下的生物油产率均达到极值,表明500 ℃可能是金属离子催化生物质热解产油的关键分化温度。随着热解温度的升高,生物燃气的质量产率持续增加,在钾离子和钙离子催化下分别从28.44%和29.58%增至40.68%和39.78%。上述结果与张玉洁[27]的研究一致,其在对水稻秸秆热解产物产率的研究中发现,温度升高普遍导致焦炭产率下降、气体产率上升,而生物油产率则同时受AAEMs形态与温度的协同影响。
表5为热解温度对玉米秸秆热解生物质炭产物基本特性的影响。由工业分析可知,随着热解温度的升高,在钾离子和钙离子催化下的挥发分含量分别从27.83%和29.32%降至12.26%和13.92%,表明高温促进了挥发分的析出和二次裂解。其次,随着热解温度的升高,钾离子催化下的固定碳含量则呈现先升后降的趋势,在500 ℃时达到峰值(53.73%),而在钙离子催化下则由42.57%稳定上升至52.45%。此外,灰分含量随温度升高而稳定增加,其中,钾离子作用下灰分增幅更大,这归因于KCl在高温下更易残留或转化为无机成分。
由元素分析可知,在钾离子催化下,随着热解温度的升高,C元素含量从56.37%降至54.12%,表明K+在中高温下加速多糖裂解,促使碳以小分子烃/酮等挥发分逸出;而O元素含量先升后降,在500 ℃时达到极大值(16.38%),表明K+在中温下会抑制含氧官能团(羟基、羧基)脱除;H元素含量从3.07%降至1.73%,表明温度升高会促进脱氢反应的发生。在钙离子催化下,随着热解温度的升高,C元素含量从47.93%升至53.10%,表明在中高温下Ca2+催化脱水、芳构化反应;O元素含量从16.24%降至7.73%,表明温度的升高促进Ca2+催化脱氧反应;H元素含量则从7.20%降至4.34%[28]。
图6(a)和(b)为热解温度对玉米秸秆热解生物燃气组分的影响。随着热解温度的升高,H2和CH4的含量均呈现上升趋势,而CO2和CO的生成则受到抑制,这归因于高温促进挥发分二次裂解与重整反应,同时强化水煤气变换、碳氢化合物脱氢及甲烷化反应等过程[29]。然而,钾离子和钙离子催化作用下温度对气体组成的影响规律存在显著差异。在钾离子催化下,随着热解温度的升高,CO2的体积分数在500 ℃时出现阶段性上升,由26.19%增至32.71%,而在600 ℃时下降至17.89%,CO含量从71.15%稳定降至55.57%,而H2和CH4含量分别由0.49%和2.16%增加至8.62%和17.90%。该变化表明,中温阶段K+促进脱羧反应,导致CO2短暂增加,而更高的热解温度则有利于水煤气变换、重整及甲烷化反应,消耗CO2和CO,推动其向H2和CH4转化。在钙离子催化下,随着热解温度的升高,CO2和CO的含量分别从54.89%和42.89%持续降至16.52%和30.20%,而H2和CH4则分别从0.26%和1.95%显著提升至32.49%和20.78%,这表明,Ca2+在整个热解温度区间内均能有效促进重整反应和水煤气变换,显著抑制含碳氧化物的生成,并催化烃类脱氢和甲烷化过程。由此可见,钙离子因具备强脱氢和稳定的催化能力,对热解生物燃气组分的影响更持续稳定。
图6(c)和(d)为热解温度对玉米秸秆热解生物油组分的影响。生物油主要包括酸类、酚类、呋喃类、酮类、醇类、酯类和糖类等化合物,温度变化对各个组分的含量有显著影响。
随着热解温度从400 ℃升高至600 ℃时,两种催化体系下的糖类完全消失,分别从3.31%和3.56%降至0,这源于高温促进纤维素糖苷键断裂及吡喃环开环反应,生成小分子产物[30]。随着热解温度升高,酯类含量普遍下降,在钙离子催化下从15.48%降至9.28%,而在钾离子催化下始终低于0.5%。而酸类化合物的含量均出现上升,分别从11.55%和1.06%增加至39.41%和5.46%,这是因为高温及金属离子催化作用会促使酯类物质发生裂解和脱羧等反应,转化为小分子酸类物质。在钾离子或钙离子催化下,酮类化合物的含量呈上升趋势,分别从5.58%和0.57%增加至12.76%和5.18%,这是因为高温促进了纤维素和半纤维素更深度地发生开环、脱水、脱羧等反应,生成小分子羰基化合物[30]。
在不同金属离子催化下,热解温度对酚类、呋喃类和醇类化合物的生成则具有显著差异。在钾离子催化下,随着热解温度的升高,酚类含量从34%降至20.55%,呋喃类化合物的含量从19.12%持续降至6.78%,这主要是因为高温和K+的催化活性协同作用,极大地促进了这些含氧化合物发生开环裂解和脱氧反应,转化为小分子气体[9]。醇类化合物的相对含量从2.93%缓慢升至6.92%,这是因为高温促进了糖类、纤维素等大分子发生断裂和重排反应,同时K+的催化作用在一定程度上抑制了醇类物质的深度脱水或裂解。与之形成鲜明对比的是,在钙离子催化下,呋喃类化合物从46.28%持续上升至65.89%。这是因为Ca2+在高温的作用下,通过强脱氧和脱水能力,一方面,能够选择性地催化糖类中间体转化为结构更稳定、含氧量相对较低的呋喃类化合物;另一方面,持续抑制了木质素解聚及其他含氧副反应,导致酚类和醇类化合物消失,从而将碳源最大限度地引导并富集到呋喃合成路径上,实现了对高值呋喃产物的定向调控[31]。
本工作通过系统研究内源性钾和钙金属离子及热解温度对玉米秸秆热解产物的影响,得出以下结论。金属离子种类与质量比对产物分布与特性具有关键调控作用,钾离子与钙离子均能促进生物质炭生成并抑制生物油产率,其中,Ca2+因强Lewis酸性显著促进H2富集(7%质量比时体积分数达32.49%)并催化糖类定向转化为呋喃类化合物(相对含量最高达65.89%),而K+则表现出对酮类及酚类物质转化的阶段性催化特性;热解温度与金属离子存在显著协同效应,升高温度促进挥发分二次反应,导致生物质炭产率下降而气体产率增加,并显著提升H2与CH4产量,在600 ℃高温下,钾离子催化促使酸类物质大量生成(39.41%),而钙离子则保持对呋喃类化合物的高选择性(65.89%)。本研究通过脱灰与金属离子负载策略,实现了对生物油高值组分(如呋喃)及高能气体H2的定向调控,为生物质热解产物的精准优化提供了理论依据与技术支撑。

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doi: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0025
  • 接收时间:2025-09-06
  • 首发时间:2026-09-23
  • 出版时间:2026-03-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-06
  • 修回日期:2025-10-12
  • 录用日期:2025-10-24
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    1浙江农林大学 竹子研究院, 浙江 杭州 311300
    2浙江农林大学 环境与资源学院, 浙江 杭州 311300

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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占总种数比例
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属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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