Article(id=1295068160307258241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068070071005445, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202507082, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753804800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-30, revisedDate=1758556800000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-23, acceptedDate=1758729600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-25, onlineDate=1786697910619, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1779638400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697910619, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697910619, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697910619, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295068070071005445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='186', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779638400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697889106, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698835709, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072040462078420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068070071005445, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072040462078421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068070071005445, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=138, endPage=146, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295068160550527874, articleId=1295068160307258241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Study on the distribution law of local entropy production in flow and heat transfer for cross-flow tube bundle heat exchangers, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Heat exchangers are key equipment for energy conversion and utilization, and enhancing the heat transfer coefficient while reducing energy consumption is a core objective of heat exchanger design. This article focuses on the mechanism of irreversible loss caused by heat transfer and flow resistance in tube bundle heat exchangers. Based on the second law of thermodynamics, a local entropy production analysis model is established, which includes average entropy production, turbulent entropy production, wall entropy production, and heat transfer entropy production. The flow and heat transfer characteristics as well as the distribution laws of each entropy production are obtained for both in-line and staggered tube bundle arrangements, and the influence of tube bundle arrangement on the irreversibility of flow and heat transfer is quantitatively analyzed. The research results indicate that turbulent entropy production and heat transfer entropy production are the main components of total entropy production in heat exchangers, and they are mainly distributed in the near-wall region and the wake region where flow separation occurs. As the gas velocity increases, the average entropy production, turbulent entropy production, and wall entropy production gradually increase, while the heat transfer entropy production gradually decreases. Different tube bundle arrangements correspond to different optimal flow rates, at which the total entropy production of the flow and heat transfer process can be minimized. When the gas velocity is relatively low, the staggered tube bundle arrangement is recommended, because it can effectively reduce the total entropy production of the system and minimize irreversible losses. In contrast, when the gas velocity is relatively high, the in-line tube bundle arrangement should be selected.

, authors=Chang WANG, Ming LIU, Junjie YAN, authorsList=Chang WANG, Ming LIU, Junjie YAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ming LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295068164669334427, articleId=1295068160307258241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=横流外掠管束式换热器的流动换热局部熵产分布规律研究, columnId=1211002405437706993, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=热能科学研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

换热器作为能量转化与利用的关键设备,其设计的核心在于提高传热系数并降低换热过程中的能耗。基于热力学第二定律的熵产理论,对管束式换热器传热与流动阻力的不可逆损失的机理进行分析,建立了包括平均熵产、湍流熵产、传热熵产和壁面熵产的局部熵产分析模型,研究获得了顺排和叉排管束布置的流动传热特性及各熵产分布规律,定量研究了管束排布结构对流动换热不可逆性的影响。研究结果表明:湍流熵产和传热熵产是换热器总熵产的主要组成部分,其主要分布在近壁区域和发生流动分离的尾流区域;其中,平均熵产、湍流熵产以及壁面熵产三者随着气体速度的增加而逐渐增加,而传热熵产逐渐降低。不同的管束布置方式下,存在着对应的最优流速,可实现流动与换热过程的总熵产最小。在气相流速较低时,叉排布置方式有利于降低系统的总熵产,从而减少系统的不可逆损失;而当流速较高时,则推荐使用顺排布置方式。

, authors=王昶, 刘明, 严俊杰, authorsList=王昶, 刘明, 严俊杰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘明, authorNote=

王昶(1998),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为多相流动传热模拟,

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘明(1985),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为热力系统节能与优化,
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王昶(1998),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为多相流动传热模拟,

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王昶(1998),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为多相流动传热模拟,

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Geometric and environmental parameters of the tube bundle

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参数数值
圆管外径D/mm38
纵向间距SL/mm76
横向间距ST/mm76
入口速度u/(m·s–12、4、6、8、10
入口温度Tin/K500
管壁温度Tw/K400
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管束几何参数和环境参数

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参数数值
圆管外径D/mm38
纵向间距SL/mm76
横向间距ST/mm76
入口速度u/(m·s–12、4、6、8、10
入口温度Tin/K500
管壁温度Tw/K400
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横流外掠管束式换热器的流动换热局部熵产分布规律研究
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王昶 , 刘明 , 严俊杰
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2026,55(5): 138-146
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热力发电 |热能科学研究 2026 , 55 (5) : 138 -146
横流外掠管束式换热器的流动换热局部熵产分布规律研究
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王昶 , 刘明 , 严俊杰
作者信息
  • 西安交通大学动力工程多相流国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
通讯作者:
刘明(1985),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为热力系统节能与优化,
作者简介:

王昶(1998),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为多相流动传热模拟,

Study on the distribution law of local entropy production in flow and heat transfer for cross-flow tube bundle heat exchangers
Chang WANG , Ming LIU , Junjie YAN
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
出版时间: 2026-05-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507082
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换热器作为能量转化与利用的关键设备,其设计的核心在于提高传热系数并降低换热过程中的能耗。基于热力学第二定律的熵产理论,对管束式换热器传热与流动阻力的不可逆损失的机理进行分析,建立了包括平均熵产、湍流熵产、传热熵产和壁面熵产的局部熵产分析模型,研究获得了顺排和叉排管束布置的流动传热特性及各熵产分布规律,定量研究了管束排布结构对流动换热不可逆性的影响。研究结果表明:湍流熵产和传热熵产是换热器总熵产的主要组成部分,其主要分布在近壁区域和发生流动分离的尾流区域;其中,平均熵产、湍流熵产以及壁面熵产三者随着气体速度的增加而逐渐增加,而传热熵产逐渐降低。不同的管束布置方式下,存在着对应的最优流速,可实现流动与换热过程的总熵产最小。在气相流速较低时,叉排布置方式有利于降低系统的总熵产,从而减少系统的不可逆损失;而当流速较高时,则推荐使用顺排布置方式。

管束换热器  /  熵产分析  /  顺排布置  /  叉排布置

Heat exchangers are key equipment for energy conversion and utilization, and enhancing the heat transfer coefficient while reducing energy consumption is a core objective of heat exchanger design. This article focuses on the mechanism of irreversible loss caused by heat transfer and flow resistance in tube bundle heat exchangers. Based on the second law of thermodynamics, a local entropy production analysis model is established, which includes average entropy production, turbulent entropy production, wall entropy production, and heat transfer entropy production. The flow and heat transfer characteristics as well as the distribution laws of each entropy production are obtained for both in-line and staggered tube bundle arrangements, and the influence of tube bundle arrangement on the irreversibility of flow and heat transfer is quantitatively analyzed. The research results indicate that turbulent entropy production and heat transfer entropy production are the main components of total entropy production in heat exchangers, and they are mainly distributed in the near-wall region and the wake region where flow separation occurs. As the gas velocity increases, the average entropy production, turbulent entropy production, and wall entropy production gradually increase, while the heat transfer entropy production gradually decreases. Different tube bundle arrangements correspond to different optimal flow rates, at which the total entropy production of the flow and heat transfer process can be minimized. When the gas velocity is relatively low, the staggered tube bundle arrangement is recommended, because it can effectively reduce the total entropy production of the system and minimize irreversible losses. In contrast, when the gas velocity is relatively high, the in-line tube bundle arrangement should be selected.

tube bundle heat exchanger  /  entropy production analysis  /  in-line arrangement  /  staggered arrangement
王昶, 刘明, 严俊杰. 横流外掠管束式换热器的流动换热局部熵产分布规律研究. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (5) : 138 -146 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507082
Chang WANG, Ming LIU, Junjie YAN. Study on the distribution law of local entropy production in flow and heat transfer for cross-flow tube bundle heat exchangers[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (5) : 138 -146 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507082
换热器作为能量转化与利用的关键设备,其设计的核心在于提升传热系数并降低换热过程能耗。管束式换热器具有结构紧凑、传热效率高等优点,在工业领域应用广泛。按照管束结构,管束式换热器可分为顺排、叉排2种,提升管束式换热器的性能是能源利用的关键。
国内外学者进行了大量关于管束式换热器性能与结构优化的研究。Paul等人[1]采用4种不同湍流模型,研究了叉排管束式换热器的流动特性,发现横向湍流强度高于流向湍流强度。郭晨[2]建立了过热器管束流动与传热过程的数值计算模型,研究发现入口烟气速度、管间距离是影响过热器换热管束流动与传热性能的主要因素。凌玲等[3]研究了管间距离对管束式换热器传热特性的影响,结果显示,密集排列的管束换热效果更优。Kim等人[4]针对纵向间距对直列管组中单相换热性能的作用展开研究,发现随着纵向间距的减小,传热系数明显降低。Abramov等人[5]采用数值模拟的方法分析了液体金属流体横向流经顺排管束的传热过程,并获得了Nu数的分布规律。谢萧阳等[6]采用实验方法研究了流体横流顺排管束,测量了不同管距、不同管径比和不同雷诺数的速度分布。王坤宇[7]借助数值模拟的方法分析比较了顺排和叉排换热器流动与传热特性,拟合得到了阻力与传热的性能关联式,并对换热器的综合性能进行评价。Mangrulkar等人[8]针对带有分流板的管束进行研究,结合实验和CFD方法分析了其传热性能和摩擦阻力,结果表明,圆管尾部的分流板增加了流体流动的努塞特数,从而强化传热,同时降低管排整体压降。Qin等人[9]开展了纵向紧凑布置管束努塞特数Nu与流动阻力特性的实验研究,并建立了针对LCA管束的全面经验关联式。
在传统换热器优化中,往往以传热系数、压力损失等单一性能指标表征传热与阻力性能。基于热力学第二定律,换热器内的流动阻力损失及传热温差损失均为不可逆损失,强化换热和降阻都是降低不可逆损失的重要方法,因此采用熵产指标可以综合评价传热和阻力性能。Kock等人[10]对熵产的输运方程进行了速度与温度的时间平均,并将总熵产分为4种,指出壁面区域的熵产存在着计算误差较大的问题。Duan等人[11]提出了一种简化的近壁面速度梯度引起熵产计算公式,并应用该公式研究了旋风分离器中流场的熵产分布。王松岭等[12]对离心风机熵产进行数值模拟分析,发现叶轮内的能量损失主要由湍流耗散引起,黏性耗散引起的熵产很小。任芸等[13]对离心泵各部件内的流动损失机理展开分析,揭示了损失的空间分布特征及主要原因,并进一步探讨了转速对局部熵产的影响。
局部熵产法现广泛应用于研究传热及流动过程中的不可逆特性分析,可直接定量能量传递过程的不可逆损失及分布规律,但目前国内外尚缺乏应用局部熵产法开展横流外掠管束式换热器的相关研究。为明晰管束式换热器传热与流动阻力的不可逆损失机理,本文将基于熵产理论,首先,建立了包括平均熵产、湍流熵产、壁面熵产和传热熵产的熵产分析模型;然后,对比了不同布置方式下的流场与温度场的分布规律,揭示了速度梯度、温度梯度的形成机制;其次,基于熵产理论分析换热器内流动熵产、传热熵产的空间分布特征;最后对比叉排和顺排2种换热器中气流速度对各类熵产的影响规律。本文的研究内容可为管束式换热器的设计优化与能效提升提供理论依据。
本部分建立了管束式换热器的物理模型,给出了数值计算采用的控制方程及局部熵产分析模型;同时,开展了网格无关性验证,并对数值方法进行了流动验证和熵产计算验证。
本研究以工业锅炉尾部受热面(如管式空气预热器、省煤器)为工程背景,选取典型的管束布置参数进行建模,其示意如图1所示。图2为横流外掠管束式换热器的管束顺排和叉排布置的几何模型。流动方向上包含3列管束,其中圆管的直径为D=38 mm,纵向管间距离为SL=76 mm,横向管间距离为ST=76 mm。流体入口速度u=2~10 m/s,入口温度为500 K,管壁温度为400 K。如图1所示,第1排圆管前留有2D的距离,使来流均匀通过管排。最后一排圆管后留有6D的距离,以防止回流对管束流动和传热进行干扰,保证了模拟区域的准确性,使模拟得到的结果更接近于工程实际运行情况。入口为速度入口边界条件,出口为压力出口边界条件。选择标准壁面函数,入口湍流强度为5%,水力直径为圆管管径。表1为管束几何参数和环境参数。
对管束式换热器建立数值模型,流动介质为不可压缩的空气,其数值模型主要包括连续性方程、动量方程与能量方程:
ρt+(ρui)xi=0
(ρui)t+(ρuiuj)xj=xj(μ(uixj+ujxi))pxi+ρg
t(ρT)+xi(ρuiT)=xi(λcpTxi)
式中:ρu分别为流体密度和速度;pT为压力和温度;μ为动力黏度系数;λ为导热系数;cp为定压比热容;g为重力加速度;ij=1、2、3。
本文采用标准k-ε模型来封闭控制方程组,采用有限体积法的二阶迎风格式对能量、动量及湍流变量进行离散来保证计算的准确性。
单相不可压缩流体流动的熵产的输运方程可表示为[14]
ρ(st+usx+νsy+wsz)=div(qT)+ΦT+ΦθT
式中:s为比熵;t为时间;q为热流密度;xyz为坐标分量;uvw为速度沿不同坐标方向的分量;Φ为机械能黏性耗散项;Φθ为温差传热产生的耗散项。将RANS方程进行时均化处理,将瞬时运动的所有参数项分解为平均项和脉动项。
经时间平均后,由平均速度梯度引起的平均熵产表达式为:
SM′′′=μT¯[2{(u¯x)2+(v¯y)2+(w¯z)2}+(u¯y+v¯x)2+(u¯z+w¯x)2+(v¯z+w¯y)2]
因为测量脉动速度存在难度,Herwig等人[14]提出用湍流耗散率代替求解湍流熵产,湍流熵产计算表达式为:
SD′′=ρεT¯
式中:ε为湍流耗散率;T¯为平均温度。
边界层附近的流体存在较大的速度梯度,导致平均熵产的计算有很大偏差。为准确计算管壁附近的平均熵产,张翔等[15]提出新的适用于壁面附近熵产的计算公式:
ΔSw=ΔτνpTdA
式中:τ为管壁附近边界层的剪切应力;vp为临近壁面网格中心处的速度矢量;A为整个壁面的积分区域。
Herwig等人[14]研究表明脉动温度场所计算的熵产与根据平均温度场计算的熵产有关。经过整理,由传热引起的单位体积传热熵产计算式为:
SC"'=λeffT¯2[(T¯x)2+(T¯y)2+(T¯z)2]
λeff=λ+λt=λ+cpμtPrt
式中:λeff为有效热导率;λt为湍流热导率;μt为湍流黏度;Prt为湍流Prandtl数。
值得注意的是,以上计算均为单位体积的各类熵产,在计算网格区域内,通过对式(5)、式(6)、式(8)平均熵产、湍流熵产和温差传热熵产进行体积分可得到其总的各类熵产。
ΔSM=VSM′′′dV=(SM,i′′′Vi)
ΔSD=VSD′′′dV=(SD,i′′′Vi)
ΔSC=VSC′′′dV=(SC,i′′′Vi)
换热器内由流动和传热产生的不可逆损失的总熵产ΔSpro为各项熵产之和:
ΔSpro=ΔSM+ΔSD+ΔSw+ΔSC
为准确模拟流体流经圆管附近的流动和换热状态,网格的质量是关键。因此,本文对计算区域分块构建结构化网格,具体网格划分情况见图3。针对圆管附近,特意做了网格加密处理,设定边界层网格数量为15层。通过对比5种网格数量下计算区域的出入口压降和平均Nu数的变化情况(图4)发现,当网格数大于63万时,计算区域的压降与Nu数的变化幅度较小,能够满足计算要求。最终选择网格数为63万进行模拟,在此条件下,计算的准确度和计算效率间得到了很好地平衡。
本节对数值模型的可靠性进行验证。将数值模拟得到的Nu数与Žukauskas等人[16]提出的流体横掠管束换热的实验关联式进行对比。对比结果如图5所示。平均Nu数的实验关联式为:
Num=CRemPrn(PrPrw)0.25cz
式中:Re为雷诺数;Pr为主流温度下的普朗特数;Prw为管壁温度下的普朗特数;Cmn为经验系数,取决于管束排列方式和雷诺数范围;cz为管排修正系数。由图5可见,模拟结果和实验结果吻合良好,最大误差低于18%,考虑到实验测量的误差,可认为该数值模型结果可靠。
本文进一步进行熵产分析方法的验证,选取弯管进行流动不可逆的熵产验证。弯管流动存在因离心力引发的“二次流”,伴随产生流动分离及涡旋结构,其流动复杂度较高,可有效验证模型在复杂流动中的适用性。整个管道系统绝热,可将其视为一个稳定流动的开放系统,其总熵产与进出口的压力有关:
ΔSpro=SoutSin=cplnToutTinRglnpoutpin
上式计算得到的熵产是单位时间产生的不可逆损失,为了使两者便于比较,需要将局部熵产计算得到的值除以气体的质量流量。经计算,2种熵产的计算结果比较见图6。由图6可知,2种方法的计算结果大体一致,相差不大,局部熵产分析方法可以用于预测管道内的不可逆分析。
为探究流体横掠管束换热器不同排布方式的性能差异,本文从流场和温度场入手,分析了排布方式对流动换热的影响规律,对比了各种熵产的分布云图,得到了流动与传热不可逆损失的关键部位,并提出综合性评价指标总熵产ΔSpro,进行了顺排与叉排不同排列管束换热器的不可逆性熵产展开对比分析。
管束排列方式是影响流场特性的关键因素,而流场分布又直接决定了换热管束的传热性能。为深入理解不同布置方式对换热过程的影响机制,本文将对顺列布置和错列布置这2种典型的管束排列方式进行对比分析。图7为顺排与叉排2种布置方式下的流场分布,可以清晰地观察到2种布置方式下流场流动特性的显著差异。当流体流经第1排管束时,在管束迎风面出现明显的流动滞止区,该区域流体速度显著降低直至为0;同时,流体流经圆管产生流动分离现象,在管后区域形成一个低压低速的尾流区,产生较大的流动能量损失。当顺排布置时,流体从管间区域流过,受到的阻碍较少,流动更为顺畅,阻力更小。纵向圆管之间存在不稳定的尾流区,流体的分离现象较弱。同时,横向管束间存在较大的流动空间,流动保持较好的层流特性,湍流强度较低。与之相反,当叉排布置时,流体在管束间的流动路径更加曲折,流线呈弯曲状,流动阻力更大。圆管后的尾流区域扩大,边界层分离现象更显著,管束间形成强烈的湍流混合。相较而言,由于流线的剧烈弯曲和流动方向的频繁改变,叉排布置更易导致流动的不稳定,管间区域的湍流强度增强,流动产生的耗散较大,流动的阻力增大。
为更好地衡量流体横掠管束传热特性,对比了顺排与叉排2种情况下的温度场分布(图8)。在换热管束换热的过程中,流体与管壁间发生持续的能量交换。随着流体沿流动方向不断前进,来流温度逐渐降低。靠近管壁边界层的流体温度低于主流区,在管壁周围形成明显的温度梯度。在第1排圆管的迎风来流面存在高温区域,此处为圆管的流动滞止处。由于圆管的阻挡,流体发生分流,在圆管的背风处发生流体脱体现象,形成漩涡,此处温度梯度较小,换热效果较差。由此可知,流体的速度分布决定其温度的分布。当流体横流顺排布置的换热管束时,流体沿管束轴向流动,边界层发展连续,尾流区较长。此时温度梯度较小,且下流管束受上流圆管的遮蔽作用,换热效率较低。而当流体横流叉排布置的换热管束时,流动路径曲折,热边界层较薄,壁面处的温度梯度较大。叉排布置方式诱发了强烈的湍流,增强了流体间热量的传递,具有更好的传热效果。
本节通过模拟得到的速度场和温度场求解4种不同熵产的分布情况。图9为顺排布置时各种单位体积熵产的分布云图,图10则为叉排布置时各种单位体积熵产的分布云图。
图9图10可知,无论是顺排还是叉排布置,4种来源不同的熵产在空间分布中存在着显著的差异,其核心在于管束导致流动变化引发的速度梯度与温度梯度的非均匀分布,进而导致熵产空间分布的不同。
流体流经管壁时,受黏性的阻滞作用,速度从主流区的均匀分布骤降至壁面处的无滑移状态,剧烈的速度梯度通过黏性耗散直接增大平均熵产;同时引发的剪切扰动会增强近壁处的湍流脉动,使得湍流熵产在近壁区较大。近壁区也是温差传热熵产的主要集中区,管壁与流体间存在显著的热边界层,热传递的不可逆损失较大,近壁区温差传热熵产占总传热熵产的80%以上,该特征在顺排与叉排布置中均一致。
流体绕过管束后,在背风侧发生流动分离,分离后的流体形成周期性脱落的涡旋。涡旋运动过程中,强烈的湍流脉动显著提升湍流耗散率,直接导致湍流熵产增大;同时,涡旋向下游输运时不断破碎,湍流能量逐级耗散,使湍流熵产在尾流区区域逐渐衰减。叉排布置因涡旋脱落更稳定、存活时间更长,高熵产区域的范围也更广。因此,管束后方尾流区的熵产差异主要源于流动分离形态与涡旋演化特性的不同,但核心生成机理相同,均由湍流耗散主导。
综上所述,单位体积的总熵产由单位体积的各种熵产相加得到,其主要分布在近壁区域和发生流动分离的尾流区域。这是管束式换热器内不可逆损失产生的主要区域,其中平均熵产和湍流熵产主要受流场特性支配,而传热熵产则与温度场分布密切相关。与顺排布置相比,叉排布置的总熵产分布表现出更好的对称性,在管束左右两侧的分布基本相似。
为研究管束式换热器能耗的组成,对计算域内的各类熵产进行体积积分,并对壁面熵产进行面积积分,计算得到不同布置方式各不可逆因素产生的熵。图11为气体速度对积分后的各类熵产的影响。对比发现,积分后得到的湍流熵产和传热熵产的数量级较大,是积分后系统总熵产的重要来源。
图11a)、图11b)所示,积分后的平均熵产和湍流熵产随流速的增大而增加。流速的增加使管束间的流场结构变得更加复杂,速度梯度显著增大,流动过程中产生的不可逆损失变大。与此同时,流速的增加加剧了流场的湍流混合效应,流体动能耗散增加,湍流耗散率增大,流动过程中的能量损失增加,流动阻力也随之增加。如图11c)所示,与流动熵产不同,积分后传热熵产随气体速度的增大而逐渐降低。这是因为流速的提高增强了管束间的对流换热能力,减小了流体与壁面间的传热温差,从而降低了传热过程的熵产。相较于其他熵产,积分后的壁面熵产数值较小,但其仍随气体速度的增加而增大(图11d))。这是由于流速提高导致壁面剪切应力增大,使得壁面附近的黏性耗散加剧,从而增加了壁面熵产。综上所述,湍流熵产和传热熵产是积分后总熵产主要组成部分,其受气体速度的影响显著。
为得到不同布置方式下的最优流速,将积分后的各部分熵产相加得到总熵产进行对比分析。积分后总熵产ΔSpro是一个综合性评价指标,其同时包含了流动不可逆性损失和传热不可逆性损失。图12为气体速度对管束顺排和叉排布置时积分后总熵产对比。如图12所示,不同的管束布置方式存在着不同的最佳流速。当气体速度为4 m/s时,叉排布置的积分后系统总熵产最小,ΔSpro=7.32×10–3 W/K,展现出最佳的流动传热性能。与同一布置方式下气体速度为10 m/s时相比,总熵产减小49%。当气体速度为8 m/s时,顺排布置的积分后系统总熵产最小,ΔSpro= 8.50×10–3 W/K,此时的流动传热性能最佳。与同一布置方式下气体速度为10 m/s时相比,总熵产减小22.2%。在低速工况下,与顺排布置相比,叉排布置能够更有效地降低系统的总熵产;而当流速增加,顺排布置的积分后总熵产较小,与叉排布置相比有着更好的流动传热特性,其不可逆损失更小。造成这种现象的原因与不同排列方式下流场结构和换热特性有关。
本文针对管束式换热器的顺排和叉排这2种典型管排布置方式,揭示不同排布下熵产的组成、分布特征及关键影响因素,使用熵产这一综合指标来评估换热器内的流动及传热的不可逆损失过程,得到如下结论。
顺排管束与叉排管束因布置方式不同,形成了不同的流场与温度场,导致了二者流动阻力与换热性能差别较大。顺排管束流动阻力更小,叉排管束换热性能更强。换热器内不可逆损失的核心来源为湍流熵产与传热熵产,且二者空间分布高度依赖流场与温度场特征。近壁区域因速度梯度与温度梯度叠加,成为熵产高密度区;同时,管束尾流分离区则因涡旋脉动增强湍流耗散,形成局部熵产峰值。其中,随气体速度的提高平均熵产、湍流熵产和壁面熵产逐渐增加,而传热熵产逐渐降低。通过比较不可逆损失造成的总熵产,在较低流速时叉排布置的流动传热性能更佳,在较高流速时顺排布置更有优势。该匹配关系为换热器结构与运行参数的协同优化提供定量依据。
本文仍存在以下局限:模型基于等壁温边界假设,未考虑实际工业场景中管内流体变温导致的壁温波动的影响,且未考虑三维场景中管束轴向的涡旋变化对熵产的影响。未来将开展三维全尺寸管束模拟,重点探究管束轴向的熵产的影响,并进一步验证“流速-排列方式”的关联规律。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB4102304)
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2026年第55卷第5期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507082
  • 接收时间:2025-07-30
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-30
  • 修回日期:2025-09-23
  • 录用日期:2025-09-25
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2023YFB4102304)
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB4102304)
作者信息
    西安交通大学动力工程多相流国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049

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刘明(1985),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为热力系统节能与优化,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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