Article(id=1309635480761753820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309635381402894744, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0013, pmid=null, cstr=32157.14.2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0076, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740672000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-28, revisedDate=1743350400000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-31, acceptedDate=1743436800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-04-01, onlineDate=1790171030463, onlineDateStr=2026-09-23, pubDate=1767196800000, pubDateStr=2026-01-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790171030463, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790171030463, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790171030463, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1309635381402894744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, year='2026', volume='54', issue='1', pageStart='20250108-1', pageEnd='20250281-145', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767196800000', pubDateStr='2026-01-01', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790171006774, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790213085519, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1309811872514273799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309635381402894744, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1309811872514273800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, issueId=1309635381402894744, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2025F014-108, endPage=2025F014-119, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1309635480933720285, articleId=1309635480761753820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, language=EN, title=Fabrication and electromagnetic wave absorption properties of FexOy/BaTiO3/C composites from red mud, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To achieve the resource utilization of red mud, this work prepares FexOy/BaTiO3/C composite microwave absorbing materials using red mud as the iron source and soluble starch as the carbon source, employing sol-gel and solid-state reaction methods. First, a BaTiO3 precursor sol is obtained through the sol-gel process using titanium butoxide and barium acetate, which is then mixed uniformly with red mud and soluble starch. During the solid-state reaction, Fe2O3 in the red mud undergoes in situ carbothermic reduction to form Fe3O4 and Fe, which are evenly distributed within the composite, and the BaTiO3 exhibits a needle-like morphology. Experimental results show that by adjusting the solid-state reaction temperature and the raw material ratio, the phase composition, microstructure, and microwave absorption performance of the composites can be optimized. When the temperature is 700 ℃, RmBTS-700-1.2 exhibits a minimum reflection loss of −16.0 dB at a coating thickness of 2.0 mm, with an effective absorption bandwidth of 3.0 GHz. Meanwhile, RmBTS-700-1.8 achieves a minimum reflection loss of −32.6 dB at 10.7 GHz under the same coating thickness. The FexOy/BaTiO3/C composite microwave absorbing materials prepared in this study exhibit both strong dielectric loss and magnetic loss capabilities, providing a new approach for the comprehensive utilization of red mud and contributing to the realization of the carbon neutrality and carbon peak goals.

, authors=Guomin LI1, *, Lingxiao LI1, Xiuning DU1, Kun JIA2, Kewei ZHANG1, Liping LIANG1, *, authorsList=Guomin LI, Lingxiao LI, Xiuning DU, Kun JIA, Kewei ZHANG, Liping LIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Guomin LI, Liping LIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1309635484939280652, articleId=1309635480761753820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, language=CN, title=利用赤泥制备FexOy/BaTiO3/C复合材料及其吸波性能研究, columnId=1309584910000677174, journalTitle=燃料化学学报(中英文), columnName=RESEARCH PAPER, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了实现赤泥的资源化利用,本工作以赤泥为铁源,以可溶性淀粉为碳源,采用溶胶凝胶法和固相反应法制备FexOy/BaTiO3/C复合微波吸收材料。利用钛酸四丁酯和乙酸钡,经溶胶凝胶反应得到BaTiO3前驱体溶胶,将其与赤泥、可溶性淀粉混合均匀。固相反应过程中,赤泥中的Fe2O3经原位碳热还原转化为Fe3O4、Fe,均匀分布于材料内部,BaTiO3则呈针棒状。实验结果表明,通过调节固相反应温度和原料配比,可以对复合材料的物相组成、微观形貌与吸波性能进行优化。当反应温度为700 ℃时,RmBTS-700-1.2在涂层厚度为2.0 mm时的最低反射损耗值为−16.0 dB,有效吸收带宽可达3.0 GHz,而RmBTS-700-1.8在涂层厚度为2.0 mm时对应10.7 GHz处的最低反射损耗值为−32.6 dB。本研究制备的FexOy/BaTiO3/C复合微波吸收材料兼具较强的介电损耗能力和磁损耗能力,开辟了赤泥的综合利用新途径,助推碳中和、碳达峰目标的实现。

, authors=力国民1, *, 李凌霄1, 杜秀宁1, 贾琨2, 张克维1, 梁丽萍1, *, authorsList=力国民, 李凌霄, 杜秀宁, 贾琨, 张克维, 梁丽萍, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=力国民, 梁丽萍, authorNote=

力国民(1984),博士,副教授,研究方向为固废资源化利用和陶瓷复合微波吸收材料的开发,

梁丽萍(1970),博士,教授,主要从事先进陶瓷材料研发与煤基固废高效利用的研究工作,

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梁丽萍(1970),博士,教授,主要从事先进陶瓷材料研发与煤基固废高效利用的研究工作,

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Adv Compos Hybrid Mater, 2022, 5(1): 513−524., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1309635485396459789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309635480761753820, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1309635485404848398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309635480761753820, companyId=1309635485396459789, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1309635485413237007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309635480761753820, companyId=1309635485396459789, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1太原科技大学 材料科学与工程学院, 山西 太原 030024)]), AuthorCompany(id=1309635485492928784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309635480761753820, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1309635485501317393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309635480761753820, companyId=1309635485492928784, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Thirty-third Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Taiyuan 030032, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1309635485509706002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309635480761753820, companyId=1309635485492928784, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国电子科技集团公司第三十三研究所, 山西 太原 030032)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1309635489276191034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309635480761753820, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=XRD patterns (a) of RmBTS-t-1.2 (t=400−1000) and Raman spectra (b) of RmBTS-t-1.2 (t=600−900), figureFileSmall=+95IHVYY8mwUJkpfKt443Q==, figureFileBig=eJiem1R5VUOB27af8hZWHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309635489339105595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309635480761753820, language=CN, label=图1, caption=样品RmBTS-t-1.2(t=400−1000)的XRD谱图(a)和样品RmBTS-t-1.2(t=600−900)的拉曼光谱谱图(b), figureFileSmall=+95IHVYY8mwUJkpfKt443Q==, figureFileBig=eJiem1R5VUOB27af8hZWHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309635489561403708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309635480761753820, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=XPS pattern of RmBTS-900-1.2 (a) and detail enlargement pattern of different elements, Fe 2p (b), Ba 3d (c), Ti 2p (d), figureFileSmall=jYiDzpwz3VX/H9jAbhDaZw==, figureFileBig=YxaECjnK0uMTgMEGI/ZoLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309635489624318269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309635480761753820, language=CN, label=图2, caption=RmBTS-900-1.2的XPS谱图(a)及不同元素Fe 2p(b)、Ba 3d(c)、Ti 2p(d)的局部放大, figureFileSmall=jYiDzpwz3VX/H9jAbhDaZw==, figureFileBig=YxaECjnK0uMTgMEGI/ZoLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309635489695621438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309635480761753820, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The SEM images of samples, figureFileSmall=HPxt9ErrRjDtdBP2wOssLw==, figureFileBig=GeBPLpygU1QnBPXKcvJuKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309635489754341695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309635480761753820, language=CN, label=图3, caption=样品的SEM图像

(a), (b): RmBTS-700-1.2; (c), (d): RmBTS-900-1.2.

, figureFileSmall=HPxt9ErrRjDtdBP2wOssLw==, figureFileBig=GeBPLpygU1QnBPXKcvJuKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309635489817256256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309635480761753820, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=The elemental mappings of RmBTS-700-1.2, figureFileSmall=mteabJsLGeB8uPOaVfvAPQ==, figureFileBig=xDrHkqK5q4QChZpuPzaNaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309635489880170817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309635480761753820, language=CN, label=图4, caption=RmBTS-700-1.2的元素分布图像, figureFileSmall=mteabJsLGeB8uPOaVfvAPQ==, figureFileBig=xDrHkqK5q4QChZpuPzaNaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309635489943085378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309635480761753820, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Reflection loss (RL) curves, impedance-matching characteristic (Z) curves for samples, figureFileSmall=SAc/BqQm/t3vDrCXDZYDBA==, figureFileBig=+bTOfnh7qMta8Ohr0nNllg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309635490026971459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1308397254396182630, articleId=1309635480761753820, language=CN, label=图5, caption=样品的反射损耗(RL)曲线和归一化阻抗因子(Z)曲线

(a): Rm; (b): RmBTS-700-1.2; (c): RmBTS-900-1.2; (d): attenuation constant (α) curves.

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利用赤泥制备FexOy/BaTiO3/C复合材料及其吸波性能研究
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力国民 1, * , 李凌霄 1 , 杜秀宁 1 , 贾琨 2 , 张克维 1 , 梁丽萍 1, *
燃料化学学报(中英文) | RESEARCH PAPER 2026,54(1): 2025F014-108-2025F014-119
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燃料化学学报(中英文) |RESEARCH PAPER 2026 , 54 (1) : 2025F014-108 -2025F014-119
利用赤泥制备FexOy/BaTiO3/C复合材料及其吸波性能研究
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力国民1, * , 李凌霄1, 杜秀宁1, 贾琨2, 张克维1, 梁丽萍1, *
作者信息
  • 1太原科技大学 材料科学与工程学院, 山西 太原 030024
  • 2中国电子科技集团公司第三十三研究所, 山西 太原 030032
通讯作者:
作者简介:

力国民(1984),博士,副教授,研究方向为固废资源化利用和陶瓷复合微波吸收材料的开发,

梁丽萍(1970),博士,教授,主要从事先进陶瓷材料研发与煤基固废高效利用的研究工作,

Fabrication and electromagnetic wave absorption properties of FexOy/BaTiO3/C composites from red mud
Guomin LI1, * , Lingxiao LI1, Xiuning DU1, Kun JIA2, Kewei ZHANG1, Liping LIANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
  • 2Thirty-third Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Taiyuan 030032, China
出版时间: 2026-01-01 doi: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0013
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为了实现赤泥的资源化利用,本工作以赤泥为铁源,以可溶性淀粉为碳源,采用溶胶凝胶法和固相反应法制备FexOy/BaTiO3/C复合微波吸收材料。利用钛酸四丁酯和乙酸钡,经溶胶凝胶反应得到BaTiO3前驱体溶胶,将其与赤泥、可溶性淀粉混合均匀。固相反应过程中,赤泥中的Fe2O3经原位碳热还原转化为Fe3O4、Fe,均匀分布于材料内部,BaTiO3则呈针棒状。实验结果表明,通过调节固相反应温度和原料配比,可以对复合材料的物相组成、微观形貌与吸波性能进行优化。当反应温度为700 ℃时,RmBTS-700-1.2在涂层厚度为2.0 mm时的最低反射损耗值为−16.0 dB,有效吸收带宽可达3.0 GHz,而RmBTS-700-1.8在涂层厚度为2.0 mm时对应10.7 GHz处的最低反射损耗值为−32.6 dB。本研究制备的FexOy/BaTiO3/C复合微波吸收材料兼具较强的介电损耗能力和磁损耗能力,开辟了赤泥的综合利用新途径,助推碳中和、碳达峰目标的实现。

赤泥  /  钛酸钡  /  固相反应  /  复合微波吸收材料

To achieve the resource utilization of red mud, this work prepares FexOy/BaTiO3/C composite microwave absorbing materials using red mud as the iron source and soluble starch as the carbon source, employing sol-gel and solid-state reaction methods. First, a BaTiO3 precursor sol is obtained through the sol-gel process using titanium butoxide and barium acetate, which is then mixed uniformly with red mud and soluble starch. During the solid-state reaction, Fe2O3 in the red mud undergoes in situ carbothermic reduction to form Fe3O4 and Fe, which are evenly distributed within the composite, and the BaTiO3 exhibits a needle-like morphology. Experimental results show that by adjusting the solid-state reaction temperature and the raw material ratio, the phase composition, microstructure, and microwave absorption performance of the composites can be optimized. When the temperature is 700 ℃, RmBTS-700-1.2 exhibits a minimum reflection loss of −16.0 dB at a coating thickness of 2.0 mm, with an effective absorption bandwidth of 3.0 GHz. Meanwhile, RmBTS-700-1.8 achieves a minimum reflection loss of −32.6 dB at 10.7 GHz under the same coating thickness. The FexOy/BaTiO3/C composite microwave absorbing materials prepared in this study exhibit both strong dielectric loss and magnetic loss capabilities, providing a new approach for the comprehensive utilization of red mud and contributing to the realization of the carbon neutrality and carbon peak goals.

red mud  /  barium titanate  /  solid-phase reaction  /  composite microwave absorbing material
力国民, 李凌霄, 杜秀宁, 贾琨, 张克维, 梁丽萍. 利用赤泥制备FexOy/BaTiO3/C复合材料及其吸波性能研究. 燃料化学学报(中英文), 2026 , 54 (1) : 2025F014-108 -2025F014-119 . DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0013
Guomin LI, Lingxiao LI, Xiuning DU, Kun JIA, Kewei ZHANG, Liping LIANG. Fabrication and electromagnetic wave absorption properties of FexOy/BaTiO3/C composites from red mud[J]. Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology, 2026 , 54 (1) : 2025F014-108 -2025F014-119 . DOI: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0013
随着现代科学技术的飞速发展,电磁污染问题日益严重,因此,研发出能够对电磁波进行吸收和衰减的微波吸收材料已成为当前科研人员关注的焦点。微波吸收材料能够通过自身损耗与衰减机制将进入其内部的电磁波转化为热能和其他形式的能量[1]。根据损耗机制,分为电导型吸波材料、电介质型吸波材料和磁介质型吸波材料[2]。电导型吸波材料通常具有较高的电导率,如碳纤维、石墨烯、碳纳米管等。当电磁波入射到材料表面时,材料中的自由电子发生相互碰撞,产生电阻损耗[3−5]。而电介质型吸波材料能够依靠自身的极化弛豫过程对入射电磁波进行衰减,钛酸钡、碳化硅、氧化锌等都是常见的电介质型吸波材料[6−9]。另外,以铁氧体、羰基铁等为代表的磁介质型吸波材料则通过涡流损耗与磁滞损耗等机制对入射电磁波产生损耗[10−11]。
单一组分的微波吸收材料仅靠一种损耗机制很难达到“涂层厚度薄、质量轻、吸收频带宽、反射损耗强”的良好吸收效果,因此,将介电组分与磁性组分进行复合,制备具有多种损耗机制的复合微波吸收材料成为当前研究热点[12]。王乐瑶等[13]采用静电纺丝法将BaTiO3纳米颗粒与碳纤维前驱体进行复合,经过高温碳化过程制备了BaTiO3/CNFs复合吸波织物,实现了复合材料阻抗匹配的合理调节。在2.3 mm涂层厚度下,该复合材料的最低反射损耗值(RLmin)高达−61.7 dB,有效吸收带宽(EAB)可达8.5 GHz。Zhang等[14]在碳纳米管和石墨烯基体上成功负载了中空Fe3O4纳米粒子,制备得到的CNTs/Fe3O4/rGO/C复合材料兼顾了介电损耗与磁损耗,当涂层厚度为1.9 mm时,RLmin达到了−54.4 dB。
碳纤维、碳纳米管、石墨烯等原料的价格较为昂贵,限制了其实际应用,为了降低复合微波吸收材料的制备成本,科研人员利用煤基固废、生物质碳等原料作为替代碳源,制备了性能较优的复合吸波材料。Li等[15]以煤矸石和硝酸铁分别作为碳源和铁源,采用浸渍法和造粒技术,经过原位碳热还原反应制备了FeG复合吸波材料,在涂层厚度为2.0 mm时的RLmin达−41.9 dB,且EAB为4.1 GHz。课题组前期以煤气化残渣为碳基载体,通过湿化学浸渍法和焙烧处理,制备了负载Fe3O4和Fe的复合吸波材料,当涂层厚度为2.0 mm时,RLmin为−25.3 dB且EAB为3.8 GHz[16]。
在当前对于复合微波吸收材料的研究中,磁损耗组分的来源大多以金属无机盐或者有机盐类为主。为了进一步降低复合吸波材料的制备成本,寻求一种廉价、易得的磁性组分替代品势在必行[17]。赤泥是从铝土矿中提炼氧化铝的过程中所产生污染性废物,对其进行长期堆的处置方式会造成空气、水体、土壤等的巨大污染[18]。赤泥因其富含Fe2O3而呈现红褐色,并因此得名。基于此,赤泥有望作为低成本铁源替代传统化学试剂[19]。
本研究以赤泥作为铁源,钛酸四丁酯和乙酸钡分别作为钛源和钡源,可溶性淀粉作为碳源,通过溶胶凝胶法和高温固相反应制备了FexOy/BaTiO3/C复合微波吸收材料。在固相反应过程中,可溶性淀粉转化生成的炭可将赤泥中的Fe2O3逐渐还原为Fe3O4和Fe,作为磁损耗组分,反应生成的BaTiO3以及剩余炭则是作为介电组分。为了进一步优化材料的微波吸收性能,通过改变原料配比来调节复合材料中介电组分的负载量,进而对材料的电磁特性进行调控。研究思路不仅可以实现复合微波吸收材料的低成本制备,同时也为赤泥的资源化利用提供了一种新路径。
实验中所需的材料与试剂如下:赤泥,取自国家电投集团山西铝业有限公司,其化学组成为Fe2O3 (43.4%)、Al2O3 (19.1%)、SiO2 (18.4%)、Na2O (5.8%)、TiO2 (4%)、CaO (2.6%)以及其他组分 (6.8%);无水乙醇、钛酸四丁酯、冰乙酸、可溶性淀粉、乙酸钡均为分析纯,购买于中国国药集团化学试剂有限公司;去离子水为实验室自制。
将赤泥粉团置于烘箱中,经120 ℃干燥后,利用球磨机对其进行球磨2 h处理,并经120目标准筛进行筛分得到粒径均一的赤泥粉体。在锥形瓶中依次加入2.9 g钛酸四丁酯、2.0 mL冰乙酸和10.0 mL无水乙醇,接着将质量浓度为0.6 g/mL的乙酸钡溶液缓慢加入其中,磁力搅拌至溶胶化;下一步在溶胶中加入2.4 g可溶性淀粉与2.4 g赤泥粉体并混合均匀,室温下静置陈化得到凝胶,凝胶经80 ℃干燥8 h得到复合材料的前驱体。将前驱体研磨后置于KBF1700管式炉内,在氩气气氛下焙烧2 h,温度为400−1000 ℃,升温速率为5 ℃/min,将样品随炉冷却得到FexOy/BaTiO3/C复合材料。对不同焙烧温度下得到的产物进行物相、形貌与吸波性能进行分析,确定Fe3O4、Fe组分的生成温度,进一步改变原料配比,探究介电组分BaTiO3的负载量对产物结构与性能的影响。为了方便后续研究,将样品命名为RmBTS-t-c,其中,t代表固相反应温度,c代表原料中钛酸四丁酯与赤泥的质量比。
借助荷兰飞利浦分析仪器公司型号为MiniFlex600的X射线衍射仪(XRD)对样品的物相组成进行表征;采用英国雷尼绍公司型号为In-Via的拉曼(Raman)光谱仪对样品中碳的状态进行表征;利用英国岛津公司型号为Amicus的X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)对于样品中不同元素的化学价态进行分析;采用日立科学仪器(北京)有限公司型号为S-4800的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及其能谱仪(EDS)对样品的微观形貌和元素分布进行表征。
借助矢量网络分析仪(Agilent 85050D)对样品的电磁参数进行表征并利用同轴传输反射法对电磁参数进行测试分析。样品的测试步骤如下:将样品粉末与石蜡按照质量比7∶3混合均匀并压制成内径为3.04 mm、外径为7.00 mm的同心环形测试样品。利用矢量网络分析仪测定样品在室温下的传输系数(Γ)和反射系数(T),并通过公式(1)、(2)计算出样品在2−18 GHz的复介电常数(εr=ε′−jε″)和复磁导率(μr=μ′−jμ″)。基于公式(3)−(6)可模拟计算得到样品的反射损耗值(RL)、归一化阻抗因子(Z)与本征衰减常数(α)[20−21]。其中,Zin为电磁波垂直射入材料的输入阻抗,Z0为自由空间内的阻抗,d为材料的涂层厚度,f为电磁波频率。
$ \varGamma =\frac{{Z}_{{\mathrm{in}}}-{Z}_{0}}{{Z}_{{\mathrm{in}}}+{Z}_{0}}=\frac{\sqrt{{\mu }_{{\rm{r}}}/{\varepsilon }_{{\rm{r}}}}-1}{\sqrt{{\mu }_{{\rm{r}}}/{\varepsilon }_{{\rm{r}}}}+1} $
$ T=\exp(-j\omega d\sqrt{{\mu }_{{\rm{r}}}{\varepsilon }_{{\rm{r}}}}) $
$ {}{RL}\text{(dB)=20\;lg}\left|({Z}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}-{Z}_{0})/\text{(}{Z}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}\text{}\text+{Z}_{0}\text{)}\right| $
$ {Z}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}\text={Z}_{0}{\left({\mu }_{{\rm{r}}}/{\varepsilon }_{{\rm{r}}}\right)}^{1/2}\mathrm{tanh}\left[j\left(2\pi fd/c\right){\left({\varepsilon }_{{\rm{r}}}{\mu }_{{\rm{r}}}\right)}^{1/2}\right] $
$ Z=\left|{Z}_{\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}\text{/}{Z}_{0}\right|\text{}\text=\left|{\left({\mu }_{{\rm{r}}}/{\varepsilon }_{{\rm{r}}}\right)}^{1/2}\mathrm{tanh}\left[j\left(2\pi fd/c\right){\left({\varepsilon }_{{\rm{r}}}{\mu }_{{\rm{r}}}\right)}^{1/2}\right]\right| $
$ \begin{split} &\alpha =\left(\frac{\sqrt{\text{2}}\pi f}{c}\right)\\& \sqrt{\left({\mu ''}{\varepsilon ''} - {\mu '}{\varepsilon '}\right) + \sqrt{{\left({\mu ''}{\varepsilon ''} - {\mu '}{\varepsilon '}\right)}^{\text{2}} + {({\varepsilon '}{\mu ''} + {\varepsilon ''}{\mu '})}^{\text{2}}}} \end{split}$
钛酸四丁酯在酸性条件下与水发生水解,生成Ti(OH)4和C4H9OH,构成Ti-O-Ti网络结构,在溶液中引入乙酸钡水溶液后,Ba2+随即嵌入Ti-O-Ti网络结构中,缓慢形成无定形态的BaTiO3前驱体凝胶,同时释放出乙酸和水[22],上述过程所涉及的化学反应如式(7)、(8)所示。
$ \mathrm{Ti(OC}_{ \mathrm{4}} \mathrm{H}_{ \mathrm{9}} \mathrm{)}_{ \mathrm{4}} \mathrm{+4H}_{ \mathrm{2}} {\mathrm{O}}\to {\mathrm{Ti(OH)}}_{ \mathrm{4}} \mathrm{+4C}_{ \mathrm{4}} \mathrm{H}_{ \mathrm{9}} \mathrm{OH} $
$ \begin{split} &\mathrm{Ti(OH)}_{ \mathrm{4}} \mathrm{+Ba(CH}_{ \mathrm{3}} \mathrm{COOH)}_{ \mathrm{2}} \to \mathrm{BaTiO}_{ \mathrm{3}} +\\&\qquad \mathrm{2CH}_{ \mathrm{3}} \mathrm{COOH+H}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{O}\end{split} $
图1(a)为样品RmBTS-t-1.2 (t = 400−1000)的XRD谱图,当固相反应温度为400−500 ℃时,复合材料在2θ = 33.2°、35.7°及54.2°附近的衍射峰归属于Fe2O3 (JPDS No.85-0599)的(121)、(−101)及(132)晶面。同时,复合材料在2θ = 23.1°、27.3°及29.7°附近的衍射峰归属于NaAlSiO4 (JPDS No.99-9983)。随着固相反应温度升高到600 ℃,前驱体中的无定形BaTiO3开始结晶,在2θ =31.4°、38.6°及44.9°附近开始出现新的衍射峰,对应于BaTiO3(JCPDS No.31-0714)的(110)、(111)、(200)晶面。当固相反应温度为600−700 ℃时,复合材料中的Fe2O3逐渐转化成为Fe3O4,2θ =35.7°、57.6°及63.2°附近的衍射峰开始出现并尖锐,对应于Fe3O4(JCPDS No.75-0449)的(311)、(511)、(440)晶面。随着反应的继续进行,Fe3O4的衍射峰逐渐变弱,同时Fe (JCPDS No. 87-0721)的衍射峰逐渐加强。BaTiO3的特征峰更加尖锐,表明BaTiO3组分结晶度的升高,固相反应过程中所涉的主要化学反应如式(9)、(10)所示[23]。
$ \mathrm{6Fe}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{O}_{ \mathrm{3}} \mathrm{(s)+C(s)=4Fe}_{ \mathrm{3}} \mathrm{O}_{ \mathrm{4}} \mathrm{(s)+CO}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{(g)} $
$ \mathrm{Fe}_{ \mathrm{3}} \mathrm{O}_{ \mathrm{4}} \mathrm{(s)+2C(s)=3Fe(s)+2CO}_{ \mathrm{2}} \mathrm{(g)} $
为了进一步探讨样品中碳的存在状态,借助Raman对RmBTS-t-1.2 (t=600−900)进行分析,结果如图1(b)所示。四种样品在1350和1580 cm−1处都出现了D峰和G峰,证明了经过碳热还原反应后,材料中仍然有炭剩余。D峰与G峰的相对强度比(ID/IG)可用来反映材料中炭的石墨化程度,随着固相反应温度的升高,样品的ID/IG值从0.88升高至0.93,表明了炭材料的石墨化度降低[24],即高温碳热还原反应破坏了其有序结构,样品中炭缺陷变多,炭的无序度增加,导致D峰强度上升,与XRD结果基本一致。复合材料中的C与BaTiO3、含铁组分构成导电网络,有助于材料的电导损耗,同时,材料中炭缺陷的增加可以提供更多的活性位点,加强材料的偶极子极化,从而促进材料的极化损耗[25]。
图2给出了材料RmBTS-900-1.2的XPS谱图,其中,图2(a)为全谱谱图。样品在285.0、530.2 eV附近的峰位可分别对应于C 1s和O 1s[26]。图2(b)−(d)分别为元素Ti、Ba、Fe的XPS局部放大图。其中,结合能在458.5和460.0 eV附近的峰可归于Ti 2p3/2与Ti 2p1/2峰;在795.2、780.0 eV处的峰位可对应于Ba 3d3/2和Ba 3d5/2[27]。从图2(d)可以看出,位于707.1和720.0 eV附近的特征峰分别对应于Fe 2p3/1与Fe 2p1/2的结合能[28]。同时,在710 eV附近没有出现Fe 2p3/2的特征峰,说明材料RmBTS-900-1.2中不含有BaFeO3,进一步证明了材料中的含Ba物相为BaTiO3。
图3为样品RmBTS-700-1.2和RmBTS-900-1.2的扫描电镜照片。当固相反应温度为700 ℃时,从照片中可以观察到BaTiO3纳米棒[29](如图3(b)黄色线框)和Fe3O4颗粒(如图3(b)绿色线框)均匀分布在基体表面。样品表面颗粒比较粗糙,可能是由于可溶性淀粉热解产生的无定形碳形成网络,覆盖在BaTiO3纳米棒与Fe3O4颗粒表面。这种网络有助于样品电导损耗的提高,优化了材料的阻抗匹配[30]。在碳热还原反应中所释放的气体也促进了材料内部孔隙的形成,有利于电磁波在材料内部的多重散射和反射。相比较而言,RmBTS-900-1.2的结构更加致密,BaTiO3晶粒尺寸明显增大,针棒状结构更加清晰(如图3(d)黄色线框),结晶度明显提高[31]。同时,碳热还原生成的Fe颗粒均匀分散在基体上(如图3(d)绿色线框)。图4为样品RmBTS-700-1.2的元素mapping结果,可见基体赤泥中的Si、Al、Na元素呈现均匀分布,Fe元素和O元素基本呈现均匀分布,同时Fe元素少量区域呈现局部聚集现象,形成Fe3O4颗粒的均匀分布状态;Ba元素与Ti元素分布区域重合,形成BaTiO3相;C元素以无定形网络结构覆盖于Fe3O4和BaTiO3颗粒表面,形成众多有效界面(如C/BaTiO3、C/Fe3O4等)。当电磁波入射材料时,材料内部的电荷在界面处的迁移速率产生差异,电荷呈现非均匀分布,导致界面处的电荷堆积、电子跃迁和局部电场效应加强[32],产生界面极化,有助于材料吸波性能的提升[33]。
电磁波吸收材料的吸波性能可以通过归一化阻抗因子(Z = Zin/Z0)、反射损耗值(RL)及本征衰减常数(α)来表征。图5(a)−(d)给出了赤泥(Rm)、RmBTS-700-1.2、RmBTS-900-1.2的三个参数在不同涂层厚度下随频率的变化。
其中,归一化阻抗因子Z可以反映材料的阻抗匹配程度,Z值越接近1,表示材料具有良好的阻抗匹配度,意味着更多的电磁波能够进入材料内部而被衰减[34]。Rm的阻抗因子在不同的涂层厚度下均大于1,即赤泥的阻抗失配严重,这种现象在引入介电组分C及BaTiO3之后得到有效调节,明显可见RmBTS-700-1.2和RmBTS-900-1.2的Z值接近1。反射损耗值(RL)反映了吸波材料对入射电磁波的损耗能力。当RL值低于−10 dB时,对应于90%以上的吸波效率,并将达到有效吸波的频率范围称为有效吸收带宽(EAB)[35]。从图5(a)−(c)可知,Rm的RL值在2−18 GHz均高于−4.0 dB,显示出较差的反射损耗能力,而RmBTS-700-1.2在涂层厚度为1.5 mm时的最小反射损耗值(RLmin)为−14.7 dB,EAB达到4.4 GHz,当涂层厚度为1.5 mm时,RmBTS-900-1.2在11.6 GHz处的RLmin为−13.3 dB,EAB为2.7 GHz。相较于赤泥,RmBTS-700-1.2和RmBTS-900-1.2拥有更低的反射损耗值与更宽的有效带宽。除Z值与RL值之外,本征衰减常数(α)也是反应材料微波吸收性能的参数。如图5(d)所示,Rm的α值明显低于其余两种样品,表现出较差的电磁波衰减能力,RmBTS-700-1.2的α值略低于RmBTS-900-1.2的α值,综上分析可知,材料的微波吸收性能是由其阻抗匹配特性与本征衰减特性共同决定的。
为更进一步探讨样品的微波吸收机理,图6给出了三种样品的复介电常数(εr=ε′−jε″)和复磁导率(μr=μ′−jμ″)随频率的变化。
图6(a)、(b)分别为样品介电常数实部(ε′)和虚部(ε″)曲线,其中,ε′表示样品对电能的存储能力,ε″表示样品对电能的损耗能力[36]。其中,Rm的ε′值稳定在4.0左右,而RmBTS-700-1.2、RmBTS-900-1.2的ε′值则分别在10.3−18.4与13.5−24.2波动,呈现频散现象,符合介电材料的典型特征[37]。样品Rm、RmBTS-700-1.2、RmBTS-900-1.2的ε″值分别在0.1−0.3、5.3−7.4及6.4−9.2浮动,RmBTS-700-1.2、RmBTS-900-1.2的ε′值和ε″值都明显高于Rm的ε′值和ε″值,进一步证实C与BaTiO3组分的引入显著提升了材料的介电损耗能力。同时,RmBTS-700-1.2的ε′值和ε″值均略低与RmBTS-900-1.2的ε ′值和ε ″值,这可能是由于RmBTS-900-1.2内部的炭缺陷更多、无序度更高引起的。过多的炭缺陷和无序结构为材料的极化过程提供了更多的中心位点,从而加剧了电荷在炭缺陷和界面处的局部积累,增强了材料的极化能力,有效提升了材料的介电性能[38]。图6(c)与图6(d)展示了RmBTS-700-1.2和RmBTS-900-1.2的Cole-Cole曲线,便于揭示材料中漏导损耗与极化损耗在介电损耗机制中的作用。根据Debye弛豫方程[39],Cole-Cole曲线上每一个半圆都代表一次德拜弛豫过程,两种样品均存在多个Cole-Cole半圆,表明样品内部存在多次弛豫极化现象[40]。在电磁波的作用下,材料内部的极性分子(如BaTiO3等)中的正负电荷中心发生位移,形成电偶极矩,对电磁波能量产生消耗,加剧了材料的偶极子极化损耗[41];RmBTS-700-1.2和RmBTS-900-1.2的Cole-Cole曲线末端都有明显的线性拖尾,意味着由碳组分构成的导电网络为材料提供了较为显著的漏导损耗[42]。
除介电损耗之外,磁损耗也是电磁波吸收材料的工作机理之一。图7(a)和图7(b)分别为Rm、RmBTS-700-1.2、RmBTS-900-1.2的相对复磁导率实部(μ′)及虚部(μ″)曲线。
与介电常数类似,μ′与μ″值分别反映微波吸收材料的磁存储能力和磁损耗能力[43]。三种样品的μ′值分别在1.00−1.07、0.99−1.11和0.97−1.15变化,而μ″值则在0.01−0.04、0.01−0.11以及0.01−0.19变化,相比于Rm,RmBTS-700-1.2与RmBTS-900-1.2的磁损耗能力皆有一定程度的提升。同时发现,三种样品的μ′和μ″曲线均在5.1、12.3和16.0 GHz附近出现波动。图7(c)为RmBTS-700-1.2、RmBTS-900-1.2的C0(C0=μ″(μ′)−2f −1)曲线,C0值是判断涡流损耗是否参与材料磁损耗的重要参数[44],图7(c)显示,RmBTS-700-1.2和RmBTS-900-1.2的C0曲线在低频范围内随频率的升高而快速下降,在高频范围内则下降速率较慢。此外,材料的磁损耗机制涉及磁滞损耗、畴壁共振、涡流损耗、自然共振与交换共振,而畴壁共振通常出现在1−100 MHz的频率,磁滞损耗通常在弱电磁场下产生,在本研究中暂不讨论[45]。因此,三种样品的μ′和μ″曲线在5.1 GHz处的波动现象可用自然共振机制解释,而在12.3 与16.0 GHz处的波动可归因于交换共振[46]。样品RmBTS-700-1.2、RmBTS-900-1.2的损耗正切值曲线(tan δe及tan δm)如图7(d)所示。两种样品的tan δe曲线均在tan δm曲线之上,表明两种样品都以介电损耗为主。
为了进一步探讨介电组分BaTiO3负载量对复合材料微波吸收性能的影响,选定固相反应温度为700 ℃,通过改变原料赤泥与乙酸钡、钛酸四丁酯的质量比,从而对BaTiO3的负载量进行调节,并对复合材料物相组成、微观形貌及其电磁特性进行分析,进一步优化RmBTS-700-c的微波吸收性能。
图8(a)为RmBTS-700-c (c = 0.6、1.2、1.8)的XRD谱图,可知产物的主要物相仍为BaTiO3、C和Fe3O4。发现RmBTS-700-0.6的XRD谱线上出现了可归属于Fe的衍射峰,推测是由于原料中炭的相对质量分数增加而引起碳热还原反应加剧,进一步推动Fe3O4还原为Fe。同时,随着BaTiO3负载量的增加,其在2θ = 31.4°、38.6°、44.9°附近的衍射峰变得更加尖锐,标志着BaTiO3结晶度的提升。从图8(b)的中可以看出,材料中炭的状态随BaTiO3负载量的变化不大,是由于固相反应中炭组分始终过量造成的。此外,随着材料中BaTiO3负载量增加,样品的微观结构没有发生明显改变。
图9(a)所示为RmBTS-700-0.6、RmBTS-700-1.2和RmBTS-700-1.8在涂层厚度均为2.0 mm时的RL曲线。
图9(a)可知,RmBTS-700-0.6在10.6 GHz处的RLmin=−11.6 dB,EAB为2.2 GHz,RmBTS-700-1.2的RLmin值为−16.0 dB,EAB达到3.0 GHz,而RmBTS-700-1.8在10.6 GHz处的RLmin=−32.6 dB,EAB为3.0 GHz。相比之下,RmBTS-700-1.8显示出较为优异的微波吸收性能,证明BaTiO3负载量的提高可以对材料的介电性能起到良好的调控作用。图9(b)罗列出已公开复合材料的微波吸收性能[13,14,42,47],对比发现,本研究所制备的FexOy/BaTiO3/C复合材料具有低成本、制备工艺相对简便的优势,为高值化利用赤泥与低成本制备复合微波吸收材料提供了一种可行的方案。
FexOy/BaTiO3/C复合材料的微波吸收机理如图10所示。首先,随着固相反应温度的升高和碳热还原反应的推进,赤泥中的Fe2O3被逐步还原为Fe3O4和Fe,经过溶胶-凝胶和固相反应过程产生的BaTiO3均匀负载在赤泥的NaAlSiO4基体上。可溶性淀粉热解为无定形碳,覆盖于NaAlSiO4基体、Fe3O4/Fe颗粒与BaTiO3颗粒上,形成导电网络,有助于提升复合材料的漏导损耗。其次,多相体系(C、Fe3O4/Fe、BaTiO3)中存在大量电导率不同的有效界面,导致电荷在相界面处积累,从而引起界面极化[48]。同时,碳热还原反应过程中对于材料中碳的消耗造成了大量炭缺陷,提供了许多活性位点,在外加电磁场下,电荷在这些缺陷处富集,有助于材料的偶极子极化,与界面极化共同推进材料的极化损耗[49]。此外,材料中的Fe3O4、Fe组分提供的磁损耗可以与介电损耗协同作用,优化了阻抗匹配特性,进而对入射电磁波起到较高的衰减作用。
本研究回收利用赤泥作为铁源,采用溶胶-凝胶法与碳热还原法制备了Fe3O4/BaTiO3/C及Fe/BaTiO3/C复合微波吸收材料,通过优化固相反应温度与原料配比控制复合材料的物相组成,进而对材料的微波吸收性能进行调控。RmBTS-700-1.8在涂层厚度为2.0 mm时EAB达3.0 GHz,RLmin为−32.6 dB。复合材料良好的吸波性能归因于介电组分BaTiO3、C与磁性组分Fe3O4/Fe之间的协同作用,使得材料兼具优异的阻抗匹配特性和衰减能力。本研究思路不仅实现了复合微波吸收材料的低成本制备,而且开辟了赤泥的高值化和资源化利用途径。

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doi: 10.3724/2097-213X.2025.JFCT.0013
  • 接收时间:2025-02-28
  • 首发时间:2026-09-23
  • 出版时间:2026-01-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-28
  • 修回日期:2025-03-31
  • 录用日期:2025-04-01
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    1太原科技大学 材料科学与工程学院, 山西 太原 030024
    2中国电子科技集团公司第三十三研究所, 山西 太原 030032

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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