Article(id=1309631883487572422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309631821596423027, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0024, pmid=null, cstr=32157.14.2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0154, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757606400000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-12, revisedDate=1760025600000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-10, acceptedDate=1760544000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-10-16, onlineDate=1790170172806, onlineDateStr=2026-09-23, pubDate=1773072000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790170172806, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790170172806, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790170172806, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1309631821596423027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, year='2026', volume='54', issue='3', pageStart='20250121-412', pageEnd='20250365-540', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773072000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790170158051, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790213000114, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1309811514299744400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309631821596423027, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1309811514299744401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309631821596423027, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=20250233-490, endPage=20250233-499, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1309631883655344583, articleId=1309631883487572422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, language=EN, title=Hydrogen production and structure evolution mechanism during thermochemical conversion of microalgae pellet in molten hydroxide salts, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aims to investigate the influence of the thermochemical conversion behavior of microalgae pellet in molten hydroxide salts (80% NaOH-20% Na2CO3) on hydrogen production. By comparing the temperature evolution, gas release characteristics, and structure evolution of pellet with and without molten salt, and combining with char alkalization experiments, the regulatory mechanism of molten salt on the reaction pathways and hydrogen production behavior of microalgae pellet was systematically analyzed. The results indicate that the molten salt significantly enhances the internal heat transfer efficiency of the pellet, with a central heating rate reaching 177 ℃/s, effectively alleviating thermal hysteresis. Meanwhile, the molten salt promoted pellet pore development through penetration, erosion, and catalytic effects, resulting in a porosity increase of 53.2%–104.3% after 10 s of reaction. It also significantly enhanced the conversion efficiency, with the dominant reaction pathway shifting to char gasification after only 70 s. Furthermore, when the heating rate was increased above 600 ℃, the hydrogen yield from char alkalization improved more markedly, primarily attributed to the synergistic promotion effect of the molten salt’s catalytic effect and the rapid heating process on the volatiles reforming. This study provides a theoretical foundation for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms behind efficient hydrogen production from biomass in molten hydroxide salts.

, authors=Jun LI, Ling LEI, Wenxuan CAO, Han ZHU, Dian ZHONG, Kuo ZENG*, Haiping YANG, Hanping CHEN, authorsList=Jun LI, Ling LEI, Wenxuan CAO, Han ZHU, Dian ZHONG, Kuo ZENG, Haiping YANG, Hanping CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Kuo ZENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1309631888143249898, articleId=1309631883487572422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, language=CN, title=熔融氢氧盐体系微藻颗粒热化学制氢特性及结构演化机制, columnId=1309584910000677174, journalTitle=燃料化学学报(中英文), columnName=RESEARCH PAPER, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在探究微藻颗粒在熔融氢氧盐(80% NaOH-20% Na2CO3)体系中的热化学转化行为对氢气生成的影响。通过对比有无熔融盐条件下的微藻颗粒温度演变、气体释放特性及结构演化规律,并结合焦炭碱化反应实验,分析了熔融盐对微藻颗粒反应路径及制氢行为的调控机制。结果表明,熔融盐显著提升了颗粒内部传热效率,中心升温速率达177 ℃/s,有效缓解了颗粒传热滞后。同时,熔融盐通过渗透、侵蚀与催化作用促进了颗粒孔隙发育,颗粒反应10 s后的孔隙率增幅达53.2%–104.3%;并显著提升了转化效率,反应主导路径在反应70 s后即转为焦炭碱化反应。在高于600 ℃提高升温速率时,焦炭碱化反应的氢气产率提升更为显著,主要归因于熔融盐的催化作用与快速升温过程对挥发分重整的协同促进效应。本研究为深入理解熔融氢氧盐体系生物质高效制氢的机制提供了理论依据。

, authors=李俊, 雷玲, 曹文轩, 朱瀚, 钟典, 曾阔*, 杨海平, 陈汉平, authorsList=李俊, 雷玲, 曹文轩, 朱瀚, 钟典, 曾阔, 杨海平, 陈汉平, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=曾阔, authorNote=

李俊(1997),博士后,研究方向为熔融盐辅助含碳物料高值化转化,

曾阔(1986),教授,国家优秀青年科学基金获得者,国家科技重大专项首席科学家,主要研究方向为新能源与储能技术,

, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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李俊(1997),博士后,研究方向为熔融盐辅助含碳物料高值化转化,

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李俊(1997),博士后,研究方向为熔融盐辅助含碳物料高值化转化,

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曾阔(1986),教授,国家优秀青年科学基金获得者,国家科技重大专项首席科学家,主要研究方向为新能源与储能技术,

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(a): without molten salt; (b): with molten salt.

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(a): unreacted; (b): 750 ℃ without molten salt for 60 s; (c): 750 ℃ with molten salt for 10 s.

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(a): 10 s; (b): 20 s; (c): 30 s; (d): 50 s; (e): 70 s; (f): 90 s.

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(a): Alkalization temperatures; (b): Char production temperatures; (c): Simulated reaction temperatures.

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(a): 550 ℃; (b): 750 ℃.

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(a): 550 ℃; (b): 750 ℃.

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The ultimate analysis and proximate analysis results of Nannochloropsis sp.

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CHNSO*VFCA
d: dry basis, *: by difference.
40.317.152.160.8422.9764.349.0926.57
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拟微绿球藻的工业分析和元素分析

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CHNSO*VFCA
d: dry basis, *: by difference.
40.317.152.160.8422.9764.349.0926.57
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熔融氢氧盐体系微藻颗粒热化学制氢特性及结构演化机制
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李俊 , 雷玲 , 曹文轩 , 朱瀚 , 钟典 , 曾阔 * , 杨海平 , 陈汉平
燃料化学学报(中英文) | RESEARCH PAPER 2026,54(3): 20250233-490-20250233-499
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燃料化学学报(中英文) |RESEARCH PAPER 2026 , 54 (3) : 20250233-490 -20250233-499
熔融氢氧盐体系微藻颗粒热化学制氢特性及结构演化机制
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李俊 , 雷玲, 曹文轩, 朱瀚, 钟典, 曾阔* , 杨海平, 陈汉平
作者信息
  • 华中科技大学 能源与动力工程学院 煤燃烧与低碳利用全国重点实验室, 湖北 武汉 430073
通讯作者:
作者简介:

李俊(1997),博士后,研究方向为熔融盐辅助含碳物料高值化转化,

曾阔(1986),教授,国家优秀青年科学基金获得者,国家科技重大专项首席科学家,主要研究方向为新能源与储能技术,

Hydrogen production and structure evolution mechanism during thermochemical conversion of microalgae pellet in molten hydroxide salts
Jun LI , Ling LEI, Wenxuan CAO, Han ZHU, Dian ZHONG, Kuo ZENG* , Haiping YANG, Hanping CHEN
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2026-03-10 doi: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0024
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本研究旨在探究微藻颗粒在熔融氢氧盐(80% NaOH-20% Na2CO3)体系中的热化学转化行为对氢气生成的影响。通过对比有无熔融盐条件下的微藻颗粒温度演变、气体释放特性及结构演化规律,并结合焦炭碱化反应实验,分析了熔融盐对微藻颗粒反应路径及制氢行为的调控机制。结果表明,熔融盐显著提升了颗粒内部传热效率,中心升温速率达177 ℃/s,有效缓解了颗粒传热滞后。同时,熔融盐通过渗透、侵蚀与催化作用促进了颗粒孔隙发育,颗粒反应10 s后的孔隙率增幅达53.2%–104.3%;并显著提升了转化效率,反应主导路径在反应70 s后即转为焦炭碱化反应。在高于600 ℃提高升温速率时,焦炭碱化反应的氢气产率提升更为显著,主要归因于熔融盐的催化作用与快速升温过程对挥发分重整的协同促进效应。本研究为深入理解熔融氢氧盐体系生物质高效制氢的机制提供了理论依据。

熔融氢氧盐  /  微藻颗粒  /  结构演化  /  制氢  /  焦炭碱化

This study aims to investigate the influence of the thermochemical conversion behavior of microalgae pellet in molten hydroxide salts (80% NaOH-20% Na2CO3) on hydrogen production. By comparing the temperature evolution, gas release characteristics, and structure evolution of pellet with and without molten salt, and combining with char alkalization experiments, the regulatory mechanism of molten salt on the reaction pathways and hydrogen production behavior of microalgae pellet was systematically analyzed. The results indicate that the molten salt significantly enhances the internal heat transfer efficiency of the pellet, with a central heating rate reaching 177 ℃/s, effectively alleviating thermal hysteresis. Meanwhile, the molten salt promoted pellet pore development through penetration, erosion, and catalytic effects, resulting in a porosity increase of 53.2%–104.3% after 10 s of reaction. It also significantly enhanced the conversion efficiency, with the dominant reaction pathway shifting to char gasification after only 70 s. Furthermore, when the heating rate was increased above 600 ℃, the hydrogen yield from char alkalization improved more markedly, primarily attributed to the synergistic promotion effect of the molten salt’s catalytic effect and the rapid heating process on the volatiles reforming. This study provides a theoretical foundation for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms behind efficient hydrogen production from biomass in molten hydroxide salts.

molten hydroxide salts  /  microalgae pellet  /  structure evolution  /  hydrogen production  /  char alkalization
李俊, 雷玲, 曹文轩, 朱瀚, 钟典, 曾阔, 杨海平, 陈汉平. 熔融氢氧盐体系微藻颗粒热化学制氢特性及结构演化机制. 燃料化学学报(中英文), 2026 , 54 (3) : 20250233-490 -20250233-499 . DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0024
Jun LI, Ling LEI, Wenxuan CAO, Han ZHU, Dian ZHONG, Kuo ZENG, Haiping YANG, Hanping CHEN. Hydrogen production and structure evolution mechanism during thermochemical conversion of microalgae pellet in molten hydroxide salts[J]. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 2026 , 54 (3) : 20250233-490 -20250233-499 . DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0024
随着全球能源结构转型与碳中和目标的推进,开发清洁、可再生的氢能技术已成为能源领域的研究热点。生物质作为唯一的可再生碳源,其热化学转化制氢具有产氢速率快、原料广泛、碳中性等优势。其中,微藻生物质凭借较高的氢元素含量,为高效产氢提供了良好基础[1];其生长速率快、周期短的特点也使其具备作为可持续氢载体资源的巨大潜力[2]。传统热解或气化技术仍面临氢气产率有限、传热效率较低以及产物中二氧化碳含量较高等问题,严重制约了微藻制氢技术的规模化应用。
熔融盐作为一种高效的反应介质,在生物质热化学转化制氢中表现出多方面的优势。其高导热系数与热容能够显著强化传热过程,改善温度分布的均一性[3];体系中丰富的碱金属离子可有效降低反应活化能[4];尤其是在熔融氢氧盐环境中,体系具备较强的二氧化碳吸收能力,可促进水煤气变换反应向产氢方向进行;同时,还能有效吸收微藻热化学转化过程中释放的HCN、HCl等酸性气体[5]。此外,团队前期研究发现[6],熔融氢氧盐可与焦炭发生碱化反应并释放氢气,大幅提高焦炭转化率和整体制氢效率,在微藻转化中获得了67 mmol/g的产氢量与80 %的氢气纯度,显示出该体系在高效制氢方面的良好应用潜力。
在实际应用中,微藻粉末通过压制成型以改善其堆积密度低、易黏结的问题,但这也会增加颗粒内部的传热与传质阻力。熔融盐凭借其良好的导热率和流动性,有望缓解甚至克服颗粒尺寸引起的反应限制。Nygård等[7]报道,松木颗粒在熔融LiF-NaF-KF中热解时,其中心最大升温速率随粒径减小而增大,最大可达186 ± 15 ℃/s。Zhang等[8]则发现,当酚醛电路板颗粒直径不超过0.15 mm时,其在熔融碳酸盐中的气化行为符合均相反应模型。熔融氢氧盐具有高反应活性和较强的化学侵蚀性[9],更易渗透至颗粒内部、破坏炭结构,从而促进焦炭深度碱化反应产氢。目前,关于熔融氢氧盐在生物质颗粒内部的渗透机制、颗粒孔隙演化规律及其与氢气生成行为的关联仍缺乏系统研究,制约了该工艺的机理解析以及定向调控。
本研究系统考察了微藻颗粒在熔融氢氧盐(80% NaOH-20% Na2CO3)体系中的热化学转化特性,通过对比有无熔融盐条件下的气体释放行为、颗粒温度与结构演变,并结合不同反应条件下的焦炭碱化反应行为,揭示了该体系对微藻颗粒热化学转化制氢过程的调控机制,为深化理解生物质在熔融氢氧盐体系中的热化学反应路径与制氢性能提升提供了理论依据。
实验采用的拟微绿球藻(Nannochloropsis sp.)购自烟台海融生物科技有限公司,经30目筛网过筛后,在105 ℃的烘箱中干燥24 h备用。微藻的工业分析和元素分析分别采用热重分析仪(TGA-2000,西班牙)和CHNS/O分析仪(Vario Micro cube,德国)进行测试,结果如表1所示。微藻中碳、氢元素含量分别为40.31%和7.15%,灰分含量为26.57%。微藻热解焦炭通过固定床快速热解装置制备,用于探究其在熔融氢氧盐体系中的碱化反应制氢特性。
实验所用氢氧化钠和碳酸钠(纯度 > 99.5%,国药有限公司)按质量比8∶2进行机械混合以制备熔融氢氧盐(80% NaOH-20% Na2CO3)体系,该体系与纯氢氧化钠体系有相近的熔点和产氢性能[6],而碳酸钠的加入可有效降低盐体系的腐蚀性和成本,同时提高系统的操作安全性。参考生物质成型颗粒尺寸标准[10],在3 MPa压力下将微藻粉末压制成圆柱形颗粒(直径6.0 mm,高6.5 mm,质量0.230 ± 0.005 g),以模拟实际工业中的成型颗粒进料方式。
微藻颗粒在熔融氢氧盐体系中的热化学转化装置示意图如图1所示,该装置主要由反应器(圆柱形坩埚,哈氏合金C276)、进料单元、带温度控制系统的电炉以及气体产物收集单元组成。微藻颗粒首先储存在进料装置中,通过进料管输送至装有熔融盐的坩埚内进行反应。进料管和鼓泡管中持续通入氮气,以维持管内正压环境并对熔融盐进行扰动,从而促进颗粒在熔融盐中充分分散,两管出口分别位于坩埚底部上方15和8 mm处。为保障颗粒被充分浸没并延长热解挥发分在熔融盐中的停留时间,坩埚中熔融盐的液面高度设定为约42 mm(密度约1.85 g/cm3),在盐层液面下方8–10 mm处设置一块多孔板(孔径为 0.5 mm),以防止微藻颗粒和残余焦炭上浮。
实验前,在进料管中通入氮气(250 mL/min)以排净反应器外壳中的空气,开启电炉加热反应器。当熔融盐温度升至400 ℃时,往鼓泡管内通入200 mL/min的氮气充分搅拌熔融盐;待温度进一步升高750 ℃后,将进料单元中约2.3 g微藻颗粒投入熔融盐中进行反应,反应持续20 min。反应过程中,微藻首先发生快速热解,所产生的挥发分在熔融盐介质中发生催化重整,生成的热解焦炭同时与熔融盐发生碱化反应,并被完全转化。因此,该过程是一个耦合了热解、挥发分催化重整与焦炭碱化反应的多步转化路径。为考察熔融氢氧盐体系的作用,还在相同条件下进行了无熔融盐的热化学转化对比实验。
微藻颗粒在熔融氢氧盐体系中反应时的取样和温度测量实验采用图2所示的装置进行。该装置主要包括反应器坩埚、镍网吊篮(孔径1 mm)以及在线数据采集仪系统(DAQ970, 美国)。实验时,微藻颗粒预先装入吊篮中,待熔融盐由电炉加热至目标温度后,通过钢丝控制吊篮浸入或脱离熔融盐液面以实现对反应时间的控制。反应结束后,样品经冷却、干燥后保存以供分析。温度测量实验中,首先使用小型电钻(钻头直径0.5 mm)从微藻颗粒端面钻孔至中心深度,将定制的K型铠装热电偶(直径0.75 mm)插入颗粒中心。当反应温度升高到750 ℃时,将颗粒浸没于熔融盐中进行温度测量,吊篮同时用于防止热电偶脱落。温度数据由采集系统记录,采集间隔设置为100 ms。
熔融氢氧盐体系中,微藻热解焦炭的碱化反应对氢气生成有重要贡献。为深入解析转化过程中的氢气生成机制(例如,焦炭和熔融盐之间的本征产氢规律),系统考察了焦炭在不同反应条件下的碱化反应特性。用于碱化反应的焦炭由微藻粉末在无熔融盐条件下经20 min热解制备,粉末状焦炭与熔融氢氧盐充分混合旨在排除颗粒尺度的传热传质限制,但同时又能反映颗粒内部焦炭组分所发生的真实反应。实验装置如图3所示,主要包括固定床反应器与在线气体分析单元。每次实验取0.5 g焦炭与10.0 g固体混合盐置于半圆瓷舟中,并将瓷舟放置在反应器中心温区,通入200 mL/min氮气以排尽石英管中的空气。待气流稳定后,启动电炉以15 ℃/min的升温速率将反应器加热至应给出温度。焦炭在目标反应温度下反应30 min。反应结束后,将瓷舟移至石英管低温区冷却。反应过程中产生的气体产物由在线气体分析仪实时检测,反应后的固体残渣(残炭与盐)经水洗、烘干处理后,获得残炭样品供后续分析。需要指出的是,当反应温度高于熔融盐熔点时,焦炭实际上处于熔融盐介质中,其反应本质与熔融盐反应装置中的焦炭转化阶段是一致的。
微藻热化学转化过程与焦炭碱化反应时产生的气体产物,其体积浓度采用在线气体分析仪(Gasboard-3100,中国)进行实时测量。其中,CO/CO2/CH4/C2+和H2分别采用非色散红外法和导热系数法检测,各气体的测量体积分数分别为0–10%(C2+)、0–20%(CO、CO2和CH4)和0–50%(H2)。仪器的测试分辨率 ≤ 0.01%,测试精度 ≤ ± 2% FS(C2+、CO、CO2和CH4)和 ≤ ± 3% FS(H2)。每次测试前均使用已知浓度的标准气体混合物对仪器进行校准。
采用X射线三维显微镜(XRM,Xradia 610 Versa,德国)对反应前后的微藻原料颗粒进行非破坏性扫描,从而提供原料颗粒连续的、真实的三维结构演化数据。扫描参数设置为:X射线源电压50 kV,电流90 μA,几何放大倍数和光学放大倍数分别为6×和0.4×,实现对样品的有效分辨率为9 μm。单圈扫描(360°全角覆盖)共采集1020张投影图像,这些原始投影数据通过采用系统配套软件(XMReconstructor)进行滤波反投影算法重建,并进一步借助Skyscan1176配套软件(CT Analyser)完成三维渲染与定量分析。
微藻颗粒在有无熔融盐介质中反应时的表面及中心温度变化如图4所示。无熔融盐时(图4(a)),颗粒表面温度始终高于中心温度,两者分别在反应进行至45和120 s左右达到设定反应温度。颗粒表面的最大升温速率为53 ℃/s,而中心的最大升温速率仅为11 ℃/s,表明颗粒内部存在显著的温度梯度。该温度梯度会导致原料反应的非均匀性,进而影响气体产物的组成与释放行为。相比之下,在熔融氢氧盐体系中(图4(b)),凭借熔融盐较高的热容和优良的导热性能,传热过程显著加快:颗粒表面在反应开始约10 s即达到反应温度,较无熔融盐条件缩短了77%;颗粒内部在约7 s即可达到177 ℃/s的最大升温速率。此外,在相同反应时间下,熔融氢氧盐体系中微藻颗粒的中心温度明显高于无熔融盐体系,两者在约19 s时的温差最大可达447 ℃。这一结果表明,熔融氢氧盐体系的引入有效缓解了因原料成型粒径较大所引起的内部温度滞后现象[11],为提高热转化效率和调控气体产物生成提供了有利条件。
微藻颗粒在有无熔融盐介质中反应时的气体实时释放速率特性存在显著差异,如图5所示。无熔融盐时,由于传热与传质效率较低,微藻颗粒的反应持续时间超过400 s。各气体组分的最大释放速率普遍出现在87 s左右,其产率按照H2、CH4、COx(CO+CO2)和C2+依次下降,反应路径为传统热解路径。相比之下,熔融盐高效的传热和催化性能大幅提高了原料的反应速率。除氢气外,其余气体组分在150 s左右就已基本完全析出,反应时间明显缩短。氢气的释放表现出延迟特性,其释放速率峰值滞后于其他气体,这与无熔融盐条件下的释放行为相反。一方面,熔融盐促进了热解挥发分的二次裂解产氢反应[12];另一方面,热解焦炭会进一步与熔融氢氧盐之间发生碱化产氢反应[13],从而延长氢气释放时间。熔融盐作用下,气体产物主要由H2、CH4、和C2+组成,H2产量增幅超过5倍(从172至1091 mL/g),而CH4和C2+的产量也均有小幅增加。小分子烃类产量提升可归因于熔融盐碱金属离子对微藻热转化的催化作用,挥发分中不饱和碳氢化合物的脱甲基和断键反应被促进了[14]。另一方面,热解焦炭在熔融盐环境下与氢气反应也是生成小分子烃类的重要途径。COx产量显著降低,这主要源于熔融盐对CO2的吸收作用以及对CO的强化吸收转化,如式(1)和式(2)所示[15]。
$ {\text{2NaO}}{{\text{H}}{{\text{(l)}}}}{\text{ + C}}{{\text{O}}_2{{\text{(g)}}}} \to {\text{N}}{{\text{a}}_{\text{2}}}{\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_{\text{3}}}{{\text{(l)}}}{\text{ + }}{{\text{H}}_{\text{2}}}{{\text{O}}{{\text{(l)}}}} $
$ {\text{2NaOH}}{\text{(l)}}{\text{+CO}}{\text{(g)}}\to {\text{Na}}_{\text{2}}{\text{CO}}_{\text{3}}{}{\text{(l})}{\text{+H}}_{\text{2}}{}{\text{(g)}} $
采用XRM对微藻颗粒及其在不同介质中反应过程的组成结构进行了表征,其三维重建后的剖面图如图6所示。微藻原料本身的密度较低,其在750 ℃、无熔融盐条件下反应60 s后会发生明显的缩核反应,体积有所收缩,但仍较好地保持了原始的柱状形态,整体密度也显著增加。同时,原料内部出现大量孔隙,且以径向延伸为主,显示出明显的各向异性特征[16]。孔隙的形成机制可从两方面解释:一方面,热化学转化过程中颗粒中心区域升温滞后,导致内外受热不均,产生拉伸应力[17];另一方面,原料颗粒初始孔隙率较低(见图7),挥发分析出过程中未能及时逸出,内部压力积聚致使颗粒发生破裂[18],进一步促进了孔隙的形成。此外,颗粒在压制成型过程中,高度方向因模具约束所受压较小,脱模和干燥后径向压缩的弹性恢复,在轴向产生残余拉应力,也是径向孔隙形成的重要因素。在熔融氢氧盐体系中,即使在750 ℃下仅反应10 s,颗粒外层也因受到强烈侵蚀而发生结构坍塌,熔融盐迅速渗透入颗粒内部,引发原料快速的催化热解反应。大量气体在短时间内迅速析出,显著增大了径向孔隙在轴向的尺寸,从而引起颗粒总高度的增加。更值得注意的是,颗粒内部出现显著的密度分层,中心区域密度与无熔融盐反应60 s后的焦炭相近,而外部焦炭因熔融氢氧盐的化学消耗作用导致密度明显下降。该现象表明,在熔融盐环境中至少存在两种不同类型的反应同时进行,分别对应原料的催化热解和焦炭的碱化反应[19]。
基于图6中不同颗粒的三维重构信息,对颗粒在宏观尺度(> 9 µm)的孔隙分布特性进行了定量计算,结果如图7所示。原料颗粒的初始结构相对致密,孔隙率集中分布在23.5%左右,在轴向上表现出较高的均一性。在无熔融盐条件下反应60 s后,挥发分的释放将颗粒的总体孔隙率增加至26.5%,印证了图6(b)中观察到的内部孔隙发育现象。需要指出的是,反应后颗粒两端面因不平整导致在软件分析时“目标样品区域”选取存在一定程度失真,影响端面附近孔隙率的准确计算,因此,未将端面区域纳入分析范围。微藻颗粒在熔融氢氧盐体系中反应10 s后,其总体孔隙率大幅提升至36%–48%,明显高于无盐条件。这与图6(c)中观察到的结构坍塌和熔融盐渗透现象一致,熔融盐的介入显著促进了颗粒内部的孔隙生成与扩展。此外,从轴向分布来看,颗粒两端孔隙率波动深度超过1.0 mm,反映出表面焦炭层被大幅消耗;而中心区域(2.0–3.5和5.0–7.0 mm)孔隙率变化幅度较小,该区域主要发生催化热解反应,结构变化相对温和,吻合前述密度分层现象。
为进一步探究微藻颗粒在熔融氢氧盐体系中随反应时间变化的结构演变过程,对其在不同反应时间下的结构信息进行了三维重构,结果如图8所示。在初始反应阶段(0–20 s),熔融盐的催化作用促进了挥发分的释放,导致微藻颗粒表面形成明显孔隙结构,并伴随出现熔融盐的侵蚀痕迹。该阶段熔融盐开始渗透至颗粒表层,引发表面反应,促使颗粒整体高度因径向孔隙在轴向的扩展而增加(10 s时高度约8.3 mm)。随着反应进行至20–50 s,颗粒外部结构发生进一步坍塌和收缩,原有颗粒状结构逐渐被破坏。颗粒在径向孔隙集中区域发生结构断裂,导致整体尺寸持续减小,反映出熔融盐热化学侵蚀作用的加剧。反应后期(50–90 s)以焦炭的碱化反应为主,颗粒整体结构趋于瓦解,呈现高度碎裂化和不均匀的焦炭形态,其在90 s时的尺寸约为1.2 mm×2.3 mm×3.1 mm。整个反应过程中,熔融盐表现出强烈的催化与热化学侵蚀效应,显著促进了微藻颗粒的分解与转化。
基于不同反应条件下微藻颗粒的三维重构信息,选取不同高度截面计算了样品的密度特性(以灰度值表示,其值与材料密度正相关,可反映密度的相对变化)及其随反应时间的变化,结果如图9所示。初始原料的灰度值约为78,经热解炭化后,颗粒灰度值上升至约130,表明发生了明显的体积收缩和质量浓缩。然而,由于熔融盐对气体释放的增强作用和炭基质的化学侵蚀,颗粒整体密度降低。随着反应时间的延长,颗粒总体密度持续下降,但在70–90 s逐渐保持稳定,最终灰度值维持在40左右。
这一现象表明,微藻颗粒在反应超过70 s 后进入稳定反应阶段,此时发生的反应以焦炭的碱化消耗为主,而不再显著改变其宏观孔隙结构。团队先前研究结果表明[19],微藻颗粒在熔融氢氧盐体系中的反应从前期的催化热解向后期的焦炭碱化过渡,分界时间约为80 s,颗粒密度演变的平稳趋势从结构演变的层面佐证了该反应机制与阶段转变。
图10为热解焦炭在不同反应条件下发生碱化反应的转化率。当焦炭制备温度恒定在500 ℃时,随着碱化反应温度升高(图10(a)),焦炭转化率在30 min反应时间内持续大幅提升,由500 ℃时的34.2%增至650 ℃时的完全转化,高温显著促进了焦炭的碱化反应速率。当反应温度保持550 ℃不变时,焦炭转化率随其制焦温度升高而降低(图10(b))。尽管熔融氢氧盐体系对高温热解所制得的焦炭仍表现出较强的转化能力,但高温会增加焦炭的石墨化程度和孔隙闭合程度,使其表观反应活性有所下降,导致转化效率降低。当焦炭制备温度与反应温度保持一致时(图10(c))可用于模拟真实的熔融盐体系反应过程。可以看出,随着温度从500 ℃升高至650 ℃,焦炭转化率从66.2%提升至95.8%,这说明在实际操作中,可通过提高反应温度促进焦炭在熔融氢氧盐体系中的转化,从而提高原料利用效率和氢气产率。
不同温度制备的焦炭在碱化反应过程中的氢气实时释放特性如图11所示。当碱化反应温度为550 ℃时,不同制备温度的焦炭所释放的氢气体积分数超过98%。随着焦炭制备温度的升高,氢气产量及其在气体产物中的含量均小幅上升,这主要是焦炭中碳元素的相对含量上升增加了焦炭的碱化反应量。在固定焦炭制备温度的条件下,随着碱化反应温度的升高,氢气产量显著增加。一方面,前文已指出高温有助于提高原料的转化率;另一方面,当反应温度高于焦炭的制备温度时,焦炭会发生深度裂解反应,该过程也是氢气的重要来源。值得注意的是,不同温度下制备的焦炭均在约600 ℃时达到氢气释放速率的峰值(图11(b)),表明焦炭的碱化反应及其深度催化裂解生成氢气的行为主要受温度控制,熔融盐体系的反应活性和催化作用在600 ℃以上时更显著。
图12为不同升温速率下,焦炭在熔融氢氧盐体系中反应(焦炭制备温度与反应温度相同)时的氢气释放行为。在550 ℃时,将升温速率从5 ℃/min提高至15 ℃/min可使氢气产量提升约17%。其原因在于较高的升温速率导致焦炭在达到目标温度时未能完全脱挥发分,这些残留挥发分在熔融盐的进一步催化作用下发生脱氢反应,从而贡献了额外的氢气产量。当温度为750 ℃时,同等升温速率变化带来的氢气产量增幅可达34%。
这一结果说明,在更高的反应温度下,升温速率对氢气产率的影响更为显著,这是由熔融盐的催化作用与快速升温过程对挥发分重整的协同促进导致的,证实了熔融氢氧盐体系在高效制氢方面的应用潜力。
本研究系统探究了微藻颗粒在熔融氢氧盐(80% NaOH-20% Na2CO3)体系中的热化学转化行为,重点揭示了熔融盐对原料反应路径、焦炭结构演变及其碱化反应特性的关键作用。结果表明,熔融盐凭借优异的导热性能显著加快了颗粒内部的传热过程,中心升温速率高达177 ℃/s,有效缓解了大粒径成型颗粒的热滞后现象,为高效的热转化奠定了基础。通过焦炭结构的无损解析发现,熔融盐在反应过程中可迅速引发颗粒外部坍塌,并通过渗透作用促进内部孔隙发育,在反应仅10 s时即使颗粒孔隙率的增幅达53.2%–104.3%。反应进行至约70 s后颗粒密度趋于稳定,此时反应以焦炭碱化消耗为主,宏观孔隙结构不再发生显著变化。在碱化反应阶段,焦炭的石墨化程度和孔隙结构演变与其反应活性密切相关。提高反应温度可显著促进焦炭转化率,同时较高的升温速率也有助于提升氢气产率,尤其是在600 ℃以上的条件下,这主要归因于熔融盐的催化作用与快速升温过程对挥发分重整的协同促进作用。本研究揭示了熔融氢氧盐体系中焦炭结构演化与碱化制氢的关联机制,并明确了反应温度和升温速率等关键参数对反应路径的调控作用,为深入理解熔融氢氧盐体系生物质高效制氢的机理、开发高效调控方法提供了重要的理论依据。

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doi: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0024
  • 接收时间:2025-09-12
  • 首发时间:2026-09-23
  • 出版时间:2026-03-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-12
  • 修回日期:2025-10-10
  • 录用日期:2025-10-16
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    华中科技大学 能源与动力工程学院 煤燃烧与低碳利用全国重点实验室, 湖北 武汉 430073

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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种数
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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