Article(id=1295068455837913691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068190569164906, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202509060, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758211200000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-19, revisedDate=1762185600000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-04, acceptedDate=1763395200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-18, onlineDate=1786697981080, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697981080, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697981080, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697981080, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295068190569164906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697917835, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698816898, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295071961596584952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068190569164906, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295071961596584953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068190569164906, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=154, endPage=163, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295068456039240284, articleId=1295068455837913691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Numerical simulation study of a low-load biomass gas co-firing boiler optimized using artificial neural networks, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
[Objective]

To investigate the effects of biomass gas co-firing on combustion stability and in-furnace parameters under low-load conditions, a 660 MW tangentially fired boiler was taken as the research object to carry out the study. A stability index was proposed, and a combined approach of numerical simulation and artificial neural network (ANN) was employed.

[Methods]

Comparative analysis was conducted between pure coal and co-firing conditions at loads of 100%, 70%, 50%, and 30%.

[Results]

The results show that the deviation of the temperature stability coefficient (MT) under co-firing is less than 3.9%, indicating stable combustion at low load conditions. When the unit load decreases from 100% to 70%, the average temperature in the main combustion zone drops by 147.87 K for pure coal and 69.37 K for co-firing, indicating a slower temperature decay. At 30% load, the NOx volume fractions in the reduction and burnout zones under co-firing are 0.051 2% and 0.044 4%, which are lower than 0.093 3% and 0.078 6% under pure coal combustion condition, with smaller fluctuations of other parameters. Furthermore, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed to describe the complicated relationships among in-furnace parameters, and the results show that the regression coefficients R2 for temperature, CO2 volume fraction, and NOx volume fraction predictions are all greater than 0.96 in both pure coal and co-firing conditions.

[Conclusion]

This study provides support for optimization and prediction of low-load operation in biomass gasification co-firing boilers.

, authors=Zhihao WANG1, Xueyi HAN1, Huanting GAO2, Xuanlong CHEN1, Xun GONG2, authorsList=Zhihao WANG, Xueyi HAN, Huanting GAO, Xuanlong CHEN, Xun GONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xun GONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295068459830891123, articleId=1295068455837913691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=基于神经网络优化的低负荷生物质气掺烧锅炉数值模拟研究, columnId=1211002405437706993, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=热能科学研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
【目的】

为研究锅炉低负荷条件下生物质气掺烧对燃烧稳定性及炉内参数的影响,以某660 MW四角切圆锅炉为对象,提出稳定性指标,并结合数值模拟与人工神经网络开展研究。

【方法】

在100%、70%、50%和30%负荷下对纯煤与掺烧工况进行对比分析。

【结果】

结果表明:掺烧工况温度稳定系数MT与基准工况偏差小于3.9%,低负荷条件下炉内燃烧总体稳定;当负荷由100%降至70%,纯煤工况主燃区平均温度下降147.87 K,而掺烧工况仅下降69.37 K,温度衰减更缓;在30%负荷下,掺烧工况还原区与燃尽区NOx体积分数分别为0.051 2%和0.044 4%,低于纯煤工况的0.093 3%和0.078 6%,其他参数波动幅度更小;进一步构建人工神经网络预测模型描述炉内参数间的复杂关系,纯煤与掺烧工况温度、CO2和NOx预测回归系数R2均大于0.96。

【结论】

该研究可为生物质气化掺烧锅炉低负荷运行优化与参数预测提供支撑。

, authors=王志浩1, 韩学义1, 高涣庭2, 陈宣龙1, 龚勋2, authorsList=王志浩, 韩学义, 高涣庭, 陈宣龙, 龚勋, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=龚勋, authorNote=

王志浩(1976),男,硕士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为能源低碳利用,

, correspAuthorsNote=
龚勋(1982),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为可再生能源耦合燃煤发电技术,
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Fuel, 2023, 335: 126895., articleTitle=Predicting tobacco pyrolysis based on chemical constituents and heating conditions using machine learning approaches, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068474410291947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068455837913691, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=11, issue=null, pageStart=3295, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=39, authorNames=YUVAL J, O’GORMAN P A, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YUVAL J, O’GORMAN P A. Stable machine-learning parameterization of subgrid processes for climate modeling at a range of resolutions[J]. 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figureFileSmall=K1UyJJBgUZNWEYImi40bmw==, figureFileBig=lR1JYhoFrLT1AoNVLco3vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068468517294769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068455837913691, language=CN, label=图11, caption=部分预测值与真实值对比, figureFileSmall=K1UyJJBgUZNWEYImi40bmw==, figureFileBig=lR1JYhoFrLT1AoNVLco3vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068468613763762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068455837913691, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Coal quality analysis

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工业分析元素分析
MarAarVarFCarCHONS
4.9232.5835.2627.2452.413.435.290.730.64
), ArticleFig(id=1295068468697649843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068455837913691, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

煤质分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工业分析元素分析
MarAarVarFCarCHONS
4.9232.5835.2627.2452.413.435.290.730.64
), ArticleFig(id=1295068468781535924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068455837913691, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Composition of the biomass gas

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组成成分数值
N2体积分数/%40.31
CO体积分数/%25.48
CO2体积分数/%7.99
H2体积分数/%21.51
CH4体积分数/%0.45
H2O体积分数/%4.26
LHV(标况)/(MJ·m–35.70
), ArticleFig(id=1295068468848644789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068455837913691, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

生物质燃气组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组成成分数值
N2体积分数/%40.31
CO体积分数/%25.48
CO2体积分数/%7.99
H2体积分数/%21.51
CH4体积分数/%0.45
H2O体积分数/%4.26
LHV(标况)/(MJ·m–35.70
), ArticleFig(id=1295068468919947958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068455837913691, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Model validation

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实际值模拟值相对误差
炉膛出口温度/Κ1 3141 2713.38%
炉膛出口CO2体积分数/%14.614.952.34%
), ArticleFig(id=1295068468982862519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068455837913691, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

模型验证

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实际值模拟值相对误差
炉膛出口温度/Κ1 3141 2713.38%
炉膛出口CO2体积分数/%14.614.952.34%
), ArticleFig(id=1295068469049971384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068455837913691, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Operating parameters for pure coal and biomass gas co-firing conditions

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项目工况1/工况1a工况2/工况2a工况3/工况3a工况4/工况4a
负荷/%100705030
单燃烧器煤耗/(kg·s–13.087/2.9292.220/2.1091.604/1.5230.980/0.937
过量空气系数1.200/1.1901.300/1.2631.340/1.3201.420/1.398
一次风风速/(m·s–127.400/26.04019.740/18.78013.340/12.67013.340/12.670
二次风风速/(m·s–155.600/53.12040.260/38.62027.120/25.76015.500/14.720
燃尽风风速/(m·s–158.100/55.09053.380/80.71038.950/37.00016.020/15.220
总风量/(m3·s–1501.60/487.55390.86/379.68290.95/282.71189.74/184.17
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纯煤/生物质气掺烧工况运行参数

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项目工况1/工况1a工况2/工况2a工况3/工况3a工况4/工况4a
负荷/%100705030
单燃烧器煤耗/(kg·s–13.087/2.9292.220/2.1091.604/1.5230.980/0.937
过量空气系数1.200/1.1901.300/1.2631.340/1.3201.420/1.398
一次风风速/(m·s–127.400/26.04019.740/18.78013.340/12.67013.340/12.670
二次风风速/(m·s–155.600/53.12040.260/38.62027.120/25.76015.500/14.720
燃尽风风速/(m·s–158.100/55.09053.380/80.71038.950/37.00016.020/15.220
总风量/(m3·s–1501.60/487.55390.86/379.68290.95/282.71189.74/184.17
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Burner combustion characteristics

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工况着火温度/K着火距离/mL/m
工况11 0201.881.370
工况21 3402.000.925
工况31 5002.301.198
工况41 2903.250.888
工况1a1 1001.911.440
工况2a1 3602.661.130
工况3a1 4001.900.780
工况4a1 1252.801.220
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燃烧器燃烧情况

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工况着火温度/K着火距离/mL/m
工况11 0201.881.370
工况21 3402.000.925
工况31 5002.301.198
工况41 2903.250.888
工况1a1 1001.911.440
工况2a1 3602.661.130
工况3a1 4001.900.780
工况4a1 1252.801.220
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The ANN model for low-load pure coal boiler

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类型函数数值
归一化方法StandardScaler训练集:测试集=7:3
激活函数logsigmoid、logsigmoid
隐藏层层数2
隐藏层神经元数第一层:32,第二层:47
优化器及参数RMSprop(Ir,alpha)Lr=0.000 9,alpha=0.99
损失函数MSELoss
迭代次数6 000
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低负荷纯煤锅炉人工神经网络模型

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类型函数数值
归一化方法StandardScaler训练集:测试集=7:3
激活函数logsigmoid、logsigmoid
隐藏层层数2
隐藏层神经元数第一层:32,第二层:47
优化器及参数RMSprop(Ir,alpha)Lr=0.000 9,alpha=0.99
损失函数MSELoss
迭代次数6 000
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The ANN model for the low-load biomass gas co-firing boiler

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项目内容
隐藏层层数3层
隐藏层神经元数450,450,350
激活函数hardsigmoid
优化器及参数RMSprop学习率:0.001;alpha=0.9
Epoch1 500
Batch-size10
数据归一化方法StandardScaler
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低负荷生物质气耦合燃煤锅炉人工神经网络模型

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隐藏层层数3层
隐藏层神经元数450,450,350
激活函数hardsigmoid
优化器及参数RMSprop学习率:0.001;alpha=0.9
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Batch-size10
数据归一化方法StandardScaler
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Prediction parameters of some models

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输出特征TCO2体积分数NOx体积分数
回归系数R20.9630.9620.975
均方根误差δRMSE29.1700.28027.510
平均相对误差δMRE1.4501.8504.750
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部分模型预测参数

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均方根误差δRMSE29.1700.28027.510
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基于神经网络优化的低负荷生物质气掺烧锅炉数值模拟研究
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王志浩 1 , 韩学义 1 , 高涣庭 2 , 陈宣龙 1 , 龚勋 2
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2026,55(6): 154-163
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热力发电 |热能科学研究 2026 , 55 (6) : 154 -163
基于神经网络优化的低负荷生物质气掺烧锅炉数值模拟研究
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王志浩1 , 韩学义1, 高涣庭2, 陈宣龙1, 龚勋2
作者信息
  • 1.华电湖北发电有限公司,湖北 武汉 430061
  • 2.华中科技大学煤燃烧与低碳利用全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430074
通讯作者:
龚勋(1982),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为可再生能源耦合燃煤发电技术,
作者简介:

王志浩(1976),男,硕士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为能源低碳利用,

Numerical simulation study of a low-load biomass gas co-firing boiler optimized using artificial neural networks
Zhihao WANG1 , Xueyi HAN1, Huanting GAO2, Xuanlong CHEN1, Xun GONG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Hubei Huadian Power Generation Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430061, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202509060
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【目的】

为研究锅炉低负荷条件下生物质气掺烧对燃烧稳定性及炉内参数的影响,以某660 MW四角切圆锅炉为对象,提出稳定性指标,并结合数值模拟与人工神经网络开展研究。

【方法】

在100%、70%、50%和30%负荷下对纯煤与掺烧工况进行对比分析。

【结果】

结果表明:掺烧工况温度稳定系数MT与基准工况偏差小于3.9%,低负荷条件下炉内燃烧总体稳定;当负荷由100%降至70%,纯煤工况主燃区平均温度下降147.87 K,而掺烧工况仅下降69.37 K,温度衰减更缓;在30%负荷下,掺烧工况还原区与燃尽区NOx体积分数分别为0.051 2%和0.044 4%,低于纯煤工况的0.093 3%和0.078 6%,其他参数波动幅度更小;进一步构建人工神经网络预测模型描述炉内参数间的复杂关系,纯煤与掺烧工况温度、CO2和NOx预测回归系数R2均大于0.96。

【结论】

该研究可为生物质气化掺烧锅炉低负荷运行优化与参数预测提供支撑。

低负荷燃烧稳定性  /  生物质气  /  掺烧  /  人工神经网络
[Objective]

To investigate the effects of biomass gas co-firing on combustion stability and in-furnace parameters under low-load conditions, a 660 MW tangentially fired boiler was taken as the research object to carry out the study. A stability index was proposed, and a combined approach of numerical simulation and artificial neural network (ANN) was employed.

[Methods]

Comparative analysis was conducted between pure coal and co-firing conditions at loads of 100%, 70%, 50%, and 30%.

[Results]

The results show that the deviation of the temperature stability coefficient (MT) under co-firing is less than 3.9%, indicating stable combustion at low load conditions. When the unit load decreases from 100% to 70%, the average temperature in the main combustion zone drops by 147.87 K for pure coal and 69.37 K for co-firing, indicating a slower temperature decay. At 30% load, the NOx volume fractions in the reduction and burnout zones under co-firing are 0.051 2% and 0.044 4%, which are lower than 0.093 3% and 0.078 6% under pure coal combustion condition, with smaller fluctuations of other parameters. Furthermore, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed to describe the complicated relationships among in-furnace parameters, and the results show that the regression coefficients R2 for temperature, CO2 volume fraction, and NOx volume fraction predictions are all greater than 0.96 in both pure coal and co-firing conditions.

[Conclusion]

This study provides support for optimization and prediction of low-load operation in biomass gasification co-firing boilers.

low-load combustion stability  /  biomass gas  /  co-firing  /  artificial neural network
王志浩, 韩学义, 高涣庭, 陈宣龙, 龚勋. 基于神经网络优化的低负荷生物质气掺烧锅炉数值模拟研究. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (6) : 154 -163 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202509060
Zhihao WANG, Xueyi HAN, Huanting GAO, Xuanlong CHEN, Xun GONG. Numerical simulation study of a low-load biomass gas co-firing boiler optimized using artificial neural networks[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (6) : 154 -163 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202509060
生物质气化耦合燃煤发电技术因可再生性与协同降碳潜力,被认为是煤电低碳化与增强调峰能力的重要路径[1-2]。相较于直接耦合,间接耦合将还原性生物质气体喷入炉膛进行燃烧,避免了直接耦合引起的炉膛壁面腐蚀问题,也解决了并联耦合发电投资成本高的问题,因而受到广泛关注。
在新能源高比例并网背景下,火电低负荷、变负荷运行成为常态。针对变负荷条件下燃煤锅炉的运行特性,已有相关研究。Chang等人[3]研究了切向燃烧煤粉锅炉在不同负荷下的温度场和污染物排放,分析了燃烧器倾角对炉内燃烧和NOx排放的影响。Ma等人[4]引入了燃烧稳定指数,衡量不同负荷下氧量对主燃区温度与稳定性的影响。在气态燃料掺烧稳燃方面,Han等人[5]对2 MW中式重油炉合成气的NOx还原特性进行了模拟研究,证明3%、7%碳氢化合物对NOx有显著还原效果。然而,低负荷运行数据较少,数据驱动方法逐渐成为重要补充。针对数据单一而导致训练模型预测不够全面和准确的问题,Shi等人[6]提出利用计算流体动力学(CFD)模拟更大变量范围的样本工况,与DCS数据共建训练集。彭潮等[7]基于煤粉组分对着火温度的复杂影响,通过随机森林模型建立了以着火温度为目标输出的预测模型。由于锅炉燃烧机理建模复杂,机器学习建立的映射模型受到广泛关注[8]
基于此,本文提出一种低负荷稳燃衡量指标,并对低负荷纯煤以及生物质气耦合燃煤工况运行特性进行分析,将数值模拟数据作为数据集,通过人工神经网络建立对应的预测模型,实现低负荷场景下CFD与ANN的耦合优化预测。
研究对象为某电厂660 MW四角切圆锅炉,主燃烧区由6组燃烧器(A—F)及7组二次风燃烧器组成,OFA系统由3组SOFA喷嘴组成,在还原区引入一组再燃风喷嘴以及生物质气喷嘴。计算域从冷灰斗到水平烟道口,并基于Gambit划分结构化与非结构化混合网格,具体如图1所示。
锅炉燃用煤种为神府东胜煤,煤质分析如表1所示,低位热值为20 520 kJ/kg,生物质燃气成分见表2。本文基于Fluent进行数值模拟,锅炉内复杂的燃烧及流动过程通过湍流燃烧模型(realizable k-ε)、气相反应模型(non-premixed)、颗粒运动模型(DPM)、挥发分及焦炭燃烧模型(two-competingrates和diffusion/kinetic)、辐射模型(P-1)进行描述,NOx的生成量采用后处理方式计算,主要考虑燃料型NOx与热力型NOx,对于NOx后处理计算过程使用再燃模型。
为确保模型准确性,基于锅炉实际运行数据进行模型验证,结果见表3。验证结果误差属于控制范围之内,证明模型选择具备可行性。网格无关性验证见图2,后续研究采用260万网格数。
本研究中,同负荷工况依据总热量不变计算,即掺烧比定义为热量比[9]。工况包括纯煤工况(pure coal,PC)和生物质气掺烧工况(biomass co-firing,CO),生物质掺烧工况的热量掺烧比例为5%,其他参数见表4
四角切圆锅炉稳定燃烧的理论流动特征表现为螺旋上升气流,其温度场与速度场在炉膛横截面上呈绝对均匀对称分布[10-12],因此锅炉横截面上距离四边相同距离L处的4个点的参数值理论上一致。本文选择7个喷口截面,每个截面取不同距离L(6个)对应的4个点的参数A的最大值Amax与最小值Amin之比为Mi,并取均值M作为衡量锅炉内部稳定性的评价指标。理论上M=1,M越接近1说明炉内流动及燃烧越趋于稳定。
工况1与实际吻合良好,则认为工况1处于稳定状态,因此将其作为基准,通过比较其他工况与工况1的M值偏离程度来判断其是否稳定。每个工况基于速度V与温度T作为参数A计算M值,即速度稳定系数MV与温度稳定系数MT,具体如图3所示。
基于速度场分析,MV1MV4分别为各纯煤工况下的速度稳定系数,其中MV1为1.362,MV2MV4均大于MV1MV2最大,为1.645;MV1aMV4a分别为生物质气掺烧各工况下的速度稳定系数,MV1aMV3a小于MV1MV2aMV4a则大于MV1,其中MV4aMV1的偏差达到了56.6%。基于温度场分析,MT1MT4分别为各纯煤工况下的温度稳定系数,其中MT1为1.089,而MT4a达到最大值1.131,所有MTMT1偏差在3.9%以内。为了进一步确定炉内流动及燃烧稳定性,将所有工况速度云图与温度云图进行可视化对比分析,具体如图4图5所示。
从速度云图可知工况1时炉内流动四角切圆明显且充满度和均匀性高,说明其流动稳定,也证明了将MV1作为基准值的合理性[13]。对于工况4与工况4a,炉内流动强度大幅度降低,连续性较差且出现速度断层现象,但整体来看依旧能保持微弱的螺旋上升及四角切圆的流动趋势。各工况的流动分布并未出现严重的失稳现象,因此可以认为全部工况流动状态趋于稳定。但是工况4a的MV4a值偏差达到了56.6%,说明其流动虽然稳定,但已接近失稳临界状态。
从温度云图可知,各工况燃烧横截面均呈现明显的四角切圆,结合各工况的MT值均与工况1相差不大,因此可说明各工况燃烧情况是稳定的。
煤粉着火温度以及着火距离可以反映炉内局部燃烧的稳定性,着火温度定义为最大颗粒温度梯度(dT/dx)的第1个点[14],燃烧器喷口距离该点的距离即为着火距离[15]。除了温度值外,还记录了沿燃烧器喷口方向的CO体积分数,并基于CO体积分数峰值与着火点之间的距离L来衡量煤粉燃烧速率,L越小说明燃烧速率越快[16]。此外,基于国内学者对煤粉着火的实验研究[17-18],着火温度范围几乎都为800~1 500 K。本文所有工况距离燃烧器喷口不同位置温度分布都基于第1层燃烧器组计算,结果见表5。由表5可知,整体上纯煤和生物质气掺烧工况均随着负荷降低,炉内着火距离增加。这是由于低负荷下煤粉吸收的对流热和辐射热减少,延缓着火时间从而导致着火距离增加,局部稳定性下降[19]。此外,所有工况对应着火温度也均在800~1 500 K。
分析CO体积分数峰值与着火点之间的距离L,除了工况1a略大于工况1以外,其余L值均小于工况1,说明燃烧器喷口附近煤粉燃烧反应速率都在稳定燃烧范围内。因此,本文所有工况的流动以及燃烧都具备稳定性。
纯煤/生物质气掺烧工况沿炉膛高度温度分布如图6所示。由图6可知,当负荷从100%降至70%时,纯煤工况主燃区沿高度的平均温度变化为147.87 K,而生物质气工况主燃区平均温度变化为69.37 K,比纯煤工况下降53.09%。
通过对比同负荷下纯煤与生物质气工况炉内温度分布可知,各负荷下纯煤工况主燃区平均温度均大于同负荷生物质气工况,除了工况1和工况1a之间相差86.75 K,其余工况差异均在10 K以内。
尽管低负荷下燃烧稳定性差,但工况4与工况4a单位高度温升为34.88 K/m、35.25 K/m,大于其他工况。这是因为主燃区工况4与工况4a风煤比大于其他工况,增加风煤比使得单位质量煤粉燃烧更加充分,但受限于低负荷煤粉总量少,因此工况4与工况4a温度绝对值反而最小。
炉内O2的分布可以反映其燃烧情况,低负荷纯煤/生物质气掺烧工况沿炉膛高度O2分布如图7所示。对比图5图7可知,主燃区以及燃尽区O2体积分数降低的位置与温度升高的位置一致。工况4与工况4a主燃区单位高度O2体积分数消耗速率为0.744%/m、0.567%/m,远大于其他工况(0.154%/m~0.262%/m)。由温度场分析可知,这是因为低负荷炉内风煤比增加促进煤粉燃烧。
对比同负荷生物质气掺烧工况与纯煤工况炉内O2分布可知,除了工况4和工况4a,主燃区O2平均体积分数以及变化趋势差异不大,而工况4与工况4a主燃区O2平均体积分数大于其他工况,说明同负荷下生物质气掺烧各工况燃尽区O2平均体积分数均小于纯煤工况,低负荷尤为明显。
低负荷纯煤/生物质气掺烧工况沿炉膛高度CO与CO2分布如图8所示。由图8可知,工况4与工况4a整体的CO含量与主燃区底部的CO2含量远低于其他工况。基于上述对燃烧器着火距离的分析可知,低负荷(30%额定负荷)时煤粉着火距离增加导致燃烧推迟,使得主燃区底部CO、CO2含量低,又因工况4与工况4a单位高度温升大以及L小,局部燃烧效率高,结合低负荷煤粉量少,所以导致工况4与工况4a整体CO含量最少。
图8可知工况4与工况4a在主燃区中上部CO2增加量(0.047 0%、0.058 9%)远大于其他工况(0.007 4%~0.017 7%),这是因为主燃区中上部风煤比更大且O2含量更多,促进CO与O2反应生成CO2
通过对比相同负荷变化范围内的纯煤工况与生物质气工况可知,随着负荷降低,生物质气工况炉内整体CO和CO2含量变化幅度要更小。
相关研究表明,生物质气掺烧可以降低NOx排放[20-21]。低负荷纯煤/生物质气掺烧工况沿炉膛高度NOx分布如图9所示。由图9可知,煤粉在主燃区上部(26~30 m)充分燃烧产生了大量燃料型NOx和热力型NOx,NOx体积分数达到最大。而工况3a和工况4a的炉内NOx体积分数整体并无起伏,呈现逐渐降低的趋势。结合图5可知工况3a和工况4a在主燃区下部(17 m)因煤粉颗粒聚集产生了2 000 K左右的局部高温区,热力型NOx显著增长,工况3a尤为明显,因此工况3a和工况4a在主燃区下部NOx体积分数达到最大值。
工况4a还原区以及燃尽区平均NOx体积分数分别为0.051 2%、0.044 4%,而工况4还原区以及燃尽区平均NOx体积分数分别为0.093 3%、0.078 6%,说明低负荷生物质气掺烧可降低NOx的生成。
基于深度调峰过程中各参数多变性引起的燃烧失稳现象,人工智能技术为锅炉参数预测与燃烧工况优化提供了解决方案。人工神经网络(artificial neural network)能够无需描述数学关系式的学习输入与输出之间的映射关系,当有足够多的神经元时理论上可以拟合任意函数[22-23]。由于锅炉燃烧过程中包含多参数的复杂非线性关系,传统数值方法难以实现高精度实时预测,因此本研究基于PyTorch构建人工神经网络锅炉燃烧预测模型。
本文采用4层人工神经网络模型,其中数据预处理及划分、超参数调优如表6所示[24-25]。低负荷纯煤锅炉模型输入特征分别为负荷、一次风风速、二次风风速、燃尽风风速、过量空气系数、一次风温、二次风温、燃尽风温、炉膛高度、主燃区风煤比、燃尽区风煤比共11个,输出特征分别为温度T、O2体积分数、CO体积分数、CO2体积分数、NOx体积分数共5个。引入炉膛高度作为输入特征一方面是为了实现任意截面平均温度等参数预测,另一方面是为了扩大数据集提高模型预测精度[26]
低负荷纯煤锅炉模型测试集预测如图10所示。由图10可知,除了O2体积分数预测结果的回归系数R2为0.965 6,其余输出特征预测结果的回归系数R2均大于0.99。测试集样本并不包含于模型所学习的样本中,说明该人工神经网络模型具备良好泛化性能。
图7图8及分析可知,随着炉膛高度变化,炉内O2体积分数和CO体积分数变化剧烈,其中CO体积分数差异可达103数量级,这可能是导致O2体积分数预测回归系数偏小的原因,但CO体积分数预测回归系数却高达0.998 9,证实模型的良好泛化性能。
低负荷生物质气耦合燃煤锅炉人工神经网络同样采用4层神经网络,并结合超参数优化方法,构建了具有良好性能的预测模型,其最终模型参数见表7。针对掺烧模型,对logsigmoid、hardsigmoid、ReLU、Leaky ReLU、GeLU、tanh、CeLU等激活函数开展了系统对比。结果表明hardsigmoid在3项输出(温度T、CO2体积分数、NOx体积分数)上取得最优R2(0.957、0.954、0.971),综合表现最优,故确定为最终激活函数。数据集由2部分构成:CFD数值模拟25个工况×25个炉膛高度,共625组样本;电厂DCS运行数据480组。整体采用7:3的分层留出法划分训练/测试集。
相较于纯煤燃烧工况,该模型在输入特征上新增了再燃风风速、生物质气速度与再燃风温3个变量,输出特征保持一致,均为5个。由于本文不同负荷下生物质气掺烧工况掺烧比一致,故不考虑掺烧比的影响。
低负荷生物质气耦合燃煤锅炉人工神经网络模型如下:温度T预测结果回归系数R2为0.963,其他参数预测结果回归系数R2均大于0.96,NOx体积分数预测结果回归系数R2达到0.975,该模型同样具备良好泛化性能。模型部分预测数据如表8所示。相对于纯煤模型,生物质气掺烧燃煤模型精度略低。
由上述分析可知,随着负荷降低,生物质气掺烧工况整体上各参数变化情况小于纯煤工况,这导致生物质气掺烧工况数据集样本凸包较小,因此生物质气耦合燃煤锅炉模型学习样本涉及的范围较小,最终可能导致其预测精度略低于纯煤模型。
为进一步分析低负荷生物质气耦合燃煤锅炉预测模型在空间分布上的预测精度,图11展示了部分预测参数(温度、CO2体积分数与NOx体积分数)随炉膛高度变化的真实值与预测值对比情况。从图11中可以看出,温度T与CO2体积分数的预测结果与实测值高度重合,拟合效果良好。虽然NOx体积分数在炉膛下部区域存在一定离散性,但整体预测值与实测值的重合度依然较高,其相关系数高,说明模型能够较为准确地捕捉其在空间分布上的变化趋势,表现出良好的预测能力。
1)本研究提出了低负荷稳燃指标M,通过速度稳定系数MV与温度稳定系数MT来衡量燃烧稳定性。结果表明,不同工况下的MV值和MT值相对稳定。在低负荷掺烧工况中,MV4a偏差达到56.6%,接近失稳临界;而温度稳定系数MT值变化较小,表明各工况在低负荷下具备较好的燃烧稳定性。
2)各工况炉内不同高度温度值、O2体积分数等参数分布情况复杂。低负荷下生物质气掺烧有助于炉内燃烧,并降低NOx生成,掺烧工况还原区和燃尽区NOx体积分数分别为0.051 2%和0.044 4%,低于纯煤工况。而对于相同负荷变化的幅度,生物质气掺烧工况的参数波动比纯煤工况小。
3)基于数值模拟计算数据构建低负荷下纯煤工况以及生物质气掺烧工况人工神经网络模型。模型结果表明,纯煤工况模型的R2值大于0.99,掺烧工况模型在T、CO2体积分数、NOx体积分数的预测中均表现优异,R2值分别为0.963、0.962、0.975,误差较小,说明低负荷纯煤工况以及生物质气掺烧工况模型均具备良好泛化性能。
4)面向工程应用方面,在保持机组现有O2约束与安全边界的前提下,低负荷(30%~50%额定负荷)工况下,建议风煤比较纯煤工况提高约5%~10%,并优先通过二次风/燃尽风分配实现;70%额定负荷及以上工况可与纯煤工况大体一致。一次风不宜过度提高,以避免着火距离增加与局部失稳。
  • 中国华电发电有限公司科技项目(CHDKJ23-02-79)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202509060
  • 接收时间:2025-09-19
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-19
  • 修回日期:2025-11-04
  • 录用日期:2025-11-18
基金
Science and Technology Project of China Huadian Power Generation Co., Ltd.(CHDKJ23-02-79)
中国华电发电有限公司科技项目(CHDKJ23-02-79)
作者信息
    1.华电湖北发电有限公司,湖北 武汉 430061
    2.华中科技大学煤燃烧与低碳利用全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430074

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龚勋(1982),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为可再生能源耦合燃煤发电技术,
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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