Article(id=1295068357938664324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068190569164906, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202509042, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758556800000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-23, revisedDate=1766678400000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-26, acceptedDate=1767888000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-09, onlineDate=1786697957738, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697957738, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697957738, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697957738, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295068190569164906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697917835, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698816898, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295071961596584952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068190569164906, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295071961596584953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068190569164906, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=39, endPage=51, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295068358152573829, articleId=1295068357938664324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Integrated design of green energy system for data center with heat pump assisted-organic Rankine cycle collaborative hydrogen storage, columnId=1295068192326574197, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Energy storage technology research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
[Objective]

Configuring hydrogen energy storage and waste heat recovery in data centers directly powered by green electricity constitutes an effective approach to mitigate renewable energy intermittency and improve overall energy efficiency. This study aims to verify the technical and economic feasibility of this strategy in enhancing the operational performance of data center energy systems and reducing operating costs.

[Methods]

Accordingly, a heat pump-assisted organic Rankine cycle is proposed to recover data center waste heat for power generation. At the same time, hydrogen energy storage is used to maintain power supply-demand balance amid fluctuations in renewable energy. Subsequently, an integrated energy-exergy-economic model is developed, and system performance is evaluated at monthly and annual time scales using 2023 meteorological data from Guiyang, China. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to investigate the impacts of varying server utilization rates and six low global warming potential (GWP) working fluids on overall system performance.

[Results]

The results demonstrate that the system achieves energy and exergy efficiencies of 57.12% and 55.36%, respectively, with a data center energy usage effectiveness of 1.3 and an energy reuse effectiveness of 0.74. Economic analysis indicates a dynamic payback period of 6 years and a net present value of 1.749 6 million yuan. Notably, at a server utilization rate of 90%, the low-GWP R161/Pentane working fluid pair outperforms the high-GWP R134a/R245fa combination.

[Conclusion]

The synergistic integration of waste heat recovery and hydrogen energy storage effectively improves techno-economic performance, providing a viable technical pathway for data center operators to invest in and deploy supporting energy systems for direct green electricity supply.

, authors=Lulu REN1, Rujing YAN1, Mou WU2, Yu HE1, Jing ZHANG1, authorsList=Lulu REN, Rujing YAN, Mou WU, Yu HE, Jing ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Rujing YAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295068362397209504, articleId=1295068357938664324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=热泵辅助-有机朗肯循环协同氢储能的数据中心绿色能源系统集成设计, columnId=1236714914694361723, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=储能技术研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
【目的】

绿电直供数据中心配置氢储能和余热回收是应对可再生能源波动和提升能源效率的有效路径,但需要验证该路径促进数据中心能源系统运行性能提升和降低运行成本的可行性。

【方法】

基于此,提出采用热泵辅助-有机朗肯循环对数据中心进行余热回收并用于发电,利用氢储能保障可再生能源波动场景下数据中心的电力供需平衡。随后,建立其能-㶲-经济模型,基于中国贵阳市2023年气象数据,评估其在月和年时间尺度上的运行性能;采用敏感性分析探究不同服务器利用率及6种低全球变暖潜能值(global warming potential,GWP)工质对整体性能的影响。

【结果】

结果表明,系统能量和㶲效率分别为57.12%和55.36%,数据中心能源使用效率和再利用效率分别为1.3和0.74。经济性分析表明,系统的动态投资回收期为6年,净现值为174.96万元。服务器利用率90%时,低GWP的R161/Pentane工质组合性能优于高GWP的R134a/R245fa工质。

【结论】

通过余热回收与氢储能协同可实现技术经济性能提升,为数据中心运营商投资建设绿电直连配套能源系统提供了技术路径。

, authors=任露露1, 严儒井1, 吴谋2, 何宇1, 张靖1, authorsList=任露露, 严儒井, 吴谋, 何宇, 张靖, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=严儒井, authorNote=

任露露(1998),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为多能互补集成与运行优化,

, correspAuthorsNote=
严儒井(1990),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为综合能源系统供需协调优化调度,
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=6yBeW3osQ7fHdi6y4Ozl5w==, magXml=NiPStGnA7QlnzLXmUNmbEA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=oSHFuyEKfverrlfsjiH8Yw==, pdfFileSize=1909245, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=jpOhfRGQeka1b76E2XhJqA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=AnbLabLYnbJruRxhwVg5hQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1295068362808251304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=gs.renll23@gzu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1295068362879554474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, authorId=1295068362808251304, language=EN, stringName=Lulu REN, firstName=Lulu, middleName=null, lastName=REN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.College of Electrical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1295068362938274731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, authorId=1295068362808251304, language=CN, stringName=任露露, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.贵州大学电气工程学院,贵州 贵阳 550025, bio={"content":"

任露露(1998),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为多能互补集成与运行优化,

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

任露露(1998),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为多能互补集成与运行优化,

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1295068362644673441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295068362653062050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, companyId=1295068362644673441, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Electrical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295068362661450659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, companyId=1295068362644673441, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.贵州大学电气工程学院,贵州 贵阳 550025)])]), Author(id=1295068362996994989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=rjyan@gzu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1295068363055715247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, authorId=1295068362996994989, language=EN, stringName=Rujing YAN, firstName=Rujing, middleName=null, lastName=YAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.College of Electrical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1295068363118629808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, authorId=1295068362996994989, language=CN, stringName=严儒井, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.贵州大学电气工程学院,贵州 贵阳 550025, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1295068362644673441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295068362653062050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, companyId=1295068362644673441, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Electrical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295068362661450659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, companyId=1295068362644673441, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.贵州大学电气工程学院,贵州 贵阳 550025)])]), Author(id=1295068363177350066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1295068364846683060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, authorId=1295068363177350066, language=EN, stringName=Mou WU, firstName=Mou, middleName=null, lastName=WU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1295068364951540661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, authorId=1295068363177350066, language=CN, stringName=吴谋, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.华中科技大学电气与电子工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1295068362728559524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295068362736948133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, companyId=1295068362728559524, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295068362745336742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, companyId=1295068362728559524, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.华中科技大学电气与电子工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074)])]), Author(id=1295068365035426743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1295068365115118521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, authorId=1295068365035426743, language=EN, stringName=Yu HE, firstName=Yu, middleName=null, lastName=HE, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.College of Electrical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1295068365186421690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, authorId=1295068365035426743, language=CN, stringName=何宇, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.贵州大学电气工程学院,贵州 贵阳 550025, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1295068362644673441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295068362653062050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, companyId=1295068362644673441, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Electrical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295068362661450659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, companyId=1295068362644673441, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.贵州大学电气工程学院,贵州 贵阳 550025)])]), Author(id=1295068365245141948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1295068365316445118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, authorId=1295068365245141948, language=EN, stringName=Jing ZHANG, firstName=Jing, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.College of Electrical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1295068365375165375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, authorId=1295068365245141948, language=CN, stringName=张靖, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.贵州大学电气工程学院,贵州 贵阳 550025, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1295068362644673441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295068362653062050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, companyId=1295068362644673441, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Electrical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295068362661450659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, companyId=1295068362644673441, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.贵州大学电气工程学院,贵州 贵阳 550025)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1295068365467440064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=data center), Keyword(id=1295068365538743233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=hydrogen energy storage), Keyword(id=1295068365605852098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=waste heat recovery), Keyword(id=1295068365664572355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=heat pump assisted-organic Rankine cycle), Keyword(id=1295068365731681220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=energy-exergy-economic performance), Keyword(id=1295068365794595781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=数据中心), Keyword(id=1295068365861704646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=氢储能), Keyword(id=1295068365949785031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=余热回收), Keyword(id=1295068366012699592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=热泵辅助-有机朗肯循环), Keyword(id=1295068366079808457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=能-㶲-经济性能)], refs=[Reference(id=1295068371196859384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=44, issue=14, pageStart=5562, pageEnd=5574, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=朱子恒, 张策, 丁肇豪, journalName=中国电机工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=朱子恒,张策,丁肇豪,. 数据中心纳入全国碳排放权交易市场机制研究[J]. 中国电机工程学报202444(14):5562-5574., articleTitle=数据中心纳入全国碳排放权交易市场机制研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068371268162553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=44, issue=14, pageStart=5562, pageEnd=5574, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=ZHU Ziheng, ZHANG Ce, DING Zhaohao, journalName=Proceedings of the CSEE, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU Ziheng, ZHANG Ce, DING Zhaohao, et al. Research on the mechanism of integrating data centers into the national carbon emission rights trading market[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2024, 44(14): 5562-5574., articleTitle=Research on the mechanism of integrating data centers into the national carbon emission rights trading market, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068371343660026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=58, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=KURTZ J, MA Z, SAUR G, journalName=Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KURTZ J, MA Z, SAUR G, et al. Analysis of hydrogen infrastructure for the feasibility, economics, and sustainability of a fuel cell powered data center[J]. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2023, 58: 103357., articleTitle=Analysis of hydrogen infrastructure for the feasibility, economics, and sustainability of a fuel cell powered data center, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068371414963195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=384, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=3, authorNames=HAO Y, ZHOU H, TIAN T, journalName=Applied Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HAO Y, ZHOU H, TIAN T, et al. Data centers waste heat recovery technologies: Review and evaluation[J]. Applied Energy, 2025, 384: 125489., articleTitle=Data centers waste heat recovery technologies: Review and evaluation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068371482072060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=5, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=4, authorNames=白薪宇, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=白薪宇. 基于数据中心余热回收的综合能源系统集成及优化研究[D]. 北京:华北电力大学,2024:5., articleTitle=基于数据中心余热回收的综合能源系统集成及优化研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068371553375229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=5, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=5, authorNames=BAI Xinyu, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BAI Xinyu. Integrated research and optimization of integrated energy system based on waste heat recovery of data center[D]. Beijing: North China Electric Power University, 2024: 5., articleTitle=Integrated research and optimization of integrated energy system based on waste heat recovery of data center, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068371616289790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=54, issue=7, pageStart=144, pageEnd=152, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=6, authorNames=张俊莲, 杨传燕, 张雪标, journalName=热力发电, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张俊莲,杨传燕,张雪标. 基于有机朗肯循环的新型燃煤发电系统热力性能[J]. 热力发电202554(7):144-152., articleTitle=基于有机朗肯循环的新型燃煤发电系统热力性能, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068371683398655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=54, issue=7, pageStart=144, pageEnd=152, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=7, authorNames=ZHANG Junlian, YANG Chuanyan, ZHANG Xuebiao, journalName=Thermal Power Generation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Junlian, YANG Chuanyan, ZHANG Xuebiao. Thermal performance of a new coal-fired power generation system based on organic Rankine cycle[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025, 54(7): 144-152., articleTitle=Thermal performance of a new coal-fired power generation system based on organic Rankine cycle, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068371754701824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=76, issue=增刊1, pageStart=326, pageEnd=335, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=8, authorNames=黄琮琪, 邵双全, journalName=化工学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=黄琮琪,邵双全. 液冷数据中心余热驱动的压缩-吸收式制冷系统特性研究[J]. 化工学报202576(增刊1):326-335., articleTitle=液冷数据中心余热驱动的压缩-吸收式制冷系统特性研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068371830198272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=76, issue=Suppl.1, pageStart=326, pageEnd=335, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=9, authorNames=HUANG Congqi, SHAO Shuangquan, journalName=CIESC Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG Congqi, SHAO Shuangquan. Study on characteristics of compression-absorption refrigeration system driven by waste heat of liquid-cooled data center[J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(Suppl.1): 326-335., articleTitle=Study on characteristics of compression-absorption refrigeration system driven by waste heat of liquid-cooled data center, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068371893112833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=188, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=10, authorNames=YUAN X, LIANG Y, HU X, journalName=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YUAN X, LIANG Y, HU X, et al. Waste heat recoveries in data centers: a review[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2023, 188: 113777., articleTitle=Waste heat recoveries in data centers: a review, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068371985387522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=24, issue=2, pageStart=72, pageEnd=77, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=11, authorNames=葛立, 韩宗伟, 历秀明, journalName=制冷与空调, refType=null, unstructuredReference=葛立,韩宗伟,历秀明,. 数据中心蒸气压缩-吸收式复合制冷系统工质对选取研究[J]. 制冷与空调202424(2):72-77., articleTitle=数据中心蒸气压缩-吸收式复合制冷系统工质对选取研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068372258017283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=24, issue=2, pageStart=72, pageEnd=77, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=12, authorNames=GE Li, HAN Zongwei, LI Xiuming, journalName=Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GE Li, HAN Zongwei, LI Xiuming, et al. Study on the selection of working fluid pairs for vapor compression-absorption hybrid refrigeration system in data centers[J]. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, 2024, 24(2): 72-77., articleTitle=Study on the selection of working fluid pairs for vapor compression-absorption hybrid refrigeration system in data centers, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068373767966725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=192, issue=null, pageStart=567, pageEnd=579, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=13, authorNames=ASAAD S M, INAYAT A, GHENAI C, journalName=Process Safety and Environmental Protection, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ASAAD S M, INAYAT A, GHENAI C, et al. Integration of waste heat recovery with biomass thermal conversion processes: a review[J]. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2024, 192: 567-579., articleTitle=Integration of waste heat recovery with biomass thermal conversion processes: a review, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068373835075590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=228, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=14, authorNames=PAN Q, PENG J, WANG R, journalName=Energy Conversion and Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PAN Q, PENG J, WANG R. Application analysis of adsorption refrigeration system for solar and data center waste heat utilization[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2021, 228: 113564., articleTitle=Application analysis of adsorption refrigeration system for solar and data center waste heat utilization, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068373914767367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=448, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=15, authorNames=GE Z, ZHOU Y, LI J, journalName=Journal of Cleaner Production, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GE Z, ZHOU Y, LI J, et al. Multi-objective optimization and benefit evaluation of heat pump system for tobacco drying using waste heat from data center[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2024, 448: 141623., articleTitle=Multi-objective optimization and benefit evaluation of heat pump system for tobacco drying using waste heat from data center, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068373981876232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=323, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=16, authorNames=ZHOU F, TIAN X, SONG Y, journalName=Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHOU F, TIAN X, SONG Y, et al. Dynamic performance of an integrated heat pump system coupled free cooling and waste heat recovery in data centers[J]. Energy, 2025, 323: 135838., articleTitle=Dynamic performance of an integrated heat pump system coupled free cooling and waste heat recovery in data centers, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068374074150921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=25, issue=7, pageStart=57, pageEnd=71, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=17, authorNames=肖新文, journalName=制冷与空调, refType=null, unstructuredReference=肖新文. 数据中心余热回收技术研究及应用进展[J]. 制冷与空调202525(7):57-71., articleTitle=数据中心余热回收技术研究及应用进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068374325809162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=25, issue=7, pageStart=57, pageEnd=71, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=18, authorNames=XIAO Xinwen, journalName=Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XIAO Xinwen. Research and application progress of waste heat recovery technology in data centers[J]. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, 2025, 25(7): 57-71., articleTitle=Research and application progress of waste heat recovery technology in data centers, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068374388723723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=143, issue=2, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=19, authorNames=ARAYA S, WEMHOFF A P, JONES G F, journalName=Journal of Electronic Packaging, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ARAYA S, WEMHOFF A P, JONES G F, et al. Study of a lab-scale organic Rankine cycle for the ultra-low-temperature waste heat recovery associated with data centers[J]. Journal of Electronic Packaging, 2021, 143(2): 021001., articleTitle=Study of a lab-scale organic Rankine cycle for the ultra-low-temperature waste heat recovery associated with data centers, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068374447443980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=160, issue=null, pageStart=330, pageEnd=340, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=20, authorNames=YU H, GUNDERSEN T, FENG X, journalName=Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YU H, GUNDERSEN T, FENG X. Process integration of organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and heat pump for low temperature waste heat recovery[J]. Energy, 2018, 160: 330-340., articleTitle=Process integration of organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and heat pump for low temperature waste heat recovery, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068374510358541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2026, volume=46, issue=4, pageStart=1396, pageEnd=1406, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=21, authorNames=陈付杰, 张婉琳, 程明, journalName=中国电机工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈付杰,张婉琳,程明,. 面向数据中心的生物质与太阳能互补冷电系统及容量配置研究[J]. 中国电机工程学报202646(4):1396-1406., articleTitle=面向数据中心的生物质与太阳能互补冷电系统及容量配置研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068374573273102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2026, volume=46, issue=4, pageStart=1396, pageEnd=1406, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=22, authorNames=CHEN Fujie, ZHANG Wanlin, CHENG Ming, journalName=Proceedings of the CSEE, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN Fujie, ZHANG Wanlin, CHENG Ming, et al. Research on biomass and solar energy complementary cooling and power system and capacity configuration for data centers[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2026, 46(4): 1396-1406., articleTitle=Research on biomass and solar energy complementary cooling and power system and capacity configuration for data centers, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068374631993359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=41, issue=5, pageStart=68, pageEnd=78, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=23, authorNames=李为润, 林永君, 刘卫亮, journalName=电力科学与工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李为润,林永君,刘卫亮,. 含数据中心综合能源系统双层容量优化配置[J]. 电力科学与工程202541(5):68-78., articleTitle=含数据中心综合能源系统双层容量优化配置, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068374774599696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=41, issue=5, pageStart=68, pageEnd=78, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=24, authorNames=LI Weirun, LIN Yongjun, LIU Weiliang, journalName=Electric Power Science and Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Weirun, LIN Yongjun, LIU Weiliang, et al. Bi-level capacity optimal configuration of integrated energy system containing data centers[J]. Electric Power Science and Engineering, 2025, 41(5): 68-78., articleTitle=Bi-level capacity optimal configuration of integrated energy system containing data centers, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068374837514257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=44, issue=7, pageStart=80, pageEnd=84, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=25, authorNames=赵石, journalName=节能, refType=null, unstructuredReference=赵石. 大型数据中心供能系统储能设备配置研究[J].节能202544(7):80-84., articleTitle=大型数据中心供能系统储能设备配置研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068374896234514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=44, issue=7, pageStart=80, pageEnd=84, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=26, authorNames=ZHAO Shi, journalName=Energy Conservation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAO Shi. Research on energy storage equipment configuration of energy supply system in large data centers [J]. Energy Conservation, 2025, 44(7): 80-84., articleTitle=Research on energy storage equipment configuration of energy supply system in large data centers, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068374963343379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=43, issue=6, pageStart=327, pageEnd=334, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=27, authorNames=张诚, 檀志恒, 晁怀颇, journalName=太阳能学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张诚,檀志恒,晁怀颇. “双碳”背景下数据中心氢能应用的可行性研究[J]. 太阳能学报202243(6):327-334., articleTitle=“双碳”背景下数据中心氢能应用的可行性研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068375034646548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=43, issue=6, pageStart=327, pageEnd=334, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=28, authorNames=ZHANG Cheng, TAN Zhiheng, CHAO Huaipo, journalName=Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Cheng, TAN Zhiheng, CHAO Huaipo. Feasibility study on hydrogen energy application in data centers under the “double carbon” background[J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2022, 43(6): 327-334., articleTitle=Feasibility study on hydrogen energy application in data centers under the “double carbon” background, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068375110144021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=11, issue=null, pageStart=3684, pageEnd=3694, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=29, authorNames=ZHAN Z, XU J, ZHANG T, journalName=Energy Reports, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAN Z, XU J, ZHANG T, et al. Optimal scheduling of integrated wind- photovoltaic-hydrogen energy system considering hydrogen application and waste heat recovery[J]. Energy Reports, 2024, 11: 3684-3694., articleTitle=Optimal scheduling of integrated wind- photovoltaic-hydrogen energy system considering hydrogen application and waste heat recovery, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068375189835798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=49, issue=6, pageStart=2243, pageEnd=2251, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=30, authorNames=周亦洲, 李想, 孙国强, journalName=电网技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=周亦洲,李想,孙国强,. 考虑余热回收的电-氢-热综合能源系统随机分布鲁棒韧性规划[J]. 电网技术202549(6):2243-2251., articleTitle=考虑余热回收的电-氢-热综合能源系统随机分布鲁棒韧性规划, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068375265333271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=49, issue=6, pageStart=2243, pageEnd=2251, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=31, authorNames=ZHOU Yizhou, LI Xiang, SUN Guoqiang, journalName=Power System Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHOU Yizhou, LI Xiang, SUN Guoqiang, et al. Stochastic distributionally robust resilience planning of electricity-hydrogen-heat integrated energy system considering waste heat recovery[J]. Power System Technology, 2025, 49(6): 2243-2251., articleTitle=Stochastic distributionally robust resilience planning of electricity-hydrogen-heat integrated energy system considering waste heat recovery, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068375324053528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=245, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=32, authorNames=GUPTA R, PURI I K, journalName=Energy Conversion and Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GUPTA R, PURI I K. Waste heat recovery in a data center with an adsorption chiller: Technical and economic analysis [J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2021, 245: 114576., articleTitle=Waste heat recovery in a data center with an adsorption chiller: Technical and economic analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068375395356697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=363, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=33, authorNames=QU S, DUAN K, GUO Y, journalName=Applied Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QU S, DUAN K, GUO Y, et al. Real-time optimization of the liquid-cooled data center based on cold plates under different ambient temperatures and thermal loads[J]. Applied Energy, 2024, 363: 123101., articleTitle=Real-time optimization of the liquid-cooled data center based on cold plates under different ambient temperatures and thermal loads, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068375462465562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=245, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=34, authorNames=LI J, YANG Z, LI H, journalName=Energy Conversion and Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI J, YANG Z, LI H, et al. Optimal schemes and benefits of recovering waste heat from data center for district heating by CO2 transcritical heat pumps[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2021, 245: 114591., articleTitle=Optimal schemes and benefits of recovering waste heat from data center for district heating by CO2 transcritical heat pumps, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068375529574427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=42, issue=1, pageStart=177, pageEnd=187, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=35, authorNames=宋睿哲, 叶学民, 董志坚, journalName=中国电机工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=宋睿哲,叶学民,董志坚,. 集成有机朗肯循环与碳捕集的太阳能-燃煤发电系统的变工况热力性能研究[J]. 中国电机工程学报202242(1):177-187., articleTitle=集成有机朗肯循环与碳捕集的太阳能-燃煤发电系统的变工况热力性能研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068375588294684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=42, issue=1, pageStart=177, pageEnd=187, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=36, authorNames=SONG Ruizhe, YE Xuemin, DONG Zhijian, journalName=Proceedings of the CSEE, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SONG Ruizhe, YE Xuemin, DONG Zhijian, et al. Off-design thermodynamic performance study of solar-coal-fired power generation system integrated with organic Rankine cycle and carbon capture[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2022, 42(1): 177-187., articleTitle=Off-design thermodynamic performance study of solar-coal-fired power generation system integrated with organic Rankine cycle and carbon capture, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068375655403549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=242, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=37, authorNames=MARSHALL Z M, DUQUETTE J, journalName=Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MARSHALL Z M, DUQUETTE J. A techno-economic evaluation of low global warming potential heat pump assisted organic Rankine cycle systems for data center waste heat recovery[J]. Energy, 2022, 242: 122528., articleTitle=A techno-economic evaluation of low global warming potential heat pump assisted organic Rankine cycle systems for data center waste heat recovery, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068375714123806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=126, issue=null, pageStart=393, pageEnd=406, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=38, authorNames=EBRAHIMI K, JONES G F, FLEISCHER A S, journalName=Applied Thermal Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=EBRAHIMI K, JONES G F, FLEISCHER A S. The viability of ultra low temperature waste heat recovery using organic Rankine cycle in dual loop data center applications[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017, 126: 393-406., articleTitle=The viability of ultra low temperature waste heat recovery using organic Rankine cycle in dual loop data center applications, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068375802204191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=217, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=39, authorNames=LIU L, WU J, ZHONG F, journalName=Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU L, WU J, ZHONG F, et al. Development of a novel cogeneration system by combining organic Rankine cycle and heat pump cycle for waste heat recovery[J]. Energy, 2021, 217: 119445., articleTitle=Development of a novel cogeneration system by combining organic Rankine cycle and heat pump cycle for waste heat recovery, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068375873507360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=181, issue=null, pageStart=426, pageEnd=444, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=40, authorNames=GU X, DAI J, LI H, journalName=Renewable Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GU X, DAI J, LI H, et al. Experimental and theoretical assessment of a solar assisted heat pump system for in-bin grain drying: A comprehensive case study[J]. Renewable Energy, 2022, 181: 426-444., articleTitle=Experimental and theoretical assessment of a solar assisted heat pump system for in-bin grain drying: A comprehensive case study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068375969976353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=3, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=41, authorNames=吴谋, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吴谋. 风光生多能互补电热冷氨多联产系统的集成研究[D]. 贵阳:贵州大学,2025:3., articleTitle=风光生多能互补电热冷氨多联产系统的集成研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068376037085218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=3, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=42, authorNames=WU Mou, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WU Mou. Integrated research on wind-solar-biomass multi-energy complementary electricity-heat-cooling-ammonia polygeneration system[D]. Guiyang: Guizhou University, 2025: 3., articleTitle=Integrated research on wind-solar-biomass multi-energy complementary electricity-heat-cooling-ammonia polygeneration system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068376104194083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=319, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=43, authorNames=WEN D, AZIZ M, journalName=Applied Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WEN D, AZIZ M. Techno-economic analyses of power-to-ammonia-to-power and biomass-to-ammonia-to-power pathways for carbon neutrality scenario[J]. Applied Energy, 2022, 319: 119272., articleTitle=Techno-economic analyses of power-to-ammonia-to-power and biomass-to-ammonia-to-power pathways for carbon neutrality scenario, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068376250994724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=401, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=44, authorNames=WEN D, MARÉCHAL F, journalName=Applied Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WEN D, MARÉCHAL F. Modeling and optimization of a membrane-assisted hybrid gas grid for methane and carbon dioxide transport, storage, and sector coupling[J]. Applied Energy, 2025, 401: 126667., articleTitle=Modeling and optimization of a membrane-assisted hybrid gas grid for methane and carbon dioxide transport, storage, and sector coupling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068376330686501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2026, volume=46, issue=2, pageStart=656, pageEnd=666, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=45, authorNames=李青山, 郝勇生, 陈斌, journalName=中国电机工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李青山,郝勇生,陈斌,. PEMFC耦合高温热泵蒸汽电力联产系统热力学分析与优化设计[J]. 中国电机工程学报202646(2):656-666., articleTitle=PEMFC耦合高温热泵蒸汽电力联产系统热力学分析与优化设计, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068376393601062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2026, volume=46, issue=2, pageStart=656, pageEnd=666, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=46, authorNames=LI Qingshan, HAO Yongsheng, CHEN Bin, journalName=Proceedings of the CSEE, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Qingshan, HAO Yongsheng, CHEN Bin, et al. Thermodynamic analysis and optimal design of PEMFC coupled with high-temperature heat pump for steam and power cogeneration system[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2026, 46(2): 656-666., articleTitle=Thermodynamic analysis and optimal design of PEMFC coupled with high-temperature heat pump for steam and power cogeneration system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068376464904231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=132, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=47, authorNames=SHI Y, SUN Y, LIU J, journalName=International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHI Y, SUN Y, LIU J, et al. Model and stability analysis of grid-connected PV system considering the variation of solar irradiance and cell temperature[J]. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2021, 132: 107155., articleTitle=Model and stability analysis of grid-connected PV system considering the variation of solar irradiance and cell temperature, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068376540401704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=277, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=48, authorNames=WEN D, LIU S, NING Z, journalName=Energy Conversion and Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WEN D, LIU S, NING Z, et al. Techno-economic evaluation of hydrogen and ammonia as energy carriers in a multi-generation system[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2023, 277: 116670., articleTitle=Techno-economic evaluation of hydrogen and ammonia as energy carriers in a multi-generation system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068376620093481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=253, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=49, authorNames=WEN D, AZIZ M, journalName=Energy Conversion and Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WEN D, AZIZ M. Flexible operation strategy of an integrated renewable multi-generation system for electricity, hydrogen, ammonia, and heating[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2022, 253: 115166., articleTitle=Flexible operation strategy of an integrated renewable multi-generation system for electricity, hydrogen, ammonia, and heating, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068378272649258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=30, issue=null, pageStart=452, pageEnd=460, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=50, authorNames=LYDIA M, KUMAR S S, SELVAKUMAR A I, journalName=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LYDIA M, KUMAR S S, SELVAKUMAR A I, et al. A comprehensive review on wind turbine power curve modeling techniques[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014, 30: 452-460., articleTitle=A comprehensive review on wind turbine power curve modeling techniques, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068378360729643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=280, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=51, authorNames=WANG J, AL-ATTAB K A, YEW HENG T, journalName=Energy Conversion and Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG J, AL-ATTAB K A, YEW HENG T. Techno-economic and thermodynamic analysis of solid oxide fuel cell combined heat and power integrated with biomass gasification and solar assisted carbon capture and energy utilization system[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2023, 280: 116762., articleTitle=Techno-economic and thermodynamic analysis of solid oxide fuel cell combined heat and power integrated with biomass gasification and solar assisted carbon capture and energy utilization system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068378444615724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=206, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=52, authorNames=YOU H, HAN J, LIU Y, journalName=Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YOU H, HAN J, LIU Y, et al. 4E analysis and multi-objective optimization of a micro poly-generation system based on SOFC/MGT/MED and organic steam ejector refrigerator[J]. Energy, 2020, 206: 118122., articleTitle=4E analysis and multi-objective optimization of a micro poly-generation system based on SOFC/MGT/MED and organic steam ejector refrigerator, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068378503335981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=266, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=53, authorNames=WANG J, CUI Z, YAO W, journalName=Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG J, CUI Z, YAO W, et al. Regulation strategies and thermodynamic analysis of combined cooling, heating, and power system integrated with biomass gasification and solid oxide fuel cell[J]. Energy, 2023, 266: 126430., articleTitle=Regulation strategies and thermodynamic analysis of combined cooling, heating, and power system integrated with biomass gasification and solid oxide fuel cell, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068378599804974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=235, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=54, authorNames=ABBASPOUR H, EHYAEI M A, AHMADI A, journalName=Energy Conversion and Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ABBASPOUR H, EHYAEI M A, AHMADI A, et al. Energy, exergy, economic, exergoenvironmental and environmental (5E) analyses of the cogeneration plant to produce electrical power and urea[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2021, 235: 113951., articleTitle=Energy, exergy, economic, exergoenvironmental and environmental (5E) analyses of the cogeneration plant to produce electrical power and urea, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068378666913839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=55, authorNames=National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), journalName=NREL: US solar costs rise across all sectors, utility-scale up 6%, refType=null, unstructuredReference=National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). NREL: US solar costs rise across all sectors, utility-scale up 6%[R/OL]. 2025-04-08. https://www.pv-tech.org/nrel-us-solar-costs-rise-across-all-sectors-utility-scale-up-6/., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068378729828400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=56, authorNames=International Energy Agency (IEA), journalName=Report 2021 China, refType=null, unstructuredReference=International Energy Agency (IEA). Report 2021 China[R/OL]. 2025-08-08. https://iea-wind.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/CWEA_k2.pdf., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068378792742961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=390, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=57, authorNames=WEN D, WEI X, BRUNEAU A, journalName=Applied Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WEN D, WEI X, BRUNEAU A, et al. Techno-economic analysis of ammonia to hydrogen and power pathways considering the emerging hydrogen purification and fuel cell technologies[J]. Applied Energy, 2025, 390: 125871., articleTitle=Techno-economic analysis of ammonia to hydrogen and power pathways considering the emerging hydrogen purification and fuel cell technologies, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068378859851826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=322, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=58, authorNames=LI C, GAO Y, LIU H, journalName=Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI C, GAO Y, LIU H, et al. Energy, exergy, environmental, and economic analysis of a novel hydrogen production system integrating concentrated photovoltaic thermal collectors and wind turbines[J]. Energy, 2025, 322: 135670., articleTitle=Energy, exergy, environmental, and economic analysis of a novel hydrogen production system integrating concentrated photovoltaic thermal collectors and wind turbines, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068378947932211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=59, authorNames=PENEV M, RUSTAGI N, KEE J, journalName=Capital structure for techno-economic analysis of hydrogen projects, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PENEV M, RUSTAGI N, KEE J, et al. Capital structure for techno-economic analysis of hydrogen projects[R/OL]. 2026-01-08. https://research-hub.nlr.gov/en/publications/capital-structure-for-techno-economic-analysis-of-hydrogen-projec/., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068379006652468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=60, authorNames=PRINCE K, MIRLETZ H, GAULDING E A, journalName=Sustainability pathways for perovskite photovoltaics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PRINCE K, MIRLETZ H, GAULDING E A, et al. Sustainability pathways for perovskite photovoltaics [R/OL]. 2025-09-08. https://research-hub.nlr.gov/en/publications/sustainability-pathways-for-perovskite-photovol-taics/?f_link_type=f_linkinlinenote&flow_extra=eyJkb2NfcG9zaXRpb24iOjAsImRvY19pZCI6IjM3NTkxMmQzMDcxYmYxOWYtNGIzOTY3MDMyYmVhOTFjNiIsImlubGluZV9kaXNwbGF5X3Bvc2l0aW9uIjowfQ%3D%3D., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068379069567029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=61, authorNames=National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), journalName=NREL research identifies motivations, methods for achieving a circular economy for wind energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). NREL research identifies motivations, methods for achieving a circular economy for wind energy[R/OL]. [2026-01-08]. https://www.nrel.gov/news/detail/program/2021/nrel-research-identifies-motivations-methods-for-achieving-a-circular-economy-for-wind-energy., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068379157647414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=62, authorNames=National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), journalName=H2A: hydrogen analysis production models, refType=null, unstructuredReference=National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). H2A: hydrogen analysis production models[R/OL]. 2026-01-08. https://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/h2a-production-models., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068379220561975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=63, authorNames=National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), journalName=DOE technical targets for fuel cell systems and stacks for transportation applications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). DOE technical targets for fuel cell systems and stacks for transportation applications[R/OL]. 2026-02-08. https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/doe-technical-targets-fuel-cell-backup-power-systems., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068379291865144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=64, authorNames=National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), journalName=Hydrogen fuel cell electric bus evaluation project reveals success for transit partner, refType=null, unstructuredReference=National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Hydrogen fuel cell electric bus evaluation project reveals success for transit partner[R/OL]. 2026-02-08. https://www.nrel.gov/grid/news/program/2018/hydrogen-fuel-cell-electric-bus-evaluation-project-reveals-success-for-transit-partner., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068379371556921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=65, authorNames=National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), journalName=Performance and reliability of bonded interfaces for high-temperature packaging, refType=null, unstructuredReference=National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Performance and reliability of bonded interfaces for high-temperature packaging[R/OL]. 2026-02-02. https://research-hub.nlr.gov/en/publications/performance-and-reliability-of-bonded-interfaces-for-high-tempera-6/., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068379455443002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=38, issue=2, pageStart=84, pageEnd=86, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=66, authorNames=吴智泉, 周少祥, 安连锁, journalName=华北电力大学学报(自然科学版), refType=null, unstructuredReference=吴智泉,周少祥,安连锁. 氢能利用的热力学分析[J].华北电力大学学报(自然科学版)201138(2):84-86., articleTitle=氢能利用的热力学分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068379526746171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=38, issue=2, pageStart=84, pageEnd=86, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=67, authorNames=WU Zhiquan, ZHOU Shaoxiang, AN Liansuo, journalName=Journal of North China Electric Power University (Natural Science Edition), refType=null, unstructuredReference=WU Zhiquan, ZHOU Shaoxiang, AN Liansuo. Thermo-dynamic analysis of hydrogen energy utilization[J]. Journal of North China Electric Power University (Natural Science Edition), 2011, 38(2): 84-86., articleTitle=Thermo-dynamic analysis of hydrogen energy utilization, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068379614826556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=249, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=13, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=68, authorNames=PRADHAN P, GADKARI P, MAHAJANI S M, journalName=Applied Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PRADHAN P, GADKARI P, MAHAJANI S M, et al. A conceptual framework and techno-economic analysis of a pelletization-gasification based bioenergy system[J]. Applied Energy, 2019, 249: 1-13., articleTitle=A conceptual framework and techno-economic analysis of a pelletization-gasification based bioenergy system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068379686129725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=343, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=69, authorNames=WU M, YAN R, ZHANG J, journalName=Energy Conversion and Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WU M, YAN R, ZHANG J, et al. An ammonia-electricity-heat-cooling multi-generation system with solar full-spectrum utilization and biomass pyrolysis: performance analysis of operation strategy across 34 Chinese cities[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2025, 343: 120191., articleTitle=An ammonia-electricity-heat-cooling multi-generation system with solar full-spectrum utilization and biomass pyrolysis: performance analysis of operation strategy across 34 Chinese cities, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1295068371024892918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, awardId=52406227, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(52406227), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1295068371092001783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, awardId=52406227, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(52406227), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1295068362644673441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295068362653062050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, companyId=1295068362644673441, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Electrical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295068362661450659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, companyId=1295068362644673441, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.贵州大学电气工程学院,贵州 贵阳 550025)]), AuthorCompany(id=1295068362728559524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295068362736948133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, companyId=1295068362728559524, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295068362745336742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, companyId=1295068362728559524, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.华中科技大学电气与电子工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1295068366222414794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of the integrated energy system of the data center, figureFileSmall=CJDmccF7MHNV447zo4B82Q==, figureFileBig=jpOhfRGQeka1b76E2XhJqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068366285329355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=CN, label=图1, caption=数据中心综合能源系统示意, figureFileSmall=CJDmccF7MHNV447zo4B82Q==, figureFileBig=jpOhfRGQeka1b76E2XhJqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068366474073036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=System operation process, figureFileSmall=BSqa9yw8r0LFE0BgDdEhNw==, figureFileBig=fjDg+7AMuOCL9gUXt5lWrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068366541181901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=CN, label=图2, caption=系统运行流程, figureFileSmall=BSqa9yw8r0LFE0BgDdEhNw==, figureFileBig=fjDg+7AMuOCL9gUXt5lWrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068366612485070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Average daily and total monthly allocation of solar and wind energy, figureFileSmall=fiCO3pTtl1vT7uxpjKzW1A==, figureFileBig=EowlBfnXKnr+JO/k5J5ywQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068366692176847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=CN, label=图3, caption=太阳能与风能的日均分配量及月度总分配量, figureFileSmall=fiCO3pTtl1vT7uxpjKzW1A==, figureFileBig=EowlBfnXKnr+JO/k5J5ywQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068366767674320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Energy flow diagram of the system, figureFileSmall=FNU6BbV3orkbkziFnptKCg==, figureFileBig=69ssVZ0NSBlMMC0/OKmuyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068366843171793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=CN, label=图4, caption=系统能量流动, figureFileSmall=FNU6BbV3orkbkziFnptKCg==, figureFileBig=69ssVZ0NSBlMMC0/OKmuyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068366906086354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Exergy flow diagram of the system, figureFileSmall=vVfOLD6uSHnqqq5dQynyKg==, figureFileBig=YHR41QXVylmhfd2jKdD7pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068366964806611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=CN, label=图5, caption=系统的㶲流动图, figureFileSmall=vVfOLD6uSHnqqq5dQynyKg==, figureFileBig=YHR41QXVylmhfd2jKdD7pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068367031915476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Hydrogen production and oxygen production of the system, figureFileSmall=d48TTYu+LBKyhWO8p+BbdQ==, figureFileBig=SjWt7Sfqch41pe/00mrisQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068367103218645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=CN, label=图6, caption=系统的氢产量和氧产量, figureFileSmall=d48TTYu+LBKyhWO8p+BbdQ==, figureFileBig=SjWt7Sfqch41pe/00mrisQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068367182910422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Monthly power balance diagram of the system, figureFileSmall=7f3lFZsyODWy8Knj8sgKyA==, figureFileBig=903UItPwZlCl3WjuIJvOpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068367245824983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=CN, label=图7, caption=系统月度功率平衡图, figureFileSmall=7f3lFZsyODWy8Knj8sgKyA==, figureFileBig=903UItPwZlCl3WjuIJvOpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068367304545240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Comparison of the performance of various working fluids in the system with different server utilization rates, figureFileSmall=lYADRuyR+sQxKAf4SiQUgg==, figureFileBig=VQrbggF5zt4jCLak1NoWxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068367367459801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同服务器利用率下系统不同工质的性能对比, figureFileSmall=lYADRuyR+sQxKAf4SiQUgg==, figureFileBig=VQrbggF5zt4jCLak1NoWxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068367434568666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=CAPEX details of the system, figureFileSmall=Pc471KZUyymEVjW6thlPuA==, figureFileBig=UCsvo7HvfJkrmmaOvxtcCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068367501677531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=CN, label=图9, caption=系统的CAPEX明细, figureFileSmall=Pc471KZUyymEVjW6thlPuA==, figureFileBig=UCsvo7HvfJkrmmaOvxtcCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068367572980700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=OPEX details of the system, figureFileSmall=SgMgqOxU58Aecd6nyGAmsg==, figureFileBig=s9g2+U483VOYH+Q9e8LK5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068367640089565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=CN, label=图10, caption=系统的OPEX明细, figureFileSmall=SgMgqOxU58Aecd6nyGAmsg==, figureFileBig=s9g2+U483VOYH+Q9e8LK5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068369317811166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=NPV and PDCF of the system, figureFileSmall=NMEi8fPHUFsmpBo6m7oSzQ==, figureFileBig=kZatBXfLMBYl0XKWWyKGGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068369389114335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=CN, label=图11, caption=系统的NPV和PDCF, figureFileSmall=NMEi8fPHUFsmpBo6m7oSzQ==, figureFileBig=kZatBXfLMBYl0XKWWyKGGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068369456223200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Effects of technological advances in PV, PEM and PEMFC on overall energy efficiency, figureFileSmall=zZdoNrXUyC1pmiBAv8bdrg==, figureFileBig=tm4I2Gs+/K98OvGSBOeF/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068369540109281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=CN, label=图12, caption=PV、PEM和PEMFC的技术进步对总体能效的影响, figureFileSmall=zZdoNrXUyC1pmiBAv8bdrg==, figureFileBig=tm4I2Gs+/K98OvGSBOeF/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068369628189666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Sensitivity of CAPEX and OPEX to the price of photovoltaic, wind power and hydrogen, figureFileSmall=bVZkyzRCbPS3QiR9eMBUwA==, figureFileBig=KTIwePs6Yf0up0WQQ2dGTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068369695298531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=CN, label=图13, caption=CAPEX和OPEX对光伏、风电和氢价格的敏感性, figureFileSmall=bVZkyzRCbPS3QiR9eMBUwA==, figureFileBig=KTIwePs6Yf0up0WQQ2dGTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068369758213092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Design parameters of the data center

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值参数数值
液冷机架数量100每台服务器散热量/W325
每个机架中服务器数量40水的密度/(kg·m–3983.191
服务器最大总水流量/GPM105[22]水的比热容/(J·(kg·℃)–14 182
液冷机架进口温度/℃40~65[22]液冷机架出口温度/℃50~60[10]
), ArticleFig(id=1295068369837904869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

数据中心设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值参数数值
液冷机架数量100每台服务器散热量/W325
每个机架中服务器数量40水的密度/(kg·m–3983.191
服务器最大总水流量/GPM105[22]水的比热容/(J·(kg·℃)–14 182
液冷机架进口温度/℃40~65[22]液冷机架出口温度/℃50~60[10]
), ArticleFig(id=1295068369896625126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Design parameters of HPA-ORC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值参数数值
蒸发器传热率/kW1 440中间换热器出口压力/MPa8.700
蒸发器温度/℃60涡轮机出口压力/MPa1.250
中间热交换器温度/℃90泵和压缩机效率/%85
冷凝器出口温度/℃20涡轮机等熵效率/%80
蒸发压力/MPa1.765热泵流量/(kg·s–110.5
冷凝压力/MPa2.900有机朗肯循环的流量/(mol·s–190.3
), ArticleFig(id=1295068369980511207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

HPA-ORC设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值参数数值
蒸发器传热率/kW1 440中间换热器出口压力/MPa8.700
蒸发器温度/℃60涡轮机出口压力/MPa1.250
中间热交换器温度/℃90泵和压缩机效率/%85
冷凝器出口温度/℃20涡轮机等熵效率/%80
蒸发压力/MPa1.765热泵流量/(kg·s–110.5
冷凝压力/MPa2.900有机朗肯循环的流量/(mol·s–190.3
), ArticleFig(id=1295068370051814376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Design parameters of single PEM and PEMFC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单个PEM电堆参数单个PEMFC参数
工作温度/℃80工作温度/℃60~70
工作电压/V1.9工作电压/V0.7
电流密度/(A·cm-22.0电流密度/(A·cm-21.5
工作压力/MPa0.3工作压力/MPa0.2
功率密度/(W·cm-21.26系统效率0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1295068370110534633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

单个PEM和PEMFC的设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单个PEM电堆参数单个PEMFC参数
工作温度/℃80工作温度/℃60~70
工作电压/V1.9工作电压/V0.7
电流密度/(A·cm-22.0电流密度/(A·cm-21.5
工作压力/MPa0.3工作压力/MPa0.2
功率密度/(W·cm-21.26系统效率0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1295068370173449194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Design parameters of PV and WT

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设计参数符号数值
PV转换效率/%ηsta18.7
太阳能电池的数量NPV5 000
单个电池的面积/m2APV1.63
功率温度系数/%/℃γ0.38
电池的光学参数τα0.81
WT风力涡轮机的数量NWT80
单个风力涡轮机的转子面积/m2AWT52.81
功率系数CWT0.49
机械效率/%ηWT90
), ArticleFig(id=1295068370240558059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

PV和WT的设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设计参数符号数值
PV转换效率/%ηsta18.7
太阳能电池的数量NPV5 000
单个电池的面积/m2APV1.63
功率温度系数/%/℃γ0.38
电池的光学参数τα0.81
WT风力涡轮机的数量NWT80
单个风力涡轮机的转子面积/m2AWT52.81
功率系数CWT0.49
机械效率/%ηWT90
), ArticleFig(id=1295068370303472620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Procurement and bare module costs of main components

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组件名称裸模块成本CBM/元年份CEPCI0文献
换热器6.534·QHE2005年468.2[38]
蒸发器6.534·Qevap2005年468.2[38]
膨胀阀9 624·WExp2021年754.7[38]
压缩机91 565(Wcomp/455)0.672018年603.1[38-39]
中间换热器6.534·QIHE2005年468.2[38]
ORC2 340·WNET,ORC2016年541.7[40]
PEM1 000·PPEMt2017年567.5[41]
氧气/氢气储罐295·Vtank2019年607.5[38]
PV990元/kW(CAPEX)2022年816.0[42]
WT6 500元/kW(CAPEX)2021年796.1[43]
), ArticleFig(id=1295068370378970093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

主要组件的采购和裸模块成本

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组件名称裸模块成本CBM/元年份CEPCI0文献
换热器6.534·QHE2005年468.2[38]
蒸发器6.534·Qevap2005年468.2[38]
膨胀阀9 624·WExp2021年754.7[38]
压缩机91 565(Wcomp/455)0.672018年603.1[38-39]
中间换热器6.534·QIHE2005年468.2[38]
ORC2 340·WNET,ORC2016年541.7[40]
PEM1 000·PPEMt2017年567.5[41]
氧气/氢气储罐295·Vtank2019年607.5[38]
PV990元/kW(CAPEX)2022年816.0[42]
WT6 500元/kW(CAPEX)2021年796.1[43]
), ArticleFig(id=1295068370458661870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Design parameters for OPEX estimation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值年份参考文献
系统寿命/年30
年利率/%6
工业电价/(元·MWh–1640.952024年[44]
氧气价格/(元·t–11 220.842020年[31]
氢气价格/(元·kg–162.082023年[45]
工艺用水/(元·t–10.477[31]
), ArticleFig(id=1295068370525770735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

OPEX估算的设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值年份参考文献
系统寿命/年30
年利率/%6
工业电价/(元·MWh–1640.952024年[44]
氧气价格/(元·t–11 220.842020年[31]
氢气价格/(元·kg–162.082023年[45]
工艺用水/(元·t–10.477[31]
), ArticleFig(id=1295068370584490992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Service life of the components

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组件名称寿命/年文献
系统30[46]
PV30[47]
WT20[48]
PEM7[49]
PEMFC20[50-51]
ORC20[52]
), ArticleFig(id=1295068370651599857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

各组件的寿命

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组件名称寿命/年文献
系统30[46]
PV30[47]
WT20[48]
PEM7[49]
PEMFC20[50-51]
ORC20[52]
), ArticleFig(id=1295068370718708722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Comparison of simulation results of different working fluid combinations for HPA-ORC with references [26] and [27]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
HPA-ORC工质组合热泵性能系数COP误差/%ηHPA-ORC/%误差/%
文献[26]文献[27]本文模型文献[26]文献[27]本文模型
R134a/R245fa12.2812.3212.3700.41/0.734.704.744.710.210/0.630
R1234ze/R1234ze11.411.4010.0062.702.7180.667
Pentane/Pentane11.511.4980.0164.104.1120.281
R161/Pentane13.213.1200.6104.104.1180.438
), ArticleFig(id=1295068370781623283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

HPA-ORC不同工质组合仿真结果与文献[26-27]对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
HPA-ORC工质组合热泵性能系数COP误差/%ηHPA-ORC/%误差/%
文献[26]文献[27]本文模型文献[26]文献[27]本文模型
R134a/R245fa12.2812.3212.3700.41/0.734.704.744.710.210/0.630
R1234ze/R1234ze11.411.4010.0062.702.7180.667
Pentane/Pentane11.511.4980.0164.104.1120.281
R161/Pentane13.213.1200.6104.104.1180.438
), ArticleFig(id=1295068370857120756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=EN, label=Tab.9, caption=

Comparison of PEM model simulation results with references [32] and [55]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数文献[32]文献[55]本文误差/%
工作电压/V1.92.11.90/9.53
电流密度/(A·cm–22.12 A2
效率/%76.76%(51.1 kW·h/kg)70.0377.400.83/10.53
), ArticleFig(id=1295068370932618229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

PEM的模型仿真结果与参考文献[32]、[55]对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数文献[32]文献[55]本文误差/%
工作电压/V1.92.11.90/9.53
电流密度/(A·cm–22.12 A2
效率/%76.76%(51.1 kW·h/kg)70.0377.400.83/10.53
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1210938006006558725, delFlag=0, nameCn=热力发电, nameEn=Thermal Power Generation, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1002-3364, eissn=null, cn=61-1111/TM, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=IcKGK23kpfWlBK6GqYtS5g==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Thermal Power Generation, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1766639718774, updatedTime=1784018130043, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13041195026, firstLetterCn=R, firstLetterEn=R, subjectCode=Engineering, subjectName=Engineering, subjectCodeEn=Engineering, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=IcKGK23kpfWlBK6GqYtS5g==, picEn=UzifuamzuAk3uXMVSOtdyA==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1283828346035356554, language=CN, name=热力发电, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1784018130072, updatedTime=1784018130072, createdBy=13041195026, updatedBy=13041195026, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://rlfdauthor.cast.org.cn/webm, submissionEditorUrl=https://rlfdeditor.cast.org.cn/webm, submissionReviewUrl=https://rlfdauthor.cast.org.cn/webm, submissionCeEditorUrl=https://rlfdeditor.cast.org.cn/webm, submissionAeEditorUrl=https://rlfdeditor.cast.org.cn/webm, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1283828346094076811, language=EN, name=Thermal Power Generation, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1784018130086, updatedTime=1784018130086, createdBy=13041195026, updatedBy=13041195026, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://rlfdauthor.cast.org.cn/webm, submissionEditorUrl=https://rlfdeditor.cast.org.cn/webm, submissionReviewUrl=https://rlfdauthor.cast.org.cn/webm, submissionCeEditorUrl=https://rlfdeditor.cast.org.cn/webm, submissionAeEditorUrl=https://rlfdeditor.cast.org.cn/webm, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1210938733613449225, websiteList=[Website(id=1210941118787744741, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1210938733613449225, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN, language=CN, createTime=1766640460918, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1766640511525, updateBy=18614031015, name=热力发电-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=热力发电, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1307280923934876518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1789609660371, updateTime=1789609660371, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1307280923905516387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1789609660364, updateTime=1789609660364, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1307280923960042345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1789609660377, updateTime=1789609660377, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1307280923880350562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/file/pic?fileId=ToFA0Lu4b/CNocENDvNjHA==, createTime=1789609660358, updateTime=1789609660358, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1307280923976819563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1789609660381, updateTime=1789609660381, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1307280923926487909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/file/pic, createTime=1789609660369, updateTime=1789609660369, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1307280923968430954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1789609660379, updateTime=1789609660379, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1307280923913904996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1789609660366, updateTime=1789609660366, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1307280923943265127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1789609660373, updateTime=1789609660373, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1307280923951653736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=themeStyle, value=.style-1 .main-menu ul>li { margin-right: 18px; }, createTime=1789609660375, updateTime=1789609660375, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1210941118926156777, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1210938733613449225, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/EN, language=EN, createTime=1766640460950, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1766640598724, updateBy=18614031015, name=热力发电-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Thermal Power Generation, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1218204520857915865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1768372190918, updateTime=1768372190918, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1218204520841138646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1768372190914, updateTime=1768372190914, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1218204520874693084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1768372190922, updateTime=1768372190922, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1218204520828555733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/file/pic?fileId=ToFA0Lu4b/CNocENDvNjHA==, createTime=1768372190911, updateTime=1768372190911, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1218204520887275998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1768372190925, updateTime=1768372190925, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1218204520853721560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/EN/file/pic, createTime=1768372190917, updateTime=1768372190917, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1218204520883081693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1768372190924, updateTime=1768372190924, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1218204520845332951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1768372190915, updateTime=1768372190915, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1218204520866304474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1768372190920, updateTime=1768372190920, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1218204520870498779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=themeStyle, value=.style-1 .main-menu ul>li { margin-right: 15px; }, createTime=1768372190921, updateTime=1768372190921, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=热力发电, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=null, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Thermal Power Generation, journalPhotoCn=IcKGK23kpfWlBK6GqYtS5g==, journalPhotoEn=UzifuamzuAk3uXMVSOtdyA==, journalFirstLetter=R, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false, interPubPlatform=, interPubPlatformUrl=null), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/10.19666/j.rlfd.202509042, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/EN/10.19666/j.rlfd.202509042, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/PDF/10.19666/j.rlfd.202509042, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/EN/PDF/10.19666/j.rlfd.202509042, aliStartDate=0, aliEndDate=0, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, previewStatus=0, delFlag=0, hasFullText=1, orderTime=1782316800000, fullTextJson=null, articleText=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
热泵辅助-有机朗肯循环协同氢储能的数据中心绿色能源系统集成设计
收藏切换
PDF下载
任露露 1 , 严儒井 1 , 吴谋 2 , 何宇 1 , 张靖 1
热力发电 | 储能技术研究 2026,55(6): 39-51
收起
收藏切换
热力发电 |储能技术研究 2026 , 55 (6) : 39 -51
热泵辅助-有机朗肯循环协同氢储能的数据中心绿色能源系统集成设计
全屏
[Author(id=1295068362808251304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=gs.renll23@gzu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1295068362879554474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, authorId=1295068362808251304, language=EN, stringName=Lulu REN, firstName=Lulu, middleName=null, lastName=REN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.College of Electrical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1295068362938274731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, authorId=1295068362808251304, language=CN, stringName=任露露, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.贵州大学电气工程学院,贵州 贵阳 550025, bio={"content":"

任露露(1998),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为多能互补集成与运行优化,

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

任露露(1998),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为多能互补集成与运行优化,

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1295068362644673441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295068362653062050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, companyId=1295068362644673441, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Electrical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295068362661450659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, companyId=1295068362644673441, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.贵州大学电气工程学院,贵州 贵阳 550025)])]), Author(id=1295068362996994989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=rjyan@gzu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1295068363055715247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, authorId=1295068362996994989, language=EN, stringName=Rujing YAN, firstName=Rujing, middleName=null, lastName=YAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.College of Electrical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1295068363118629808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, authorId=1295068362996994989, language=CN, stringName=严儒井, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.贵州大学电气工程学院,贵州 贵阳 550025, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1295068362644673441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295068362653062050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, companyId=1295068362644673441, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Electrical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295068362661450659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, companyId=1295068362644673441, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.贵州大学电气工程学院,贵州 贵阳 550025)])]), Author(id=1295068363177350066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1295068364846683060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, authorId=1295068363177350066, language=EN, stringName=Mou WU, firstName=Mou, middleName=null, lastName=WU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1295068364951540661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, authorId=1295068363177350066, language=CN, stringName=吴谋, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.华中科技大学电气与电子工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1295068362728559524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295068362736948133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, companyId=1295068362728559524, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295068362745336742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, companyId=1295068362728559524, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.华中科技大学电气与电子工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074)])]), Author(id=1295068365035426743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1295068365115118521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, authorId=1295068365035426743, language=EN, stringName=Yu HE, firstName=Yu, middleName=null, lastName=HE, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.College of Electrical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1295068365186421690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, authorId=1295068365035426743, language=CN, stringName=何宇, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.贵州大学电气工程学院,贵州 贵阳 550025, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1295068362644673441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295068362653062050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, companyId=1295068362644673441, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Electrical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295068362661450659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, companyId=1295068362644673441, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.贵州大学电气工程学院,贵州 贵阳 550025)])]), Author(id=1295068365245141948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1295068365316445118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, authorId=1295068365245141948, language=EN, stringName=Jing ZHANG, firstName=Jing, middleName=null, lastName=ZHANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.College of Electrical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1295068365375165375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, authorId=1295068365245141948, language=CN, stringName=张靖, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.贵州大学电气工程学院,贵州 贵阳 550025, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1295068362644673441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295068362653062050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, companyId=1295068362644673441, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Electrical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295068362661450659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068357938664324, companyId=1295068362644673441, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.贵州大学电气工程学院,贵州 贵阳 550025)])])]
任露露1 , 严儒井1 , 吴谋2, 何宇1, 张靖1
作者信息
  • 1.贵州大学电气工程学院,贵州 贵阳 550025
  • 2.华中科技大学电气与电子工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074
通讯作者:
严儒井(1990),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为综合能源系统供需协调优化调度,
作者简介:

任露露(1998),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为多能互补集成与运行优化,

Integrated design of green energy system for data center with heat pump assisted-organic Rankine cycle collaborative hydrogen storage
Lulu REN1 , Rujing YAN1 , Mou WU2, Yu HE1, Jing ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Electrical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
  • 2.School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202509042
文章导航
收藏切换
【目的】

绿电直供数据中心配置氢储能和余热回收是应对可再生能源波动和提升能源效率的有效路径,但需要验证该路径促进数据中心能源系统运行性能提升和降低运行成本的可行性。

【方法】

基于此,提出采用热泵辅助-有机朗肯循环对数据中心进行余热回收并用于发电,利用氢储能保障可再生能源波动场景下数据中心的电力供需平衡。随后,建立其能-㶲-经济模型,基于中国贵阳市2023年气象数据,评估其在月和年时间尺度上的运行性能;采用敏感性分析探究不同服务器利用率及6种低全球变暖潜能值(global warming potential,GWP)工质对整体性能的影响。

【结果】

结果表明,系统能量和㶲效率分别为57.12%和55.36%,数据中心能源使用效率和再利用效率分别为1.3和0.74。经济性分析表明,系统的动态投资回收期为6年,净现值为174.96万元。服务器利用率90%时,低GWP的R161/Pentane工质组合性能优于高GWP的R134a/R245fa工质。

【结论】

通过余热回收与氢储能协同可实现技术经济性能提升,为数据中心运营商投资建设绿电直连配套能源系统提供了技术路径。

数据中心  /  氢储能  /  余热回收  /  热泵辅助-有机朗肯循环  /  能-㶲-经济性能
[Objective]

Configuring hydrogen energy storage and waste heat recovery in data centers directly powered by green electricity constitutes an effective approach to mitigate renewable energy intermittency and improve overall energy efficiency. This study aims to verify the technical and economic feasibility of this strategy in enhancing the operational performance of data center energy systems and reducing operating costs.

[Methods]

Accordingly, a heat pump-assisted organic Rankine cycle is proposed to recover data center waste heat for power generation. At the same time, hydrogen energy storage is used to maintain power supply-demand balance amid fluctuations in renewable energy. Subsequently, an integrated energy-exergy-economic model is developed, and system performance is evaluated at monthly and annual time scales using 2023 meteorological data from Guiyang, China. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to investigate the impacts of varying server utilization rates and six low global warming potential (GWP) working fluids on overall system performance.

[Results]

The results demonstrate that the system achieves energy and exergy efficiencies of 57.12% and 55.36%, respectively, with a data center energy usage effectiveness of 1.3 and an energy reuse effectiveness of 0.74. Economic analysis indicates a dynamic payback period of 6 years and a net present value of 1.749 6 million yuan. Notably, at a server utilization rate of 90%, the low-GWP R161/Pentane working fluid pair outperforms the high-GWP R134a/R245fa combination.

[Conclusion]

The synergistic integration of waste heat recovery and hydrogen energy storage effectively improves techno-economic performance, providing a viable technical pathway for data center operators to invest in and deploy supporting energy systems for direct green electricity supply.

data center  /  hydrogen energy storage  /  waste heat recovery  /  heat pump assisted-organic Rankine cycle  /  energy-exergy-economic performance
任露露, 严儒井, 吴谋, 何宇, 张靖. 热泵辅助-有机朗肯循环协同氢储能的数据中心绿色能源系统集成设计. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (6) : 39 -51 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202509042
Lulu REN, Rujing YAN, Mou WU, Yu HE, Jing ZHANG. Integrated design of green energy system for data center with heat pump assisted-organic Rankine cycle collaborative hydrogen storage[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (6) : 39 -51 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202509042
在全球数字基础设施扩张背景下,数据中心的能耗、运行成本和碳排放急剧增加[1]。预计到2030年,其电力需求将占全球电力需求的1/5[2]。在数据中心的电力消耗中,用于算力运行和系统冷却分别占40%,且多依赖于电网一次能源,致使高能耗和高碳排放,成为制约行业发展的重要因素[3]。此外,其消耗的电力几乎都转化为余热并释放到环境中,余热直接排放既降低能源效率,也对环境产生负面影响[4]。因此,在全球“碳中和”的愿景下,对数据中心余热进行有效利用并采用绿电直供对于数据中心提升能源效率、降低碳排放至关重要[5]
对于数据中心的余热利用,鉴于其不间断运行、规模庞大和高热通量密度特征,产生的余热可作为稳定热源用于提升能源效率和降低运行成本[6]。当前,研究主要将这部分余热用于满足电热需求。热需求包括区域供热[7]、吸收式冷却[8]和粮食干燥[9]。值得注意的是,数据中心余热温度约50~60 ℃,难以满足更高品位热需求,因此可通过热泵将低品位余热提升至指定温度[10]。文献[11]利用空气源热泵将数据中心余热提升至69 ℃用于烟草干燥,结果显示能源再利用效率可提升64.92%,成本与碳排放分别降低21.00%和16.80%。此外,文献[12]建立了集成热泵的数据中心区域供热系统,对北京某小型数据中心进行案例研究,结果表明,供暖季节的性能系数(coefficient of performance,COP)达5.27。然而,这些途径仅能将余热用于供暖、预热原料等低附加值用途,难以满足用电需求。因此,有研究[13]利用这部分余热驱动有机朗肯循环提供电力,发电过程无需额外消耗燃料,减少了碳排放。文献[14]通过数据中心余热回收驱动有机朗肯循环发电,发现热源温度从43 ℃提高到81 ℃时,有机朗肯循环效率从1.9%提高到4.6%。然而,其忽略了数据中心热源温度过低,无法直接驱动有机朗肯循环发电。热泵辅助-有机朗肯循环(heat pump assisted-organic rankine cycle,HPA-ORC)是一种将低品位余热升温并用于发电的有效途径,其净发电功率与余热回收量较无热泵的有机朗肯循环分别提升9.37%和12.04%[15]
在数据中心绿电供应方面,文献[16]利用太阳能与生物质为数据中心供能并进行容量配置,结果显示,燃气轮机与内燃机的容量利用率可提升到81.34%,整体效率为41.33%。然而,其忽略了考虑生物质发电系统复杂造成的成本问题。文献[17]提出基于Copula理论的风光联合概率建模方法对数据中心综合能源系统进行双层优化配置,结果表明,系统总成本和碳排放分别降低8.4%和7.6%,绿电消纳率提升至95.7%。此外,文献[18]聚焦于大型数据中心供能系统中储能设备的配置优化,发现当风光装机容量小于1 500 kW时,不建议配置储能系统;若装机容量超过一定值时,加入蓄电池可提高效益。然而,理想的情景是数据中心100%依赖绿电,实现零碳排放[19]。由于绿电数据中心直供方案中可再生能源的间歇性和波动性严重限制其电力稳定供应,因此寻求一种具有发展前景的储能途径显得十分重要。
氢作为一种可持续能源载体,可通过大规模长周期储能充分消纳风光弃电生产绿氢,支撑绿电直供数据中心的稳定运行[19]。文献[20]提出氢燃料电池耦合数据中心余热回收的制氢系统,使系统总成本和碳排放量分别降低了4.2%和5.38%。文献[21]提出一种考虑数据中心余热回收和氢能利用的随机分布鲁棒韧性规划方法,结果表明,考虑氢储能的投资成本有所提高,但运行成本大幅下降,总成本降低1.8%。此外,余热回收促进了电、氢、热的多能互补,使得投资成本和总成本分别下降了11.8%和10.4%。然而,这些研究忽略了数据中心余热温度过低问题[10],仅将这部分热量进行量上的回收,未采取有效途径将其提升至目标温度后再行利用。
近期关于数据中心能源系统的研究集中在余热利用、风光等可再生能源的容量配置和利用储能应对可再生能源的间歇性,很少有研究考虑在完全依赖绿电的条件下探索HPA-ORC余热回收与氢储能的协同潜力和技术经济可行性。尽管一些研究探索了数据中心余热回收耦合氢储能的技术经济可行性,但忽略了其余热温度过低的问题,仅将这部分热量进行量上的回收,未采取有效途径将其提升至目标温度后再行利用。为此,本文提出了一种采用HPA-ORC将数据中心余热提升至目标温度用于发电,并通过氢储能确保在可再生能源波动下的数据中心电力供需平衡的数据中心能源系统及其运行策略;建立其能-㶲-经济模型,并基于中国贵阳市2023年气象数据在月和年时间尺度评估其运行性能。此外,采用敏感性分析探究不同服务器利用率及6种低全球变暖潜能值(global warming potential,GWP)工质对整体能源系统性能的影响。
可再生能源驱动的数据中心能源系统如图1所示。该系统由数据中心余热回收系统、HPA-ORC、风光发电系统及制氢发电系统4部分构成。运行时,以液冷技术回收服务器机架余热,经蒸发器将热量输入HPA-ORC热泵。在热泵中,制冷剂(R134a)于蒸发器吸热转为低压蒸汽(状态2),随后进入压缩机转为高压蒸汽(状态3),通过中间换热器向有机朗肯循环传热,自身冷却为高压液态工质(状态4),之后经膨胀阀降压为低压两相混合物(状态1),重回蒸发器,完成热泵循环。此外,在有机朗肯循环中,中间换热器提供的90 ℃热量驱动工质(R245fa)蒸发为高温、高压蒸汽(状态5),经涡轮机膨胀做功发电(状态9);涡轮机出口蒸汽(状态6)进入冷凝器,经冷却介质冷却成液态工质(状态7),由泵加压(状态8)返回中间换热器,完成循环。
拟议运行策略旨在保障数据中心电力稳定供应,系统运行流程如图2所示。系统总电力输出含光伏机组(photo voltaic,PV)、风力涡轮机(wind turbine,WT)及HPA-ORC发电,优先满足数据中心负荷;盈余时,多余电力经质子交换膜(proton exchange membrane,PEM)电解制氢设备制氢,储于储罐;当电力输出无法满足需求时,通过质子交换膜燃料电池(proton exchange membrane fuel cell,PEMFC)补能。总体而言,将氢储能与HPA-ORC余热回收结合,既可保障数据中心能源系统电力平衡,缓解可再生能源间歇性,还能降低储氢系统配置成本并满足安全要求。本系统由数据中心运营方投资建设,其收益来源于余热回收发电、绿电盈余制氢售氢等场景,用于满足数据中心降本提效、减碳适配的需求。
本节将阐述各子系统的热力学模型及系统评估标准。为便于模型构建,做如下假设:1)环境温度和压力分别为25 ℃和101.3 kPa;2)为简化建模,忽略储罐的能量损失;3)泵和蒸汽轮机绝热运行,而压缩机等温运行。
通过液冷技术直接捕获数据中心中IT设备运行时产生的低品位废热,并传递至外部循环系统,用于能源回收利用,数据中心的设计参数见表1。液冷式冷板出口的温度为[22]
Tw,o=Tw,i+Qwρwcp,wVw
式中:Tw,oTw,i分别表示水的进、出口温度,℃;Qw为所有液冷服务器的散热量总和,kW;Vw为所有服务器的水流总和,GPM;cp,w为水比热容,J/(kg·℃);ρw为水密度,kg/m3
从数据中心回收并供给HPA-ORC的余热量(QHPA-ORC,kW)和㶲(ExHPA-ORC,kJ/kg)可定义为:
QHPAORC=mwcp,wΔTw
ExHPAORC=QHPAORC(1(T0/Tw,i))
式中:mw表示数据中心中冷却水的质量流量,kg/s;ΔTw表示冷却水进出口的温差,℃;T0为环境温度,℃。
采用能源使用效率(power usage efficiency,PUE)评估数据中心的运行性能,定义为数据中心的总能耗(PDC,kW)与IT负载能耗(PIT,kW)的比值。PUE值越小,说明数据中心能源效率越高。同时,因PUE未考虑余热利用及热泵等额外耗电,故引入能源再利用效率(energy reuse efficiency,ERE)评估数据中心余热利用能效。PUE及ERE定义如下[23-24]
PUE=PDCPIT=PTT+Pcooling+Pother(Qw/ηcwc)
ERE=PDC+Wcomp+WpumpQHPAORCPIT
式中:ηcwc表示冷却水循环效率,为0.9;PcoolingPother分别表示冷却设备和其他设备的耗电量,kW。
热泵主要用于将数据中心的余热提升至有机朗肯循环可利用的温度,主要包括热泵和有机朗肯循环。有关能量平衡方程如下:
Qcond=Qevap+Wcomp=mref(h4h3)
Qevap=QHPAORC=mref(h2h1)
式中:QcondQevapWcomp分别表示冷凝器传热功率、蒸发器传热功率和压缩机功耗,kW;mref为制冷剂质量流量,kg/s;hi表示热泵循环不同位置(图1)制冷剂的焓值,kJ/kg。
此外,压缩机的耗电量(Wcomp,kW)、COP和第一定律效率(ηHPA-ORC)可定义为[25]
COPHP=QcondWcomp=Qcond(mref(h3h2))/(ηmeηel)
ηHPAORC=PHPAORCQevap=WNET,ORCWcompQevap
式中:PHPA-ORC表示HPA-ORC输出的净功率,kW;ηmeηel分别代表压缩机的机械效率和电气效率,分别设为0.95和0.98[11]
本研究中考察的有机工质包括6种制冷剂:R134a、R245fa、R1234yf、R1234ze、R161和Pentane[26-28]。HPA-ORC设计参数见表2
㶲损失根据每个组件入/出口处的㶲流量计算得到。由于余热回收过程中不会发生化学反应,势能和动能的影响可以忽略不计,因此制冷剂的㶲分析如下[29]
Exref=mref((hrefhsta)Tsta(srefssta))
在有机朗肯循环中,这里选择R245fa作为有机工质。相关的能量平衡方程表示如下:
WNET,ORC=WTurbineWPump=m6h6m5h5m8h8+m7h7
Qin,ORC=m5(h8h5)
式中:WPump表示水泵消耗的功率,kW;WNET,ORCQin,ORC分别表示有机朗肯循环输出的净功率和输入的热量,kW;mi表示有机朗肯循环中第i条流股的制冷剂的流量,mol/s。
质子交换膜PEM因其产氢纯度高、电流密度大、动态响应快、与可再生能源适配性好等特点[30],多余的电力通过该PEM装置制氢,模型如下[31]
PPEMt=NPEMVPEMIPEMt=PPVt+PWTt+PHPAORCPDC
mH2t=0.5MH2IPEMtF,mO2t=0.25MH2IPEMtF
式中:NPEM为PEM电堆数量;PPEMt为PEM提供的电力,kW;VPEM为单个电池堆的工作电压,1.9 V[32]IPEMt为电堆电流,A;mH2t为氢气的生产率,kg/s;F为法拉第常数,96 486 C/mol;MH2为氢的摩尔质量,2 g/mol。
当电力不足时,采用PEMFC的输出功率(PPEMFCt,kW)补充电力缺额(Pshortaget,kW),有关定义如下[33]
PPEMFCt=PshortagetηPEMFC=NPEMFCEPEMFCIPEMFCt
式中:ηPEMFC为PEMFC的系统效率;NPEMFC为PEMFC电堆数量;EPEMFC为工作电压,为了简化建模,在本文中设置为0.7 V。
此外,单个电池的氢气消耗率(mPEMFC,H2,kg/s)可表示为:
mPEMFC,H2t=IPEMFCtMH22F
单个PEM和PEMFC的设计参数如表3所示[32]
本研究还对PV和WT进行了研究,设计参数见表4。此外,考虑太阳辐照度和环境温度的影响,建立了太阳能光伏的热力学模型[34]。为简单起见,忽略了光谱和角度效应。太阳能光伏的输出功率由以下表达式确定:
PPVt=NPVAPVDNItηsta(1+γ(TCtTsta))
TCt=26.6Ta+DNIt[ταηsta(1γTsta)]26.6+γηstaDNIt
Qsolt=APVDNIt
式中:PPVt为PV的输出功率,kW;ηsta为标准条件下的转换效率,%;NPV为太阳能电池的数量;APV为单个电池的面积,m2;DNIt为太阳辐照度,kW/m2γ为功率温度系数,%;Tct为不考虑风速时的电池温度,℃;Tsta为标准温度,℃;Ta为环境温度,℃;τα为电池的光学参数。
此外,WT的约束为[35]
PWTt={0,   ν<νin or ν>νoffNWTPoutput,WTt,νinν<νratedNWTPrated,WTt,νratedννoff
式中:PWTt为WT的总输出功率,kW;NWT为风力涡轮机的数量;Prated,WTt为单个涡轮机的额定功率,kW;vinvratedvoff分别表示切入风速、额定风速和切出风速,分别为3、12 m/s和25 m/s[36]
采用典型的分段功率曲线计算风力涡轮机的输出功率(Poutput,WTt,kW)[37]
Poutput,WTt=0.5ρairAWTCPν3ηWT
ρair=1.293273.15Ta
Pwindt=0.5NWTρairAWTν3
式中:ρ表示空气密度,kg/m3AWT表示单个风力涡轮机的转子面积,m2CP表示功率系数;v为转子高度处的风速,m/s;ηWT为风力涡轮机的机械效率;Pwind为产生的风能,kW。此外,还考虑了环境温度对空气密度的影响。
计算各组件的资本支出(capital expenditure,CAPEX)与运营支出(operation expenditure,OPEX)。CAPEX定义如下:
CAPEX=CBM+CCF+CAF
中:CBM为裸模块成本;CCF为应急不可预见费用,设置为0.107CBMCAF为辅助设施的成本,设置为0.298CBM,万元。
成本估算需要考虑化学工程工厂成本指数(chemical engineering plant cost index,CEPCI)。所需时间(Ct,万元)为:
Ct=C0(CEPCItCEPCI0)
式中:C0为基本时间的设备成本;CEPCIt和CEPCI0分别表示所需时间的成本指数和基准时间的成本指数。成本按通胀修正至2024年,CEPCI2024为844.10。总体而言,不同组件的裸模块成本如表5所示。
OPEX计算公式如下:
OPEX=CRAM+CUT+CIM
式中:CRAM代表原材料成本;CUT代表公用事业成本;CIM代表维护和保险成本,设置为CAPEX的5%。
此外,OPEX估算的相关参数表6所示[35]。各组件的寿命如表7所示。
1)能量效率(ηent)和㶲效率(ηext)可定义为:
ηent=mH2tHHVH2+ΔEout+QHPAORCQsolt+Pwindt
ΔEout=PPVt+PWTt+PPEMFCt+PHPAORCPDCPPEMt
ηext=mH2texH2+ExHPAORC+ΔEoutQsolt+Pwindt
式中:QsoltPwindt分别表示输入的太阳能和风能,kW;exH2为氢气的标准化学㶲,MJ/kg;HHVH2为氢气的高位热值,其值为142.0 MJ/kg[53];ΔEout为输出电能,kW;ExHPA-ORC为数据中心向HPA-ORC供应的㶲,kJ/kg。
2)净现值(net present value,NPV)、正贴现现金流(discounted cash flow,PDCF)和现值比率(present value ratio,PVR)可定义为[54]
PDCF=i=1n((1t)(1+r)i).i=1n((REVOPEXdi)+di)
NPV=PDCFCAPEX
di=2n(CAPEXk=1i1dk)
PVR=NPVCAPEX
式中:n为使用寿命;REV为年收入,万元;di为折旧费用,万元;rt分别表示年利率和税率,本文中,二者分别设定为6%和30%[30]
为了验证HPA-ORC系统及氢能循环模型的准确性,将HPA-ORC的模拟结果与文献[26]、[27]中的研究结果进行对比,具体结果见表8。将PEM的设计参数和模拟结果与参考文献[32]、[55]研究结果进行对比,结果见表9
表8可见,各项误差均小于0.73%,验证了所建立HPA-ORC系统模型的准确性。此外,由表9可见,最大误差为10.53%,其次为9.53%。这主要是由于这项工作与文献[55]工作电压的区别,与参数相似的文献[32]相比,最大误差为0.83%,验证了制氢模型的准确性。
从能量、㶲和经济层面阐述整体系统及各子系统的性能,涵盖能量/㶲流分析、氢气产量评估、敏感性分析及CAPEX和OPEX。为评估所提系统及其运行策略的性能,选取中国贵阳作为示范站点,其年逐时风速、环境温度和太阳辐射的初始数据如图3所示。
系统能流如图4所示。额定工况下,数据中心向HPA-ORC供应可回收热能1 440 kW,HPA-ORC则向系统传输电能67.88 kW,其发电效率为4.71%,且子系统内的能流由模拟过程所得焓值决定。太阳能与风能输入分别为830.28 kW和4 489.49 kW,对应向系统输送的电功率为158.89 kW和1 979.87 kW,能源效率分别为18.41%和44.10%;PEMFC贡献电力987.73 kW,能源效率为69.99%,上述所有电力均汇入电力枢纽。该系统向电枢纽供应净电功率3 194.07 kW,其中数据中心消耗2 080 kW,剩余电力用于PEM制氢,能源效率为76.51%;所产氢气中的762.81 kW注入储氢罐,与储氢罐含有的初始储氢功率648.24 kW用于PEMFC发电。系统整体能源效率为57.12%。
系统㶲流如图5所示。额定工况下,数据中心向HPA-ORC提供㶲输入151.28 kW,经其回收后向系统输送电能67.88 kW,HPA-ORC㶲效率为44.87%,㶲损失83.62 kW。风光子系统能量效率与㶲效率一致,HPA-ORC中㶲流基于模拟生成的物理㶲值计算。系统整体㶲效率为55.36%。
图6展示了系统的氢产量和氧产量。如图6a)所示,1月—12月产氢量在凌晨1:00—6:00较低,随后渐升,10:00—13:00达峰值后下降,其中5月最高(25.38 kg/s),8月最低(1.70 kg/s)。由图6b)可见,氧气产量变化规律与氢气相似,总体春末夏初产量较高,秋季和冬季则下降。
图7展示了月度电力平衡曲线。春夏季(如4月、5月、6月)风光发电量不仅能满足数据中心的电力需求,还会产生电力盈余。如5月的盈余量达到1 758.89 kW·h,这些盈余电力用于PEM制氢/储氢。然而,在8月、9月、10月,系统会出现电力短缺(如8月缺1 397.14 kW·h),这表明发电侧的电力无法满足用电侧的需求。此时,系统激活储氢罐并通过PEMFC发电弥补缺口。
本研究通过敏感性分析,探究不同服务器利用率(server utilization rate,SUR)对系统热力学性能的影响,以及不同工质在不同条件下对系统性能的潜在作用。6种工质在SUR50%~90%范围内的第一定律效率如图8所示。由图8a)可知,HPA-ORC效率随SUR提高而上升,当SUR为90%时,高GWP的R134a/R245fa组合效率最高(4.71%),其次是R161/Pentane(效率为4.66%)和Pentane/Pentane(效率为4.61%),低GWP的R1234yf/R1234yf组合效率最低(效率为3.14%)。此外,R161/Pentane性能优于其他低GWP工质,其COP比R134a/R245fa高6.06%,比Pentane/Pentane高14.10%;尽管R161/Pentane第一定律效率略低于R134a/R245fa,但环境效益显著,且只需少量技术改造,是理想的低GWP替代工质。图8b)显示SUR为90%时6种工质的压缩机功耗:低GWP的R1234ze/R1234ze组合功耗最高(126.40 kW·h),R161/Pentane和R161/R161组合功耗最低(110.14 kW·h),与R134a/R245fa相比,R161/Pentane功耗降低约5.43%。
总体而言,HPA-ORC的第一定律效率和压缩机功耗均随SUR提高而上升。SUR为90%时,R134a/R245fa和R161/Pentane在第一定律效率方面表现优异,且R161/Pentane功耗最低。综合来看,R161/Pentane性能优越且GWP值低,是一种极具应用前景的替代工质。
图9展示了系统的CAPEX明细,占比最高的是PEM装置(23.47%)、储氢罐(20.03%)和辅助设施(19.28%),其费用分别为1 118.82、954.61、918.97万元。这主要是由于制氢量较大且设备本身成本较高。PV和WT的总资本支出为433.85万元,占总投资成本的9.10%。值得注意的是,热泵的资本支出主要包括蒸发器、压缩机和中间换热器成本,分别为13.90(占比0.29%)、1.22(占比0.03%)、15.09万元(占比0.32%)。此外,有机朗肯循环的资本支出为312.43万元(占比6.55%)。因此,HPA-ORC的总资本支出为342.64万元,占总投资成本的7.19%。PEMFC的资本支出为190.41万元,占比3.99%。
图10展示了系统的OPEX明细。支出方面主要为维护和保险的支出,达324.35万元。收入方面,售氢收入923.93万元;售电收入1 167.86万元。用水成本接近0,可忽略不计。结果表明,售电和售氢收入是系统收益的主要组成部分,对系统经济性能影响最为显著。
图11为系统的NPV和PDCF。拟议系统的贴现投资回收期为6年,表明数据中心在投资的第6年即可实现盈利。净现值达174.96万元,正贴现现金流为941.44万元。此外,WT、ORC、PEMFC组件寿命为20年,届时需进行集中更换。PEM寿命仅为7年,因此在其更换年份(第7、14、21、28年),PDCF出现明显下降。在第20年,因WT、ORC、PEMFC等组件的集中更换,现金流冲击最为显著,PDCF一度降至负值,之后又回升至正常水平。总体而言,该系统展现出优异的经济性能。
图12图13分别展示了部分系统的技术进步和经济性能的价格敏感性。由图12图13可见:随着PV发电效率、PEM制氢效率和PEMFC效率的提升,系统的能源效率也随之上升;而光伏、电力和氢价格下降后,系统的投资成本和运营支出也随之下降。总之,光伏发电与氢能循环技术的进步也将推动绿电直供数据中心运行成本的下降与可靠性的提升,因此含氢储能与余热回收的数据中心也将逐渐普及。
为了探索在绿电直供数据中心场景下HPA-ORC与氢储能的协同潜力与技术经济优势,本文提出采用HPA-ORC进行余热回收和发电,并结合风光发电、氢储能及氢燃料电池协同运行,确保在可再生能源波动情况下数据中心的电力供需平衡。随后,建立其能-㶲-经济模型并基于中国贵阳市2023年气象数据在月和年时间尺度评估其运行性能。此外,采用敏感性分析探究不同服务器利用率及6种低全球变暖潜能值工质对整体性能的影响。主要结论如下。
1)在配置氢储能与余热回收后,绿电直供数据中心能源系统年均能量和㶲效率分别为57.12%和55.36%,PUE为1.3。回收余热后ERE从1.3降至0.74,表明在数据中心中配置氢储能和余热回收系统可有效提升整体性能。
2)经济性分析结果表明,弃电用于制氢和工业用电后可实现2 091.79万元的额外收益,贴现投资回收期为6年,净现值174.96万元,表现出良好的经济性。同时,数据中心作为系统投资与运营主体,依托自身余热与绿电资源实现能源二次利用,获得显著经济收益,为行业能效升级提供了可复制的投资运营模式。
3)敏感性分析表明,服务器利用率90%时,低GWP的R161/Pentane工质组合第一定律效率达4.70%,功耗110.14 kWh,热力学性能优于传统高GWP工质R134a/R245fa,为工质选择提供了优化方向。
总之,随着氢储能成本的降低与数据中心总体规模的扩大,数据中心余热回收的潜力及经济优势将进一步扩大。未来的研究可考虑结合可再生能源技术的进步对绿电直供数据中心能源系统的精细化热管理发电潜力进一步研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52406227)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
朱子恒,张策,丁肇豪,. 数据中心纳入全国碳排放权交易市场机制研究[J]. 中国电机工程学报202444(14):5562-5574.
ZHU Ziheng, ZHANG Ce, DING Zhaohao, et al. Research on the mechanism of integrating data centers into the national carbon emission rights trading market[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2024, 44(14): 5562-5574.
[2]
KURTZ J, MA Z, SAUR G, et al. Analysis of hydrogen infrastructure for the feasibility, economics, and sustainability of a fuel cell powered data center[J]. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2023, 58: 103357.
[3]
HAO Y, ZHOU H, TIAN T, et al. Data centers waste heat recovery technologies: Review and evaluation[J]. Applied Energy, 2025, 384: 125489.
[4]
白薪宇. 基于数据中心余热回收的综合能源系统集成及优化研究[D]. 北京:华北电力大学,2024:5.
BAI Xinyu. Integrated research and optimization of integrated energy system based on waste heat recovery of data center[D]. Beijing: North China Electric Power University, 2024: 5.
[5]
张俊莲,杨传燕,张雪标. 基于有机朗肯循环的新型燃煤发电系统热力性能[J]. 热力发电202554(7):144-152.
ZHANG Junlian, YANG Chuanyan, ZHANG Xuebiao. Thermal performance of a new coal-fired power generation system based on organic Rankine cycle[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025, 54(7): 144-152.
[6]
黄琮琪,邵双全. 液冷数据中心余热驱动的压缩-吸收式制冷系统特性研究[J]. 化工学报202576(增刊1):326-335.
HUANG Congqi, SHAO Shuangquan. Study on characteristics of compression-absorption refrigeration system driven by waste heat of liquid-cooled data center[J]. CIESC Journal, 2025, 76(Suppl.1): 326-335.
[7]
YUAN X, LIANG Y, HU X, et al. Waste heat recoveries in data centers: a review[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2023, 188: 113777.
[8]
葛立,韩宗伟,历秀明,. 数据中心蒸气压缩-吸收式复合制冷系统工质对选取研究[J]. 制冷与空调202424(2):72-77.
GE Li, HAN Zongwei, LI Xiuming, et al. Study on the selection of working fluid pairs for vapor compression-absorption hybrid refrigeration system in data centers[J]. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, 2024, 24(2): 72-77.
[9]
ASAAD S M, INAYAT A, GHENAI C, et al. Integration of waste heat recovery with biomass thermal conversion processes: a review[J]. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2024, 192: 567-579.
[10]
PAN Q, PENG J, WANG R. Application analysis of adsorption refrigeration system for solar and data center waste heat utilization[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2021, 228: 113564.
[11]
GE Z, ZHOU Y, LI J, et al. Multi-objective optimization and benefit evaluation of heat pump system for tobacco drying using waste heat from data center[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2024, 448: 141623.
[12]
ZHOU F, TIAN X, SONG Y, et al. Dynamic performance of an integrated heat pump system coupled free cooling and waste heat recovery in data centers[J]. Energy, 2025, 323: 135838.
[13]
肖新文. 数据中心余热回收技术研究及应用进展[J]. 制冷与空调202525(7):57-71.
XIAO Xinwen. Research and application progress of waste heat recovery technology in data centers[J]. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, 2025, 25(7): 57-71.
[14]
ARAYA S, WEMHOFF A P, JONES G F, et al. Study of a lab-scale organic Rankine cycle for the ultra-low-temperature waste heat recovery associated with data centers[J]. Journal of Electronic Packaging, 2021, 143(2): 021001.
[15]
YU H, GUNDERSEN T, FENG X. Process integration of organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and heat pump for low temperature waste heat recovery[J]. Energy, 2018, 160: 330-340.
[16]
陈付杰,张婉琳,程明,. 面向数据中心的生物质与太阳能互补冷电系统及容量配置研究[J]. 中国电机工程学报202646(4):1396-1406.
CHEN Fujie, ZHANG Wanlin, CHENG Ming, et al. Research on biomass and solar energy complementary cooling and power system and capacity configuration for data centers[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2026, 46(4): 1396-1406.
[17]
李为润,林永君,刘卫亮,. 含数据中心综合能源系统双层容量优化配置[J]. 电力科学与工程202541(5):68-78.
LI Weirun, LIN Yongjun, LIU Weiliang, et al. Bi-level capacity optimal configuration of integrated energy system containing data centers[J]. Electric Power Science and Engineering, 2025, 41(5): 68-78.
[18]
赵石. 大型数据中心供能系统储能设备配置研究[J].节能202544(7):80-84.
ZHAO Shi. Research on energy storage equipment configuration of energy supply system in large data centers [J]. Energy Conservation, 2025, 44(7): 80-84.
[19]
张诚,檀志恒,晁怀颇. “双碳”背景下数据中心氢能应用的可行性研究[J]. 太阳能学报202243(6):327-334.
ZHANG Cheng, TAN Zhiheng, CHAO Huaipo. Feasibility study on hydrogen energy application in data centers under the “double carbon” background[J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2022, 43(6): 327-334.
[20]
ZHAN Z, XU J, ZHANG T, et al. Optimal scheduling of integrated wind- photovoltaic-hydrogen energy system considering hydrogen application and waste heat recovery[J]. Energy Reports, 2024, 11: 3684-3694.
[21]
周亦洲,李想,孙国强,. 考虑余热回收的电-氢-热综合能源系统随机分布鲁棒韧性规划[J]. 电网技术202549(6):2243-2251.
ZHOU Yizhou, LI Xiang, SUN Guoqiang, et al. Stochastic distributionally robust resilience planning of electricity-hydrogen-heat integrated energy system considering waste heat recovery[J]. Power System Technology, 2025, 49(6): 2243-2251.
[22]
GUPTA R, PURI I K. Waste heat recovery in a data center with an adsorption chiller: Technical and economic analysis [J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2021, 245: 114576.
[23]
QU S, DUAN K, GUO Y, et al. Real-time optimization of the liquid-cooled data center based on cold plates under different ambient temperatures and thermal loads[J]. Applied Energy, 2024, 363: 123101.
[24]
LI J, YANG Z, LI H, et al. Optimal schemes and benefits of recovering waste heat from data center for district heating by CO2 transcritical heat pumps[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2021, 245: 114591.
[25]
宋睿哲,叶学民,董志坚,. 集成有机朗肯循环与碳捕集的太阳能-燃煤发电系统的变工况热力性能研究[J]. 中国电机工程学报202242(1):177-187.
SONG Ruizhe, YE Xuemin, DONG Zhijian, et al. Off-design thermodynamic performance study of solar-coal-fired power generation system integrated with organic Rankine cycle and carbon capture[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2022, 42(1): 177-187.
[26]
MARSHALL Z M, DUQUETTE J. A techno-economic evaluation of low global warming potential heat pump assisted organic Rankine cycle systems for data center waste heat recovery[J]. Energy, 2022, 242: 122528.
[27]
EBRAHIMI K, JONES G F, FLEISCHER A S. The viability of ultra low temperature waste heat recovery using organic Rankine cycle in dual loop data center applications[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2017, 126: 393-406.
[28]
LIU L, WU J, ZHONG F, et al. Development of a novel cogeneration system by combining organic Rankine cycle and heat pump cycle for waste heat recovery[J]. Energy, 2021, 217: 119445.
[29]
GU X, DAI J, LI H, et al. Experimental and theoretical assessment of a solar assisted heat pump system for in-bin grain drying: A comprehensive case study[J]. Renewable Energy, 2022, 181: 426-444.
[30]
吴谋. 风光生多能互补电热冷氨多联产系统的集成研究[D]. 贵阳:贵州大学,2025:3.
WU Mou. Integrated research on wind-solar-biomass multi-energy complementary electricity-heat-cooling-ammonia polygeneration system[D]. Guiyang: Guizhou University, 2025: 3.
[31]
WEN D, AZIZ M. Techno-economic analyses of power-to-ammonia-to-power and biomass-to-ammonia-to-power pathways for carbon neutrality scenario[J]. Applied Energy, 2022, 319: 119272.
[32]
WEN D, MARÉCHAL F. Modeling and optimization of a membrane-assisted hybrid gas grid for methane and carbon dioxide transport, storage, and sector coupling[J]. Applied Energy, 2025, 401: 126667.
[33]
李青山,郝勇生,陈斌,. PEMFC耦合高温热泵蒸汽电力联产系统热力学分析与优化设计[J]. 中国电机工程学报202646(2):656-666.
LI Qingshan, HAO Yongsheng, CHEN Bin, et al. Thermodynamic analysis and optimal design of PEMFC coupled with high-temperature heat pump for steam and power cogeneration system[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2026, 46(2): 656-666.
[34]
SHI Y, SUN Y, LIU J, et al. Model and stability analysis of grid-connected PV system considering the variation of solar irradiance and cell temperature[J]. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2021, 132: 107155.
[35]
WEN D, LIU S, NING Z, et al. Techno-economic evaluation of hydrogen and ammonia as energy carriers in a multi-generation system[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2023, 277: 116670.
[36]
WEN D, AZIZ M. Flexible operation strategy of an integrated renewable multi-generation system for electricity, hydrogen, ammonia, and heating[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2022, 253: 115166.
[37]
LYDIA M, KUMAR S S, SELVAKUMAR A I, et al. A comprehensive review on wind turbine power curve modeling techniques[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014, 30: 452-460.
[38]
WANG J, AL-ATTAB K A, YEW HENG T. Techno-economic and thermodynamic analysis of solid oxide fuel cell combined heat and power integrated with biomass gasification and solar assisted carbon capture and energy utilization system[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2023, 280: 116762.
[39]
YOU H, HAN J, LIU Y, et al. 4E analysis and multi-objective optimization of a micro poly-generation system based on SOFC/MGT/MED and organic steam ejector refrigerator[J]. Energy, 2020, 206: 118122.
[40]
WANG J, CUI Z, YAO W, et al. Regulation strategies and thermodynamic analysis of combined cooling, heating, and power system integrated with biomass gasification and solid oxide fuel cell[J]. Energy, 2023, 266: 126430.
[41]
ABBASPOUR H, EHYAEI M A, AHMADI A, et al. Energy, exergy, economic, exergoenvironmental and environmental (5E) analyses of the cogeneration plant to produce electrical power and urea[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2021, 235: 113951.
[42]
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). NREL: US solar costs rise across all sectors, utility-scale up 6%[R/OL]. 2025-04-08. https://www.pv-tech.org/nrel-us-solar-costs-rise-across-all-sectors-utility-scale-up-6/.
[43]
International Energy Agency (IEA). Report 2021 China[R/OL]. 2025-08-08. https://iea-wind.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/CWEA_k2.pdf.
[44]
WEN D, WEI X, BRUNEAU A, et al. Techno-economic analysis of ammonia to hydrogen and power pathways considering the emerging hydrogen purification and fuel cell technologies[J]. Applied Energy, 2025, 390: 125871.
[45]
LI C, GAO Y, LIU H, et al. Energy, exergy, environmental, and economic analysis of a novel hydrogen production system integrating concentrated photovoltaic thermal collectors and wind turbines[J]. Energy, 2025, 322: 135670.
[46]
PENEV M, RUSTAGI N, KEE J, et al. Capital structure for techno-economic analysis of hydrogen projects[R/OL]. 2026-01-08. https://research-hub.nlr.gov/en/publications/capital-structure-for-techno-economic-analysis-of-hydrogen-projec/.
[48]
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). NREL research identifies motivations, methods for achieving a circular economy for wind energy[R/OL]. [2026-01-08]. https://www.nrel.gov/news/detail/program/2021/nrel-research-identifies-motivations-methods-for-achieving-a-circular-economy-for-wind-energy.
[49]
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). H2A: hydrogen analysis production models[R/OL]. 2026-01-08. https://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/h2a-production-models.
[50]
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). DOE technical targets for fuel cell systems and stacks for transportation applications[R/OL]. 2026-02-08. https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/doe-technical-targets-fuel-cell-backup-power-systems.
[51]
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Hydrogen fuel cell electric bus evaluation project reveals success for transit partner[R/OL]. 2026-02-08. https://www.nrel.gov/grid/news/program/2018/hydrogen-fuel-cell-electric-bus-evaluation-project-reveals-success-for-transit-partner.
[52]
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Performance and reliability of bonded interfaces for high-temperature packaging[R/OL]. 2026-02-02. https://research-hub.nlr.gov/en/publications/performance-and-reliability-of-bonded-interfaces-for-high-tempera-6/.
[53]
吴智泉,周少祥,安连锁. 氢能利用的热力学分析[J].华北电力大学学报(自然科学版)201138(2):84-86.
WU Zhiquan, ZHOU Shaoxiang, AN Liansuo. Thermo-dynamic analysis of hydrogen energy utilization[J]. Journal of North China Electric Power University (Natural Science Edition), 2011, 38(2): 84-86.
[54]
PRADHAN P, GADKARI P, MAHAJANI S M, et al. A conceptual framework and techno-economic analysis of a pelletization-gasification based bioenergy system[J]. Applied Energy, 2019, 249: 1-13.
[55]
WU M, YAN R, ZHANG J, et al. An ammonia-electricity-heat-cooling multi-generation system with solar full-spectrum utilization and biomass pyrolysis: performance analysis of operation strategy across 34 Chinese cities[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2025, 343: 120191.
2026年第55卷第6期
PDF下载
239
100
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202509042
  • 接收时间:2025-09-23
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2025-09-23
  • 修回日期:2025-12-26
  • 录用日期:2026-01-09
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52406227)
国家自然科学基金项目(52406227)
作者信息
    1.贵州大学电气工程学院,贵州 贵阳 550025
    2.华中科技大学电气与电子工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074

通讯作者:

严儒井(1990),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为综合能源系统供需协调优化调度,
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/10.19666/j.rlfd.202509042
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏