Article(id=1295068140686303973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068070071005445, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202506033, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749744000000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-13, revisedDate=1757520000000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-11, acceptedDate=1758124800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-18, onlineDate=1786697905941, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1779638400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697905941, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697905941, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697905941, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295068070071005445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='186', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779638400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697889106, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698835709, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072040462078420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068070071005445, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072040462078421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068070071005445, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=68, endPage=81, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295068140887630566, articleId=1295068140686303973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Multi-objective optimization of energy supply system for alumina digestion in green electricity-molten salt collaborative system based on wind and solar power forecasting, columnId=1295068070763065606, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Energy storage and renewable energy technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
[Objective]

Under the rigorous guidance of China’s national strategic goals of “dual carbon” (carbon peaking and carbon neutrality), the transformation of energy structures in heavy industries has become a critical priority. In particular, establishing an innovative energy supply system for the alumina digestion process that is predominantly powered by green electricity is essential. This transition is pivotal for promoting a comprehensive zero-carbon transformation, significantly enhancing the utilization efficiency of renewable energy resources, and effectively reducing the operational costs of the system.

[Methods]

To address these challenges, this study constructs a novel green electricity-molten salt synergistic hybrid system, supported by advanced wind and solar forecasting techniques, to supply reliable power for the alumina digestion process. Regarding the methodological framework, a sophisticated hybrid prediction model combining the autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA) and a long short-term memory (LSTM) network is developed to achieve precise meteorological data forecasting. Furthermore, the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm III (NSGA-III), integrated with a fuzzy satisfaction function, is utilized to conduct a rigorous multi-objective optimization configuration study. This comprehensive simulation covers a continuous period of 1 week (168 h) and evaluates performance across 12 typical operating scenarios to ensure robustness.

[Results]

The comprehensive empirical results indicate that the prediction accuracy of the proposed model is exceptionally high, with the average coefficient of determination (R2) value for meteorological data exceeding 97.5%, thereby providing reliable data input for system control. The optimized full-equipment configuration demonstrates significant advantages in maintaining a cross-seasonal stable energy supply, achieving an optimal balance among economic viability, environmental impact, and overall energy efficiency. Specifically, the minimum weekly operating cost is recorded at 6.322 9 million yuan, the lowest carbon emission is reduced to 44.97 t, and the maximum effective green electricity rate reaches an impressive 99.67%. Additionally, the configuration of molten salt thermal energy storage equipment effectively smooths the inherent fluctuations of green electricity and drastically reduces reliance on external grid power purchases, resulting in an average green electricity supply proportion of 98.23%. The strong synergistic effect between wind turbine equipment and photovoltaic equipment successfully compensates for the temporal and intensity limitations of single energy sources, significantly improving both the effective green electricity rate and the stability of the system’s energy supply.

[Conclusion]

The proposed green electricity-molten salt synergistic hybrid system successfully realizes a stable green power supply, providing robust theoretical support for the optimization of low-carbon, low-cost alumina digestion processes powered directly by green electricity.

, authors=Hongwei WANG1, Kaiyue LI2, Liang TANG1, Jiying LIU2, authorsList=Hongwei WANG, Kaiyue LI, Liang TANG, Jiying LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jiying LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295068145258095361, articleId=1295068140686303973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=基于风光预测的氧化铝溶出绿电-熔盐协同供能系统多目标优化, columnId=1295068072533061896, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=储能与可再生能源技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
【目的】

在我国“双碳”国家战略目标指引下,建设以绿电供能为主的氧化铝溶出工艺供能系统可促进零碳化转型,提升可再生能源利用效率以及降低系统运行成本。

【方法】

构建基于风光预测的绿电-熔盐协同混合系统为氧化铝溶出工艺供能,运用自回归移动平均模型(autoregressive moving average model,ARIMA)-长短期记忆网络(long short term memory,LSTM)混合预测模型实现气象数据的精准预测,采用NSGA-III算法结合模糊满意度函数设计12种典型工况对系统进行1周168 h的多目标优化配置研究。

【结果】

气象数据预测精度平均R2值在97.5%以上,可提供可靠数据输入。全设备工况具备跨季节稳定供能优势,能够在经济性、环境性和能源效率之间实现最优平衡。1周运行成本最低为632.29万元,碳排放量最低为44.97 t,有效绿电率最高达99.67%。配置熔盐储热设备可平抑绿电波动,减少电网购电依赖,绿电供能占比较高。风力发电机设备与光伏设备的协同作用可弥补单一能源在时间与强度上的缺陷,有效绿电率以及系统供能稳定性大幅提升。

【结论】

绿电-熔盐协同混合系统可实现绿电稳定供能,为绿电直供的低碳、低成本氧化铝溶出工艺优化提供理论支撑。

, authors=王宏伟1, 李凯月2, 唐亮1, 刘吉营2, authorsList=王宏伟, 李凯月, 唐亮, 刘吉营, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘吉营, authorNote=

王宏伟(1977),女,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为可再生能源配置与优化,

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘吉营(1983),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为区域综合能源系统优化,
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label=Fig.9, caption=Comparison of operating costs and carbon emissions across operating scenarios, figureFileSmall=p12qfBGjspJP2E+Jw9331g==, figureFileBig=A/0lcSZpZrxybtpRN1dHSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068150614221623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068140686303973, language=CN, label=图9, caption=各工况运行成本和碳排放量对比, figureFileSmall=p12qfBGjspJP2E+Jw9331g==, figureFileBig=A/0lcSZpZrxybtpRN1dHSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068150689719096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068140686303973, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Comparison of power output characteristics for renewable-grid complementary schemes, figureFileSmall=0sX+/xgF4+zRokaDO2mTyQ==, figureFileBig=mYTzKsH8B+jtb8oUFeSggA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068150761022265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068140686303973, language=CN, label=图10, 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figureFileBig=+nglCIED5dC33SEIWsw38w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068151314670400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068140686303973, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameter settings for the NSGA-III algorithm

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设置参数数值
最大迭代次数1 000
种群规模150
交叉概率0.8
变异概率0.2
交叉分布指数10
变异分布指数20
参考点生成方法H=5,M=3
), ArticleFig(id=1295068151390167873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068140686303973, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

NSGA-III算法求解应用参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设置参数数值
最大迭代次数1 000
种群规模150
交叉概率0.8
变异概率0.2
交叉分布指数10
变异分布指数20
参考点生成方法H=5,M=3
), ArticleFig(id=1295068151536968514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068140686303973, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Model forecasting performance evaluation metrics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标1月7月10月
温度风速太阳辐射强度温度风速太阳辐射强度温度风速太阳辐射强度
δMAPE0.041 70.060 90.028 20.022 70.059 10.026 50.057 00.060 10.027 2
R20.964 70.991 20.920 50.968 60.985 60.998 00.965 20.985 90.996 1
), ArticleFig(id=1295068151629243203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068140686303973, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

模型预测性能评估指标数据

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评价指标1月7月10月
温度风速太阳辐射强度温度风速太阳辐射强度温度风速太阳辐射强度
δMAPE0.041 70.060 90.028 20.022 70.059 10.026 50.057 00.060 10.027 2
R20.964 70.991 20.920 50.968 60.985 60.998 00.965 20.985 90.996 1
), ArticleFig(id=1295068151704740676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068140686303973, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Time-of-use tariff schedule

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时段电价/(元ꞏ(kWh)–1
23:00—07:000.50
07:00—11:000.80
12:00—14:001.25
15:00—18:000.80
19:00—22:001.25
23:00—07:000.50
), ArticleFig(id=1295068151780238149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068140686303973, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

分时电价

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时段电价/(元ꞏ(kWh)–1
23:00—07:000.50
07:00—11:000.80
12:00—14:001.25
15:00—18:000.80
19:00—22:001.25
23:00—07:000.50
), ArticleFig(id=1295068151847347014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068140686303973, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Key technical parameters for equipment type selection

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备名称单位能耗/运维成本/(元ꞏ(kWꞏh)–1年维护系数/%额定功率/kW最大功率/kW能量转换系数/%
风力发电机设备0.083.0110 000200 00095
光伏设备0.031.5110 000200 000
电加热蒸汽锅炉0.031.0120 000150 00098
熔盐储热设备0.031.0300 000400 00095
), ArticleFig(id=1295068151927038791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068140686303973, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

设备基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备名称单位能耗/运维成本/(元ꞏ(kWꞏh)–1年维护系数/%额定功率/kW最大功率/kW能量转换系数/%
风力发电机设备0.083.0110 000200 00095
光伏设备0.031.5110 000200 000
电加热蒸汽锅炉0.031.0120 000150 00098
熔盐储热设备0.031.0300 000400 00095
), ArticleFig(id=1295068152002536264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068140686303973, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Equipment configuration profiles across operating scenarios

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季节工况电加热蒸汽锅炉熔盐储热设备光伏设备风力发电机设备氧化铝溶出设备
冬季工况1
工况2
工况3
工况4
夏季工况5
工况6
工况7
工况8
过渡季工况9
工况10
工况11
工况12
), ArticleFig(id=1295068153701229385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068140686303973, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

各工况设备配置情况

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季节工况电加热蒸汽锅炉熔盐储热设备光伏设备风力发电机设备氧化铝溶出设备
冬季工况1
工况2
工况3
工况4
夏季工况5
工况6
工况7
工况8
过渡季工况9
工况10
工况11
工况12
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基于风光预测的氧化铝溶出绿电-熔盐协同供能系统多目标优化
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王宏伟 1 , 李凯月 2 , 唐亮 1 , 刘吉营 2
热力发电 | 储能与可再生能源技术 2026,55(5): 68-81
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热力发电 |储能与可再生能源技术 2026 , 55 (5) : 68 -81
基于风光预测的氧化铝溶出绿电-熔盐协同供能系统多目标优化
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王宏伟1 , 李凯月2, 唐亮1, 刘吉营2
作者信息
  • 1.山东电力工程咨询院有限公司,山东 济南 250101
  • 2.山东建筑大学热能工程学院,山东 济南 250101
通讯作者:
刘吉营(1983),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为区域综合能源系统优化,
作者简介:

王宏伟(1977),女,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为可再生能源配置与优化,

Multi-objective optimization of energy supply system for alumina digestion in green electricity-molten salt collaborative system based on wind and solar power forecasting
Hongwei WANG1 , Kaiyue LI2, Liang TANG1, Jiying LIU2
Affiliations
  • 1.Shandong Electric Power Engineering Consulting Institute Co., Ltd., Jinan 250101, China
  • 2.School of Thermal Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
出版时间: 2026-05-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202506033
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【目的】

在我国“双碳”国家战略目标指引下,建设以绿电供能为主的氧化铝溶出工艺供能系统可促进零碳化转型,提升可再生能源利用效率以及降低系统运行成本。

【方法】

构建基于风光预测的绿电-熔盐协同混合系统为氧化铝溶出工艺供能,运用自回归移动平均模型(autoregressive moving average model,ARIMA)-长短期记忆网络(long short term memory,LSTM)混合预测模型实现气象数据的精准预测,采用NSGA-III算法结合模糊满意度函数设计12种典型工况对系统进行1周168 h的多目标优化配置研究。

【结果】

气象数据预测精度平均R2值在97.5%以上,可提供可靠数据输入。全设备工况具备跨季节稳定供能优势,能够在经济性、环境性和能源效率之间实现最优平衡。1周运行成本最低为632.29万元,碳排放量最低为44.97 t,有效绿电率最高达99.67%。配置熔盐储热设备可平抑绿电波动,减少电网购电依赖,绿电供能占比较高。风力发电机设备与光伏设备的协同作用可弥补单一能源在时间与强度上的缺陷,有效绿电率以及系统供能稳定性大幅提升。

【结论】

绿电-熔盐协同混合系统可实现绿电稳定供能,为绿电直供的低碳、低成本氧化铝溶出工艺优化提供理论支撑。

氧化铝溶出工艺  /  气象预测  /  绿电-熔盐协同混合系统  /  ARIMA-LSTM混合预测模型  /  多目标优化
[Objective]

Under the rigorous guidance of China’s national strategic goals of “dual carbon” (carbon peaking and carbon neutrality), the transformation of energy structures in heavy industries has become a critical priority. In particular, establishing an innovative energy supply system for the alumina digestion process that is predominantly powered by green electricity is essential. This transition is pivotal for promoting a comprehensive zero-carbon transformation, significantly enhancing the utilization efficiency of renewable energy resources, and effectively reducing the operational costs of the system.

[Methods]

To address these challenges, this study constructs a novel green electricity-molten salt synergistic hybrid system, supported by advanced wind and solar forecasting techniques, to supply reliable power for the alumina digestion process. Regarding the methodological framework, a sophisticated hybrid prediction model combining the autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA) and a long short-term memory (LSTM) network is developed to achieve precise meteorological data forecasting. Furthermore, the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm III (NSGA-III), integrated with a fuzzy satisfaction function, is utilized to conduct a rigorous multi-objective optimization configuration study. This comprehensive simulation covers a continuous period of 1 week (168 h) and evaluates performance across 12 typical operating scenarios to ensure robustness.

[Results]

The comprehensive empirical results indicate that the prediction accuracy of the proposed model is exceptionally high, with the average coefficient of determination (R2) value for meteorological data exceeding 97.5%, thereby providing reliable data input for system control. The optimized full-equipment configuration demonstrates significant advantages in maintaining a cross-seasonal stable energy supply, achieving an optimal balance among economic viability, environmental impact, and overall energy efficiency. Specifically, the minimum weekly operating cost is recorded at 6.322 9 million yuan, the lowest carbon emission is reduced to 44.97 t, and the maximum effective green electricity rate reaches an impressive 99.67%. Additionally, the configuration of molten salt thermal energy storage equipment effectively smooths the inherent fluctuations of green electricity and drastically reduces reliance on external grid power purchases, resulting in an average green electricity supply proportion of 98.23%. The strong synergistic effect between wind turbine equipment and photovoltaic equipment successfully compensates for the temporal and intensity limitations of single energy sources, significantly improving both the effective green electricity rate and the stability of the system’s energy supply.

[Conclusion]

The proposed green electricity-molten salt synergistic hybrid system successfully realizes a stable green power supply, providing robust theoretical support for the optimization of low-carbon, low-cost alumina digestion processes powered directly by green electricity.

alumina digestion process  /  meteorological forecasting  /  green electricity-molten salt synergistic hybrid system  /  ARIMA-LSTM hybrid prediction model  /  multi-objective optimization
王宏伟, 李凯月, 唐亮, 刘吉营. 基于风光预测的氧化铝溶出绿电-熔盐协同供能系统多目标优化. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (5) : 68 -81 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202506033
Hongwei WANG, Kaiyue LI, Liang TANG, Jiying LIU. Multi-objective optimization of energy supply system for alumina digestion in green electricity-molten salt collaborative system based on wind and solar power forecasting[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (5) : 68 -81 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202506033
中国作为全球最大的氧化铝生产国,行业能源结构呈现显著的高碳化特征[1]。这与我国“双碳”战略目标相背离,使其面临愈发严格的碳排放管控要求[2-3]。氧化铝产业深度减排的关键在于破解核心高耗能环节即溶出工艺的绿色供能难题,其能耗占铝冶炼综合能耗的30%以上,是典型的热能与碳排放双重密集型环节[4-5]。以煤电为主导的供能模式不仅导致碳排放量居高不下,更面临碳关税等外部约束[6-7]。随着风电、光伏等绿色电力凭借零碳属性与成本优势快速发展[8-9],绿电平价化趋势与规模化应用形成正向循环[10],形成能源支出削减-碳资产增值的双重收益流[11]。同时,以电加热蒸汽锅炉替代燃煤机组为溶出工艺供汽,可实现能源输入的零碳化转型[12]
然而风光发电强随机性、波动性与氧化铝溶出工艺对热负荷稳定刚性需求不匹配[13],因此引入储能系统作为缓冲调节[14-15],通过熔盐放热提高机组出力,实现热与电在时空上的解耦合[16-17]。Guo[18]和Parvaz[19]等人已针对熔盐系统的流动传热及光伏耦合效率进行了探索。同时,为应对源荷双重不确定性,建立高精度的气象与出力预测机制至关重要[20-21]。Sward等人[22]利用遗传算法优化模型进行预测,Wang等人[23]提出一种集成预测方法,侧重多气象参数目标的交互耦合关系。
现阶段对于绿电结合储能系统的研究已包含气象数据预测、设备配置优化、算法优化等方面,为绿电-储能耦合供能优化研究提供参考[24]。而如何合理调度各类设备与负荷需求动态匹配仍是能源优化领域的挑战[25-26],通过提升气象参数的预测精度与时空分辨率可显著提升能源利用效率、经济收益与环保效益[27]。然而现阶段研究多集中于单一预测算法或者聚焦于单一气象要素的独立预测[28],针对氧化铝溶出工艺供能在跨季节适应性与设备协同性方面的研究不足[29-30]。这种模型整合度、场景针对性与多目标协同性的不足,制约了绿色能源在该领域规模化应用的深度与效率[31-32]
因此,本文针对氧化铝溶出工艺开发一种能够平抑绿电波动、保障稳定供能的集成系统已成为推动该行业绿色低碳转型的迫切需求。
绿电-熔盐协同混合系统核心部分由绿电系统、电加热蒸汽锅炉、熔盐储热设备及氧化铝溶出装置组成,其中绿电系统包括光伏发电单元以及风力发电单元。光伏发电单元包含单晶硅光伏板、光伏逆变器、直流汇流箱等主要元器件。风力发电单元包括双馈异步风力发电机、塔筒、齿轮箱与变桨系统。光伏发电单元和风力发电单元并联接入直流母线,为系统主要供能来源。电加热蒸汽锅炉由高压电加热器、蒸汽发生器以及温度传感器构成,电加热蒸汽锅炉制备高压过热蒸汽满足热负荷需求。为最大化绿电系统的利用效率,利用熔盐储热设备将多余电能转化为热能以平衡绿电波动,同时满足系统热负荷需求。高温熔盐储热系统采用的熔盐材料为硝酸盐,即硝酸钾与亚硝酸钠的混合物。系统包含熔盐储罐、熔盐-蒸汽换热器、熔盐泵、熔盐泵流量以及温度传感器。电网购电作为补充供能来源,确保在特殊负荷条件下系统供能的可靠性。氧化铝整体制备采用拜耳法技术,氧化铝溶出工艺为大型管道化溶出工艺。系统主要由10级套管式换热器组、管道化停留反应器、碱浓度监测单元组成。设置10级套管换热器,过热蒸汽注入到第10级套管换热器中,氧化铝矿浆升温完成后在停留反应器内完成溶出过程,停留反应器阶段不需要蒸汽加热。系统配置如图1所示。
绿电-熔盐协同混合系统核心能流路径包含主供能路径、调峰路径以及购能路径3条。其中,主供能路径为绿电驱动电加热锅炉产生饱和蒸汽,直接供给10级套管式换热器的第10级加热。调峰路径为蒸汽过剩时,富余热量经熔盐储热模块存储;蒸汽不足时,熔盐放热与余热回收蒸汽联合供能,以减少电网购电量。购能路径为绿电及熔盐储存的热量耗尽时利用国家电网补电。相应的绿电-熔盐协同混合系统对氧化铝溶出工艺供能分为3种供能模式,能量利用优先级依次为绿电、熔盐储热设备放热以及电网购电。系统整体运行策略如图2所示。
1)供能模式1 为绿电发电直供电加热蒸汽锅炉将冷凝水转换为过热蒸汽,直接为氧化铝溶出工艺设备注入新蒸汽。若其满足氧化铝溶出工艺蒸汽需求,且存在富余绿电,则通过熔盐储热设备由高温熔盐罐将富余绿电转化为热量存储。
2)供能模式2 为蒸汽不足以满足溶出工艺需求时,即认定存在蒸汽缺口,此时若熔盐储热设备储存有热量,则首先由熔盐泵驱动高温熔盐流经蒸汽发生器生成饱和蒸汽,接入氧化铝溶出工艺设备。此阶段为绿电和储能设备联合供能。
3)供能模式3 为当绿电及熔盐储热设备供给过热蒸汽均不足时,通过电网购电作为补充能源,电网购电直供电加热蒸汽锅炉生成过热蒸汽。此阶段为绿电、储能设备和电网购电联合供能。
建立绿电-熔盐协同混合系统,综合考虑绿电设备、电加热蒸汽锅炉、熔盐储热设备及氧化铝溶出设备的协同工作机制,以系统运行成本最小、有效绿电率最大以及系统实际碳排放量最小为目标函数,旨在兼顾经济效益、可再生能源利用效率以及系统运行的低碳性,寻求三者之间的最优平衡,实现系统的高效运行和绿色发展目标。
系统中的绿电利用主要通过电加热蒸汽锅炉、熔盐储热设备进行。通过有效绿电率描述系统对绿电的利用程度:
η=t=1TPboiler(t)+t=1TPstorage(t)t=1TPpv(t)+t=1TPwt(t)
式中:t=1TPboiler(t)为电加热蒸汽锅炉利用绿电系统的总耗电量;t=1TPstorage(t)为熔盐储热设备利用绿电系统的总充电量;t=1TPpv(t)为光伏系统的总发电量;t=1TPwt(t)为风力发电系统的总发电量;η为有效绿电率。
系统运行成本主要是各设备运维成本、电网购电成本以及设备全生命周期维护成本[33]
Ctotal=Cgreen+Cboiler+Cstorage+Cgrid+Cmaintenance
式中:Ctotal为系统运行成本;Cgreen为绿电发电设备的运维成本;Cboiler为电加热蒸汽锅炉的运维成本;Cstorage为熔盐储热设备运维成本;Cgrid为电网购电成本;Cmaintenance为设备全生命周期维护成本。
系统碳排放量来源于电网购电所产生的二氧化碳排放。通过合理优化调度减少系统对电网购电的依赖,实现碳排放量的最小化[34]
EC=t=1Tkgrid(t)Pgrid(t)
式中:EC为系统实际碳排放量;kgrid为电网购电碳排放因子;Pgridt)为t时刻电网购电功率。
1)光伏/风力发电机出力约束
0Ppv(t)Ppv,max
0Pwt(t)Pwt,max
式中:Ppv,max为光伏机组出力最大功率;Pwt,max为风电机组出力最大功率。
2)电加热蒸汽锅炉约束
0Pboiler(t)Pboiler,max
式中:Pboiler,max为电加热蒸汽锅炉出力最大功率。
3)电量平衡约束
Pwt(t)+Ppv(t)+Pgrid(t)=Pboiler(t)+Pstorage(t)
4)蒸汽供需平衡
Gsteam,boiler(t)+Gsteam,salt(t)=Gsteam,10(t)
式中:Gsteam,boilert)为电加热蒸汽锅炉的蒸汽质量流量;Gsteam,saltt)为熔盐储热设备的蒸汽质量流量;Gsteam,10t)为第10级换热器蒸汽质量流量。
5)储热设备容量动态约束
Qsalt(t)=Qsalt(t1)+ηchPe(t)ΔtQdischarge(t)ηdisΔtQlossQsalt(t1)Δt
式中:Qsaltt)为t时刻熔盐储热设备储存的热量;ηch为充电效率;Pet)为t时刻用于储热设备充电的电功率;Qdischarget)为t时刻储热装置的输出热功率;ηdis为放热效率;Qloss为储热罐每小时自损率。
预留5%的热量保证熔盐的流动性:
0.05Qsalt,maxQsalt(t)Qsalt,max
式中:Qsalt,max为稳定运行条件下熔盐储热设备最大储热能力。
充放功率限制:
0Qdischarge(t)Qdischarge,max
0Qcharge(t)Qcharge,max
式中:Qdischarget)为t时刻储热装置的输出热功率;Qcharget)为t时刻储热装置的输入热功率。
同一时刻,储热装置只能进行储热活动或者放热活动:
Qdischarge(t)Qcharge(t)=0
利用NSGA-III多目标优化算法,采用模糊隶属度函数计算多目标约束下的Pareto最优解。
模糊隶属度函数定义:
μk(x)=fk,maxfk(x)fk,maxfk,min(k=1,2,3)
式中:f1=ηf2=Ctotalf3=Ecfk,maxfk,min为当前解集中第k个目标的最大、最小值。
综合满意度计算:
μtotal=w1f1+w2f2+w3f3
选取μtotal≥0.7的解作为最终调度方案。
NSGA-III算法应用的参数见表1[35-36]
采用ARIMA-LSTM混合预测模型对研究区域内风速、气温、太阳辐射强度等关键气象要素进行逐小时预测,预测时长为1周168 h,得到高精度的未来风光气象数据,进一步计算得到风光发电功率。然后将预测得到的风光发电功率数据在NSGA-III多目标优化调度模型流程的第一步数据初始化及定义时作为初始数据参数输入,用于计算在未来一周内的最优设备运行策略。算法优化流程如图3所示。
1)模型介绍
风速、气温与太阳辐射时间序列同时包含显著的线性周期趋势与非线性波动特征,单一模型往往难以同时兼顾两方面的规律提取[37-38]。ARIMA模型在刻画平稳趋势与周期成分方面表现优越,适合捕捉长期变化规律[39]。LSTM模型在拟合非线性扰动和长时序依赖上具有优势,能刻画复杂的非规则波动[40]。风速、气温和太阳辐射强度通常是线性趋势+周期变化+非线性扰动的组合。跨季节预测要求模型能同时适应冬季高风速-低辐射、夏季高辐射-中风速及过渡季双波动等多种模式[41]。基于ARIMA及LSTM模型的互补性,本研究构建的ARIMA-LSTM混合预测模型,以ARIMA建模气象数据的线性成分,用LSTM拟合残差的非线性部分,可更全面捕获气象要素的变化模式。混合模型在趋势、周期、非线性3个维度均具备适应性。ARIMA-LSTM混合预测模型工作流程如图4所示。
风速、气温和太阳辐射强度均可合理假设为线性与非线性成分的叠加,通过分离线性规律与非线性扰动,将气象序列分解为线性成分(即由ARIMA建模)和非线性残差(即由LSTM建模)[42]
yt=Lt+Nt+εt
式中:yt为原始时间序列,包括风速、气温、太阳辐射强度;Lt为ARIMA模型提取的线性趋势、周期项;Nt为LSTM模型学习的非线性残差,即未被ARIMA解释的部分;εt为白噪声,即不可建模的随机扰动。
2)预测精度评估
选取项目所在地2024年冬季(1月),夏季(7月),过渡季(10月)第1周168组时序历史气象数据作为预测模型的训练集,用预测模型对下一周168组气象数据进行预测,并同第2周的实际气象数据作为对比,验证模型预测精度。
预测气象数据与实际气象数据的散点密度如图5图7所示。
图5图7可知,散点分布均匀且呈对角集中,表明预测误差在全值域范围内无显著放大效应,模型在高值和低值区间均具备较高预测稳定性。未出现明显的高值区偏离或低值区聚簇现象,说明模型泛化能力良好,预测性能不依赖于某一特定数值范围。进一步计算得到图5图7中预测值与实测值的回归斜率依次为0.989、0.991、0.993、0.992、0.997、0.990、0.988、0.995、0.996,回归斜率均接近1.0,表明预测值在整体趋势上与实测值高度一致,没有明显系统性偏差。
为评估混合预测模型的预测性能,引入预测精度的评价指标平均绝对百分比误差(δMAPE)、判定系数(R2)这两项指标。评估数据如表2所示,δMAPER2均表现较好,其中风速、气温、太阳辐射强度的平均R2值在97.5%以上,最大δMAPE为0.060 1,说明模型整体预测误差较小,预测值与实测值的吻合度高。ARIMA-LSTM模型在不同季节和气象要素中均表现出较高的预测精度,能够有效捕捉气象数据的线性趋势与非线性特征。ARIMA-LSTM混合模型在不同气候条件下的稳定表现,可为绿电-熔盐协同氧化铝溶出供能系统的优化调度提供可靠数据输入。
研究对象为位于内蒙古通辽市扎鲁特旗的100万吨绿色铝基新材料源网荷储能源优化示范项目,建设规模氧化铝年产量为100万吨,年铝土矿消耗量为253.3万吨。氧化铝溶出技术采用大型全管道化溶出技术,溶出工艺所需蒸汽压力为8.0 MPa,温度为350 ℃。根据其时均产量154 t/h计算,日均用汽量为3 696 t,此部分蒸汽用于溶出车间。另外,为保证氧化铝溶出工艺生产连贯性以及系统持续供能稳定性,在12种工况中均设置了电网购电作为能源补充的形式,电网购电的价格采取分时电价(表3)。研究涉及到的设备选型基本参数如表4所示。
为进一步验证系统对氧化铝溶出工艺供能的全年适用性,设置冬季高风速-低辐射、夏季高辐射-中风速以及过渡季风光波动协同3类典型气候溶出工艺生成工况边界条件。同时,为深入剖析不同设备配置对系统性能的敏感性及影响机制,设计4种具有代表性的系统配置方案包含12种工况,具体如表5所示。
配置1:设置全设备协同配置方案,即3个季节的基准参照配置,包括工况1、工况5及工况9。
配置2:设置可再生能源-电网协同调度方案,禁用熔盐储热设备,包括工况2、工况6及工况10。
配置3:设置单一光伏方案,禁用风力发电机设备,包括工况3、工况7及工况11。极端化模拟以光伏资源作为单一绿电能源的系统,评估其应对日内间歇性、夜间零出力与季节变化的基础保障极限及性能边界。
配置4:设置单一风力发电机方案,禁用光伏设备,包括工况4、工况8及工况12。极端化模拟以风电资源作为单一绿电能源的系统,评估其在高波动性下应对稳定供电的基础保障极限。
全设备协同配置方案设备出力如图8所示,该方案展现出显著的风光互补特性以及与熔盐储热设备的协同效应。风光出力受季节影响,冬季风电主导,夏季光伏主导,过渡季均衡但强度减弱。熔盐储热设备精准响应日间绿电富余时段进行储热,并在夜间以及清晨绿电不足时段释放热能。全设备协同配置机制有效平抑了风光波动,显著降低了电网依赖,仅在系统启动初期需少量电网购电支撑,后续运行基本实现绿电自主供能。其中,工况5除系统初始运行时段00:00—05:00需电网购电外,后续6~168 h均可实现通过绿电供能。工况1及工况9绿电设备出力趋势与工况5整体相似。
全设备协同配置方案的经济及环境效益分析如图9所示。在经济效益方面,全设备协同配置方案周均运行成本为1 060.94万元,显著低于其他配置方案工况均值,其中工况5表现最优,运行成本最低为632.29万元。在环境效益方面,全设备协同配置方案周均碳排放量为706.3 t,同样低于其他配置方案工况均值,其中工况5的周均碳排放量最低为44.97 t,有效绿电率最高达99.67%。
相较于无熔盐储热的可再生能源-电网协同调度方案,全设备配置方案通过提升绿电供能稳定性,降低电网依赖度,周均碳减排量达817.4 t,显著提升了环境效益。全设备协同配置方案具备跨季节稳定供能优势,可在经济效益与环境效益之间实现最优平衡。
从物理与工程机理角度看,全设备协同配置方案的跨季节稳定性源于风光互补性与储热调节能力的耦合作用。冬季高纬度地区冷空气活动频繁,地面与高空的压差较大,使得风速和风能密度显著提升,风力发电机全年尤其在冬季具备较高有效功率利用率。夏季太阳高度角大,日照时间长,光伏出力具有稳定的日间高峰特性。过渡季则兼具一定的风速与太阳辐射水平,形成平衡型绿电曲线。在此基础上,熔盐储热设备通过显热储存实现跨小时甚至跨昼夜的热量转移,能够在负荷高峰、风光不足的时段快速释放热能,降低电锅炉的瞬时电力需求,提高绿电的利用效率。该机制本质上是将绿电的时间随机性转化为可控的热能输出,实现了负荷曲线与绿电出力曲线的相位调节,因此跨季节下始终保持较高的有效绿电率与低电网依赖度。
可再生能源-电网协同调度方案中各工况设备出力如图10所示。工况2夜间高风速时段风力发电机出力达到峰值1.1×105 kW,但因熔盐储热设备缺失,系统在当日18:00至次日06:00出现持续性电网购电需求,其购电功率曲线呈现显著的锯齿状波动特征。工况6日间光伏过剩,夜间负荷缺口完全依赖电网补偿。因此,熔盐储热设备调节能力的缺失会引发高波动性可再生能源并网的双重效率损失机制,一方面导致日间可再生能源的弃光、弃风现象,另一方面造成夜间时段对外部电网的依赖导致电网购电大幅增长。
全设备配置方案与可再生能源-电网协同调度方案绿电供能结构对比如图11所示。无熔盐储热设备方案存在显著的运行约束,电网购电时段占比超44%,并有效绿电率较全设备配置方案平均下降4.57%,且在夏季达到9.44%的峰值差异。这一现象揭示了储热调节能力缺少会导致可再生能源利用率显著降低,放大风光间歇性对供能稳定性的影响,迫使系统以高购电量为代价维持供能需求。可再生能源-电网协同调度方案中各工况的绿电供能占比较高,但因无法实现跨时段转移导致40%以上的时段依赖电网购电,因此全绿电时段供能占比较低。而全设备协同配置方案中各工况的绿电供能占比及全绿电供能时段占比均达到90%以上,验证了熔盐储热设备的“削峰填谷”机制能够与系统内其他供能设备实现动态匹配,从而有效提升绿电利用能力,降低氧化铝溶出工艺供能对电网的依赖。
该方案在无储热装置参与的情况下,系统运行呈现显著的波峰波谷型购电曲线,其机理在于风光发电的出力波动缺乏时间平移能力。风电受气象系统和局地流场影响,常在夜间达到出力峰值,而光伏出力仅存在于白天固定时段。没有储热装置的情况下,电加热蒸汽锅炉只能“即发即用”,使昼间绿电富余时无法储存,而夜间或阴天则需即时向电网购电补能。特别是在夏季,夜间光伏完全停产,负荷缺口只能依赖外部电网,导致购电比例显著升高。单纯的电源侧多能互补只能实现空间上的功率互补,而缺乏时间尺度的能量调节,只有在储能介质高温熔盐参与后,才能实现跨时段能量迁移及波动削减。
全设备协同配置方案与单一能源配置方案设备出力特性对比如图12所示。全设备协同配置方案因风力发电机与光伏设备的多能互补机制,实现了最优的出力特性。绿电系统出力均衡,几乎无电网购电,熔盐储热设备得到更好地利用,储、放热功率均高于单一光伏设备工况及单一风力发电机设备工况。相比之下,单一能源配置方案存在显著运行缺陷,在光伏主导的工况中,受昼夜周期约束产生13 h的持续性夜间供能缺口,因储热容量无法覆盖长时缺口,需电网购电补足。在风力发电机主导的工况中,由于单一风力发电机出力无法满足蒸汽负荷需求,储热设备因无法建立有效热梯度而处于闲置状态,迫使电网购电曲线呈现高幅震荡特征。
全设备协同配置方案与单一能源配置方案的绿电供能对比如图13所示。全设备协同配置方案在有效绿电率与供能连续性方面展现出显著优势,其平均有效绿电率达95.63%,较单一光伏配置的68.62%、单一风力发电机配置的73.73%分别提升27.01%及21.90%。特别是全设备协同配置方案的全绿电供能时段平均占比达95.83%,这意味着氧化铝溶出工艺的蒸汽负荷需求有95%以上的时间可完全由可再生能源系统独立支撑,仅需在极端天气条件下启动电网备用。相比之下,单一能源配置方案表现出明显的供能局限性,单一光伏方案的全绿电供能时段占比骤降至65.48%,而单一风力发电机方案则完全无法实现全绿电供能,必须依赖高比例的外购电力来维持蒸汽负荷的连续性。
从能源系统动力学来看,单一能源模式受限于其出力的时空分布特性,缺乏对长时段缺口的自我修复能力。光伏系统的出力严格受日照周期约束,夜间零出力,而储热容量有限时,长达十余小时的夜间蒸汽需求无法完全覆盖。风电系统尽管具备一定的昼夜平衡性,但冬季超大风速和夏季低风速区间的波动性依旧导致出力不稳定,并且在持续低风速条件下储热温升不足,储能介质进入低温停滞状态。相比之下,风光多能互补模式通过2种气象驱动源在功率时间曲线的错峰叠加,显著减小了单一能源出现的长时连续低出力事件,并提升储热装置的充放循环频率和利用率。这种匹配机制的物理本质是将高概率的可再生能源间歇性供给转化为低概率的双源同时低出力,实现了稳定性上的“概率压缩效应”,在工程上显著提升了系统满足长时间刚性热负荷的能力。
以内蒙古通辽市扎鲁特旗为研究基地,构建基于风光预测的绿电-熔盐协同混合系统对氧化铝溶出工艺供能。将ARIMA-LSTM混合预测模型与NSGA-III算法结合应用,设置3类典型气候工况对系统进行1周168 h的多目标优化配置研究,该混合系统在模型构建、预测精度、调度策略和跨季节适应性方面均具有显著优势。
1)将ARIMA模型的线性趋势及周期刻画能力与LSTM的非线性扰动拟合优势相结合,构建混合预测框架,能有效捕捉风速、气温、太阳辐射等气象要素的多尺度特征,使不同季节平均R²超过97.5%,为后续优化提供高精度、低偏差的数据输入。
2)基于NSGA-III多目标优化与模糊满意度评价,实现了经济性、环境性与能源效率的综合平衡。全设备协同配置方案借助风光互补及熔盐储热的削峰填谷作用,在各季节均保持高比例的绿电自主供能,并显著降低了电网购电依赖度。
3)熔盐储热设备通过“削峰填谷”机制可平抑绿电波动,提升系统绿电利用能力,显著增强供能可靠性。通过储热跨时段调节,将可再生能源的瞬时波动转化为连续稳定的热能输出,克服了单一能源模式存在的夜间供能中断或长时低出力问题,大幅提升工艺热负荷的保障能力。
4)风力发电机设备与光伏设备的时空互补效应,能够弥补单一能源在时间与强度上的缺陷,最大化提升绿电利用效率,实现了绿电系统动态均衡出力,显著降低了电网购电需求,凸显多能互补模式在优化能源配置中的核心优势。
5)绿电-熔盐协同混合系统不仅适用于氧化铝溶出工艺,也可推广至其他高温、高压连续热负荷工业过程,如冶金、化工和建材行业。结合分时电价、碳交易等市场机制,可进一步优化经济效益,并为工业领域大规模引入波动性可再生能源提供可行的技术路线和调度策略参考。
  • 国家重点研发计划课题(2024YFE0106800)
  • 山东省高等学校青创人才引育计划项目(鲁教科函〔2021〕51号)
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2026年第55卷第5期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202506033
  • 接收时间:2025-06-13
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-13
  • 修回日期:2025-09-11
  • 录用日期:2025-09-18
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFE0106800)
国家重点研发计划课题(2024YFE0106800)
Plan of Introduction and Cultivation for Young Innovative Talents in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province(鲁教科函〔2021〕51号)
山东省高等学校青创人才引育计划项目(鲁教科函〔2021〕51号)
作者信息
    1.山东电力工程咨询院有限公司,山东 济南 250101
    2.山东建筑大学热能工程学院,山东 济南 250101

通讯作者:

刘吉营(1983),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为区域综合能源系统优化,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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