Article(id=1295068137137926860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068070071005445, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202509011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756915200000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-04, revisedDate=1762272000000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-05, acceptedDate=1763395200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-18, onlineDate=1786697905096, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1779638400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697905096, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697905096, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697905096, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295068070071005445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='186', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779638400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697889106, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698835709, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072040462078420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068070071005445, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072040462078421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068070071005445, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=129, endPage=137, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295068137364419277, articleId=1295068137137926860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Research on the mechanism of the effect of burner structure on formation and decomposition efficiency of nitrogen oxides in ammonia-hydrogen combustion-decomposition coupling systems, columnId=1295068110525067814, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Low-carbon thermal power and nuclear power generation technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
[Objective]

This study aims to satisfy the growing demand for peak-load regulation in power systems and low-carbon hydrogen production.

[Methods]

A detailed numerical model for the coupled ammonia-hydrogen combustion and decomposition process is established by employing ammonia as an energy storage and hydrogen carrier medium. The model systematically investigates the influences of different burner configurations, such as conventional burners, single-layer porous burners, double-layer porous burners, and staged burners, as well as the inlet ammonia velocity within the decomposition zone on NOx emission characteristics and ammonia decomposition efficiency. By integrating heterogeneous catalytic kinetics of the Ni-Pt/Al2O3 catalyst with porous-medium resistance and heat-transfer models, the simulation framework captures the complex thermo-chemical interactions within the integrated reactor. The reliability of the numerical model is validated through comparison with experimental data reported in the literature, showing an average absolute error of less than 4.4%, which confirms its capability to accurately predict the coupled combustion-decomposition behavior.

[Results]

The simulation results reveal that the endothermic ammonia decomposition process significantly alters the thermal field within the reactor. The strong heat absorption associated with catalytic decomposition reduces the peak temperature in the combustion zone, thereby effectively suppressing the formation of thermal NO. Although the concentration of N2O exhibits a slight increase (approximately 7×10–5%), the overall NOx emissions are substantially reduced due to the dominant decrease in NO formation. All four burner configurations can achieve an ammonia decomposition rate up to 99.99%. However, notable differences exist in the spatial distribution of regions with high decomposition rates and in the associated emission characteristics. Specifically, the staged burner demonstrates strong capability in NOx mitigation because of the distributed combustion strategy. Nevertheless, the secondary injection of relatively cold ammonia leads to a delayed initiation of the decomposition reaction, which may influence the system stability under certain operating conditions. The double-layer porous burner exhibits superior thermal storage capacity, enabling sustained catalytic activity. However, localized high-temperature zones within the porous matrix tend to promote the formation of NO. In contrast, the single-layer porous burner provides a more balanced thermal environment, achieving an optimal compromise between NOx suppression and efficient heat supply for ammonia decomposition, thus demonstrating the most favorable integrated performance. Further parametric analysis indicates that increasing the inlet ammonia velocity in the decomposition zone enhances convective heat transfer and strengthens the heat-absorption effect of the decomposition reaction. As a result, the combustion temperature is further reduced, leading to a more pronounced decrease in NO formation compared with the slight increase in N2O. Consequently, the overall NOx emissions continue to decline with the increasing inlet ammonia velocity. Notably, even at a relatively high inlet ammonia velocity of 10 m/s, the ammonia decomposition rate remains above 90%, indicating robust catalytic performance under intensified flow conditions.

[Conclusion]

This work elucidates the thermal-chemical synergy mechanism underlying ammonia-hydrogen combustion-decomposition integration. It identifies the single-layer porous burner as the most suitable configuration for power-generation-side peak-load regulation scenarios. The findings provide a solid theoretical foundation and valuable engineering guidance for the integrated design of ammonia energy storage, hydrogen production, and ultra-low-NOx combustion systems.

, authors=Wei LIU1, Xiaoxue YUAN1, Xin WANG2, Bin LIU2, Li XU2, authorsList=Wei LIU, Xiaoxue YUAN, Xin WANG, Bin LIU, Li XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xin WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295068140682113760, articleId=1295068137137926860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=氨氢燃烧-分解耦合体系中燃烧器结构对氮氧化物生成与分解效率的作用机理研究, columnId=1295068110713811496, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=低碳火电及核电技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
【目的】

为满足电网调峰与低碳制氢需求。

【方法】

以氨作为储能介质,建立了氨氢燃烧-分解耦合数值模型,系统分析了普通、多孔、双层多孔、分级4类燃烧器结构,以及分解区氨气入口速度对NOx排放特性与氨分解效率的作用机制。模型引入Ni-Pt/Al2O3动力学与多孔介质阻力/传热模型,经文献实验验证,平均绝对误差小于4.4%。

【结果】

氨分解吸热显著降低了燃烧区温度,抑制了热力型NO生成,而N2O仅轻微增加(约7×10–5%),整体上NOx排放大幅减少。4类燃烧器中,氨分解率均可达99.99%,但高分解率区域分布存在差异:分级燃烧器虽能有效降低NOx生成,却因二级冷氨掺入导致分解起始滞后;双层多孔燃烧器蓄热充分,但局部高温促进NO生成;单层多孔燃烧器在NOx控制与分解供热间取得最佳平衡。进一步研究表明,分解区氨气入口速度增大增强了吸热效应并降低了燃烧温度,使NO减少幅度大于N2O增加幅度,从而整体NOx进一步降低;即便在氨气入口速度10 m/s条件下,氨分解率仍保持在90%以上。

【结论】

研究揭示了氨氢燃烧-分解一体化的热-化学协同机制,提出了单层多孔燃烧器作为发电侧调峰场景下的优选结构,可为氨能储放-制氢-低NOx协同设计提供理论依据与工程参考。

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刘伟(1979),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为双碳及新能源,

, correspAuthorsNote=
王欣(1988),女,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为强化传热与氨氢转换,
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Current global efforts are insufficient to limit warming to 1.5 ℃[J]. 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Kinetics and porous structure parameters of Ni-Pt/Al2O3 catalyst

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参数数值
指前因子k0/(mol·(m3·s·Pa)–13.639×1011
活化能Ea/(kJ·mol–1196.029 46
催化剂粒径dp/μm35
催化剂孔隙率ε0.3
指数a1
指数b0
), ArticleFig(id=1295068146348618525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068137137926860, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Ni-Pt/Al2O3催化剂的动力学与多孔结构参数

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参数数值
指前因子k0/(mol·(m3·s·Pa)–13.639×1011
活化能Ea/(kJ·mol–1196.029 46
催化剂粒径dp/μm35
催化剂孔隙率ε0.3
指数a1
指数b0
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氨氢燃烧-分解耦合体系中燃烧器结构对氮氧化物生成与分解效率的作用机理研究
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刘伟 1 , 袁小雪 1 , 王欣 2 , 刘斌 2 , 徐礼 2
热力发电 | 低碳火电及核电技术 2026,55(5): 129-137
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热力发电 |低碳火电及核电技术 2026 , 55 (5) : 129 -137
氨氢燃烧-分解耦合体系中燃烧器结构对氮氧化物生成与分解效率的作用机理研究
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刘伟1 , 袁小雪1, 王欣2 , 刘斌2, 徐礼2
作者信息
  • 1.河北省科学院能源研究所,河北 石家庄 050081
  • 2.石家庄铁道大学机械工程学院,河北 石家庄 050043
通讯作者:
王欣(1988),女,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为强化传热与氨氢转换,
作者简介:

刘伟(1979),男,硕士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为双碳及新能源,

Research on the mechanism of the effect of burner structure on formation and decomposition efficiency of nitrogen oxides in ammonia-hydrogen combustion-decomposition coupling systems
Wei LIU1 , Xiaoxue YUAN1, Xin WANG2 , Bin LIU2, Li XU2
Affiliations
  • 1.Energy Research Institute of Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050081, China
  • 2.School of Mechanical Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang 050043, China
出版时间: 2026-05-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202509011
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【目的】

为满足电网调峰与低碳制氢需求。

【方法】

以氨作为储能介质,建立了氨氢燃烧-分解耦合数值模型,系统分析了普通、多孔、双层多孔、分级4类燃烧器结构,以及分解区氨气入口速度对NOx排放特性与氨分解效率的作用机制。模型引入Ni-Pt/Al2O3动力学与多孔介质阻力/传热模型,经文献实验验证,平均绝对误差小于4.4%。

【结果】

氨分解吸热显著降低了燃烧区温度,抑制了热力型NO生成,而N2O仅轻微增加(约7×10–5%),整体上NOx排放大幅减少。4类燃烧器中,氨分解率均可达99.99%,但高分解率区域分布存在差异:分级燃烧器虽能有效降低NOx生成,却因二级冷氨掺入导致分解起始滞后;双层多孔燃烧器蓄热充分,但局部高温促进NO生成;单层多孔燃烧器在NOx控制与分解供热间取得最佳平衡。进一步研究表明,分解区氨气入口速度增大增强了吸热效应并降低了燃烧温度,使NO减少幅度大于N2O增加幅度,从而整体NOx进一步降低;即便在氨气入口速度10 m/s条件下,氨分解率仍保持在90%以上。

【结论】

研究揭示了氨氢燃烧-分解一体化的热-化学协同机制,提出了单层多孔燃烧器作为发电侧调峰场景下的优选结构,可为氨能储放-制氢-低NOx协同设计提供理论依据与工程参考。

氨氢储能  /  氨氢燃烧  /  氨分解制氢  /  燃烧-分解耦合  /  NOx控制
[Objective]

This study aims to satisfy the growing demand for peak-load regulation in power systems and low-carbon hydrogen production.

[Methods]

A detailed numerical model for the coupled ammonia-hydrogen combustion and decomposition process is established by employing ammonia as an energy storage and hydrogen carrier medium. The model systematically investigates the influences of different burner configurations, such as conventional burners, single-layer porous burners, double-layer porous burners, and staged burners, as well as the inlet ammonia velocity within the decomposition zone on NOx emission characteristics and ammonia decomposition efficiency. By integrating heterogeneous catalytic kinetics of the Ni-Pt/Al2O3 catalyst with porous-medium resistance and heat-transfer models, the simulation framework captures the complex thermo-chemical interactions within the integrated reactor. The reliability of the numerical model is validated through comparison with experimental data reported in the literature, showing an average absolute error of less than 4.4%, which confirms its capability to accurately predict the coupled combustion-decomposition behavior.

[Results]

The simulation results reveal that the endothermic ammonia decomposition process significantly alters the thermal field within the reactor. The strong heat absorption associated with catalytic decomposition reduces the peak temperature in the combustion zone, thereby effectively suppressing the formation of thermal NO. Although the concentration of N2O exhibits a slight increase (approximately 7×10–5%), the overall NOx emissions are substantially reduced due to the dominant decrease in NO formation. All four burner configurations can achieve an ammonia decomposition rate up to 99.99%. However, notable differences exist in the spatial distribution of regions with high decomposition rates and in the associated emission characteristics. Specifically, the staged burner demonstrates strong capability in NOx mitigation because of the distributed combustion strategy. Nevertheless, the secondary injection of relatively cold ammonia leads to a delayed initiation of the decomposition reaction, which may influence the system stability under certain operating conditions. The double-layer porous burner exhibits superior thermal storage capacity, enabling sustained catalytic activity. However, localized high-temperature zones within the porous matrix tend to promote the formation of NO. In contrast, the single-layer porous burner provides a more balanced thermal environment, achieving an optimal compromise between NOx suppression and efficient heat supply for ammonia decomposition, thus demonstrating the most favorable integrated performance. Further parametric analysis indicates that increasing the inlet ammonia velocity in the decomposition zone enhances convective heat transfer and strengthens the heat-absorption effect of the decomposition reaction. As a result, the combustion temperature is further reduced, leading to a more pronounced decrease in NO formation compared with the slight increase in N2O. Consequently, the overall NOx emissions continue to decline with the increasing inlet ammonia velocity. Notably, even at a relatively high inlet ammonia velocity of 10 m/s, the ammonia decomposition rate remains above 90%, indicating robust catalytic performance under intensified flow conditions.

[Conclusion]

This work elucidates the thermal-chemical synergy mechanism underlying ammonia-hydrogen combustion-decomposition integration. It identifies the single-layer porous burner as the most suitable configuration for power-generation-side peak-load regulation scenarios. The findings provide a solid theoretical foundation and valuable engineering guidance for the integrated design of ammonia energy storage, hydrogen production, and ultra-low-NOx combustion systems.

ammonia-hydrogen energy storage  /  ammonia-hydrogen combustion  /  ammonia decomposition for hydrogen production  /  combustion-decomposition coupling  /  NOx control
刘伟, 袁小雪, 王欣, 刘斌, 徐礼. 氨氢燃烧-分解耦合体系中燃烧器结构对氮氧化物生成与分解效率的作用机理研究. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (5) : 129 -137 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202509011
Wei LIU, Xiaoxue YUAN, Xin WANG, Bin LIU, Li XU. Research on the mechanism of the effect of burner structure on formation and decomposition efficiency of nitrogen oxides in ammonia-hydrogen combustion-decomposition coupling systems[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (5) : 129 -137 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202509011
全球能源需求持续增长,碳排放约束日趋严格,传统化石燃料发电面临前所未有的发展瓶颈与环境压力,因此开发清洁能源已成为迫切需求[1]。氨因兼具高密度储氢与可直接燃烧供热的双重属性,被认为是实现碳中和的颠覆性储能-燃料一体化介质[2-4]。近年来,关于将氨氢能源应用于发电、交通及工业燃烧等领域的研究快速发展,相关成果表明氨氢能源具备逐步替代传统能源的潜力[5-8]。在氨储能产业链中,氨分解制氢是提升氨利用效率和支撑氢能产业发展的核心环节,相关技术正在被加速突破[9-11]。氨分解制氢在技术、经济与环境层面均具有可行性,拥有广阔应用前景[12-14]。然而,氨分解为吸热反应,需持续高温维持。单纯依赖外部供热能耗高,且在偏远地区等脱离电网储能场景中推广受限。相比之下,氨燃烧释放的高品位热量与其分解反应的能量需求高度耦合,若利用燃烧供热驱动氨分解,不仅可降低对外部的电力依赖,提升系统集成度,而且能实现余热转化为氢气化学能的二次利用,显著提高整体能效。
氨燃烧过程中普遍存在燃烧稳定性不足及高比例燃料型NOx生成等问题,为此国内外学者针对燃烧器结构开展了大量研究。已有结果表明,不同燃烧器结构对火焰稳定性、温度场分布及污染物排放均具有显著影响[15-16],常见燃烧器结构类型主要包括:1)多孔介质燃烧器,其强辐射换热作用能够降低火焰温度并显著抑制NOx生成;2)双层多孔介质燃烧器,通过分层蓄热与传热改善火焰温度分布,削弱局部高温区,进一步提升燃烧稳定性;3)分级燃烧器,通过二次供氨或空气降低主燃区温度,从而有效减少NOx排放。
Liu等人[17]探讨了通过在微型燃烧器中引入多孔介质提升氨燃料燃烧稳定性和降低NOx排放的效果,结果表明,多孔介质显著拓宽了稳定燃烧范围,改善了温度分布均匀性,并有效抑制了NO排放。Vignat等人[18]提出了一种采用孔隙尺寸分级陶瓷泡沫的二阶段富-淬-稀燃烧器结构,结果表明:与单阶段燃烧器相比,二阶段燃烧器在相同质量通量和热功率下可显著降低氨气(NH3)燃烧中的NOx和NH3排放;在最佳操作条件下,尾气中NOx体积分数为2.8×10–3%,尾气中未燃NH3体积分数为1.49×10–2%。王勇强等[19]的实验结果也证实了分级燃烧器能够明显降低火焰温度并减少NOx排放。然而,这些研究大多仅关注燃烧器结构对燃烧过程本身的影响,对于燃烧余热驱动氨分解的耦合体系中不同燃烧器对NOx排放与分解性能的作用机制缺乏系统性探讨。
当前,氨分解的研究路径主要包括燃烧加热、电加热、太阳能驱动、等离子体以及光/电催化等多种方式[20-21]。这些方法虽在实验与理论上取得了一定进展,但普遍依赖外部高品位能量输入,存在能效受限或应用场景受约束等问题。例如,电加热方式外部能耗高,太阳能与光/电催化对环境条件依赖强,而等离子体方案则存在设备复杂和能量利用效率不足的限制。因此,寻求高效、可集成的分解供能方式成为亟待解决的问题。
基于此,利用氨燃烧过程释放的高品位热量直接驱动氨分解,既能实现能源就地梯级利用,又契合储能-发电侧耦合的需求,展现独特优势。李浩东等[22]基于氨氢燃烧-氨分解耦合体系建立了数学模型,发现氨分解率对燃烧强度及当量比高度敏感;袁培楷[23]通过实验研究进一步发现,在低负荷条件下氨分解率仍可超过80%,从实验层面验证了利用燃烧供热驱动氨分解的可行性。Chiuta等人[24]设计并操作了一种自热微通道反应器,用于便携式氨分解制氢,该微反应器通过交替催化板通道和氧燃料燃烧提供分解反应所需热量,反应器实现了大于99%的氨转化率,验证了氨分解在分布式氢气生成中的可行性。尽管这些研究为燃烧-分解耦合提供了初步理论与实验支撑,但现有工作主要集中于燃烧性能或催化效率本身,对燃烧与分解过程的能量耦合机制、燃烧器结构差异对耦合效率的作用规律及其对NOx排放的影响缺乏系统性分析,这一不足正是本文拟重点突破的方向。
基于上述研究空白,本文针对氨/氢燃烧-氨分解耦合系统开展了系统性数值模拟研究,重点分析普通、多孔、双层多孔与分级等4类燃烧器结构对尾气NOx排放与氨分解效率的影响规律,并进一步探讨分解区氨气入口速度对体系温度场、热-化学协同机制及整体性能的作用机理。研究不仅揭示了燃烧余热驱动分解过程中的结构效应和能量耦合规律,而且提出了适用于发电侧调峰场景的燃烧-分解一体化优化路径,为氨能源系统的低NOx排放与高效制氢提供理论依据和工程参考。
采用计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)方法模拟氨燃烧-分解耦合过程。反应器主体为直径D=30 mm、长度L=1 000 mm的圆柱形燃烧腔,内部布置1根直径d=10 mm、长度L=1 000 mm的同轴圆柱分解管。为兼顾计算精度与效率,将几何结构适当简化为2个相邻矩形计算域:上方为燃烧区,下方为分解区,两区之间通过中间换热壁实现能量耦合。根据研究需要,设计了4种典型燃烧器结构:普通燃烧器、单层多孔介质燃烧器(在主燃区填充多孔层以增强蓄热换热)、双层多孔介质燃烧器(在上、下游分别布置孔隙率不同的2层多孔材料以改善温度场分布),以及分级燃烧器(在主燃烧区下游设置二级氨气入口以实现分级供燃)。计算域示意如图1所示。
边界条件设定如下:燃烧区入口与分解区入口均为速度入口,燃烧区工质为空气与氨/氢混合气(当量比φ=1.0,氨氢体积比7:3;燃烧区入口速度vinletran=0.5 m/s),分解区入口为纯氨气;燃烧区与分解区出口均为压力出口。耦合壁面采用导热边界条件,其他外壁为绝热处理。
分解为吸热反应过程,通常在高温条件下才能维持较快的反应速率[25]。本文选用Ni-Pt/Al2O3作为催化剂,其在氨分解制氢中表现出较高的活性与稳定性[26]。为兼顾计算精度与数值效率,采用幂律型Arrhenius动力学模型描述氨分解反应,其速率表达式为:
2NH3N2+3H2, ΔH=+46kJ/mol
Rj=k0exp(EaRT)pa(NH3)pb(H2)
式中:Rj为氨分解反应速率,mol/(m3·s);Ea为活化能,kJ/mol;k0为指前因子,mol/(m3·s·Pa);T为绝对温度,K;p(NH3)为氨气分压,Pa;p(H2)为氢气分压,Pa。具体催化剂参数见表1[27]
基于CFD软件ANSYS Fluent建立氨燃烧-分解耦合模型,采用连续性、动量、能量及组分输运方程描述流场与反应过程,同时考虑燃烧放热、分解吸热及两区间的换热耦合。燃烧区和分解区分别耦合化学反应与多孔介质模型。燃烧区的燃烧反应机理采用Duynslaegher等人[28]的燃烧机理。设置流体域的压力为常压(101 325 Pa),其控制方程如下。
连续性方程:
1r(rur)r+(uz)z=0
式中:uruz为流体速度,m/s。
动量方程:
r:ρeε2(ururr+uzurz)=pr+με(1rr(rurr)+2urz2)μανi+C212ρ|ν|νi
z:ρeε2(uruzr+uzuzz)=pz+με(1rr(ruzr)+2uzz2)μανi+C212ρ|ν|νi
式中:ρe为流体密度,kg/m3
分解区被视为一个多孔区域,以真实模拟将催化剂填充入反应器内的流动行为。采用carmen-kozeny模型和Ergun方程分别计算计算多孔介质的渗透率α、黏性阻力系数C1与惯性阻力系数C2
α=1C1=dp2ε3150(1ε)2
C2=3.5dp(1ε)ε3
分解区能量方程:
ρeurTr+ρeuzTz=λeCp,e(1rr(rTr)+2Tz2)+QR
式中:QR为分解反应的能量源项,方程如下:
QR=ΔH×Rj
燃烧区能量方程:
ρeurTr+ρeuzTz=λeCp,e(1rr(rTr)+2Tz2)+Sh
式中:Sh为流体焓源。
分解区物质输运方程:
ρeurnir+ρeuzniz=Di,e1rr(rρenir+ρeniz)+Si
式中:ni为各物质的摩尔变化率,mol/s;Si为各物种的源项,g/(m–3·s),计算公式如下。
S(NH3)=0.034Ri
S(H2)=0.028Rj
S(N2)=0.006Rj
ρeurnir+ρeuzniz=Di,e1rr(rρenir+ρeniz)+ωi
式中:ωi为产物i的净速率,g/(m–3·s)。
黏度μi、热容量Cp,i、导热系数λ和二元扩散系数Dij由Chapman-Enskog公式求得:
μi=2.67×106MiTσ2Ωμ
Cp,i=12RMi(fi+2)
λ=154RMμ(415CpMR+13)
Dij=0.00188[T31Mi+1Mj]12pabs12σij2ΩD
式中:pabs为绝对压强,Pa;M为摩尔质量,g/mol;σ表示二元混合相互作用;ΩD表示平均扩散碰撞。参数σi,jΩμ用Lennard-Jones参数(σε/kB)计算。
为确保模拟结果不受网格划分的影响,采用3组网格数(1.5×103、1.5×104、1.5×106)进行网格无关性验证。图2展示了不同网格条件下分解区中心线上氨分解率的分布对比。结果表明,当网格数量达到1.5×104以上时,模拟结果与1.5×106的高精度结果几乎一致,而在1.5×103网格数下则存在明显偏差。因此,选取1.5×104作为后续模拟网格规模,在保证计算精度的同时兼顾计算效率。
通过与Badakhsh等人[29]的实验数据对比(图3),验证所建立分解耦合模型的准确性和适用性。
该实验为氢燃烧与氨分解耦合模型,反应条件为燃烧区入口体积流量700 mL/min与900 mL/min,当量比1.2,选取燃烧室外壁中线上几个点的温度作为对比。
模拟中设定的理想绝热壁面条件与实验中的实际结果与讨论壁面热损失之间存在差异,这种热耗散的忽略导致模拟的整体温度水平,特别是靠近壁面区域的温度水平,系统性地高于实验值。这一效应随着流体向下游流动而不断累积,在近燃烧器出口区域表现得最为显著。实验测量本身的不确定性在高温区被放大。在燃烧器核心区的高温环境下,热电偶的辐射散热效应最明显,其测量值可能系统性地低于真实气体温度。如图3所示,在温度最高的区域,模拟值与实验值的偏差最大,强有力地表明高温测量误差是导致近燃烧器出口区域偏差较大的主要来源。这种较大的偏差是壁面热损失的模型假设与高温测量误差共同作用,并被流场下游累积效应放大的结果。尽管存在这些误差,平均绝对误差小于4.4%已表明模型在核心趋势预测上具备良好的可靠性,完全能够支撑本研究进行不同结构及参数下温度场与性能趋势的对比。
氨分解属于吸热反应,当以氨-氢燃烧为分解提供热源时,部分燃烧释放的热量被分解过程消耗,燃烧区平均温度降低,温度场分布被重构。这一过程不仅改变了燃烧区与分解区之间的能量传递模式,也可能对NOx的生成机制产生显著影响。为定量分析该效应,本文在保证工况相同的前提下对比了有、无氨分解工况下反应器尾气中NOx的体积分数和燃烧室外壁温度的差异,结果如图4所示。
当燃烧释放的热量被用于驱动氨分解时,反应器尾气中的NOx体积分数明显下降,且燃烧室外壁平均温度显著下降。这主要归因于燃烧热量向分解区的传递增强,使大量能量被分解反应吸收,抑制了分解区气体温度的升高,并加大了燃烧区与分解区之间的温差,加强了两区域间的换热,从而显著降低了燃烧区的温度水平。温度下降抑制了反应路径N+O2=NO+O,降低了热力型NO的生成量,同时还削弱了燃料型NO的生成N2H2+O=NH2+NO,有效抑制了污染物的排放。结果表明,利用燃烧余热驱动氨分解,不仅实现了能量的梯级利用,还在本质上降低了反应器尾气NOx的生成量。
燃烧器结构对反应器的温度场分布及尾气NOx生成具有重要影响。为揭示不同燃烧器类型在耦合氨分解过程中的作用规律,在保证工况相同的前提下分别模拟了普通燃烧器、单层多孔介质燃烧器、双层多孔介质燃烧器及分级燃烧器与氨分解器耦合的工况,并对比分析了分解区氨分解率及尾气NOx体积分数的变化情况,结果如图5图6所示。
图5中,尽管4种不同类型的燃烧器耦合系统均能实现分解区氨分解率达到99.99%,但各燃烧器达到此分解率的位置存在显著差异。特别地,分级燃烧器在其耦合反应器中,分解率达到99.99%时的位置明显更靠近出口,并且分解反应的起始位置也相对靠后。这一现象可归因于分级燃烧器的独特工作机制:燃料氨分两级进入燃烧室,其中二级入口引入的常温氨气显著降低了燃烧室温度,抑制了反应路径N+O2→NO+O,从而减少了热力型NO的生成。同时,较低的温度还会削弱燃料型NO的形成途径N2H2+O→NH2+NO,从而有效减少污染物的排放。此外,氨气的加入还能够还原部分已经生成的NOx,从而有效降低尾气中的NOx体积分数。随着二级入口的氨气加入,反应器内的氨分解率显著提高,导致高分解率区域相对其他燃烧器位置更靠后。在分解区入口处,氨气体积分数达到最大,需要吸收更多热量。多孔材料的蓄热特性使其能够有效地储存热量并将其传递至分解区,从而为氨分解反应提供充足的热量。与普通燃烧器相比,多孔燃烧器和双层多孔燃烧器能够在分解区入口提供更多热能,使高分解率位置(分解率大于90%)更接近入口。特别地,双层多孔燃烧器通过不同孔隙率的2种材料的组合,可更有效地储热并将热量传递至分解区,从而使其高分解率区域最接近入口。因此,分级燃烧器虽然有利于控制NOx排放,但并不适合与氨分解器进行耦合,而多孔燃烧器和双层多孔燃烧器在提高氨分解效率方面具有明显优势,能够更有效地优化氨分解反应的热管理。
图6可以看出,相较于普通燃烧器,其余3种类型的燃烧器均表现出更强的NOx排放抑制能力。然而,分级燃烧器在出口处存在较高的氨体积分数,这主要是由于二级入口引入的氨气未能完全参与反应,导致部分能量利用不足。二级入口引入的常温氨气能够有效抑制NO的生成,且只使N2O体积分数达到7×10–5%,基本可以忽略不计。进一步对比可发现,单层多孔燃烧器的NO排放低于双层多孔燃烧器。这是因为双层多孔燃烧器能够储存更多热量,从而在局部区域产生更高温度,促进了NO的生成。
综合图5图6可以得出,单层多孔燃烧器不仅能够有效与氨分解器实现耦合,还能在保持高分解效率的同时显著抑制NOx排放,因此在后续针对氨燃烧-分解耦合反应器的深入研究中具有较高的应用潜力。
多孔燃烧器的孔隙率以及分级燃烧器中氨气的分级比例,可能对燃烧分解耦合系统中燃烧区的NOx排放情况有很大影响。因此,对比了孔隙率为0.8、0.9以及氨分级比例为4:1和1:1时的NOx排放情况,结果如图7所示。
图7可知:孔隙率增大,蓄热能力减弱,燃烧器内的平均温度升高,因此NO排放量升高,但升高并不明显;氨气分级比例对燃烧器NOx排放影响显著,当更多氨气在一级入口进入时,虽然入口处燃烧温度升高,但二级入口后燃烧温度明显降低,因此整个燃烧器内的平均温度降低,不仅在热力学层面上抑制了热力型NO的生成N+O2→NO+O,而且在动力学层面上减缓了含氮自由基的反应速率N2H2+O→NH2+NO,从而降低了燃料型NO的体积分数,使NO含量明显降低,但N2O和NO2浓度明显增高。
分解区入口氨气速度vinletfen对进入分解区的氨气流量具有直接影响。随着入口气流速度的增大,氨分解反应所需的热量显著增加,这不仅增强了燃烧区的降温效应,而且进一步改变了反应器内温度场的分布。基于此,本研究主要探讨相同燃烧区入口速度时不同分解区氨气入口速度下的NOx排放特性、换热界面平均温度以及氨分解率的变化,结果如图8图9所示。
随着vinletfen的增大,氨分解反应所需热量显著增加,燃烧释放的部分能量被快速吸收,从而增强了燃烧区的降温效应并重塑了温度场分布,如图8图9所示。在低vinletfen下,分解反应吸热不足,燃烧区温度维持在较高水平,显著促进了热力型NO的生成N+O2→NO+O和燃料型NO的生成N2H2+O→NH2+NO,导致尾气中NOx浓度升高。随着vinletfen增加,分解区吸热增强,燃烧区温度逐步下降,NOx排放量得到有效抑制。同时,如图8所示,温度下降虽减弱了NO的生成,但增大了N2O的生成速率,表现出典型的“NO减少-N2O增加”竞争机制。然而,N2O的增加幅度远低于NO的减少速率,因此整体NOx排放量随氨气入口速度升高而持续降低。另一方面,vinletfen增大也增加了进入分解区的氨气量。由于燃烧区提供的热量有限,当速度过高时,能量不足以完全驱动反应,导致氨分解率有所下降。但即便在vinletfen=10 m/s时,氨分解率仍能维持在90%以上,说明单层多孔燃烧器-分解耦合反应器在高流量工况下依然能够实现较高产氢效率与较低NOx排放的双重目标。
本文基于数值模拟系统研究了氨/氢燃烧-氨分解耦合体系中不同燃烧器结构及分解区氨气入口速度对温度场、NOx排放与氨分解率的影响,揭示了燃烧余热驱动分解的热-化学协同规律,并提出了优化结构与运行参数。主要结论如下。
1)氨分解反应的吸热特性显著降低了燃烧区温度,重构了温度场分布,从而本质上抑制了热力型NOx的生成,实现了能量梯级利用与污染物减排的协同。
2)不同燃烧器结构对耦合性能影响显著。多孔介质燃烧器在保持高氨分解率的同时有效降低了NOx的生成,综合性能最优;双层多孔燃烧器虽改善了温度分布,但局部高温区导致NOx含量增加;分级燃烧器通过二次供氨控制了NOx的生成,但氨分解率下降。
3)vinletfen升高增强了分解的吸热效应,使NOx排放随之减少;同时因能量供给受限,氨分解率有所下降。但即便在vinletfen=10 m/s条件下,氨分解率仍保持在90%以上,表明该体系可在高效制氢与低NOx排放之间实现良好平衡。
  • 河北省科学院基本科研业务费试点项目(2025PF14)
  • 河北省重大科技支撑计划-国际科技合作专项(24294503Z)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202509011
  • 接收时间:2025-09-04
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-04
  • 修回日期:2025-11-05
  • 录用日期:2025-11-18
基金
Basic Research Operating Fund Pilot Project of Hebei Academy of Sciences(2025PF14)
河北省科学院基本科研业务费试点项目(2025PF14)
Major Science and Technology Support Program of Hebei Province: International Science and Technology Cooperation Project(24294503Z)
河北省重大科技支撑计划-国际科技合作专项(24294503Z)
作者信息
    1.河北省科学院能源研究所,河北 石家庄 050081
    2.石家庄铁道大学机械工程学院,河北 石家庄 050043

通讯作者:

王欣(1988),女,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为强化传热与氨氢转换,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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