Article(id=1295068410975637735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068190569164906, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202510034, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760544000000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-16, revisedDate=1762704000000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-10, acceptedDate=1763395200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-18, onlineDate=1786697970383, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697970383, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697970383, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697970383, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295068190569164906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697917835, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698816898, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295071961596584952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068190569164906, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295071961596584953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068190569164906, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=83, endPage=90, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295068411172770024, articleId=1295068410975637735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Study on corrosion behavior of 304 stainless steel in aluminum-containing solar thermal storage molten salt, columnId=1295068192326574197, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Energy storage technology research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
[Objective]

This article aims to improve the corrosion resistance of 304 stainless steel in high-temperature chloride molten salts, clarify the application effect and corrosion inhibition mechanism of aluminum powder as a corrosion inhibitor, and provide a practical reference for the material protection of solar thermal storage molten salt systems.

[Methods]

The high-temperature electrochemical corrosion behavior of 304 stainless steel was investigated in a ternary chloride molten salt (NaCl-KCl-MgCl2) at 700 ℃ with the addition of aluminum powder at mass fractions of 0, 1%, 2%, and 5% respectively. Potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were employed to evaluate the corrosion kinetics and interfacial characteristics. The surface and cross-sectional morphologies, elemental distribution, and phase composition of corrosion products were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).

[Results]

The addition of aluminum powder significantly suppressed the corrosion of 304 stainless steel. With 5% aluminum powder addition, the corrosion current density decreased from 299.98 mA/cm2 (without addition) to 31.673 mA/cm2, representing a reduction of 89.4%. The polarization resistance increased markedly from 0.348 Ω (without aluminum) to 2.974 Ω (with 5% aluminum), indicating enhanced resistance to corrosion reactions. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis revealed that the addition of aluminum altered the corrosion control mechanism from diffusion-controlled (without aluminum) to a dual-layer synergistic protection system at higher aluminum contents. After 100 h of corrosion,the thickness of the internal diffusion layer was significantly reduced from 150 μm (without aluminum) to 36 μm (with 5% aluminum powder addition). XRD and SEM/EDS analysis showed that at aluminum additions of 2% and 5%,a continuous and dense Al2O3 layer formed on the surface,while aluminum diffused inward to form an aluminum-rich layer and intermetallic AlNi3 phase within the alloy subsurface. This dual-layer structure effectively suppressed the outward diffusion of Cr and Fe,thereby mitigating corrosion.

[Conclusion]

The corrosion inhibition mechanism of aluminum powder involves a synergistic protective process. Aluminum preferentially reacts with oxidizing impurities (e.g., moisture and oxygen) in the molten salt, forming a stable Al2O3 film on the alloy surface. Simultaneously, a portion of aluminum diffuses inward, creating an aluminum-rich layer and precipitating AlNi3 phases, which together act as an internal diffusion barrier. This combined surface film and internal diffusion barrier system effectively blocks the outward migration of Cr and Fe, substantially reducing the corrosion rate. The results demonstrate that adding aluminum powder to chloride molten salts is a simple and effective strategy to enhance the corrosion resistance of 304 stainless steel. Future work should focus on the evaluation of the long-term durability and erosion resistance of this protective system under dynamic flow conditions, to facilitate its practical applications in concentrating solar power systems.

, authors=Fengyuan LÜ1, 2, Ming ZHU1, Huihui ZHANG2, Panshi XIE1, Wenyu LÜ1, Cheng TANG1, authorsList=Fengyuan LÜ, Ming ZHU, Huihui ZHANG, Panshi XIE, Wenyu LÜ, Cheng TANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ming ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295068412636582135, articleId=1295068410975637735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=304不锈钢在含Al太阳能储热熔盐中的腐蚀行为研究, columnId=1236714914694361723, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=储能技术研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
【目的】

为提升304不锈钢在高温氯化物熔盐中的耐蚀性能,明确Al粉作为缓蚀剂的应用效果及缓蚀机理,为太阳能储热熔盐体系的材料防护提供实践参考。

【方法】

采用动电位极化和电化学阻抗谱法研究304不锈钢在700 ℃的NaCl-KCl-MgCl2熔盐中添加质量分数分别为0、1%、2%和5%的Al粉后的高温电化学腐蚀行为,采用SEM/EDS和XRD分析腐蚀产物的形貌与相组成。

【结果】

Al粉的添加显著抑制了304不锈钢的腐蚀,当添加量达到5%时,腐蚀电流密度从299.98 mA/cm2(未添加)降至31.673 mA/cm2,降幅高达89.4%。腐蚀100 h后,合金内部扩散层厚度从150 μm(未添加)显著减薄至36 μm(添加5%Al粉)。

【结论】

其缓蚀机理为:Al粉优先与熔盐中的杂质反应在304不锈钢表面生成Al2O3膜,进而向内扩散形成富Al层,阻碍Cr、Fe等内部元素的向外扩散,最终形成由表面Al2O3膜与内层富Al层扩散屏障组成的协同防护体系。

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吕凤圆(2000),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为高温电站材料腐蚀与防护,

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朱明(1978),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为电站材料高温腐蚀,
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corrosion for 100 h in chloride molten salts at 700 ℃, figureFileSmall=kH6nViag+bRWxb1bVhVWzw==, figureFileBig=/KCvjvYkz706uWbMJ34L2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068419381023026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068410975637735, language=CN, label=图6, caption=304不锈钢在700 ℃的氯化物熔盐中腐蚀100 h后的表面和截面形貌, figureFileSmall=kH6nViag+bRWxb1bVhVWzw==, figureFileBig=/KCvjvYkz706uWbMJ34L2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068419439743283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068410975637735, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Elemental distributions of 304 stainless steel after corrosion for 100 h in chloride molten salts at 700 ℃, figureFileSmall=2giFNqh1bRR7vJlMgXAJWA==, figureFileBig=z2b4IOKfirTws54XLO/SLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068419498463540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068410975637735, language=CN, label=图7, caption=304不锈钢在700 ℃的氯化物熔盐中腐蚀100 h后的元素分布, figureFileSmall=2giFNqh1bRR7vJlMgXAJWA==, figureFileBig=z2b4IOKfirTws54XLO/SLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068419573961013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068410975637735, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Chemical composition of 304 stainless steel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CrCSiMnPSNiFe
18.400.050.951.900.030.0210.60其余
), ArticleFig(id=1295068419645264182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068410975637735, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

304不锈钢的化学成分的质量分数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CrCSiMnPSNiFe
18.400.050.951.900.030.0210.60其余
), ArticleFig(id=1295068419716567351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068410975637735, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Fitting results of polarization curves for 304 stainless steel in chloride molten salts at 700 ℃ with different mass fractions of Al powder

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况ba/(mV·dec–1bc/(mV·dec–1Ecorr/mVjcorr/(mA·cm–2Rp
0%-3 h3 439.30250.16–201.46202.1403.111 40
0%-100 h356.98736.24–158.65299.9800.348 05
1%-3 h229.95294.65–310.8846.0501.218 10
1%-100 h508.69515.68–181.65130.9600.802 14
2%-3 h854.57819.83–409.1912.84914.143 00
2%-100 h788.89400.28–305.6268.1011.663 60
5%-3 h492.61298.70–334.0624.3493.316 70
5%-100 h801.43297.29–295.4831.6732.973 50
), ArticleFig(id=1295068419779481912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068410975637735, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

304不锈钢在700 ℃的氯化物熔盐中添加不同质量分数Al粉时的极化曲线拟合结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况ba/(mV·dec–1bc/(mV·dec–1Ecorr/mVjcorr/(mA·cm–2Rp
0%-3 h3 439.30250.16–201.46202.1403.111 40
0%-100 h356.98736.24–158.65299.9800.348 05
1%-3 h229.95294.65–310.8846.0501.218 10
1%-100 h508.69515.68–181.65130.9600.802 14
2%-3 h854.57819.83–409.1912.84914.143 00
2%-100 h788.89400.28–305.6268.1011.663 60
5%-3 h492.61298.70–334.0624.3493.316 70
5%-100 h801.43297.29–295.4831.6732.973 50
), ArticleFig(id=1295068419846590777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068410975637735, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Fitting values of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests for 304 stainless steel in chloride molten salts with different mass fractions of Al powder at 700 ℃

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况RsRp1Y0CPE1/SnCPE1RWY0,CPE2/SnCPE2Rp2Y0CPE3/snCPE3
0%-20 h0.304 930.989 760.400 590.795 20.969 41.703 1001.100
0%-100 h0.323 410.104 010.184 050.744 60.809 26.968 2000.695
1%-20 h0.346 1839.526 001.767 900.669 3
1%-100 h0.234 680.195 260.136 930.748 01.610 30.049 8571.100
2%-20 h0.364 931.007 700.283 070.997 821.765 00.249 280.834 9
2%-100 h0.421 360.030 920.233 660.977 76.327 23.196 800.789 0
5%-20 h0.576 660.656 623.533 200.942 29.514 81.355 600.785 8
5%-100 h0.556 075.770 003.295 900.924 317.126 00.731 210.877 7
), ArticleFig(id=1295068419913699642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068410975637735, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

700 ℃下304不锈钢在添加不同质量分数Al粉的氯化物熔盐中的电化学阻抗谱测试拟合值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况RsRp1Y0CPE1/SnCPE1RWY0,CPE2/SnCPE2Rp2Y0CPE3/snCPE3
0%-20 h0.304 930.989 760.400 590.795 20.969 41.703 1001.100
0%-100 h0.323 410.104 010.184 050.744 60.809 26.968 2000.695
1%-20 h0.346 1839.526 001.767 900.669 3
1%-100 h0.234 680.195 260.136 930.748 01.610 30.049 8571.100
2%-20 h0.364 931.007 700.283 070.997 821.765 00.249 280.834 9
2%-100 h0.421 360.030 920.233 660.977 76.327 23.196 800.789 0
5%-20 h0.576 660.656 623.533 200.942 29.514 81.355 600.785 8
5%-100 h0.556 075.770 003.295 900.924 317.126 00.731 210.877 7
), ArticleFig(id=1295068419985002811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068410975637735, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Surface EDS analysis of 304 stainless steel corroded for 100 h in chloride molten salts with different mass fractions of Al powder at 700 ℃

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域OMgAlCrFeNi
10.740.1913.5176.249.10
22.890.2011.5675.389.75
31.511.071.518.7670.9012.59
45.641.405.6416.3664.799.09
57.672.367.6711.5867.719.53
68.924.508.9215.4161.758.78
713.281.4513.2814.5660.399.97
88.402.108.4014.7163.4310.78
), ArticleFig(id=1295068420060500284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068410975637735, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

700 ℃下304不锈钢在添加不同Al粉的氯化物熔盐中腐蚀100 h的表面EDS分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域OMgAlCrFeNi
10.740.1913.5176.249.10
22.890.2011.5675.389.75
31.511.071.518.7670.9012.59
45.641.405.6416.3664.799.09
57.672.367.6711.5867.719.53
68.924.508.9215.4161.758.78
713.281.4513.2814.5660.399.97
88.402.108.4014.7163.4310.78
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304不锈钢在含Al太阳能储热熔盐中的腐蚀行为研究
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吕凤圆 1, 2 , 朱明 1 , 张慧慧 2 , 解盘石 1 , 吕文玉 1 , 汤成 1
热力发电 | 储能技术研究 2026,55(6): 83-90
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热力发电 |储能技术研究 2026 , 55 (6) : 83 -90
304不锈钢在含Al太阳能储热熔盐中的腐蚀行为研究
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吕凤圆1, 2 , 朱明1 , 张慧慧2, 解盘石1, 吕文玉1, 汤成1
作者信息
  • 1.西安科技大学能源与矿业工程学院,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2.西安科技大学材料科学与工程学院,陕西 西安 710054
通讯作者:
朱明(1978),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为电站材料高温腐蚀,
作者简介:

吕凤圆(2000),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为高温电站材料腐蚀与防护,

Study on corrosion behavior of 304 stainless steel in aluminum-containing solar thermal storage molten salt
Fengyuan LÜ1, 2 , Ming ZHU1 , Huihui ZHANG2, Panshi XIE1, Wenyu LÜ1, Cheng TANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Energy and Mining Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202510034
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【目的】

为提升304不锈钢在高温氯化物熔盐中的耐蚀性能,明确Al粉作为缓蚀剂的应用效果及缓蚀机理,为太阳能储热熔盐体系的材料防护提供实践参考。

【方法】

采用动电位极化和电化学阻抗谱法研究304不锈钢在700 ℃的NaCl-KCl-MgCl2熔盐中添加质量分数分别为0、1%、2%和5%的Al粉后的高温电化学腐蚀行为,采用SEM/EDS和XRD分析腐蚀产物的形貌与相组成。

【结果】

Al粉的添加显著抑制了304不锈钢的腐蚀,当添加量达到5%时,腐蚀电流密度从299.98 mA/cm2(未添加)降至31.673 mA/cm2,降幅高达89.4%。腐蚀100 h后,合金内部扩散层厚度从150 μm(未添加)显著减薄至36 μm(添加5%Al粉)。

【结论】

其缓蚀机理为:Al粉优先与熔盐中的杂质反应在304不锈钢表面生成Al2O3膜,进而向内扩散形成富Al层,阻碍Cr、Fe等内部元素的向外扩散,最终形成由表面Al2O3膜与内层富Al层扩散屏障组成的协同防护体系。

304不锈钢  /  铝缓蚀剂  /  氯化物熔盐  /  高温电化学腐蚀  /  协同保护
[Objective]

This article aims to improve the corrosion resistance of 304 stainless steel in high-temperature chloride molten salts, clarify the application effect and corrosion inhibition mechanism of aluminum powder as a corrosion inhibitor, and provide a practical reference for the material protection of solar thermal storage molten salt systems.

[Methods]

The high-temperature electrochemical corrosion behavior of 304 stainless steel was investigated in a ternary chloride molten salt (NaCl-KCl-MgCl2) at 700 ℃ with the addition of aluminum powder at mass fractions of 0, 1%, 2%, and 5% respectively. Potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were employed to evaluate the corrosion kinetics and interfacial characteristics. The surface and cross-sectional morphologies, elemental distribution, and phase composition of corrosion products were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).

[Results]

The addition of aluminum powder significantly suppressed the corrosion of 304 stainless steel. With 5% aluminum powder addition, the corrosion current density decreased from 299.98 mA/cm2 (without addition) to 31.673 mA/cm2, representing a reduction of 89.4%. The polarization resistance increased markedly from 0.348 Ω (without aluminum) to 2.974 Ω (with 5% aluminum), indicating enhanced resistance to corrosion reactions. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis revealed that the addition of aluminum altered the corrosion control mechanism from diffusion-controlled (without aluminum) to a dual-layer synergistic protection system at higher aluminum contents. After 100 h of corrosion,the thickness of the internal diffusion layer was significantly reduced from 150 μm (without aluminum) to 36 μm (with 5% aluminum powder addition). XRD and SEM/EDS analysis showed that at aluminum additions of 2% and 5%,a continuous and dense Al2O3 layer formed on the surface,while aluminum diffused inward to form an aluminum-rich layer and intermetallic AlNi3 phase within the alloy subsurface. This dual-layer structure effectively suppressed the outward diffusion of Cr and Fe,thereby mitigating corrosion.

[Conclusion]

The corrosion inhibition mechanism of aluminum powder involves a synergistic protective process. Aluminum preferentially reacts with oxidizing impurities (e.g., moisture and oxygen) in the molten salt, forming a stable Al2O3 film on the alloy surface. Simultaneously, a portion of aluminum diffuses inward, creating an aluminum-rich layer and precipitating AlNi3 phases, which together act as an internal diffusion barrier. This combined surface film and internal diffusion barrier system effectively blocks the outward migration of Cr and Fe, substantially reducing the corrosion rate. The results demonstrate that adding aluminum powder to chloride molten salts is a simple and effective strategy to enhance the corrosion resistance of 304 stainless steel. Future work should focus on the evaluation of the long-term durability and erosion resistance of this protective system under dynamic flow conditions, to facilitate its practical applications in concentrating solar power systems.

304 stainless steel  /  aluminum powder corrosion inhibitor  /  chloride molten salt  /  high-temperature electrochemical corrosion  /  synergistic protection system
吕凤圆, 朱明, 张慧慧, 解盘石, 吕文玉, 汤成. 304不锈钢在含Al太阳能储热熔盐中的腐蚀行为研究. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (6) : 83 -90 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202510034
Fengyuan LÜ, Ming ZHU, Huihui ZHANG, Panshi XIE, Wenyu LÜ, Cheng TANG. Study on corrosion behavior of 304 stainless steel in aluminum-containing solar thermal storage molten salt[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (6) : 83 -90 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202510034
太阳能利用被视为应对全球变暖的可行方案和实现人类可持续发展的路径[1]。聚光太阳能发电站(CSP)将太阳光聚集起来,加热传热流体(HTF),然后将其泵送到热交换器,随后用于产生蒸汽或发电[2]。这需要储能技术来实现灵活的电力生产,并最大限度地提高在现代电网中的效率[3-4]。HTF是影响CSP系统整体性能和效率的最重要部件之一[4]。熔盐因其良好的热物理性能、高温稳定性和低成本优势[5-6]受到各国政府和国家研究机构的广泛关注。其中,以NaCl-KCl-MgCl2为代表的熔融氯化物盐因400~1 000 ℃的宽工作温度范围、低成本优势和高热稳定性成为CSP中HTF和太阳能储热(TES)系统的潜在候选体系[7-8]。未来TES系统对工作温度要求不断提高,而熔盐在高温下表现出较强的腐蚀性,这对与之接触的金属容器材料提出了更为严苛的性能要求。金属材料不仅需要具备良好的高温力学性能,还需拥有优异的抗腐蚀性能,避免因腐蚀导致设备损坏、泄漏等问题,保障整个发电系统的安全可靠运行。镍基合金和奥氏体不锈钢凭借优异的结构强度与耐腐蚀性,成为熔盐储热容器和传热管道的理想候选材料。其中,镍基合金价格昂贵且目前在高温熔融盐中的腐蚀速率低于15 μm/a[9]。相较之下,304不锈钢成本低,但其在氯化物熔盐中的耐蚀性不及镍基合金,因此需要开发合适的腐蚀控制技术以满足其在熔盐储热系统的应用。
304不锈钢作为一种含Cr的Fe基合金[9-11],在氯化物熔盐中的腐蚀本质是电化学行为,其腐蚀速率主要受到熔盐中杂质的影响[12-17],如水蒸气、氯离子和氧气。这些杂质不仅破坏不锈钢表面的钝化膜[16],更促使内部元素(尤其是Cr)持续向外扩散,此过程为腐蚀过程中的核心控制步骤。为此,研究策略经历了从“强化材料”到“净化环境”的过程:早期主要针对不锈钢进行改性[18],包括表面镀层、氧化预处理等。如Grégoire等人通过制备浆料铝化物涂层来强化界面屏障[18];而近年研究侧重于熔盐净化,包括化学处理[10]、真空脱水、电化学净化、添加金属缓蚀剂等,如Zhao等人开发了高效的熔盐纯化方案[10],Fernández等人则论证了Al作为缓蚀剂可净化熔盐并生成保护膜发挥作用。
在各类熔盐净化方法中,添加活性金属缓蚀剂(如Mg、Al)因其操作简便、效果显著而备受关注。缓蚀剂可优先与熔盐中的氧化性杂质(如H2O、O2)反应降低杂质浓度,同时在合金表面生成保护性氧化膜。例如在NaCl-KCl-MgCl2熔盐中加入金属Mg后,316H不锈钢在600 ℃的该熔盐中腐蚀电位降低,腐蚀电流密度减小,熔盐对316H不锈钢的腐蚀得到显著抑制。然而Mg的活性过高,不仅会与熔盐中的氧化性杂质反应,还可能会与熔盐中的主体阳离子如Na⁺、K⁺发生置换反应污染熔盐。相较之下,Al因适中的反应活性和极低的亲水性展现出更大的潜力。研究表明,Al能够与熔盐中的氧化性杂质如O2反应生成结构致密、稳定性极高的Al2O3膜,有效阻碍杂质对合金基体的氧化和内部元素向外扩散;同时,Al在常规熔盐应用温度(300~800 ℃)下不与水蒸气等杂质反应,无有害物质生成,相比Mg氧化生成晶体结构疏松的MgO,Al2O3具有致密的六方晶体结构,在高温熔盐中稳定性极强。因此,Al因生成的钝化膜稳定、无有害副产物更适配熔盐体系的缓蚀需求。但现有研究大多局限于Al对氯化物熔盐的净化作用及表面膜的生成,关于Al作为缓蚀剂向合金内部的扩散行为研究、扩散行为对耐蚀性能的影响鲜有报道,Al在氯化物熔盐中完整的防护机制,尤其是表面膜与内部扩散层之间的协同作用仍需深入研究。
基于此,本文采用高温电化学方法(PDP/EIS)与XRD、SEM/EDS微观分析相结合的方法,系统阐明添加不同Al粉质量分数(0~5%)对304不锈钢在700 ℃氯化物熔盐中腐蚀速率、扩散层厚度及腐蚀产物的影响,揭示Al向内扩散的行为及表面膜与内部扩散障协同防护机制中的关键作用。
本文熔盐选用三元无水氯盐NaCl/KCl/MgCl2,按24.5%、20.5%和55.0%的质量分数配比后混合均匀。随后在三元氯化物混合盐中分别加入质量分数为0%、1%、2%和5%的Al粉(粒径为75 μm,纯度≥99%)与其均匀混合,在200 ℃的烘箱中干燥24 h后备用。
选取304不锈钢为研究对象,化学成分的质量分数(%)见表1。采用线切割加工技术将其切割为30 mm×6 mm×6 mm的长方体,经10 μm的砂纸打磨后使用去离子水和乙醇清洗并烘干。将直径为1 mm的304不锈钢丝焊接到金属导线的一端作为工作电极,使用高温无机黏合剂将样品密封在内径为6 mm的刚玉管中,露出20 mm左右的试样,在室温下干燥24 h后,在80 ℃的烘箱中保温2 h。在刚玉管中填充混合均匀的熔融氯盐,钨电极作为导电引线,采用高温无机粘合剂封装后在250 ℃烘箱内保温4 h作为参比电极和对电极。
熔盐腐蚀的实验装置示意如图1所示。将实验温度设定为700 ℃,用氩气(体积分数5×10–6水蒸气和体积分数2×10–6氧气)以12 L/h的流速吹扫炉膛,去除内部空气;随后将氩气流速降至1.8 L/h,使炉膛内压力略高于大气压力,启动加热程序。
电化学实验在Metrohm Autolab电化学工作站进行,采用Nova 1.8软件测试。动电位极化测试(PDP)采用三电极系统,试样电极为工作电极,钨丝作为参比电极和对电极。实验均在严格一致的条件下进行且所测得的数值为相对电位,可为缓蚀效果的对比提供可靠依据。设定扫描速度为0.003 33 V/s,电位扫描范围为–0.3~1.0 V,稳定30 min后开始测试。电化学阻抗谱测试(EIS)采用双电极系统,电极均为试样电极,测量的频率范围为100 kHz~100 MHz,振幅为±10 mV。使用Metrohm和Autolab软件对PDP和EIS数据进行拟合。
采用Shimadzu XRD-6100型X射线衍射仪对样品表面的腐蚀产物进行物相分析以确定腐蚀产物的相组成和在金属表面形成的氧化物,样品表征采用Cu靶,波长设定为0.154 18 nm,入射角度范围为20°~90°,工作电压和工作电流分别为50 kV和250 mA,扫描速率为4°/min。采用配备能谱仪(EDS)的Hitachi-S4800 FESEM场发射扫描电子显微镜观察腐蚀样品表面和横截面形貌来确定腐蚀层中主要元素的分布情况。
图2为304不锈钢在700 ℃的氯化物熔盐中添加不同质量分数Al粉时的动电位极化曲线,其Tafel拟合参数见表2。所有极化曲线均呈现活性溶解特征,表明Al粉的加入没有改变304不锈钢在熔盐中腐蚀的基本机制[9]。但添加Al粉后改变了极化曲线的位置,具体表现为腐蚀电位Ecorr减小,腐蚀电流密度jcorr随Al粉添加量的增加而急剧下降:从未添加Al粉时的299.98 mA/cm2分别降至130.96(1%(Al粉质量分数,下同))、68.101(2%)、31.673 mA/cm2(5%)。尤为重要的是,添加5%Al粉时的jcorr比未添加Al粉时降低了约89.4%,证明了Al粉强效的缓蚀作用。此外极化电阻Rp显著上升:Al粉添加量为0%、1%、2%和5%时的Rp分别为0.348 05、0.802 14、1.663 60、2.973 50 Ω。jcorr的下降与Rp的上升表明电极表面的腐蚀反应阻力增强,Al粉有效抑制了304不锈钢在氯盐中的腐蚀。
为进一步揭示Al粉的缓蚀作用机制,本文对Tafel斜率进行了分析。阳极Tafel斜率ba值的变化意味着阳极反应过程发生改变,如形成保护性膜层阻碍阳极溶解,而阴极Tafel斜率bc的变化表明阴极反应的控制步骤或反应速率发生改变。未添加Al粉时,bc值(736.24 mV/dec)远大于ba值(356.98 mV/dec),表明腐蚀过程主要由阴极氧扩散控制。随着Al粉添加量的增加,ba值发生显著变化,从356.98 mV/dec(0%)增至801.43 mV/dec(5%),表明阳极金属溶解反应动力学过程发生改变,反应阻力急剧增加。归因于Al粉与熔盐中杂质反应生成的Al2O3膜及向内扩散而成的富Al层,有效覆盖了阳极活性位点,阻碍了阳极的溶解过程。同时bc值减小可能是因为Al对熔盐中氧化性杂质的消耗。结果表明,Al粉的缓蚀作用主要表现为一种“阳极型”缓蚀机制,即对阳极反应的抑制是导致腐蚀速率降低的主要因素。
电化学阻抗谱法(EIS)可分析304不锈钢在高温熔盐中腐蚀行为的界面性质与控制步骤。图3为700 ℃下304不锈钢在不同含量Al粉的氯化物熔盐中腐蚀不同时间的电化学阻抗谱图,其EIS拟合结果见表3和等效电路模型见图4。其中:Rs为溶液电阻。恒定相角元件(CPE)的表达式为:
Z=1Y0(jw)n
式中:Y0为CPE常数;n为弥散指数(0≤n≤1),用于描述电极表面的非理想电容行为。n值越接近于1,CPE越接近于理想电容,表明电极表面越均匀平整;而n值降低则通常意味着电极表面粗糙度增加或界面过程受到扩散行为的影响。
拟合结果(表3)显示,在形成完整致密保护膜的条件下(如工况5%-20 h,n值为0.942 2),其n值更接近1;而当保护膜破裂、腐蚀过程由扩散控制时(如工况0%-100 h,n值为0.744 6),n值则显著减小,这与SEM观察到的表面形貌演变(图6a)、图6b))及Warburg阻抗(RW)的出现(图3a)表3)相一致。
未添加Al粉和加入1%Al粉腐蚀100 h后拟合的等效电路模型如图4a)所示,其Nyquist图(图3a))在高、中频显示一个容抗弧,在低频区出现一条斜率为45°的直线,是典型的Warburg扩散阻抗特征,表明腐蚀过程由扩散步骤控制。等效电路(图4a))对应的物理过程为腐蚀反应由304不锈钢基体中Cr元素向阳极界面扩散并溶解的过程控制。与图7a)的EDS面分析结果对应:未添加Al粉时,观察到清晰的贫Cr区可证实Cr元素持续的向外扩散是金属腐蚀的控制步骤。随着腐蚀时间的延长,容抗弧半径显著减小,Rp值从0.990 Ω急剧下降至0.104 Ω(表3),表明304不锈钢的耐蚀性随表面腐蚀反应阻力的减弱而持续下降。
加入1%Al粉腐蚀20 h后,Warburg阻抗消失,拟合的等效电路为图4b),大的容抗弧半径和高达39.526 Ω的Rp值表明在腐蚀初期,少量的Al粉在其表面形成了一层相对完整致密的Al2O3保护性膜层,腐蚀机制暂时从扩散控制转变为界面电荷转移控制,极大地阻碍了腐蚀反应的进行。然而,由于Al粉添加量不足,Al2O3膜在腐蚀100 h后出现裂纹且重现Warburg阻抗,保护作用减弱。
添加2%和5%Al粉后,Nyquist图出现明显的双容抗电弧,其等效电路(图4c))对应一个“双层膜”结构:外层的Al2O3保护性膜(对应于XRD中检测到的Al2O3相)和代表内层的富Al扩散障/AlNi3层(对应于XRD中检测到的AlNi3相和图7d)中Al元素的向内扩散)。“外层Al2O3膜+内层扩散障”的协同防护机制与SEM截面形貌(图6d))显示表面平整致密和元素分布(图7d))的观察结果一致。拟合结果(表3)显示,其Rp值(21.765、9.515、17.126 Ω)远高于未添加Al粉的Rp值,证实了复合防护层极大地提升了腐蚀阻力。
EIS分析结果表明,Al粉的加入不仅改变了304不锈钢/熔盐界面的性质,更从根本上改变了腐蚀过程的控制机制:从扩散控制为主(未添加Al),转变为短期内的界面电荷转移控制(1%-20 h),最终演变为稳定的双层膜协同防护机制(高含量Al)。这与动电位极化和微观形貌的分析结果一致。
图5为304不锈钢在700 ℃添加不同Al粉的氯化物熔盐中腐蚀100 h的X射线衍射(XRD)图谱。未添加Al粉时,可观察到Fe2O3、Cr2O3、MgO氧化物峰,表明Cr、Fe等合金元素在腐蚀过程中发生剧烈的向外扩散与氧化。熔盐中的MgCl2与水反应生成的MgO难溶于氯化物熔盐,因此能够被检测到。此外,在基体相中发现了(Fe、Ni),可能是腐蚀产物中基体的碎片。当Al粉的添加量为1%,腐蚀时间为100 h时未观察到明显的Al2O3峰,可能是因为生成的Al2O3保护层太薄,其衍射信号无法被有效探测、形成的Al2O3可能以非晶态形式存在,或Al2O3膜因在长期腐蚀过程中发生局部剥落导致表面含量减少。当Al粉的添加量增加为2%和5%时,足够的Al粉确保了更厚、更稳定且更易结晶的Al2O3保护层的形成。此外,当Al粉的添加量为2%和5%时出现了AlNi3相的衍射峰,表明一部分Al会扩散到合金内部与Ni反应形成金属间化合物。
图6图7分别为304不锈钢腐蚀100 h后的表面/截面形貌及相应的元素面分布图,其表面微区的EDS点分析结果见表4
图6a)所示,未添加Al粉的样品表面被大量疏松、凸起的腐蚀产物覆盖,基体大面积裸露,表明腐蚀过程剧烈。与此相对应,图7a)的面分布结果清晰显示Cr和Fe元素在腐蚀层中严重耗竭,证实合金元素持续向外扩散并发生溶解是主要的腐蚀机制。随着Al粉的加入,保护效果逐渐显现。添加1%Al粉后(图6b)),表面腐蚀产物减少,但氧化层发生开裂。表4中区域3的EDS点分析检测到Al的存在,表明Al2O3膜已经形成但在长期腐蚀后破裂,这与304不锈钢耐蚀性下降(EIS中Rp值下降)相一致。当Al粉添加量增至2%和5%时(图6c)、图6d)),样品表面变得相对平整,形成了一层更致密、完整的覆盖层,腐蚀被有效抑制。
横截面分析与元素面分布提供了更深层次的证据。304不锈钢在添加和不添加Al粉腐蚀100 h的横截面形貌可清晰地分为3层,外层为氧化层、中间层为扩散层、内层为基体。未添加Al粉时,扩散层达到150 μm,添加1%、2%、5% Al粉后扩散层厚度分别减至76、64、36 μm。在不添加Al粉的元素面分布中(图7a)),扩散层对应一个清晰的贫Cr区;而在Al粉含量高的元素面分布中(图7c)、图7d)),Al元素向扩散层内部发生显著扩散,这与Cr、Fe元素的分布形成对比。这一结果与XRD中检测到的AlNi3相结合,证实了Al不仅在表面形成Al2O3膜,而且向合金内部扩散形成富Al层并与Ni反应生成AlNi3相,两者共同构成了一道内扩散障,有效地阻碍了Cr、Fe等元素的向外扩散,从而从根源上减薄了扩散层,降低了腐蚀速率。这与动电位极化中ba值的显著增大及EIS中Rp值的增加结论完全一致。
本研究通过电化学测试与微观表征相结合,揭示了Al粉对304不锈钢在高温氯化物熔盐中腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明,Al粉的缓蚀作用是从熔盐净化、形成表面保护膜,再到向内扩散最终形成复合扩散障的协同防护过程。下面将围绕腐蚀机制的演变进行讨论。
不锈钢的耐蚀性主要是由于其化学成分中至少含有11%的Cr,在轻度腐蚀环境中,Cr会形成一层致密的、保护性的、可自我修复的Cr2O3层。未添加Al粉时,304不锈钢的腐蚀过程主要由阴极氧扩散控制(图2bc值大于ba值)。Cr元素优先与氯化物熔盐中的氧化性杂质反应生成Cr2O3,由于Cr在氯化物熔盐中的不稳定性,Cr被溶解并向外扩散,从而在合金表层下方形成贫Cr层(图7a)),一旦该区域的Cr含量低于形成保护性钝化膜所需的临界值(12%),基体将暴露出来并迅速被腐蚀,最终形成厚达150 μm的扩散层。EIS中显著的Warburg阻抗特征和持续下降的Rp值均证实了这一点。
添加1%Al粉后,腐蚀行为发生显著变化。初期(20 h)大的容抗弧和高Rp值表明腐蚀过程从扩散控制转变为界面电荷转移控制。这归因于Al比Cr和Fe更具活性,能优先与熔盐中的氧化性杂质反应并在表面生成Al2O3膜,暂时阻碍了304不锈钢的腐蚀,此过程伴随着Al粉的快速消耗。有限的Al粉一方面仅能形成较薄的Al2O3膜,另一方面在长期腐蚀过程中因净化熔盐被持续消耗。当初始形成的Al2O3膜因熔盐侵蚀而产生微裂纹时,熔盐中溶解的Al含量已较低,无法在这些缺陷处形成有效的Al离子流进行及时修复。这种因Al含量过低导致“动态修复能力”缺失,是Al2O3保护膜在腐蚀100 h后遭到破坏(图6b)出现明显裂纹)的主要原因。此时腐蚀机制再次呈现出扩散特征(Warburg阻抗出现)。但与未添加Al粉相比,扩散层厚度减半至76 µm(图6b)),证明即使少量Al粉也可以通过净化熔盐和暂时性地表面阻挡来有效延缓腐蚀。
当Al粉添加量增加至2%和5%时,EIS(图3)中出现的双容抗弧及对应的等效电路(图4c))表明形成一个“双层膜”结构,XRD(图5)检测到稳定的Al2O3和AlNi3相。SEM截面形貌(图6c)、图6d))显示表面更平整致密,扩散层厚度减薄至64 μm和36 μm。元素面分布图(图7d))显示Al元素不仅存在于外表面,而且向内扩散至合金内部,与Cr、Fe元素的分布形成鲜明对比,证实了Al粉的缓蚀作用:充足的Al粉不仅能持续净化熔盐,形成一层致密稳定的表面Al2O3保护膜,同时Al元素向内扩散形成富Al层,并与Ni反应生成金属间化合物AlNi3共同构成内部扩散障,有效阻碍了Cr、Fe等元素的向外扩散,从根源上抑制腐蚀的进行。这一过程标志着防护机制从Al粉的“牺牲净化”转变为“表面Al2O3膜/内扩散障”稳定的协同防护体系。因此,即使Al粉消耗殆尽,该体系仍能提高材料的耐蚀性。同时,这种原位生长的表面Al2O3膜和内扩散障的协同防护体系界面结合力强,且内扩散障具备一定的“动态修复能力”,保护作用不易受到流动熔盐的直接影响。因此在动态熔盐中,添加Al粉仍可以降低合金的腐蚀速率。
本文采用高温电化学与微观表征手段相结合的分析方法研究了700 ℃下304不锈钢分别在加入质量分数为0%、1%、2%和5% Al粉的三元氯化物熔盐(NaCl-KCl-MgCl2)中的腐蚀行为,揭示了Al粉作为金属缓蚀剂的作用机理,为提升太阳能储能系统关键结构材料的耐蚀性提供了有效策略与理论依据,主要结论如下。
1)Al粉的加入可以显著抑制304不锈钢在氯化物熔盐中的腐蚀。当添加量为5%时,其腐蚀电流密度从299.98 mA/cm2(未添加)降至31.673 mA/cm2,降幅为89.4%;腐蚀100 h后,扩散层厚度从150 μm(未添加)减至36 μm,腐蚀损伤深度减薄76%。这表明向熔盐中添加Al粉是提升材料耐蚀性的有效途径。
2)Al粉的缓蚀机理是一个多重的协同防护过程:Al优先与氯化物熔盐中的氧化性杂质反应,在基体表面生成Al2O3保护膜,延缓304不锈钢腐蚀;随着添加量的增加,Al元素进一步向304不锈钢内部扩散形成富Al层并与Ni反应生成金属间化合物AlNi3相,共同构成内扩散障。由表面Al2O3膜和内部富Al层/AlNi3相组成的协同防护体系有效阻碍了Cr、Fe等元素的向外扩散,从根本上降低了腐蚀速率。
3)本研究在静态熔盐中揭示了Al粉的协同缓蚀机理,为实现该策略在实际流动系统中的应用,后续将重点探究该防护体系在动态熔盐中的抗冲刷性和长期耐久性。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51201131)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202510034
  • 接收时间:2025-10-16
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-16
  • 修回日期:2025-11-10
  • 录用日期:2025-11-18
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(51201131)
国家自然科学基金项目(51201131)
作者信息
    1.西安科技大学能源与矿业工程学院,陕西 西安 710054
    2.西安科技大学材料科学与工程学院,陕西 西安 710054

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朱明(1978),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为电站材料高温腐蚀,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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