Article(id=1295068174047798250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068070071005445, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202508034, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755014400000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-13, revisedDate=1765814400000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-16, acceptedDate=1765987200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-18, onlineDate=1786697913896, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1779638400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697913896, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697913896, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697913896, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295068070071005445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='186', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779638400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697889106, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698835709, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072040462078420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068070071005445, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072040462078421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068070071005445, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=157, endPage=168, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295068174291067883, articleId=1295068174047798250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Research on plant-level heat and power load optimal allocation based on a chaotic multi-layer grey wolf optimizer, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the problems of the traditional grey wolf optimizer (GWO), such as being prone to trapping in local optima and slow convergence speed when dealing with the high-dimensional, nonlinear and strongly coupled characteristics in the load optimal dispatch of combined heat and power (CHP) systems, this study proposes a chaotic multi-layer grey wolf optimizer (CML-GWO). The core innovation of the proposed algorithm lies in two aspects: first, chaotic mapping is introduced to initialize the population, which effectively improves the uniformity of initial search and prevents the algorithm from falling into local optima at the early stage; second, a hierarchical guidance mechanism is integrated to balance the global exploration and local exploitation capabilities, thereby solving the slow convergence problem caused by the capability imbalance in the traditional GWO. Before applying it to the CHP system load optimal dispatch, the performance of CML-GWO is verified through the CEC2017 test function set. The results show that compared with the traditional GWO, the CML-GWO exhibits better robustness and optimization accuracy in complex multi-modal and composite function scenarios, which lays a solid foundation for its engineering application. For practical verification, four units of a thermal power plant are taken as the research object, and two multi-objective scenarios and two regulation modes are designed. The multi-objective scenarios include “minimum coal consumption-maximum renewable energy accommodation” and “maximum profit-maximum renewable energy accommodation”, while the regulation modes are “practical constraints” and “free whole-plant load distribution”. The verification results demonstrate that under the practical constraint scenario, compared with the traditional GWO, the average hourly coal consumption of the CML-GWO is reduced by more than 2 tons, the average hourly profit is increased by more than 14 yuan, the renewable energy accommodation capacity is increased by more than 20 MW, and all load deviations meet the requirements of safe operation. Under the free load distribution scenario of the whole plant, the optimization potential of the algorithm is fully released: the daily coal saving reaches 23.8 tons or the daily income increases by 6515 yuan, and the renewable energy accommodation capacity is improved by 0.74%~0.85%. Overall, this study realizes the multi-objective collaborative optimization of economic, energy and environmental benefits of the CHP system. The comprehensive performance of the CML-GWO in both numerical tests and engineering applications fully verifies its significant engineering practical value, providing a new effective optimization method for the load optimal dispatch of CHP systems under the background of high-proportion new energy integration.

, authors=Shuyuan ZHENG1, Tingshan MA1, 2, Xiaobing YU1, 2, Qingchuan YANG1, 2, Li YANG1, 2, authorsList=Shuyuan ZHENG, Tingshan MA, Xiaobing YU, Qingchuan YANG, Li YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295068178032386053, articleId=1295068174047798250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=基于混沌分层灰狼算法的厂级热、电负荷优化分配研究, columnId=1211002405437706993, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=热能科学研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
【目的】

为解决传统灰狼优化算法在热电联产系统负荷优化分配中,面对高维、非线性强耦合特性时易陷入局部最优、收敛速度慢的问题,提出混沌分层灰狼优化(CML-GWO)算法。

【方法】

通过混沌映射初始化种群提升初始搜索均匀性,结合分层引导机制平衡全局探索与局部开发能力;经CEC2017测试函数集验证算法性能,以某热电厂4台机组为研究对象,设置“煤耗最小-新能源消纳最多”“盈利最高-新能源消纳最多”2类多目标场景及“现实约束”“全厂负荷自由分配”2种调控模式进行验证。

【结果】

CEC2017测试函数集验证显示CML-GWO算法在复杂多峰及复合函数场景中鲁棒性与寻优精度更优;现实约束场景下,CML-GWO算法单时刻煤耗均值较GWO算法节煤超2 t/h,单时刻盈利均值增收14元以上,新能源消纳量提升20 MW以上,且负荷偏离量均满足安全运行要求;全厂负荷自由分配场景下,单日节煤量达23.8 t或单日增收6 515元,新能源消纳量提升0.74%~0.85%。

【结论】

CML-GWO算法有效改善了传统算法的核心缺陷,实现了热电联产系统经济、能源与环保效益的多目标协同优化,具备显著的工程实用价值。

, authors=郑树塬1, 马汀山1, 2, 余小兵1, 2, 杨庆川1, 2, 杨利1, 2, authorsList=郑树塬, 马汀山, 余小兵, 杨庆川, 杨利, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

郑树塬(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为燃煤电站节能减排与高效热电联产技术,

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郑树塬(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为燃煤电站节能减排与高效热电联产技术,

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Function indicators of the CEC2017 test

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函数类型函数ID种群大小迭代次数测试次数核心验证目标
单峰函数F1、F23050030基础收敛能力与稳定性
简单多峰函数F10501 50010跳出局部最优的寻优效率
复杂多峰函数F15802 50010复杂多峰耦合问题处理能力
复合函数F20、F25、F291003 50010高度复杂混合场景的全局寻优能力
), ArticleFig(id=1295068186664263758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068174047798250, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

CEC2017测试函数指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
函数类型函数ID种群大小迭代次数测试次数核心验证目标
单峰函数F1、F23050030基础收敛能力与稳定性
简单多峰函数F10501 50010跳出局部最优的寻优效率
复杂多峰函数F15802 50010复杂多峰耦合问题处理能力
复合函数F20、F25、F291003 50010高度复杂混合场景的全局寻优能力
), ArticleFig(id=1295068186731372623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068174047798250, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Thermoelectric coupling characteristics of units 1~4

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机组热电耦合特性曲线
1号机组C1 = 0.308 41N1 + 0.042 76D1 + 1.532 23,R2 = 0.997 46
2号机组C2 = 0.305 01N2 + 0.041 16D2 + 1.697 51,R2 = 0.999 49
3号机组C3 = 0.294 29N3 + 0.051 01D3 + 4.369 64,R2 = 0.999 60
4号机组C4 = 0.304 21N4 + 0.136 27Pb + 1.911 93,R2 = 0.999 96
Q4 = 1.101 16N4 + 0.990 50Pb + 27.774 02,R2 = 0.999 67
), ArticleFig(id=1295068186823647312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068174047798250, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

1—4号机组热电耦合特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机组热电耦合特性曲线
1号机组C1 = 0.308 41N1 + 0.042 76D1 + 1.532 23,R2 = 0.997 46
2号机组C2 = 0.305 01N2 + 0.041 16D2 + 1.697 51,R2 = 0.999 49
3号机组C3 = 0.294 29N3 + 0.051 01D3 + 4.369 64,R2 = 0.999 60
4号机组C4 = 0.304 21N4 + 0.136 27Pb + 1.911 93,R2 = 0.999 96
Q4 = 1.101 16N4 + 0.990 50Pb + 27.774 02,R2 = 0.999 67
), ArticleFig(id=1295068186899144785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068174047798250, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Plant-level heating scenario settings

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场景优化目标约束条件
1min(C1 + C2) + min(C3 + C4),maxPre1—4号机组单机发电量固定,1—2号机组总供热量一定,3—4号机组总供热量一定
2min(Y1 + Y2) + min(Y3 + Y4),maxPre
3min(C1 + C2 + C3 + C4),maxPre1—4号机组总发电量、总供热量均一定
4min(Y1 + Y2 + Y3 + Y4),maxPre
), ArticleFig(id=1295068186974642258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068174047798250, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

厂级供热场景设定

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景优化目标约束条件
1min(C1 + C2) + min(C3 + C4),maxPre1—4号机组单机发电量固定,1—2号机组总供热量一定,3—4号机组总供热量一定
2min(Y1 + Y2) + min(Y3 + Y4),maxPre
3min(C1 + C2 + C3 + C4),maxPre1—4号机组总发电量、总供热量均一定
4min(Y1 + Y2 + Y3 + Y4),maxPre
), ArticleFig(id=1295068187045945427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068174047798250, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Results of the CEC2017 test function set

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测试函数理论最优值算法
PSOGASAGWOCGWOLGWOCML-GWO
最小值100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0
F1100最大值100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0
均值100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0
最小值200.0200.0200.0200.0200.0200.0200.1
F2200最大值200.0200.0200.0200.0200.0200.0203.2
均值200.0200.0200.0200.0200.0200.0201.5
最小值1 000.01 000.01 000.01 000.01 000.01 000.01 000.0
F101 000最大值1 000.11 000.11 000.21 134.61 128.31 000.01 000.0
均值1 000.01 000.11 000.11 058.21 024.91 000.01 000.0
最小值1 501.01 503.31 501.41 506.21 506.21 506.21 506.2
F151 500最大值1 505.01 505.21 505.21 507.21 508.01 508.91 508.9
均值1 503.81 504.51 501.21 506.51 507.01 507.11 507.1
最小值2 000.02 000.12 000.12 000.02 000.02 000.02 000.0
F202 000最大值2 000.32 000.42 000.42 000.02 000.02 000.02 000.0
均值2 000.22 000.22 000.22 000.02 000.02 000.02 000.0
最小值2 501.32 500.12 501.82 501.82 501.82 501.82 501.8
F252 500最大值2 508.22 500.52 504.02 501.82 501.82 501.82 501.8
均值2 503.12 500.22 502.22 501.82 501.82 501.82 501.8
最小值2 901.72 901.82 901.72 901.82 901.82 901.82 901.8
F292 900最大值2 901.82 901.82 901.82 901.82 901.82 901.82 901.8
均值2 901.82 901.82 901.82 901.82 901.82 901.82 901.8
), ArticleFig(id=1295068187142414420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068174047798250, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

CEC2017测试函数集结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试函数理论最优值算法
PSOGASAGWOCGWOLGWOCML-GWO
最小值100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0
F1100最大值100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0
均值100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0
最小值200.0200.0200.0200.0200.0200.0200.1
F2200最大值200.0200.0200.0200.0200.0200.0203.2
均值200.0200.0200.0200.0200.0200.0201.5
最小值1 000.01 000.01 000.01 000.01 000.01 000.01 000.0
F101 000最大值1 000.11 000.11 000.21 134.61 128.31 000.01 000.0
均值1 000.01 000.11 000.11 058.21 024.91 000.01 000.0
最小值1 501.01 503.31 501.41 506.21 506.21 506.21 506.2
F151 500最大值1 505.01 505.21 505.21 507.21 508.01 508.91 508.9
均值1 503.81 504.51 501.21 506.51 507.01 507.11 507.1
最小值2 000.02 000.12 000.12 000.02 000.02 000.02 000.0
F202 000最大值2 000.32 000.42 000.42 000.02 000.02 000.02 000.0
均值2 000.22 000.22 000.22 000.02 000.02 000.02 000.0
最小值2 501.32 500.12 501.82 501.82 501.82 501.82 501.8
F252 500最大值2 508.22 500.52 504.02 501.82 501.82 501.82 501.8
均值2 503.12 500.22 502.22 501.82 501.82 501.82 501.8
最小值2 901.72 901.82 901.72 901.82 901.82 901.82 901.8
F292 900最大值2 901.82 901.82 901.82 901.82 901.82 901.82 901.8
均值2 901.82 901.82 901.82 901.82 901.82 901.82 901.8
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基于混沌分层灰狼算法的厂级热、电负荷优化分配研究
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郑树塬 1 , 马汀山 1, 2 , 余小兵 1, 2 , 杨庆川 1, 2 , 杨利 1, 2
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2026,55(5): 157-168
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热力发电 |热能科学研究 2026 , 55 (5) : 157 -168
基于混沌分层灰狼算法的厂级热、电负荷优化分配研究
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郑树塬1 , 马汀山1, 2, 余小兵1, 2, 杨庆川1, 2, 杨利1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2.高效灵活煤电及碳捕集利用封存全国重点实验室,北京 102209
作者简介:

郑树塬(2000),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为燃煤电站节能减排与高效热电联产技术,

Research on plant-level heat and power load optimal allocation based on a chaotic multi-layer grey wolf optimizer
Shuyuan ZHENG1 , Tingshan MA1, 2, Xiaobing YU1, 2, Qingchuan YANG1, 2, Li YANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Flexible Coal Power Generation and Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage, Beijing 102209, China
出版时间: 2026-05-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202508034
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【目的】

为解决传统灰狼优化算法在热电联产系统负荷优化分配中,面对高维、非线性强耦合特性时易陷入局部最优、收敛速度慢的问题,提出混沌分层灰狼优化(CML-GWO)算法。

【方法】

通过混沌映射初始化种群提升初始搜索均匀性,结合分层引导机制平衡全局探索与局部开发能力;经CEC2017测试函数集验证算法性能,以某热电厂4台机组为研究对象,设置“煤耗最小-新能源消纳最多”“盈利最高-新能源消纳最多”2类多目标场景及“现实约束”“全厂负荷自由分配”2种调控模式进行验证。

【结果】

CEC2017测试函数集验证显示CML-GWO算法在复杂多峰及复合函数场景中鲁棒性与寻优精度更优;现实约束场景下,CML-GWO算法单时刻煤耗均值较GWO算法节煤超2 t/h,单时刻盈利均值增收14元以上,新能源消纳量提升20 MW以上,且负荷偏离量均满足安全运行要求;全厂负荷自由分配场景下,单日节煤量达23.8 t或单日增收6 515元,新能源消纳量提升0.74%~0.85%。

【结论】

CML-GWO算法有效改善了传统算法的核心缺陷,实现了热电联产系统经济、能源与环保效益的多目标协同优化,具备显著的工程实用价值。

热电联产  /  负荷优化分配  /  混沌分层灰狼优化算法  /  混沌映射初始化  /  分层引导机制

To address the problems of the traditional grey wolf optimizer (GWO), such as being prone to trapping in local optima and slow convergence speed when dealing with the high-dimensional, nonlinear and strongly coupled characteristics in the load optimal dispatch of combined heat and power (CHP) systems, this study proposes a chaotic multi-layer grey wolf optimizer (CML-GWO). The core innovation of the proposed algorithm lies in two aspects: first, chaotic mapping is introduced to initialize the population, which effectively improves the uniformity of initial search and prevents the algorithm from falling into local optima at the early stage; second, a hierarchical guidance mechanism is integrated to balance the global exploration and local exploitation capabilities, thereby solving the slow convergence problem caused by the capability imbalance in the traditional GWO. Before applying it to the CHP system load optimal dispatch, the performance of CML-GWO is verified through the CEC2017 test function set. The results show that compared with the traditional GWO, the CML-GWO exhibits better robustness and optimization accuracy in complex multi-modal and composite function scenarios, which lays a solid foundation for its engineering application. For practical verification, four units of a thermal power plant are taken as the research object, and two multi-objective scenarios and two regulation modes are designed. The multi-objective scenarios include “minimum coal consumption-maximum renewable energy accommodation” and “maximum profit-maximum renewable energy accommodation”, while the regulation modes are “practical constraints” and “free whole-plant load distribution”. The verification results demonstrate that under the practical constraint scenario, compared with the traditional GWO, the average hourly coal consumption of the CML-GWO is reduced by more than 2 tons, the average hourly profit is increased by more than 14 yuan, the renewable energy accommodation capacity is increased by more than 20 MW, and all load deviations meet the requirements of safe operation. Under the free load distribution scenario of the whole plant, the optimization potential of the algorithm is fully released: the daily coal saving reaches 23.8 tons or the daily income increases by 6515 yuan, and the renewable energy accommodation capacity is improved by 0.74%~0.85%. Overall, this study realizes the multi-objective collaborative optimization of economic, energy and environmental benefits of the CHP system. The comprehensive performance of the CML-GWO in both numerical tests and engineering applications fully verifies its significant engineering practical value, providing a new effective optimization method for the load optimal dispatch of CHP systems under the background of high-proportion new energy integration.

combined heat and power  /  optimal load dispatch  /  chaotic multi-layer grey wolf optimizer  /  chaotic mapping initialization  /  hierarchical guidance mechanism
郑树塬, 马汀山, 余小兵, 杨庆川, 杨利. 基于混沌分层灰狼算法的厂级热、电负荷优化分配研究. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (5) : 157 -168 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202508034
Shuyuan ZHENG, Tingshan MA, Xiaobing YU, Qingchuan YANG, Li YANG. Research on plant-level heat and power load optimal allocation based on a chaotic multi-layer grey wolf optimizer[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (5) : 157 -168 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202508034
在全球能源低碳转型大趋势与我国“双碳”目标驱动下,风电、光伏等可再生能源的大规模并网,叠加城镇集中供暖、工业园区集中供汽需求的持续增长,高效、灵活热电联产成为构建我国新型电力系统的关键环节之一[1-2]
热电联产厂级负荷优化是一个高维、非线性、强耦合的复杂系统优化问题[3]。其核心挑战主要体现在3个方面:其一,机组热电出力存在强耦合关系,煤耗特性曲线高度非线性,目标函数形态复杂,难以用传统线性或凸优化模型精确描述与表征[4];其二,各机组爬坡速率、调节范围等动态响应特性差异较大,优化指令需满足严格时序约束与可执行性要求,极大压缩可行解空间[5];其三,多目标冲突与电力现货市场环境的叠加,进一步加剧了负荷分配策略的决策难度。而传统优化算法难以适配这类复杂场景:单台机组自动发电控制与供热粗放管理模式,未充分考虑机组间性能差异及电负荷对供热能耗的影响,无法兼顾综合经济性[6];基于梯度的优化算法(如牛顿法、混合整数规划)依赖目标函数连续可微特性,在非线性、强耦合场景中难以构建精确模型,其适应性大幅下降。此外,高维解空间求解过程中存在多目标冲突,如电-热负荷优化分配与电力现货市场之间的矛盾,也加剧了优化的难度。
相比之下,元启发式算法凭借不依赖函数连续性、全局搜索能力强的特点,在热电联产系统优化中展现出显著优势。邢耀敏[7]借助混沌初始化粒子群算法优化厂级AGC指令,提升了经济性;李东麟等[8]运用人工蜂群算法构建动态规划优化表,降低了变负荷计算复杂度;惠斌斌等[9]提出的布谷鸟-灰狼融合算法,在热电负荷调度中表现出了良好的收敛性与鲁棒性。其中,灰狼优化算法(GWO)[10]因原理简单、参数少、全局勘探能力突出等优点,在各类复杂优化问题中得到广泛应用。尽管GWO算法具有上述优势,当其直接应用于前述热电联产的多目标负荷分配场景时,其固有缺陷便凸显出来:一是初始种群随机生成易导致分布不均,在多目标解空间中易错过最优均衡解;二是局部开发能力不足,当面临如煤耗、盈利等多目标耦合时,难以在各目标间找到精准权衡点;三是缺乏针对机组动态响应差异的适配机制,在考虑爬坡速率、热网损耗等实际约束时,收敛效率显著下降[11]。现有其他算法在处理高维多目标冲突与复杂约束场景时也各有局限:部分算法的实现依赖静态优化表,导致实时性较差[12];在多目标协同优化中,针对目标冲突的权衡机制还有待进一步完善;在高维解空间中,局部搜索精度与全局探索能力之间的平衡也有待加强[13]
基于此,本文针对传统灰狼优化算法在多目标热电负荷分配中的缺陷,结合混沌理论与分层进化策略,提出改进的混沌分层灰狼优化算法(CML-GWO),旨在突破现有研究在收敛效率、约束适应性及多目标权衡方面的技术瓶颈。
本文以热电联产电厂的全厂实时总煤耗最小、可再生能源消纳量最高为优化目标,同时在部分场景中纳入电力现货市场因素(考虑实时电价波动),构建多目标优化模型,以提升研究的全面性与实际应用价值。通常而言,考虑热电联产电厂含有n台热电联产机组,具体目标函数如下:
{minC=i=1nCi(Pi,Hi)maxPre=i=1n[Pi(Hi)Pi,min(Hi)]minQ1=min(Cε1Pre)
式中:Pi为机组i的发电量,MW;Hi为机组i的供热量,t/h;Ci为机组i的煤耗函数,基于机组的能耗曲线得到;C为全厂总煤耗,t/h;PiHi)和Pi,minHi)分别为机组i在供热量为Hi时的当前发电量与最小安全发电量;Pre为可再生能源消纳容量,MW;Q1为求解最小值问题;ε1为可再生能源消纳量的折算系数,一般按照总煤耗C的取值范围与可再生能源消纳量的重视程度而定,目标是统一数量级。
当求解电力现货市场时,需要将机组发电量、供热量计算分摊煤耗后分别求解收益,计算总盈利,目标函数如下:
{Ci(Pi,Hi)=CiP+CiHYiP(Pi)=JiP(t)aCiPbiYiH(Hi)=JiHaCiHdimaxY=maxi=1n[YiP(Pi)+YiH(Hi)]maxPre=i=1n[Pi(Hi)Pi,min(Hi)]maxQ2=max(Y+ε2Pre)
式中:Ci_pCi_H分别为机组i根据发电量与供热量分摊的煤耗(t/h);Yi_P为售电利润;Ji_Pt)为售电收益,价格随时间波动;a为煤价,元/t;bi为相关固定成本;Yi_H为供热利润;Ji_H为供热收益;di为相关固定成本;Q2为求解最大值问题;ε2为可再生能源消纳量的折算系数,一般按照总煤耗C的取值范围、煤价、可再生能源消纳量的重视程度而定,目标是统一数量级。
同时,在求解目标函数时,应考虑下列约束条件。式(3)为函数的内部约束条件,即单台机组的能量供应有其上下限;式(4)为函数的全局约束条件,即热电联产电厂的总能量供应需要满足电网与热网的电负荷PD、热负荷HD需求,ηH为热网损耗率;式(5)为机组指令的设置还需要考虑指令的可执行性,下一时刻指令与上一时刻指令间的差值需符合机组的调节能力,即爬坡速率,ΔdPiΔdHi分别为第i台机组的额定爬坡速率、供热爬坡速率。
{Pi,minPiPi,maxHi,minHiHi,maxi=1,2,...,n
{i=1nPi=PDi=1nHi=HD/(1ηH)
{Pi(t+1)Pi(t)|ΔdPi|Hi(t+1)Hi(t)|ΔdHi|
在灰狼算法的模拟逻辑中,最优解被定义为α,次优解和第三优解分别为βδ,剩余的灰狼均归为ω,狩猎(优化)过程由αβδ主导。在攻击猎物中,ω往往对猎物的位置(最优解)并不了解,而是通过αβδ的位置判断猎物的潜在位置,逐渐逼近猎物,灰狼算法移动过程示意如图1所示。
其包围行为的数学模型表述如下:
D=|CXp(t)X(t)|
X(t+1)=Xp(t)AD
A=2ar1a
C=2r2
式中:D为个体与猎物间的距离;XpX分别为猎物和灰狼的位置;t为迭代次数;AC均为系数向量;a为收敛因子,其随迭代次数从2线性减小到0;r1r2为[0,1]之间的随机数。
攻击过程的数学模型如式(10)—式(12),式(10)表示灰狼跟踪αβδ的过程,式(11)表示狼群中个体向αβδ靠近的过程,式(12)表示个体的最终位置。
{Dα=|C1XαX(t)|Dβ=|C2XβX(t)|Dδ=|C3XδX(t)|
{X1=XαA1(Dα)X2=XβA2(Dβ)X3=XδA3(Dδ)
X(t+1)=X1+X2+X33
式中:XαXβXδ分别为αβδ的当前位置向量;DαDβDδ分别为其他个体Xt)与αβδ的距离;C1C2C3A1A2A3均为随机向量。
灰狼算法在工程优化领域中表现出较强的适应性,但也存在对初始种群敏感、局部开发能力不足、规模过大时优化效率低等局限性。针对其局限性,本文研究开发了一种混沌分层灰狼优化算法(chaos multi-level grey wolf optimizer,CML-GWO),算法融合混沌理论与种群分层理念:前者利用混沌系统生成初始化种群,使搜索过程更为均匀;后者通过对种群进行层次划分,以此提升种群多样性与搜索效率。
1)混沌映射初始化种群
混沌现象由于随机性、遍历性和规律性等特点,能够在特定范围内遵循一定规则生成看似随机的序列。借助混沌特性完成种群初始化,相较于传统随机初始化方式,能有效避免初始种群聚集在局部区域,增加了种群的多样性,为算法后续搜索提供更丰富的起点,提高找到全局最优解的概率。本文选用Logistic映射构建混沌初始化机制,一是控制参数μ∈(3.57,4]时,映射可稳定处于强混沌状态,生成的序列能均匀覆盖(0,1)区间,避免因种群集中导致的局部最优陷阱;二是Logistic映射的数学表达简洁,仅需通过迭代更新混沌变量即可生成所需序列,适配热电联产电厂实时调度的工程需求,其数学模型如下:
xn+1=μxn(1xn)
式中:μ为控制参数,取值范围通常在(3.57,4]之间;xn为混沌变量,初始值在(0,1)区间内随机选取。通过该映射生成混沌序列,再将混沌序列映射到问题的搜索空间,即可得到初始化的种群个体。
2)分层进化机制
采用分层策略对灰狼种群进行层级划分(图2):精英狼由种群中适应度最优的个体组成,该类个体分布于当前搜索空间的最优区域,具备引导种群向全局更优解进化的核心能力,算法中的αβδ狼均从精英狼中筛选产生;潜力狼选取当前适应度虽不及精英狼,但在迭代过程中展现出显著进化潜力的个体;种群中剩余个体则定义为普通狼。
针对精英狼的位置更新机制,对原始攻击公式(11)进行改进,具体如式(14)所示。式中Xbest为个体历史最优位置,kbp的取值范围为(0.2,0.5),默认值0.3,其数值越大表明个体越趋向于自身历史最优位置。该改进通过融合个体历史最优位置与群体最优位置的加权信息,利用个体迭代过程中积累的优质搜索经验,引导种群向当前认知的最优区域聚集,实现局部空间的精细化开发。
{X1=kbpXbest+(1kbp)X1X(t+1)=X1+X2+X33
针对潜力狼的位置更新,将式(11)、式(12)改进为式(15)。
{Xtrend=ktrendXewXew=kdXew+(1kd)ΔXXew(0)=0ΔX=X(t)X(t1)X(t+1)=X1+X2+X33+Xtrend
式中:ktrend为趋势因子,取值为(0.2,0.4),默认值0.3,其数值越大表示个体保持历史移动趋势的惯性越强;Xew为指数加权移动向量;ΔX为当次迭代移动向量;kd为衰减系数,取值范围为(0.6,0.9),默认值0.8,该值越大表示历史移动向量对下一步移动的影响越大。
引入指数加权移动平均(EWMA)算法[14],可使潜力狼在保留部分历史运动趋势信息的基础上,增强对近期位置变化的关注度,从而在挖掘已有搜索趋势的同时,主动探索新的搜索方向,避免因过度依赖历史信息而陷入局部最优解。相较于精英狼,潜力狼的局部开发深度较弱,但能够有效丰富种群多样性,在更广阔的搜索空间中挖掘潜在最优区域。
普通狼则保留灰狼算法原始的攻击逻辑,同时加入随机扰动项δperturb,可提升种群跳出局部最优的概率,具体如式(16)所示。
X(t+1)=X1+X2+X33+δperturb
通过精英狼的局部精细化开发、潜力狼的趋势探索与多样性维持、普通狼的全局随机探索三者的协同作用,分层进化机制实现了算法全局探索与局部开发能力的动态平衡。这使得算法在求解复杂优化问题时,既能快速收敛至较优解邻域,又能保持充足的探索能力以摆脱局部最优束缚,进而提升算法整体寻优性能,为热电联产电厂复杂场景下的负荷优化问题提供高效求解方案。
CML-GWO求解过程如图3所示。
具体步骤为:
1)设置灰狼种群个体数N,最大迭代次数max_iter,问题维度dim,精英狼占比率elite_ratio,潜力狼占比率potential_ratio;
2)基于式(13)混沌映射初始化种群;
3)计算种群中每个个体的适应度值,选择最优秀的3个个体成为αβδ狼;
4)整个种群按适应度分层排序,排名前elite_ratio的个体为精英狼,根据式(14)更新位置;剩余个体中挑选适应度连续下降2次的个体为潜力狼(该类个体数量最多不超过种群总数N的potential_ratio),根据式(15)更新个体位置;其余个体为普通狼,根据式(16)更新个体位置;
5)若没有达到最大迭代次数max_iter,则重复步骤3)、步骤4),否则,输出种群中最优个体,即为算法迭代结果。
1)时间复杂度
基础GWO算法的时间复杂度为O(max_iter×N×dim),其核心逻辑是“迭代次数-种群规模-问题维度”的三重线性遍历:迭代过程按固定次数循环,每次迭代遍历全部种群个体,每个个体的位置更新需遍历所有问题维度,三者均呈一阶线性关系,无任何高阶嵌套或多层循环嵌套结构。
CML-GWO的所有改进措施均未突破基础GWO的三重线性遍历框架,新增操作均为线性级或常数级开销,未改变核心增长关系,其时间复杂度可表示为Ok1×max_iter×N×dim):混沌初始化仅在算法启动时执行1次N×dim规模的线性序列生成,无高阶增长,等价于基础复杂度的常数系数加成;分层判断环节,每次迭代对种群按适应度排序的运算量随N线性增长,层别标记为ON)线性遍历,开销可控;三类狼的差异化更新均属于“每个个体×每个维度”的常数级运算,无额外遍历步骤,仅叠加固定运算量。三类更新均未增加额外遍历维度或种群的操作,所有新增开销共同构成系数k1
2)空间复杂度
基础GWO的空间复杂度为ON×dim),核心存储为种群位置矩阵、适应度向量及头狼参数,无额外辅助存储,呈“种群规模-问题维度”的线性增长关系。CML-GWO的空间复杂度可表示为Ok2×N× dim),所有改进带来的新增存储均未突破线性框架,仅通过通用常数系数k2体现额外开销。混沌初始化的序列缓存为临时存储(生成初始种群后释放),不增加持续存储的阶数;分层进化需新增个体辅助属性(层别标记、历史最优位置等),每个个体新增存储量与dim呈线性相关但无高阶项,全种群新增存储等价于基础存储的常数系数加成,未引入高阶存储项。
硬件环境为处理器AMD R7 6800H、内存16 GB RAM、Python版本3.9。选取粒子群算法(PSO)、遗传算法(GA)、模拟退火算法(SA)、标准灰狼算法(GWO)、混沌初始化灰狼算法(CGWO)、分层灰狼算法(LGWO)为对比算法。
为系统验证所提算法与对比算法的综合优化性能,采用国际公认的CEC2017约束实参数优化测试函数集[15]作为基准测试平台,具体选取的函数类型、测试目标等指标见表1
1)研究对象概况
以某电厂4台热电联产机组为研究对象,总装机容量1 100 MW,其中1期机组为2×200 MW湿冷供热机组,中低压连通管打孔抽汽对外供热,1、2号机组总设计抽汽能力931 t/h,抽汽参数0.245 MPa/260 ℃;2期机组为2×350 MW直接空冷供热机组,中低压连通管打孔抽汽对外供热,后对4号机组进行了高背压供热改造,设计背压为45 kPa,3、4号机组总计设计抽汽能力781 t/h(不包含4号机组低压缸排汽量),设计抽汽参数0.400 MPa/260 ℃。1、2期分别设有相对独立的供热首站,2×200 MW机组接带1号供热首站,设计供热能力625 MW;2×350 MW机组接带2号供热首站,设计供热能力879 MW。
机组热电运行域代表机组在运行中能够达到的热电负荷的安全范围,主要由锅炉最大负荷曲线、锅炉最小负荷曲线、纯凝工况曲线、最大供热工况曲线构成,结合电厂1—4号机组的热平衡图及现场供热性能试验数据,利用热力建模软件机型计算,得到机组的热电运行域如图4所示。
机组热电耦合特性曲线是表征其煤耗-发电-供热三者内在关联的核心特性曲线,直观反映了机组在不同运行工况下,发电功率、供热负荷与标准煤消耗量之间的动态耦合关系,是负荷优化分配的关键基础数据。本文通过多元线性回归分析方法构建机组的热电耦合特性曲线,1—4号机组的热电耦合特性曲线C=fND)如表2所示。其中,N1N4为各机组发电负荷,MW;Pb为高背压供热的凝汽器背压,kPa;D1D3为采暖供热抽汽流量,t/h;C1C4为各机组标准煤消耗量,t/h;Q4为4号机组高背压供热负荷,MW;R2为决定系数,取值均接近1,表明回归方程对实际数据的拟合精度越高。
2)供热场景设置
为充分验证CML-GWO的实际应用价值,选取电厂采暖季1天,采样间隔5 min,共288组实际运行数据,对热电负荷优化分配问题进行分析。首先对CML-GWO与GWO、CGWO、LGWO在同一单时刻下各独立运行30次,通过对比不同算法的箱线图进行对比,验证CML-GWO在单时刻优化中更稳定收敛至最优解的能力;然后基于全天288组数据,分场景对比CML-GWO与GWO在实际连续调度场景中对热电负荷动态分配的优化效果,波动电价如图5所示计算,供热价格按照35元/GJ计算。
本研究设置了2类差异化场景,分别模拟现实约束条件与理想调节环境,通过多维度指标对比,系统评估CML-GWO相较于GWO的性能提升,具体见表3。其中1—4号机组单机发电量固定,1、2号机与3、4号机供热分区,但是求解目标不同。场景1、2模拟现实约束条件,场景1为求解煤耗最小同时新能源消纳最多,场景2为求解盈利最高同时新能源消纳最多;场景3、4模拟理想调节环境,可以在全厂4台机范围内分配电热负荷,场景3为求解煤耗最小同时新能源消纳最多,场景4为求解盈利最高同时新能源消纳最多。
CEC2017测试函数集测试结果见表4。在单峰函数中,CML-GWO的结果略高于理论值,这一细微差异源于分层引导机制在简单场景中也会引入少量探索波动,但整体仍处于可接受范围。
CML-GWO在不同复杂度优化场景下的统计表现与常规算法高度匹配,且在复杂多峰/复合函数中展现出更优稳定性,尤其体现在F25函数,GWO、CGWO、LGWO、CML-GWO的结果完全相同,优于PSO和SA,表明在含约束的复合场景中,灰狼算法的框架更适配,而CML-GWO继承了这一优势。
综上,CML-GWO在保持灰狼算法系列基础优势的同时,通过两项改进的协同作用,在多峰、复合等复杂场景中实现了“寻优精度+稳定性”的双重提升,验证了其作为工程优化工具的优越性。
场景1与场景2严格贴合热电厂实际运行中的调控边界,为对现有运行模式的优化验证。在该场景设定下,1—4号机组的发电负荷受单机AGC系统严格管控,发电量保持固定,无法通过算法进行调整;供热系统则分为2个独立分区,1—2号机组构成一期供热单元,3—4号机组构成二期供热单元,2个分区的总供热量被预先锁定,算法仅能在同一分区内的2台机组间进行供热量的重新分配。这种“发电量固定+分区供热量固定”的双重约束,极大压缩了负荷调节空间,对算法在有限自由度内的寻优精度提出了极高要求。
1)单时刻优化性能对比
单时刻优化以5 min为一个调控周期,聚焦算法在瞬时工况下的响应速度与优化稳定性,核心评估指标包括煤耗(场景1)、总盈利(场景2)及新能源消纳量,同时通过方差反映指标波动。
场景1(煤耗最小化目标) CML-GWO在场景1中(图6)的单时刻煤耗优化均值为276.40 t/h、方差为1.48 (t/h)2,新能源消纳量均值为792.98 MW、方差为15.96 MW2。从横向对比来看,其整体表现显著优于GWO与CGWO:煤耗节约量超过2 t/h,新能源消纳量提升20 MW以上;与LGWO相比,两者性能相近,在煤耗与新能源消纳的核心指标上基本持平。
场景2(总盈利最大化目标) 在场景2中(图7),CML-GWO单时刻(5 min周期)总盈利优化均值为1 754.88元、方差为25.08元2,新能源消纳量均值为817.02 MW、方差为2.89 MW2。相较于GWO、CGWO、LGWO,CML-GWO在盈利能力上稍微要优异一些,5 min盈利之差达到14元以上,而方差值与其他算法基本一致,说明其在提升收益的同时,未牺牲运行稳定性;新能源消纳量与其他算法基本持平,体现出算法在“收益提升”与“能源消纳”之间的平衡能力。
2)单日优化结果统计分析
单日优化统计以24 h为周期,累计计算煤耗、盈利及新能源消纳总量,同时重点关注电热负荷偏离量,该指标直接反映算法优化结果与实际供热需求的匹配程度,是评估供热安全性的核心指标。
场景1(煤耗最小化目标) 为便于呈现效果,图8中数据为半小时统计数据(下同)。经统计,GWO算法的热负荷控制精度较高,一期热负荷最大偏离量为0.014 MW,二期为0.015 MW,单日煤耗累计计算为6 558.4 t,平均新能源消纳量为814.1 MW;CML-GWO的热负荷偏离量也在可接受的范围内,一期0.10 7 MW、二期0.094 MW,均满足热电厂供热精度要求,平均新能源消纳量达到814.7 MW,较GWO微量提高,尽管单日煤耗累计为6 560.0 t,较GWO略有增加,但考虑到群智能优化算法本身存在的波动性,可认为两者在该场景下的优化结果无显著差异。
场景2(总盈利最大化目标) 该场景如图9所示,GWO的热负荷控制精度依然较高,一期与二期热负荷最大偏离量分别为0.022 MW和0.019 MW,单日盈利累计551 435元,平均新能源消纳量796.4 MW;CML-GWO的热负荷最大偏离量虽有所上升(一期0.058 MW、二期0.035 MW),但仍满足安全运行要求,且在经济收益与新能源消纳方面表现更优,单日盈利累计551 386元,与GWO基本持平,平均新能源消纳量提升至797.5 MW,较GWO提高0.14%。这一结果表明,在现实约束条件下,CML-GWO能够在不牺牲经济收益的前提下,进一步提升新能源消纳能力,具备实际应用价值。
场景3、4打破了现实中的调控约束,模拟了“全厂负荷自由分配”的理想运行环境。在该场景下,算法可在1—4号机组的范围内,同时对发电负荷与供热负荷进行全局优化分配,不受AGC单机固定发电或分区供热总量的限制,调节自由度大幅提升,能够更充分地发挥算法的寻优潜力,是对CML-GWO算法极限性能的深度验证。
1)单时刻优化性能对比
场景3(煤耗最小化目标) 该场景如图10所示,CML-GWO的单时刻煤耗优化均值为274.83 t/h,新能源消纳量均值为875.59 MW。横向对比来看,CML-GWO与LGWO的煤耗水平相近,且均显著低于GWO与CGWO;稳定性方面,CML-GWO的方差(1.33 (t/h)2)较LGWO(1.88 (t/h)2)降低29.3%,表现出更优的运行稳定性。新能源消纳方面,CML-GWO与LGWO的均值表现均优于GWO与CGWO,且CML-GWO的方差(31.37 MW2)较LGWO(40.96 MW2)降低23.4%,在保证高消纳量的同时,降低了波动风险。与场景1对比,本场景因无双重约束,煤耗均值降低1.57 t/h,新能源消纳量提升82.61 MW,尽管方差(31.37 MW2)高于场景1的15.96 MW2,但高消纳量下的波动仍处于合理范围,寻优潜力得到充分释放。
场景4(总盈利最大化目标) 该场景如图11所示,在场景4中,CML-GWO的经济收益优势尤为突出,单时刻(5 min)总盈利优化均值达到2 213.25元,新能源消纳量均值达到884.90 MW。与其他算法对比,CML-GWO的盈利结果最优,方差表现排名第2:相较于GWO,其盈利均值提升1.33%,方差降低26.6%,新能源消纳量提升0.6%,方差降低22.1%;与CGWO相比,优势更为显著;即使与LGWO相比,在盈利均值上也存在一定优势,充分证明了CML-GWO在理想调节场景下的全局寻优能力。与场景2对比,本场景支持全局负荷分配,单时刻盈利提升458.37元,新能源消纳量提升67.88 MW,核心优化指标的优势幅度远超场景2,验证了自由度提升对算法性能的放大作用。
2)一天优化结果统计分析
场景3(煤耗最小化目标) 该场景如图12所示,GWO的总电负荷最大偏差为0.025 MW,最大热负荷偏差为0.023 MW,单日煤耗累计结果为6 576.0 t,平均新能源消纳量为866.4 MW。而CML-GWO在负荷偏差可接受的范围内(总电负荷最大偏差0.212 MW、总热负荷最大偏差0.201 MW),实现了煤耗的大幅降低与新能源消纳的显著提升:单日煤耗累计降至6 552.2 t,较GWO减少23.8 t,降幅达0.36%;平均新能源消纳量提升至873.8 MW,较GWO提高0.85%。按热电厂年运行300天计算,仅场景3下,CML-GWO每年即可减少煤耗7 140 t,兼具显著的环保效益与能源效益。与场景1的CML-GWO结果对比,本场景单日煤耗减少7.8 t,新能源消纳量提升59.1 MW,年节煤潜力(7 140 t)远高于场景1的潜在空间,虽负荷偏差略有上升,但均满足运行要求。
场景4(总盈利最大化目标) 该场景如图13所示。在场景4中,GWO的总电负荷最大偏差为0.041 MW,最大热负荷偏差为0.045 MW,单日盈利累计为660 799元,平均新能源消纳量为849.1 MW。CML-GWO在负荷偏差可接受的前提下,实现了经济收益与新能源消纳的双重提升,单日盈利累计增至667 314元,较GWO增加6 515元,增幅达0.99%;平均新能源消纳量提升至855.4 MW,较GWO提高0.74%。按年运行300天计算,CML-GWO每年可增加盈利195.45万元,经济收益十分可观。与场景2的CML-GWO结果对比,本场景单日盈利增加115 928元,新能源消纳量提升57.9 MW,年增盈利(195.45万元)是场景2的数倍,无约束条件下的全局寻优能力使经济与能源效益实现质的提升。
本研究面向“双碳”目标下热电联产电厂精细化运行需求,针对厂级热电负荷多目标优化分配问题,提出融合混沌映射初始化与分层进化机制的改进灰狼算法(CML-GWO)。通过标准测试函数与实际工程场景的验证,得出以下结论。
1)基于CEC2017测试函数的验证表明,CML-GWO在复杂多峰与复合函数场景中表现出卓越的稳定性与寻优精度,其改进机制有效提升了全局探索与局部开发能力的平衡,展现出解决非线性高维优化问题的强大潜力。
2)在贴近实际运行的约束场景中,CML-GWO在发电负荷固定、供热量分区锁定的严格条件下,单时刻优化煤耗均值达276.4 t/h,盈利均值达1 754.88元,且所有负荷偏离量均满足安全运行要求,体现了良好的工程实用性;在全局优化场景中,CML-GWO展现出卓越的综合性能。与标准GWO相比,单日可实现节煤23.8 t或增收6 515元,新能源消纳量同步提升。按年运行300天计算,预计年节煤量达7 140 t,年增收达195.45万元,经济效益与环保效益俱佳。
3)混沌初始化与分层进化机制的协同作用,是算法性能提升的关键。混沌初始化保障了种群初期的多样性与遍历性,分层进化机制实现了不同层级个体的差异化搜索策略,为复杂热电耦合系统的优化提供了高效可靠的求解工具。
尽管本研究提出的CML-GWO在热电负荷优化中展现出良好性能,但仍存在一些局限性,未来研究可从以下2个方面进一步深化。
1)本研究构建的优化模型虽考虑了主要约束,但对热网动态特性、设备损耗、以及更复杂的市场交易规则(如辅助服务市场)等因素的刻画仍显不足。同时,算法求解时间在超大规模问题或对实时性要求极高的场景下仍需进一步优化。
2)CML-GWO中的关键参数(如分层比例、趋势因子等)虽设置了默认值,但其最优配置可能随问题特性而变化。目前尚未实现参数的完全自适应调整,在不同电厂或运行模式下可能需要重新整定。可以通过探索与深度学习、强化学习等前沿人工智能技术的融合实现算法参数的在线自适应调整,打造更具智能化的决策系统。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3802402)
  • 中国华能集团有限公司重点科技项目(HNKJ24-HF64)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202508034
  • 接收时间:2025-08-13
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-13
  • 修回日期:2025-12-16
  • 录用日期:2025-12-18
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFC3802402)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3802402)
Key Science and Technology Project of China Huaneng Group Co., Ltd.(HNKJ24-HF64)
中国华能集团有限公司重点科技项目(HNKJ24-HF64)
作者信息
    1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    2.高效灵活煤电及碳捕集利用封存全国重点实验室,北京 102209
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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