Article(id=1295068191886168616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068070071005445, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202505095, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746892800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-11, revisedDate=1750953600000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-27, acceptedDate=1751299200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-01, onlineDate=1786697918148, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1779638400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697918148, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697918148, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697918148, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295068070071005445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='186', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779638400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697889106, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698835709, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072040462078420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068070071005445, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072040462078421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068070071005445, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=13, endPage=20, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295068192112661033, articleId=1295068191886168616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Multi-objective intelligent control strategy for SOEC steam inlet system based on deep reinforcement learning, columnId=1295068070763065606, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Energy storage and renewable energy technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
[Objective]

The stability of the steam inlet system in solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) systems is crucial for enhancing the electrolysis efficiency of the electrolytic stack and prolonging its service life. However, the nonlinear coupling between steam pressure and flow rate imposes high demands on the control strategy.

[Methods]

An experimental platform for the steam inlet system tailored for the 50 kW-class SOEC system was established to investigate the control of steam flow rate error and pressure fluctuation. Based on the collected operation data of the experimental platform, a double-delay deep deterministic policy gradient agent was trained. A multi-objective intelligent control (IC) strategy based on deep reinforcement learning was proposed, aiming to achieve the control goals of the system output flow error not exceeding 3% and pressure fluctuation not exceeding 1 kPa.

[Results]

The experimental results show that the maximum error of the output steam flow rate under the IC method is 1.4%, and the maximum pressure fluctuation is ±0.67 kPa. While under the PID control method, the maximum error of the steady-state output flow rate of the system is 3.8%, and the maximum fluctuation of the pressure is ±1.25 kPa. Compared with PID control, the IC method reduces the maximum flow rate error by 63.2% and the pressure fluctuation by 46.4%.

[Conclusion]

The proposed IC method demonstrates significantly superior control performance compared to the PID method.

, authors=Xin WU1, Minghui ZHENG1, Xingyu XIONG2, 3, Zhiyong MA1, Ruiyun ZHANG4, authorsList=Xin WU, Minghui ZHENG, Xingyu XIONG, Zhiyong MA, Ruiyun ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xingyu XIONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295068195468104254, articleId=1295068191886168616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=基于深度强化学习的固体氧化物电解池蒸汽进汽系统多目标智能控制策略, columnId=1295068072533061896, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=储能与可再生能源技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
【目的】

固体氧化物电解池系统中蒸汽进汽系统的稳定性对提升电解堆的电解效率、延长电解堆寿命至关重要,但蒸汽压力与流量的非线性耦合特性,对控制策略提出了很高要求。

【方法】

搭建了匹配50 kW级固体氧化物电解池(SOEC)系统的蒸汽进汽系统实验台,研究蒸汽流量误差和压力波动控制。基于采集的实验台运行数据,训练了双延迟深度确定性策略梯度智能体,提出一种基于深度强化学习算法的多目标智能控制(intelligent control,IC)策略,实现了系统输出流量误差不超过3%、压力波动不超过1 kPa的控制目标。

【结果】

实验表明:IC策略下输出蒸汽流量最大误差为1.4%,压力最大波动量为±0.67 kPa;PID控制方法下系统的稳态输出流量最大误差为3.8%,压力最大波动量为±1.25 kPa。相较于PID,IC策略下输出蒸汽的流量最大误差减少了63.2%,输出蒸汽压力波动量减少了46.4%。

【结论】

因此,IC策略控制性能显著优于PID。

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武鑫(1980),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为储能系统和发电系统建模、控制等,

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rt)—蒸汽进汽系统输入目标流量;et)—流量误差;Pt)—控制输入功率;yt)—系统实际输出流量值;pft)—系统输出压力值;st)—智能体输入的状态;At)—智能体的输出动作。

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Main training parameters of TD3 algorithm

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训练参数数值
折扣因子0.98
经验回放缓冲区大小1×105
策略网络学习率0.000 01
价值网络学习率0.001
每次迭代最大步数500
噪声方差0.01
平滑因子0.1
小批量大小256
), ArticleFig(id=1295068201377878658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068191886168616, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

TD3算法主要训练参数

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训练参数数值
折扣因子0.98
经验回放缓冲区大小1×105
策略网络学习率0.000 01
价值网络学习率0.001
每次迭代最大步数500
噪声方差0.01
平滑因子0.1
小批量大小256
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基于深度强化学习的固体氧化物电解池蒸汽进汽系统多目标智能控制策略
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武鑫 1 , 郑明慧 1 , 熊星宇 2, 3 , 马志勇 1 , 张瑞云 4
热力发电 | 储能与可再生能源技术 2026,55(5): 13-20
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热力发电 |储能与可再生能源技术 2026 , 55 (5) : 13 -20
基于深度强化学习的固体氧化物电解池蒸汽进汽系统多目标智能控制策略
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武鑫1 , 郑明慧1, 熊星宇2, 3 , 马志勇1, 张瑞云4
作者信息
  • 1.华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206
  • 2.中国矿业大学(北京)机械与电气工程学院,北京 100083
  • 3.怀柔实验室山西研究院,山西 太原 030032
  • 4.中国华能集团清洁能源技术研究院有限公司,北京 102209
通讯作者:
熊星宇(1985),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为高温固体氧化物燃料电池堆设计与储能系统集成技术等,
作者简介:

武鑫(1980),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为储能系统和发电系统建模、控制等,

Multi-objective intelligent control strategy for SOEC steam inlet system based on deep reinforcement learning
Xin WU1 , Minghui ZHENG1, Xingyu XIONG2, 3 , Zhiyong MA1, Ruiyun ZHANG4
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
  • 2.School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
  • 3.Shanxi Research Institute of Huairou Laboratory, Taiyuan 030032, China
  • 4.Huaneng Clean Energy Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 102209, China
出版时间: 2026-05-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505095
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【目的】

固体氧化物电解池系统中蒸汽进汽系统的稳定性对提升电解堆的电解效率、延长电解堆寿命至关重要,但蒸汽压力与流量的非线性耦合特性,对控制策略提出了很高要求。

【方法】

搭建了匹配50 kW级固体氧化物电解池(SOEC)系统的蒸汽进汽系统实验台,研究蒸汽流量误差和压力波动控制。基于采集的实验台运行数据,训练了双延迟深度确定性策略梯度智能体,提出一种基于深度强化学习算法的多目标智能控制(intelligent control,IC)策略,实现了系统输出流量误差不超过3%、压力波动不超过1 kPa的控制目标。

【结果】

实验表明:IC策略下输出蒸汽流量最大误差为1.4%,压力最大波动量为±0.67 kPa;PID控制方法下系统的稳态输出流量最大误差为3.8%,压力最大波动量为±1.25 kPa。相较于PID,IC策略下输出蒸汽的流量最大误差减少了63.2%,输出蒸汽压力波动量减少了46.4%。

【结论】

因此,IC策略控制性能显著优于PID。

固体氧化物电解池  /  蒸汽进汽系统  /  深度强化学习  /  多目标控制
[Objective]

The stability of the steam inlet system in solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) systems is crucial for enhancing the electrolysis efficiency of the electrolytic stack and prolonging its service life. However, the nonlinear coupling between steam pressure and flow rate imposes high demands on the control strategy.

[Methods]

An experimental platform for the steam inlet system tailored for the 50 kW-class SOEC system was established to investigate the control of steam flow rate error and pressure fluctuation. Based on the collected operation data of the experimental platform, a double-delay deep deterministic policy gradient agent was trained. A multi-objective intelligent control (IC) strategy based on deep reinforcement learning was proposed, aiming to achieve the control goals of the system output flow error not exceeding 3% and pressure fluctuation not exceeding 1 kPa.

[Results]

The experimental results show that the maximum error of the output steam flow rate under the IC method is 1.4%, and the maximum pressure fluctuation is ±0.67 kPa. While under the PID control method, the maximum error of the steady-state output flow rate of the system is 3.8%, and the maximum fluctuation of the pressure is ±1.25 kPa. Compared with PID control, the IC method reduces the maximum flow rate error by 63.2% and the pressure fluctuation by 46.4%.

[Conclusion]

The proposed IC method demonstrates significantly superior control performance compared to the PID method.

solid oxide electrolysis cell  /  steam inlet system  /  deep reinforcement learning  /  multi-objective control
武鑫, 郑明慧, 熊星宇, 马志勇, 张瑞云. 基于深度强化学习的固体氧化物电解池蒸汽进汽系统多目标智能控制策略. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (5) : 13 -20 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505095
Xin WU, Minghui ZHENG, Xingyu XIONG, Zhiyong MA, Ruiyun ZHANG. Multi-objective intelligent control strategy for SOEC steam inlet system based on deep reinforcement learning[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (5) : 13 -20 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505095
目前,化石燃料的急剧消耗导致环境恶化日益严重,全球能源危机正在不断加剧,可持续能源的发展迫在眉睫。据国际能源署报告,2024年全球能源相关的二氧化碳排放量达到363亿吨[1]。氢能作为一种理想的清洁能源,已成为全球能源转型的核心战略方向之一。固体氧化物电解池(solid oxide electrolysis cell,SOEC)因其高温的运行特性,可以通过电解蒸汽实现高效制氢,因此可作为开发氢能的重要手段。此外,SOEC能够消耗风、光以及太阳辐射能等间歇性可再生能源[2]
根据电解堆的结构不同,SOEC电解堆可分为平板式、管式、扁平管式。平板式SOEC电解堆的制造较为简便,并具有较高的电流密度,因此大多数电解堆采用平板式的堆叠方式[3-4]。作为一个功能完善且结构复杂的集成系统,SOEC主要由电解堆模块和辅机模块(balance of plant,BOP)组成。BOP主要包括蒸发器、加热器、冷凝器、泵、鼓风机等部件。
Udagawa等人[5]通过建立阴极支撑平面IT-SOEC堆的一维分布式动力学模型,发现增加空气流速可优化电解堆温度均匀性。Yin等人[6]基于质量-能量守恒构建设备动力学平衡模型,验证温度与电流密度对电解电压的影响,指出提高入口温度需增加电加热功率,但会降低系统能耗,且电流扰动使温度响应时间延长至212 s。Prosser等人[7]通过DFMA®成本分析对比电解质支撑与氢电极支撑结构,结合Aspen设计模块化BOP设备,通过规模化与高压设计降低了48%的BOP成本,具体做法为规模经济与压缩机优化。Giridhar等人[8]提出准稳态动态优化框架,结合二维非等温SOEC模型与BOP模型,以终端退化、效率及平准化制氢成本(levelized cost of hydrogen,LCOH)为目标对BOP设备进行动态优化,使LCOH较传统策略降低9.5%~16.0%,灵活操作模式在电价波动下BOP设备最优更换周期为2~5年,显著优于恒电价工况运行。基于上述研究,BOP系统对于提高电解堆工作效率以及降低系统运行成本至关重要,但目前针对BOP关键部件的研究较少。
以电蒸汽发生器[9]为核心部件的蒸汽进汽系统是BOP的重要组成部分,主要负责为SOEC电解堆输送电化学反应所需的电解原料。研究发现,蒸汽流量波动会影响系统电解效率[10],同时蒸汽压力波动过大会对电解堆造成冲击,甚至可能导致电解堆的内部发生热应力失衡。因此,蒸汽进汽系统的稳定性直接影响电解堆性能与寿命,开展蒸汽进汽系统控制方法研究对提升电解堆的稳定性具有重要意义。然而,SOEC蒸汽进汽系统不但受外界环境不确定因素和系统内部参数的影响,内部参数之间又存在强耦合关系,导致系统输出性能波动较大,对其控制策略提出很高要求。传统控制策略如PID控制和模糊控制,对系统模型的精度和可靠度要求较高,并且对非线性、时滞性强的系统控制精度不足。为此,亟需开发一种新型控制策略,补偿蒸汽进汽系统因非线性和时滞性特征而导致的输出性能波动问题。
蒸汽的输出特性包括蒸汽压力、蒸汽流量等,其控制问题涉及热力学、流体动力学等方面,并且蒸汽输出过程存在较大的时滞[11]。因此,电蒸汽发生器具有非线性、大惯性、时变性的特点,导致很难建立准确的电蒸汽发生器数学模型。Yin等人[12]提出理论与数据结合的分区建模方法,基于质量-能量守恒方程构建蒸发器模型,结合最小二乘参数辨识与迭代学习模型预测控制,实现制冷系统过热度快速跟踪。强硕[13]利用改进集合粒子群算法优化神经网络参数,建立电极式锅炉动态特性模型,精准表征机组负荷响应特性。党自力[14]通过MATLAB/Simulink软件集成Fortran动态链接库搭建增压锅炉仿真平台,验证模型静态误差小于1%,动态大扰动工况下响应曲线与实际特性高度吻合。目前,研究主要针对换热式蒸发器及其模型构建,并未涉及电蒸汽发生器输出蒸汽稳定性的控制研究。
为提升SOEC蒸汽进汽系统输出性能稳定性,本文首先,基于电解堆蒸汽进汽系统的流量误差和压力波动控制需求,搭建蒸汽进汽系统实验台;其次,基于电蒸汽发生器的运行数据,训练了深度强化学习智能体,进一步提出基于深度强化学习的多目标智能控制(intelligent control,IC)方法;最后,在实验台上开展了对比实验,验证了所提出的IC方法具有更高的控制精度。
SOEC是一种高效的电化学能量转换装置,其工作原理基于高温下的电化学反应,利用固体氧化物作为电解质,在高温和外加电压条件下,将水蒸气电解为氢气和氧气。SOEC具有高效率、可逆性等特点,发展前景广泛。SOEC主要包括阴极、固体氧化物电解质和阳极(图1[4]
阴极通常由镍掺杂的氧化钇稳定氧化锆组成[15]氢气还原反应的活性位点。电解质通常采用氧化钇稳定氧化锆材料,具有较高的氧离子导电性和良好的热稳定性。
在SOEC电解堆阴极上,蒸汽分子接受电子被还原为氢气和氧离子,生成的氧离子通过固体氧化物电解质迁移到阳极,释放电子到外电路,产生氧气。阴极、阳极化学反应过程为:
阴极:
H2O+2eH2+O2
阳极:
O212O2+2e
根据电解质中传输离子类型的不同,SOEC可分为两类:氧离子传导和质子传导。由于在高温下进行反应,SOEC电解堆能够利用热能降低电解所需的电能,从而提高整体效率。
电蒸汽发生器是一种利用电能将水加热至热水或蒸汽的设备,其运行原理基于电能向热能的转化过程,通过自动化控制系统实现蒸汽的连续稳定生产。电蒸汽发生器的结构如图2所示。根据加热方式不同电蒸汽发生器可以分为电热管式、电热棒式、电热板式、电极式以及感应式等。根据结构形式电蒸汽发生器又可分为立式、卧式、多单元式等[16]
电蒸汽发生器运行环节主要包括水位动态调控、电热管加热及蒸汽压力监控等。水位控制系统通过传感器实时监测炉内水位,当水位低于设定阈值时,控制系统驱动水泵和电磁阀开启向炉胆内补充液态水。加热阶段电热管通过表面负荷将炉内的水加热至沸腾状态,产生的蒸汽通过压力继电器实现闭环控制,当压力达到上限值时自动切断电源,压力下降至最低设定值后重新启动加热。
为了比较不同控制方法下SOEC蒸汽进汽系统的性能,设计了蒸汽进汽系统实验平台,其工作流程如图3所示。
为防止蒸汽进汽系统的部件被蒸汽中的杂质污染,本实验以纯水作为原料。首先,给水泵从补水箱中输送纯水到电蒸汽发生器进水口;其次,经过电蒸汽发生器加热产生蒸汽,蒸汽以炉内压力输送到减压阀;最后,蒸汽经过减压阀减压后,经过流量传感器、压力传感器和温度传感器,通过节流阀将蒸汽输送到冷却水箱中。
深度强化学习(deep reinforcement learning,DRL)是解决复杂系统感知和决策问题的重要方法,其核心原理基于智能体与环境的交互式学习,并输出动作根据环境反馈的奖励信号优化策略。根据策略优化方式的不同,DRL算法可分为基于价值函数的方法例如DQN[17](Deep Q-Network)、策略梯度方法[18]以及两者结合的Actor-Critic架构[19]等。
然而,在连续动作空间中,传统DRL算法存在高维动作空间探索效率低,以及基于自举法的价值函数易产生偏差累计,从而导致策略更新出现震荡或发散[20]。此类问题在确定性策略算法如DDPG[21]中较为明显,于是Fujimoto等人[22]在2018年提出了双延迟深度确定性策略梯度(twin delayed deep deterministic policy gradient,TD3)算法。TD3算法是一种用于解决连续控制问题的离线异侧式深度强化学习方法[23],其核心思想包括双重Critic网络架构、延迟策略更新机制和目标策略平滑正则化。文献[24]实验研究表明,相比深度确定性策略梯度算法,TD3的样本效率提升约30%,且最终策略性能平均提高18%,TD3算法架构如图4所示。
在Critic网络设计方面,TD3采用双重Q网络结构修正价值估计偏差,通过并行维护2个独立Critic网络Qθ1Qθ2,在计算目标Q值时取两者的最小值,即:
y=r+γmini=1,2Qθi(s,a)
式中:y为实际目标Q值;r为当前状态的即时奖励值;γ为折扣因子;Q为价值函数;θi为第i个Critic网络的参数;s′为智能体执行动作后的下一个状态;a′为在下一状态s′下执行的动作。这种估计策略能够有效抑制价值函数的高估倾向[24]
综上所述,本文选用TD3算法作为DRL智能体的训练算法,Actor策略网络以电蒸汽发生器的输出蒸汽流量和压力作为输入,并根据系统的状态变化,输出电蒸汽发生器功率指令。
SOEC蒸汽进汽系统是非线性和时滞性极强的系统,采用传统PID控制方法无法精确消除系统的滞后现象。因此,针对SOEC蒸汽进汽系统,提出了一种基于DRL的多目标智能控制策略,具体控制框架如图5所示。基于TD3算法训练的智能体作为系统前馈控制器,可以实时观测系统的各项参数,并且及时调控电蒸汽发生器的功率指令。PID控制器作为SOEC蒸汽进汽系统输出的误差补偿,与智能体输出动作相加,作为输入蒸汽进汽系统的加热功率,可实现精确控制输出蒸汽流量和压力的目标。
强化学习的理论基于MDP框架,该框架将问题建模为状态、动作、转移概率和奖励函数的组合,求解过程本质上是寻找最优策略以最大化期望,本文对其关键变量进行如下设置。
1)主体和环境 本文的主体是电蒸汽发生器。环境为在已知条件下给定功率电蒸汽发生器的状态以及输出特性。
2)动作空间A 智能体的动作空间需要包含第i个时间段的动作,本文将智能体的动作设置为电蒸汽发生器的加热功率Pi指令。
A=Pi
3)观测状态空间S 观测状态空间中必须包含电蒸汽发生器控制所需的全部信息,包括自身状态以及环境反馈信息,即电蒸汽发生器的输出蒸汽流量fi和蒸汽压力pi,并且考虑每次功率指令的偏差值ΔPi作为次要观测信息。电蒸汽发生器在i时刻的状态空间可以表示为:
S={pi,fi,ΔPi}
4)奖励函数设置 考虑到蒸汽进汽系统的控制目标,选取输出蒸汽流量值以及输出蒸汽压力值作为设计奖励函数的重要参数。根据系统实际输出流量值与设定值的绝对误差以及系统输出压力与设定值的绝对误差,设计了基于TD3智能体的分段奖励函数:
Rp={302×ep2,ep0.51010×ep2,0.5<ep<15020×ep2,ep1
Rf={202×ef2,ef0.555×ef2,0.5<ef<25010×ef2,ef2
式中:Rp为压力部分奖励函数;ep为压力波动量;Rf为流量部分奖励函数;ef为流量的绝对误差。综上,蒸汽进汽系统奖励函数Rb为:
Rb=Rp+Rf100×(ef+ep)
TD3智能体训练在MATLAB/Simulink软件中进行,基于实际数据,按照上一节奖励函数对智能体进行训练,其主要训练参数见表1。智能体在初期探索阶段输出动作并与环境交互,探索动作,导致初期训练奖励值较低,经过不断学习,智能体的奖励逐渐稳定;当训练轮次达到400时,训练的平均奖励基本收敛,智能体达到停止条件。
基于图3的蒸汽进汽系统工作流程,搭建了蒸汽进汽系统实验平台,采用48 kW电蒸汽发生器作为核心设备。SOEC蒸汽进汽系统实验台如图6所示。实验台采用RS485通信,所选用传感器精度均可达到1%FS。在系统运行过程中,考虑各类传感器数据读取和保存等操作所需时间,将采样周期设置为2 s。设定控制目标为:输出蒸汽流量误差不超过3%、压力波动不超过±1 kPa。
为了对比不同方法的控制性能,使用稳态误差作为流量控制效果的评价指标,稳态误差Ess计算公式为:
Ess=y(t)r(t)r(t)×100%
式中:yt)为系统实际输出流量值;rt)为蒸汽进汽系统输入目标流量。
通过参数识别方法得到前馈线性模型,系统PID控制器参数通过Ziegler-Nichols调谐方法获得。根据50 kW级电解堆的供汽需求,设定目标蒸汽流量为50 m³/h,参考输出蒸汽压力在5 kPa[25]。将PID和IC控制方法分别应用于实验中,并进行30 min测试。在PID控制方法和IC方法下电蒸汽发生器的瞬态响应如图7所示。
图7可见,系统从350 s之后进入稳态阶段。输出蒸汽的流量和压力变化分别如图8图9所示。
图8图9可见:采用PID控制时,稳态下系统输出蒸汽流量跟踪最大偏差为3.8%,输出蒸汽压力最大波动量为1.25 kPa;采用IC方法时,实现了对输出蒸汽流量和蒸汽压力的多目标控制,蒸汽流量跟踪最大偏差为1.4%,同时蒸汽压力最大波动量为0.67 kPa。相比于PID控制方法,IC方法对于蒸汽流量最大偏差量减少了63.2%,蒸汽压力波动量减少了46.4%。因此,提出的IC方法控制性能更优。
考虑多目标智能控制策略的应用场景,需要保证SOEC模组的长时间稳定供汽,基于IC方法的蒸汽进汽系统长时间实验结果如图10所示。由图10可见:系统输出蒸汽流量的平均稳态误差为0.46%,最大稳态误差为1.3%;输出压力的最大值为5.56 kPa,最小值为5.02 kPa,压力波动量仅为0.54 kPa。因此,本文提出的IC方法达到了控制目标,蒸汽进汽系统在IC方法下展现出了很好的稳定性。
针对SOEC系统蒸汽进汽流量误差和压力波动的控制难题,本文提出了一种深度强化学习方法的多目标智能控制策略。基于搭建的50 kW级SOEC蒸汽进汽系统实验台运行数据,本文采用双延迟深度确定性策略梯度算法训练了智能体,从而达到输出蒸汽流量误差不超过3%,压力波动不超过1 kPa的控制目标。与PID控制方法相比,IC方法下的系统输出蒸汽流量波动减少了63.2%,压力波动减少了46.4%,充分体现了IC方法的有效性和先进性。在实验台中的长时间测试结果表明,提出的IC方法控制目标,能够满足SOEC电解堆的长期蒸汽供应需求。
  • 青年学者培育计划项目(2023SY3006)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2017YFB0601900)
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2026年第55卷第5期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505095
  • 接收时间:2025-05-11
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-11
  • 修回日期:2025-06-27
  • 录用日期:2025-07-01
基金
Young Scholars Development Program(2023SY3006)
青年学者培育计划项目(2023SY3006)
National Key Research and Development Program(2017YFB0601900)
国家重点研发计划(2017YFB0601900)
作者信息
    1.华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206
    2.中国矿业大学(北京)机械与电气工程学院,北京 100083
    3.怀柔实验室山西研究院,山西 太原 030032
    4.中国华能集团清洁能源技术研究院有限公司,北京 102209

通讯作者:

熊星宇(1985),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为高温固体氧化物燃料电池堆设计与储能系统集成技术等,
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/10.19666/j.rlfd.202505095
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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