Article(id=1295068289202418603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068190569164906, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202508039, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755446400000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-18, revisedDate=1761667200000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-29, acceptedDate=1762272000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-05, onlineDate=1786697941350, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697941350, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697941350, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697941350, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295068190569164906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697917835, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698816898, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295071961596584952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068190569164906, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295071961596584953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068190569164906, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=184, endPage=192, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295068289407939500, articleId=1295068289202418603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Study on the mechanism of alkali metal poisoning and deactivation of SCR denitrification catalysts based on configuration differences, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
[Objective]

With the popularization of co-combustion of high-alkali coal in Xinjiang, systematic studies on the difference and mechanism of alkali metal poisoning resistance between honeycomb and plate SCR catalysts remain insufficient. Most existing researches are based on the simulation of single alkali metal salts in the laboratory, whereas actual fly ash constitutes a complex mixture. The significant discrepancy between simulated conditions and real flue gas from high-alkali coal combustion results in limited engineering guidance value of relevant research findings.

[Methods]

In this work, actual fly ash from power plants was adopted, and typical flue gas conditions were simulated in a laboratory fixed-bed reactor. The physical and chemical property changes of fresh and aged honeycomb and plate SCR catalysts were compared. Combined with specific surface area measurement, NH3-TPD analysis of surface acidity, XPS characterization of vanadium valence states and other techniques, the deactivation behaviors of the two catalysts upon alkali metal poisoning were systematically investigated.

[Results]

Although plate catalysts are more susceptible to sintering deactivation under extreme high-alkali conditions, and bulk diffusion deactivation is difficult to recover via physical or mild chemical regeneration, their denitrification efficiency decays more slowly than that of honeycomb catalysts. At the same alkali loading, the denitrification activity of honeycomb catalysts decreased by 29.5% within 4 800 hours, while that of plate catalysts only dropped by 24.6%. The vanadium valence cycle of honeycomb catalysts is more easily interrupted by alkali metals, which suppresses the “fast SCR pathway” relying on NO→NO2 conversion. Moreover, their Brønsted acid sites are more prone to neutralization by alkali metals.

[Conclusion]

Therefore, plate catalysts are the preferred choice for long-term denitrification in industrial scenarios involving co-combustion of high-alkali coal.

, authors=Yuhang YANG1, Xiying TANG2, Qiang BAO1, Gongbin LI2, Jian CAO2, Lele WANG1, Chuan HE1, Jian LIU1, Siyuan WANG1, authorsList=Yuhang YANG, Xiying TANG, Qiang BAO, Gongbin LI, Jian CAO, Lele WANG, Chuan HE, Jian LIU, Siyuan WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lele WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295068293006652351, articleId=1295068289202418603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=基于构型差异的SCR脱硝催化剂碱金属中毒失活机制研究, columnId=1211002405437706993, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=热能科学研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
【目的】

随着新疆高碱煤掺烧的普及,蜂窝式与板式催化剂的抗碱中毒性能差异及机制仍缺乏系统研究。现有工作多基于实验室单一碱金属盐模拟,而实际飞灰为复杂混合物,模拟条件与实际高碱煤烟气存在显著差异,导致研究成果工程指导价值有限。

【方法】

采用电厂实际飞灰,在实验室固定床反应器上模拟典型烟气工况,对比蜂窝式与板式SCR催化剂在新鲜及服役后的物理、化学性能变化。结合比表面积测定、NH3-TPD表面酸性分析、XPS钒价态表征等手段,系统研究两种催化剂的中毒失活行为。

【结果】

板式催化剂在极端高碱工况下虽更易烧结失活,体相扩散失活难以通过物理/温和化学再生恢复,但其脱硝效率衰减速率低于蜂窝式催化剂,在相同碱负荷下,蜂窝式催化剂的脱硝活性在4 800 h内下降达29.5%,而板式催化剂仅下降24.6%。蜂窝式催化剂的钒价态循环更易被碱金属阻断,抑制依赖于NO→NO2转化的“快速SCR路径”,且其布朗斯特酸性位点更易被碱金属中和。

【结论】

因此,在高碱煤掺烧的工业场景中板式催化剂是实现长效脱硝的优选方案。

, authors=杨宇航1, 唐喜英2, 鲍强1, 李恭斌2, 曹剑2, 王乐乐1, 何川1, 刘健1, 王思源1, authorsList=杨宇航, 唐喜英, 鲍强, 李恭斌, 曹剑, 王乐乐, 何川, 刘健, 王思源, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王乐乐, authorNote=

杨宇航(1999),男,硕士,主要研究方向为脱硝催化剂性能优化、CO2矿化利用等技术,

, correspAuthorsNote=
王乐乐(1985),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为脱硝催化剂性能检测及评估、CO2捕集与利用等技术,
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Study of semiconductor interface energy level structure by photoelectron spectroscopy[J]. Materials Research and Application, 2021, 15(5): 464-473., articleTitle=Study of semiconductor interface energy level structure by photoelectron spectroscopy, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1295068304134139930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068289202418603, awardId=HNKJ23-HF59, language=EN, fundingSource=Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ23-HF59), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1295068304197054491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068289202418603, awardId=HNKJ23-HF59, language=CN, fundingSource=中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ23-HF59), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1295068293375751104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068289202418603, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295068293384139713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068289202418603, companyId=1295068293375751104, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295068293400916930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068289202418603, companyId=1295068293375751104, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054)]), AuthorCompany(id=1295068293476414403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068289202418603, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295068293480608708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068289202418603, companyId=1295068293476414403, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Huaneng Gansu Energy Development Co., Ltd. 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articleId=1295068289202418603, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Compositions of the fly ash from boiler combustion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目燃料灰样预除尘灰样
w(SiO2)/%63.4850.24
w(Al2O3)/%6.7530.22
w(Fe2O3)/%2.794.23
w(MgO)/%6.901.23
w(CaO)/%3.327.07
w(TiO2)/%0.391.03
w(SO3)/%1.150.65
w(P2O5)/%1.760.09
w(K2O)/%9.222.95
w(Na2O)/%0.991.65
), ArticleFig(id=1295068303303667727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068289202418603, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

锅炉燃烧飞灰组分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目燃料灰样预除尘灰样
w(SiO2)/%63.4850.24
w(Al2O3)/%6.7530.22
w(Fe2O3)/%2.794.23
w(MgO)/%6.901.23
w(CaO)/%3.327.07
w(TiO2)/%0.391.03
w(SO3)/%1.150.65
w(P2O5)/%1.760.09
w(K2O)/%9.222.95
w(Na2O)/%0.991.65
), ArticleFig(id=1295068303370776592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068289202418603, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Parameters of the simulated flue gas

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项目数值
CO2质量分数0.201 5
SO2质量分数0.000 4
N2质量分数0.650 6
H2O质量分数0.088 0
O2质量分数0.048 4
标准工况湿烟气密度/(kg·m–31.30
过量空气系数1.32
), ArticleFig(id=1295068303437885457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068289202418603, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

模拟烟气参数

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项目数值
CO2质量分数0.201 5
SO2质量分数0.000 4
N2质量分数0.650 6
H2O质量分数0.088 0
O2质量分数0.048 4
标准工况湿烟气密度/(kg·m–31.30
过量空气系数1.32
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Catalyst activity test results

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项目蜂窝板式
新鲜在役新鲜在役
面速度/(m3·(h·m–2–129.634.055.655.7
氨氮摩尔比1.011.011.011.01
入口NOx质量浓度/(mg·m–3543544543548
出口NOx质量浓度/(mg·m–3148244245301
活性/(m·h–138.627.244.333.4
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活性检测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目蜂窝板式
新鲜在役新鲜在役
面速度/(m3·(h·m–2–129.634.055.655.7
氨氮摩尔比1.011.011.011.01
入口NOx质量浓度/(mg·m–3543544543548
出口NOx质量浓度/(mg·m–3148244245301
活性/(m·h–138.627.244.333.4
), ArticleFig(id=1295068303672766484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068289202418603, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Compositions of the catalysts before and after service

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目新鲜蜂窝在役蜂窝新鲜板式在役板式
TiO284.7983.9286.3680.36
WO34.864.24
V2O50.890.801.611.16
MoO33.853.29
SO30.520.580.571.52
SiO21.491.872.913.69
Al2O30.250.310.841.08
Fe2O30.060.040.541.76
MgO0.100.160.181.09
CaO0.850.810.880.87
P2O50.150.180.08
Nb2O50.04
K2O0.740.83
Na2O0.430.63
As2O3
), ArticleFig(id=1295068303744069653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068289202418603, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

催化剂服役前后的成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目新鲜蜂窝在役蜂窝新鲜板式在役板式
TiO284.7983.9286.3680.36
WO34.864.24
V2O50.890.801.611.16
MoO33.853.29
SO30.520.580.571.52
SiO21.491.872.913.69
Al2O30.250.310.841.08
Fe2O30.060.040.541.76
MgO0.100.160.181.09
CaO0.850.810.880.87
P2O50.150.180.08
Nb2O50.04
K2O0.740.83
Na2O0.430.63
As2O3
), ArticleFig(id=1295068303815372822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068289202418603, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Specific surface areas of the catalysts before and after service

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目蜂窝板式
新鲜在役新鲜在役
微观比表面积/(m2·g–154.047.365.952.8
), ArticleFig(id=1295068303899258903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068289202418603, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

催化剂服役前后比表面积

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目蜂窝板式
新鲜在役新鲜在役
微观比表面积/(m2·g–154.047.365.952.8
), ArticleFig(id=1295068303974756376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068289202418603, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Composition of the catalyst after regeneration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目再生蜂窝基体再生蜂窝表面再生板式
TiO285.3384.8886.86
WO34.814.78
V2O50.920.911.68
MoO33.01
SO30.420.400.29
SiO21.571.632.52
Al2O30.260.280.73
Fe2O30.040.040.21
MgO0.170.140.85
CaO0.830.890.02
P2O50.040.04
Nb2O5
K2O0.02
Na2O0.420.40
As2O30.29
), ArticleFig(id=1295068304037670937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068289202418603, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

催化剂再生后的成分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目再生蜂窝基体再生蜂窝表面再生板式
TiO285.3384.8886.86
WO34.814.78
V2O50.920.911.68
MoO33.01
SO30.420.400.29
SiO21.571.632.52
Al2O30.260.280.73
Fe2O30.040.040.21
MgO0.170.140.85
CaO0.830.890.02
P2O50.040.04
Nb2O5
K2O0.02
Na2O0.420.40
As2O30.29
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基于构型差异的SCR脱硝催化剂碱金属中毒失活机制研究
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杨宇航 1 , 唐喜英 2 , 鲍强 1 , 李恭斌 2 , 曹剑 2 , 王乐乐 1 , 何川 1 , 刘健 1 , 王思源 1
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2026,55(6): 184-192
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热力发电 |热能科学研究 2026 , 55 (6) : 184 -192
基于构型差异的SCR脱硝催化剂碱金属中毒失活机制研究
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杨宇航(1999),男,硕士,主要研究方向为脱硝催化剂性能优化、CO2矿化利用等技术,

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杨宇航1 , 唐喜英2, 鲍强1, 李恭斌2, 曹剑2, 王乐乐1 , 何川1, 刘健1, 王思源1
作者信息
  • 1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2.华能甘肃能源开发有限公司范坪分公司,甘肃 兰州 730060
通讯作者:
王乐乐(1985),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为脱硝催化剂性能检测及评估、CO2捕集与利用等技术,
作者简介:

杨宇航(1999),男,硕士,主要研究方向为脱硝催化剂性能优化、CO2矿化利用等技术,

Study on the mechanism of alkali metal poisoning and deactivation of SCR denitrification catalysts based on configuration differences
Yuhang YANG1 , Xiying TANG2, Qiang BAO1, Gongbin LI2, Jian CAO2, Lele WANG1 , Chuan HE1, Jian LIU1, Siyuan WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2.Huaneng Gansu Energy Development Co., Ltd. Fanping Branch, Lanzhou 730060, China
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202508039
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【目的】

随着新疆高碱煤掺烧的普及,蜂窝式与板式催化剂的抗碱中毒性能差异及机制仍缺乏系统研究。现有工作多基于实验室单一碱金属盐模拟,而实际飞灰为复杂混合物,模拟条件与实际高碱煤烟气存在显著差异,导致研究成果工程指导价值有限。

【方法】

采用电厂实际飞灰,在实验室固定床反应器上模拟典型烟气工况,对比蜂窝式与板式SCR催化剂在新鲜及服役后的物理、化学性能变化。结合比表面积测定、NH3-TPD表面酸性分析、XPS钒价态表征等手段,系统研究两种催化剂的中毒失活行为。

【结果】

板式催化剂在极端高碱工况下虽更易烧结失活,体相扩散失活难以通过物理/温和化学再生恢复,但其脱硝效率衰减速率低于蜂窝式催化剂,在相同碱负荷下,蜂窝式催化剂的脱硝活性在4 800 h内下降达29.5%,而板式催化剂仅下降24.6%。蜂窝式催化剂的钒价态循环更易被碱金属阻断,抑制依赖于NO→NO2转化的“快速SCR路径”,且其布朗斯特酸性位点更易被碱金属中和。

【结论】

因此,在高碱煤掺烧的工业场景中板式催化剂是实现长效脱硝的优选方案。

SCR  /  脱硝催化剂  /  碱金属  /  失活机制  /  飞灰
[Objective]

With the popularization of co-combustion of high-alkali coal in Xinjiang, systematic studies on the difference and mechanism of alkali metal poisoning resistance between honeycomb and plate SCR catalysts remain insufficient. Most existing researches are based on the simulation of single alkali metal salts in the laboratory, whereas actual fly ash constitutes a complex mixture. The significant discrepancy between simulated conditions and real flue gas from high-alkali coal combustion results in limited engineering guidance value of relevant research findings.

[Methods]

In this work, actual fly ash from power plants was adopted, and typical flue gas conditions were simulated in a laboratory fixed-bed reactor. The physical and chemical property changes of fresh and aged honeycomb and plate SCR catalysts were compared. Combined with specific surface area measurement, NH3-TPD analysis of surface acidity, XPS characterization of vanadium valence states and other techniques, the deactivation behaviors of the two catalysts upon alkali metal poisoning were systematically investigated.

[Results]

Although plate catalysts are more susceptible to sintering deactivation under extreme high-alkali conditions, and bulk diffusion deactivation is difficult to recover via physical or mild chemical regeneration, their denitrification efficiency decays more slowly than that of honeycomb catalysts. At the same alkali loading, the denitrification activity of honeycomb catalysts decreased by 29.5% within 4 800 hours, while that of plate catalysts only dropped by 24.6%. The vanadium valence cycle of honeycomb catalysts is more easily interrupted by alkali metals, which suppresses the “fast SCR pathway” relying on NO→NO2 conversion. Moreover, their Brønsted acid sites are more prone to neutralization by alkali metals.

[Conclusion]

Therefore, plate catalysts are the preferred choice for long-term denitrification in industrial scenarios involving co-combustion of high-alkali coal.

SCR  /  denitration catalyst  /  alkali metal  /  deactivation mechanism  /  fly ash
杨宇航, 唐喜英, 鲍强, 李恭斌, 曹剑, 王乐乐, 何川, 刘健, 王思源. 基于构型差异的SCR脱硝催化剂碱金属中毒失活机制研究. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (6) : 184 -192 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202508039
Yuhang YANG, Xiying TANG, Qiang BAO, Gongbin LI, Jian CAO, Lele WANG, Chuan HE, Jian LIU, Siyuan WANG. Study on the mechanism of alkali metal poisoning and deactivation of SCR denitrification catalysts based on configuration differences[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (6) : 184 -192 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202508039
随着环保法规日益严格,对电厂氮氧化物(NOx)排放控制已成为大气污染治理的关键环节。选择性催化还原(selective catalytic reduction,SCR)技术凭借其高效、稳定的脱硝性能,成为当前控制NOx排放的主流技术。SCR技术核心在于催化剂,通常为钒钛体系,其中蜂窝式和板式催化剂因其各自的结构优势,如低压降、高比表面积、易安装等,在工业应用中占据主导地位,常见商用蜂窝式催化剂为V-Ti-W体系,常见板式催化剂为V-Ti-Mo体系。燃烧过程中产生的飞灰含有大量可溶性碱金属盐及碱金属氧化物,极易吸附并扩散至催化剂表面及内部[1]。飞灰会中和催化剂关键的Brønsted(布朗斯特)酸性位点和Lewis(路易斯)酸性位点,影响NH3吸附活化,物理覆盖V2O5等活性组分,堵塞催化剂孔道,并可能促进活性钒物种的转化或烧结[2]。这些作用共同导致催化剂中毒失活,表现为脱硝效率显著下降,氨逃逸量增加,催化剂寿命大幅缩短,增加了催化剂更换成本,严重制约了能源的清洁高效利用。因此,深入探究高碱金属含量的飞灰对SCR催化剂的中毒失活机理,特别是厘清其对蜂窝式与板式催化剂影响机制的共性与差异,对于开发抗碱中毒催化剂、优化SCR系统在高碱飞灰场景下的运行策略、延长催化剂寿命、降低脱硝成本,具有重要的科学意义和工程应用价值[3]
目前,针对燃烧过程产生的实际飞灰对催化剂的影响,以及蜂窝式与板式2种主流催化剂构型在抗碱中毒性能上的差异和机制的研究明显不足。大量研究是基于实验室模拟的单一碱金属盐[4](如K2SO4)中毒,而实际飞灰是复杂的混合物,包含多种碱金属、碱土金属、重金属、未燃尽碳、灰分颗粒等。实验室模拟条件与实际高碱煤掺烧烟气存在较大差距,导致实验结果对工程应用的指导意义受限。此外,蜂窝式和板式催化剂在活性成分含量、比表面积、机械强度、几何结构等方面存在显著差异。这些结构特性差异如何影响碱金属/飞灰在催化剂内部的扩散、沉积行为,进而影响失活速率和失活模式,尚缺乏系统性的对比研究和机制探讨。现有文献多集中于单一蜂窝式构型的研究[5]。对于相同的碱金属/飞灰暴露条件,蜂窝式和板式催化剂在微观结构演变、化学状态变化、活性位点失活顺序等方面的具体差异及失活机制,缺乏深入地对比分析[6],对于碱金属中毒的催化剂再生后性能恢复情况也缺少系统对比。
本研究聚焦于电厂实际生产过程中产生的飞灰,系统对比其对蜂窝式与板式SCR催化剂中毒失活的影响,并对碱金属中毒的催化剂做了再生实验;结合该催化剂失活原因,制定了催化剂再生流程。该结论可为我国大规模高碱煤资源的安全、高效、清洁利用提供关键技术支持,为燃煤电厂,尤其是部分燃用高碱煤的电厂科学选型催化剂、优化运行参数、制定有效的催化剂防护与再生策略提供理论依据。
生物质掺烧电厂的飞灰中含有大量的钾、钠等碱金属。本文以吉林省某掺烧秸秆类生物质电厂锅炉脱硝反应器为研究对象,SCR脱硝催化剂选用商用蜂窝式和板式催化剂样品,蜂窝式和板式催化剂均由催化剂生产厂家根据锅炉运行条件设计。该生物质发电厂的核心技术源自丹麦BWE公司,以秸秆为主要燃料。电厂额定装机容量为30 MW,配套设计蒸发量为130 t/h的振动炉排锅炉。锅炉采用自然循环方式,单锅筒、单炉膛设计,排渣方式为固态排渣,全钢结构,并采用底部支撑设计。使用烟气再循环加固态四效Quadri De NOx脱硝组合工艺进行烟气脱硝,使烟气中NOx达标,设备年利用小时数以6 000 h计,燃料年耗量以每年16 800吨,自当年4月机组启动后,全年服役约4 800 h。从脱硝反应器内催化剂顶部堵塞处取飞灰样品,飞灰成分见表1
催化剂中毒前、后的脱硝活性定量评估在图1中专用测试平台上完成。该平台集成了气体制备、配气与混合、气体预热、反应器及切换阀门组、控制与检测、以及废气处理等核心功能单元。此系统能够高度还原实际SCR脱硝装置中的烟气环境,精准模拟关键运行参数,包括空速、温度、以及烟气中的NO、SO2、SO3、NH3、水蒸气和O2质量分数等。所模拟烟气组分参照表2实际烟气成分数据,温度为380 ℃。
该实验平台配备了高精度气体质量流量控制器,用于精确调节模拟烟气的总体流量以及各组分气体的质量浓度,具体配置参见图1。为保障反应温度恒定,反应器外壳及连接管路均包裹了电伴热系统,还配备了专用蒸汽发生器,可向模拟烟气中定量引入所需水蒸气。测试前,先将未经使用的新鲜催化剂置于反应器中,持续通入模拟烟气进行36 h的“老化”预处理。此外,当烟气工况(如组分或参数)发生变化时,需待系统稳定运行至少1 h后,方可开始采集数据。
运用多种表征技术(如比表面积测试BET、扫描电子显微镜SEM、X射线衍射XRD、X射线光电子能谱XPS、氢气程序升温还原H2-TPR、氨气程序升温脱附NH3-TPD等)对中毒前后催化剂的物理结构、表面形貌、元素分布、化学状态、氧化还原性能等进行深入分析。烟气中NO和O2的质量浓度使用Thermo公司42i和43i型号烟气分析仪进行监测。NO质量分数采用非色散红外法测量,其分析仪量程为0~1 000 μL/L,精度≤±1%;O2的测量则采用顺磁法。烟气在进入分析仪前均进行了过滤与除湿处理。样品的物理化学性质表征则借助以下设备完成:比表面积与孔隙结构在美国康塔公司的2000e型分析仪上测定;微观形貌采用日立SU8010场发射扫描电子显微镜观察;表面元素化学态通过Thermo Kalpha X射线光电子能谱仪分析;表面酸性位点利用麦克AutoChem1 II 2920化学吸附分析仪,通过程序升温脱附方法进行探究;元素组成采用Thermo PX9 X射线荧光光谱仪测定。NOx质量浓度计算采用以下公式:
CNOx=CNO×2.05×21621CO2
式中:CNOx为干烟气在标况下、6%含氧量时的NOx质量浓度,mg/m3CNO为实测干烟气中NO体积分数,μL/L;CO2为实测干烟气中氧体积分数,%;2.05为换算系数。
NOx脱除率采用以下公式计算:
η=C1C2C1
式中:η为脱硝效率,%;C1为反应器入口,换算为干基、6%含氧量时的NOx质量浓度,mg/m3C2为反应器出口,换算为干基、6%含氧量时NOx质量浓度,mg/m3;按照以下公式计算催化剂活性K
K=AV×ln(1η)
式中:K为催化剂的活性,m/h;AV为面速度,即烟气流量与催化剂单元体的总几何表面积之比,m/h。
通常新催化剂活性中的60%~70%为基本活性,剩余的30%~40%称为有效活性。在催化剂的运行过程中会逐渐失去有效活性,表现为在保证脱硝效率的前提下氨逃逸逐渐升高,当最终无法满足运行要求时,即被判断为失活。在设计参数和氨氮摩尔比为1.0的测试条件下,检测单层催化剂。蜂窝式、板式催化剂样品活性检测及计算结果见表3
经过一定时间的运行后,催化剂活性明显降低,仅服役4 800 h蜂窝式催化剂的活性就下降了29.5%,板式催化剂的活性下降了24.6%,下降率远高于非燃用高碱煤的燃煤机组。燃煤机组SCR脱硝催化剂每年服役8 000 h后,活性约下降10%。活性降低与物理失活和化学失活均有关联。
通过XRF测试分析催化剂样品的元素组成变化,是判断催化剂失活方式最直接的依据之一[7]表4显示了蜂窝式和板式催化剂的元素组成变化。2种构型的催化剂都出现了明显的活性组分(钨、钒、钼)损失,同时大量的钾、钠等碱金属成分黏附在催化剂表面,这些复合因素造成了催化剂活性的下降。钙等碱土金属以及砷等微量元素造成催化剂活性降低的元素变化幅度较小,可以判断该锅炉SCR脱硝系统的催化剂失活方式主要是碱金属中毒。
目前,普遍认为碱金属主要通过以下途径导致SCR脱硝催化剂失活:1)碱金属化合物沉积在催化剂表面覆盖活性位点,堵塞微孔和介孔通道,阻碍气相反应物的扩散和吸附,或者是新形成的低熔点、低活性的钒酸盐烧结、团聚在催化剂表面[8-9];2)碱金属离子与催化剂表面的布朗斯特酸位点和路易斯酸位点发生强相互作用,中和其酸性,降低NH3的吸附活化能力,或者是碱金属削弱催化剂表面的氧化还原循环能力,影响NO氧化为NO2的反应路径,即“快速SCR”路径[10-11]
图2为蜂窝式与板式催化剂服役前后的扫描电镜图。从图2可见,相比于图2a)中所示蜂窝式催化剂表面均匀的颗粒,服役4 800 h后图2b)中蜂窝式催化剂表面出现了明显的团聚现象(红色虚线标记)。类似地,如图2c)与图2d)中所示,图2d)中板式催化剂服役后表面也明显出现了板结、团聚现象。催化剂表面颗粒的板结、团聚显示出微观比表面积的下降,即飞灰颗粒造成微孔和介孔通道堵塞,阻碍了气相反应物的扩散和吸附。
表5为催化剂服役前后比表面积。由表5可见,服役4 800 h后,蜂窝式催化剂的比表面积下降了12.4%,板式催化剂的下降了19.9%。板式催化剂比表面积下降的更明显,碱金属对板式催化剂表面结构影响更大。
图3为催化剂服役前后的射线衍射XRD结果。根据XRD结果,蜂窝和板式催化剂服役前后均显示出以锐钛矿型TiO2为主要晶体物相的衍射峰,没有出现W、V、Mo等元素金属氧化物的衍射峰。这说明活性组分主要载体都为锐钛矿型TiO2,活性组分钒、钨、钼等元素以无定形的形式分散在TiO2载体表面,或低于仪器检测限。另外,在役板式催化剂样品出现了代表金红石型TiO2的衍射峰,说明在板式催化剂服役期间,一部分锐钛矿型TiO2在高温环境下转变成了金红石型TiO2[12]。进一步研究TiO2载体晶粒尺寸发现,蜂窝式催化剂在服役前后,晶粒尺寸由18.6 nm增大到19.0 nm;板式催化剂在服役前后,晶粒尺寸由18.1 nm增大到20.7 nm。显然,板式催化剂表面发生了比蜂窝式催化剂更严重的烧结现象,这一结果很好地吻合了BET测试结果,即板式催化剂微观比表面积下降幅度更大,TiO2晶型的改变更易导致晶粒尺寸的增大,宏观上表现为催化剂表面出现烧结导致比表面积下降[13-14]。催化剂在服役期间会由于多种因素导致烧结,板式催化剂相比于蜂窝式催化剂烧结现象更为严重。
K+/Na+离子吸附在表面后,可以沿着TiO2载体表面迁移,甚至通过晶格扩散进入TiO2体相,破坏催化剂的整体结构稳定性。这种失活是体相扩散失活,是由于催化剂颗粒结构与内部发生了显著不良变化,从而造成更严重、更不可逆的失活现象。这种失活影响范围广,破坏程度深,再生极其困难,是造成催化剂永久性失活或寿命终结的主要原因之一[15]。另外,也说明板式催化剂中V-Ti-Mo结构更容易受到碱金属影响,不利于催化剂通过稀酸清洗这种较为温和的再生的方式提效[16-17]。这一结果也在催化剂样品的XPS谱图,即图4中被证实。Ti 2p光谱中显示出2个不同的峰,分别位于459 eV和464.6 eV附近,代表了TiO2中的Ti4+物种。图4c)与图4d)显示在役板式催化剂样品的峰位置明显向低结合能位置偏移,说明晶格结构发生更大改变。这一变化是不可逆变化,这部分损失的活性将极难通过常规的物理清洗或稀酸清洗等温和化学再生方式来恢复,效果有限且成本极高[18-19]
在确定了不同构型的SCR脱硝催化剂的物理失活方式的不同之后,继续探究其化学失活的方式是否存在不同,具体分析手段为表征其氧化还原能力与表面酸性位点。图5为采用H2-TPR程序升温还原技术表征催化剂服役前后氧化还原能力的结果。新鲜蜂窝式催化剂在420 ℃与570 ℃左右出现耗氢峰,说明发生了V5+转化为V4+与V3+的还原过程。在高碱环境下服役后,420 ℃左右的耗氢峰完全消失,表面活性氧物种被碱金属稳定;570 ℃左右的耗氢峰向高温方向偏移,意味着碱金属已经扩散至载体深层,导致钒物种还原受阻,氧化还原能力被削弱。碱金属中毒导致催化剂的还原性能变弱,促进了催化剂的失活。新鲜板式催化剂在480 ℃左右出现耗氢峰,在高碱环境下服役后耗氢峰也向高温方向出现了明显偏移。
考虑到常规SCR脱硝催化剂的运行温度一般在370~420 ℃,蜂窝式催化剂还原能力可能在该温度区间变弱,碱金属对表面V=O活性位点及钒价态循环出现深度抑制。而在这一温度区间内,板式催化剂的还原能力基本稳定,其抗碱中毒稳定性更优。蜂窝式催化剂420 ℃峰的消失表明其氧化还原循环能力在运行温度窗口完全丧失。火电机组SCR脱硝催化剂在高碱环境下服役,蜂窝式催化剂更容易因还原能力减弱导致脱硝活性下降[20]
通过程序升温脱附NH3-TPD分析技术研究了催化剂在高碱环境下服役前后的表面酸性位点变化情况。图6为催化剂服役前后的NH3-TPD谱图。图6中蜂窝式与平板式催化剂都有2个明显的脱附区间:从100 ℃持续到400 ℃较宽的脱附峰对应布朗斯特酸位点,500 ℃持续到700 ℃对应的脱附峰对应路易斯酸性位点,布朗斯特酸位点为催化剂表面主要的活性酸位点,其具有较高的催化活性[21-23]
2种构型的催化剂中毒后其布朗斯特酸性位点上的NH3脱附量均有所下降,说明催化剂中毒后其布朗斯特酸性位点上的酸量和强度受到一定的减弱,从而影响催化剂活性。这是因为碱金属会与布朗斯特酸性位点上的V-OH反应,生成V-O-K或V-O-Na,使催化剂表面NH3的吸附量下降,最终降低了催化剂活性。从常规SCR脱硝催化剂运行温度370~420 ℃的峰面积可以看出,蜂窝式催化剂相比于板式催化剂服役前后的NH3脱附量下降较大,布朗斯特酸性位点数量明显下降,导致活性大幅下降。
蜂窝式催化剂的脱硝活性主要来自于钒元素和钨元素,板式催化剂的脱硝活性来自于钒元素和钼元素。为了揭示催化剂活性成分V2O5、WO3以及MoO3的变化,利用XPS分析方法对V 2p、O 1s、W 4f和Mo 3d进行表征分析。图7展示了催化剂的V 2p精细光谱。在结合能513.1~514.7 eV、515.6~516.1 eV和516.4~517.4 eV处观测到3个特征峰,分别归属于代表V3+、V4+、V5+的氧化物。提高V4+/Vn+比值可增加酸性位点数量,降低表观活化能,并促进V4+与V5+间电子转移。一般而言,SCR催化剂的脱硝活性与V4+/Vn+比值呈正相关,但过高的比值反而损害活性,导致低价态的V3+、V4+与高价态V5+之间的电子转移失衡。适宜的V4+/V5+比值则有助于通过E-R机理维持NH3-SCR反应平衡及脱硝效率。
图7a)与图7b)为蜂窝式催化剂在服役前后钒物种的价态变化情况。可以看出,V4+/Vn+的比值出现了明显的下降,钒物种的氧化还原能力减弱。图7c)与图7d)中板式催化剂的V4+/Vn+比值则变化较小,说明钒物种的氧化还原能力减弱程度较小。此外,从图7b)中可以明显观察到代表V3+的特征峰面积增大,意味着部分V5+不可逆还原为低活性V3+,导致氧化能力降低。这一结果也与H2-TPR结果一致,表明碱金属中毒对蜂窝式催化剂氧化还原能力的损害较板式催化剂更为严重。
为了进一步了解催化剂表面活性成分的价态变化,在图8中显示催化剂服役前后的O 1s的XPS谱[24]。O 1s峰被拟合成2个峰,分别是位于529.4~530.0 eV的晶格氧Oβ和位于531.3~531.9 eV的化学活性氧Oα(化学活性氧Oα包括表面吸附氧Oα和羟基)。其中,化学活性氧Oα是催化氧化还原反应中最活跃的物种,可活化反应物,促进NO氧化为NO2,实现“快速SCR”路径[25]。V4+/Vn+比值与Oα/(Oα+Oβ)比值虽无绝对线性关系,但通常呈现正相关趋势。服役后,蜂窝与板式催化剂的晶格氧积分面积均有所增加,表明新含氧化合物的生成(如低活性V3+氧化物,或H+/羟基结合形成的化学吸附水),无论其具体组成,这类新含氧化合物的形成均可能导致催化剂逐渐失活。
图9为催化剂服役前后的W 4f与Mo 3d的XPS谱图。由图9a)、图9b)可见,蜂窝式催化剂服役前后35.7 eV和37.5 eV附近的结合能分别对应于W6+ 4f/7/2和W6+ 4f/5/2。W6+的存在可以改善V4+和V5+之间的电子转移,并有利于提高钒物种的氧化还原能力。高碱环境下服役后蜂窝式催化剂样品的W 4f谱仍然与新鲜样品相似,以W6+峰为主,价态变化很小,碱金属不会导致W6+部分还原。W6+的存在还可以提高锐钛矿型TiO2的热稳定性,有效防止蜂窝式催化剂中锐钛矿型TiO2向金红石相转变。由图9c)、图9d)[26]可见,板式催化剂Mo元素价态在高碱环境下较为稳定,主要保持为Mo6+,未观测到生成Mo5+或Mo4+,实际飞灰中的碱金属同样也不会导致Mo6+部分还原。考虑到板式催化剂比表面积下滑较蜂窝式催化剂更为严重,说明Mo元素在提高锐钛矿型TiO2的热稳定性方面弱于W元素。未来也可以通过引入稀土元素、探索TiO2与其他酸性氧化物复合载体、优化介孔结构等方式来提高SCR脱硝催化剂的抗碱金属能力。
催化剂性能下降主要由孔道物理堵塞、微孔遮蔽以及化学中毒引起,造成失活的因素可通过再生恢复。需要注意的是,平板式催化剂的磨损强度已达到137.7 mg/100 r,虽具备一定的再生条件,但需要对再生强度加以控制,防止磨损强度进一步升高。再生工艺如下:1)针对烟气流道的堵塞及浮灰,以0.3 MPa的压缩空气吹扫;2)针对化学中毒进行酸洗,蜂窝式催化剂采用质量分数1%的稀硫酸溶液,在60 ℃下低压喷淋3 h,喷淋结束使用去离子水冲洗,板式催化剂采用质量分数0.2%的稀草酸溶液在相同条件下喷淋并冲洗;3)蜂窝式催化剂以偏钒酸铵溶于草酸中进行浸渍,板式催化剂以钼酸铵溶于草酸中进行浸渍;4)浸渍后的催化剂在100 ℃的环境下干燥,再将再生催化剂在400 ℃下焙烧2 h。测试再生后蜂窝式和板式催化剂的元素组成、活性与磨损强度,元素组成测试结果见表6
蜂窝式和板式催化剂再生后活性基本恢复,但再生后的板式催化剂磨损强度为129.8 mg/100 r,催化剂的磨损强度虽未发生进一步升高,但仍处于较高数值,经过更长时间的运行,平板式催化剂可能有更高数值的磨损强度,即有严重的磨损,不利于长期使用。由于板式催化剂再生进行酸洗时需要防止洗剂与基材反应,无法使用稀硫酸,因此成本更高。相比而言,蜂窝式催化剂再生后各项指标与新鲜催化剂区别不大,更适合再生。
本文以实际飞灰为研究介质,采用多种表征手段,结合实验室活性评价实验,系统探究两种构型的催化剂在高碱金属飞灰工况下的中毒失活机理、脱硝效率衰减规律,同时通过物理清洗、温和化学再生等工艺,对比分析两种催化剂的再生效果及再生后性能稳定性,兼顾催化剂结构特性与电厂实际运行需求开展系统研究,得到以下结论。
1)板式催化剂相比于蜂窝式催化剂,在极端高碱金属飞灰工况下,更容易发生烧结现象造成体相扩散失活,且板式催化剂因此失去的活性将难以通过物理清洗和温和化学再生的方式恢复。
2)在高碱飞灰环境中,板式催化剂相较于蜂窝式催化剂表现出更缓慢的脱硝效率衰减速率。长期运行测试显示,在相同碱负荷下,蜂窝式催化剂的脱硝活性在4 800 h内下降达29.5%,而板式催化剂仅下降24.6%。板式催化剂再生后磨损强度仍然较高,不适合进行再生。
3)蜂窝式催化剂的钒价态循环更容易被碱金属阻断抑制NO氧化为NO2的“快速SCR路径”,蜂窝式催化剂的布朗斯特酸性位点更容易被碱金属中和,造成碱金属中毒,在燃用高碱煤的工业场景中,板式催化剂是实现长效脱硝的优先选择。
  • 中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ23-HF59)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202508039
  • 接收时间:2025-08-18
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-18
  • 修回日期:2025-10-29
  • 录用日期:2025-11-05
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Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ23-HF59)
中国华能集团有限公司总部科技项目(HNKJ23-HF59)
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    1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    2.华能甘肃能源开发有限公司范坪分公司,甘肃 兰州 730060

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王乐乐(1985),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为脱硝催化剂性能检测及评估、CO2捕集与利用等技术,
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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