Article(id=1295068124836029048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068070071005445, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202508037, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755273600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-16, revisedDate=1757779200000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-14, acceptedDate=1758124800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-18, onlineDate=1786697902162, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1779638400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697902162, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697902162, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697902162, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295068070071005445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='186', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779638400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697889106, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698835709, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072040462078420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068070071005445, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072040462078421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068070071005445, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=51, endPage=58, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295068125230293625, articleId=1295068124836029048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Study on the effect of operation strategy for the internal heat exchanger in the cavern of a compressed air energy storage power station, columnId=1295068070763065606, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Energy storage and renewable energy technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
[Objective]

Temperature fluctuations within the underground cavern have a significant effect on the efficiency of compressed air energy storage power stations and the structural safety of the cavern. Installing the heat exchanger inside the cavern is one of the effective methods to suppress air temperature fluctuations.

[Methods]

A compressed air thermodynamic model that takes into account the heat transfer of internal heat exchangers is established to investigate the effects of different cold and hot water configuration strategies on air temperature and pressure changes inside the cavern.

[Results]

The results show that by using low-temperature water during the charging phase and high-temperature water during the discharging phase, the internal heat exchanger can effectively suppress the compression heat effect and expansion cooling effect of the air, thereby reducing the range of air temperature fluctuations. Specifically, when cold water (33 ℃) and hot water (90 ℃) are introduced into the heat exchanger during the charging and discharging, respectively, the temperature difference of air can be reduced from 43.9 ℃ without using heat exchangers to below 15.0 ℃. Further analysis indicates that adjusting the cold water utilization period to the latter half of the charging phase and concentrating the hot water utilization time towards the end of the discharging phase can effectively increase the heat transfer temperature difference between the heat exchanger and the air, further reducing the air temperature difference at the end of charging and discharging.

[Conclusion]

In summary, the reasonable configuration of the operating strategy of the internal heat exchanger, especially the optimization of cold and hot water utilization times, can effectively improve the energy storage capacity and power generation capacity of compressed air energy storage systems.

, authors=Ziyu WANG1, Lei ZOU1, Bin LI1, Wei LI1, Hongtao LIU2, Jiguo TANG2, authorsList=Ziyu WANG, Lei ZOU, Bin LI, Wei LI, Hongtao LIU, Jiguo TANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jiguo TANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295068129181328012, articleId=1295068124836029048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=压缩空气储能电站储气库内置换热器运行策略影响研究, columnId=1295068072533061896, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=储能与可再生能源技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
【目的】

地下储气库内空气的温度波动对压缩空气储能电站的运行效率和储气库结构安全具有重要影响,在储气库内部配置换热器是抑制空气温度波动的有效措施之一。

【方法】

通过建立考虑内置换热器传热的压缩空气热力学模型,研究了不同冷、热水配置策略对库内空气温度和压力的影响规律。

【结果】

结果表明,通过在充气阶段注入低温水,放气阶段注入高温水,内置换热器能够有效抑制空气的压缩热效应和膨胀冷却效应,从而减小空气温度波动范围。当充气和放气阶段换热器内分别注入33 ℃冷水和90 ℃热水时,空气充放气后温度差可由未配置换热器时的43.9 ℃降低至15.0 ℃以下。进一步分析发现,将换热器冷水注入时段调至充气后半段,并在放气末期集中注入热水,能够有效提高换热器与空气间的传热温度差,进一步降低充放气结束时的温度差。

【结论】

综上所述,合理配置内置换热器的运行策略,特别是优化冷、热水的使用时间,能够有效提升压缩空气储能系统的储能能力和发电能力。

, authors=王子遇1, 邹磊1, 李斌1, 李伟1, 刘洪涛2, 唐继国2, authorsList=王子遇, 邹磊, 李斌, 李伟, 刘洪涛, 唐继国, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=唐继国, authorNote=

王子遇(1996),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为新型储能技术,

, correspAuthorsNote=
唐继国(1988),男,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为传热传质机理,
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王子遇(1996),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为新型储能技术,

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language=CN, label=图9, caption=工况D1、B2和C2中空气温度变化, figureFileSmall=GL86KxUYQhZ02dVBZQxHVw==, figureFileBig=bZTSrVttTvwlo5ugXUEbng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068136538137292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068124836029048, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameters of the Huntorf compressed air energy storage power station in Germany

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项目数值
储气库半径/m20
储气库体积/m3141 000
储气库表面积/m225 000
围岩密度/(kg·m–32 100
对流传热系数/(W·(m2·K)–130
储气库初始压力/MPa5.9
储气库初始温度/℃40
气体常数R/(J·(kg·K)–1286.7
空气等压比热容/(J·(kg·K)–11 004
空气等容比热容/(J·(kg·K)–1717
导热系数/(W·(m·K)–14
), ArticleFig(id=1295068136613634765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068124836029048, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

德国Huntorf压缩空气储能电站参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
储气库半径/m20
储气库体积/m3141 000
储气库表面积/m225 000
围岩密度/(kg·m–32 100
对流传热系数/(W·(m2·K)–130
储气库初始压力/MPa5.9
储气库初始温度/℃40
气体常数R/(J·(kg·K)–1286.7
空气等压比热容/(J·(kg·K)–11 004
空气等容比热容/(J·(kg·K)–1717
导热系数/(W·(m·K)–14
), ArticleFig(id=1295068136680743630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068124836029048, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Basic calculation parameters for the cavern

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料导热系数/(W·(m·K)–1比热容/(J·(kg·K)–1密度/(kg·m–3厚度/m
围岩3.008502 640
混凝土层2.949602 3800.600
密封层45.004807 8500.020
防腐漆层2.131 5001 3500.001
换热器16.205008 0000.004
), ArticleFig(id=1295068136752046799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068124836029048, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

储气库基本计算条件

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材料导热系数/(W·(m·K)–1比热容/(J·(kg·K)–1密度/(kg·m–3厚度/m
围岩3.008502 640
混凝土层2.949602 3800.600
密封层45.004807 8500.020
防腐漆层2.131 5001 3500.001
换热器16.205008 0000.004
), ArticleFig(id=1295068136852710096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068124836029048, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Operating strategy cases for the internal heat exchanger

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况充气时段维持时段放气时段维持时段放气时段维持时段
0~8 h8~11 h11~13 h13~18 h18~21 h21~24 h
工况A1
工况A2冷水0~8 h热水11~13 h热水18~21 h
工况A3冷水0~8 h
工况A4热水11~13 h热水18~21 h
工况B1冷水0~4 h热水11~13 h热水18~21 h
工况B2冷水4~8 h热水11~13 h热水18~21 h
工况B3冷水0~8 h冷水8~11 h热水11~13 h热水18~21 h
工况B4冷水0~8 h热水11~13 h热水18~21 h冷水21~24 h
工况C1冷水0~8 h热水11~13 h
工况C2冷水0~8 h热水18~21 h
工况C3冷水0~8 h热水11~13 h热水13~18 h热水18~21 h
工况C4冷水0~8 h热水20~21 h
工况D1冷水4~8 h热水18~21 h
), ArticleFig(id=1295068136940790481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068124836029048, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

内置换热器运行策略工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况充气时段维持时段放气时段维持时段放气时段维持时段
0~8 h8~11 h11~13 h13~18 h18~21 h21~24 h
工况A1
工况A2冷水0~8 h热水11~13 h热水18~21 h
工况A3冷水0~8 h
工况A4热水11~13 h热水18~21 h
工况B1冷水0~4 h热水11~13 h热水18~21 h
工况B2冷水4~8 h热水11~13 h热水18~21 h
工况B3冷水0~8 h冷水8~11 h热水11~13 h热水18~21 h
工况B4冷水0~8 h热水11~13 h热水18~21 h冷水21~24 h
工况C1冷水0~8 h热水11~13 h
工况C2冷水0~8 h热水18~21 h
工况C3冷水0~8 h热水11~13 h热水13~18 h热水18~21 h
工况C4冷水0~8 h热水20~21 h
工况D1冷水4~8 h热水18~21 h
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压缩空气储能电站储气库内置换热器运行策略影响研究
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王子遇 1 , 邹磊 1 , 李斌 1 , 李伟 1 , 刘洪涛 2 , 唐继国 2
热力发电 | 储能与可再生能源技术 2026,55(5): 51-58
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热力发电 |储能与可再生能源技术 2026 , 55 (5) : 51 -58
压缩空气储能电站储气库内置换热器运行策略影响研究
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王子遇1 , 邹磊1, 李斌1, 李伟1, 刘洪涛2, 唐继国2
作者信息
  • 1.中国电建集团中南勘测设计研究院有限公司,湖南 长沙 410014
  • 2.四川大学山区河流保护与治理全国重点实验室,四川 成都 610065
通讯作者:
唐继国(1988),男,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为传热传质机理,
作者简介:

王子遇(1996),男,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为新型储能技术,

Study on the effect of operation strategy for the internal heat exchanger in the cavern of a compressed air energy storage power station
Ziyu WANG1 , Lei ZOU1, Bin LI1, Wei LI1, Hongtao LIU2, Jiguo TANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.China Power Construction Corporation Zhongnan Survey Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd., Changsha 410014, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
出版时间: 2026-05-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202508037
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【目的】

地下储气库内空气的温度波动对压缩空气储能电站的运行效率和储气库结构安全具有重要影响,在储气库内部配置换热器是抑制空气温度波动的有效措施之一。

【方法】

通过建立考虑内置换热器传热的压缩空气热力学模型,研究了不同冷、热水配置策略对库内空气温度和压力的影响规律。

【结果】

结果表明,通过在充气阶段注入低温水,放气阶段注入高温水,内置换热器能够有效抑制空气的压缩热效应和膨胀冷却效应,从而减小空气温度波动范围。当充气和放气阶段换热器内分别注入33 ℃冷水和90 ℃热水时,空气充放气后温度差可由未配置换热器时的43.9 ℃降低至15.0 ℃以下。进一步分析发现,将换热器冷水注入时段调至充气后半段,并在放气末期集中注入热水,能够有效提高换热器与空气间的传热温度差,进一步降低充放气结束时的温度差。

【结论】

综上所述,合理配置内置换热器的运行策略,特别是优化冷、热水的使用时间,能够有效提升压缩空气储能系统的储能能力和发电能力。

压缩空气储能  /  热力学模型  /  内置换热器  /  运行策略
[Objective]

Temperature fluctuations within the underground cavern have a significant effect on the efficiency of compressed air energy storage power stations and the structural safety of the cavern. Installing the heat exchanger inside the cavern is one of the effective methods to suppress air temperature fluctuations.

[Methods]

A compressed air thermodynamic model that takes into account the heat transfer of internal heat exchangers is established to investigate the effects of different cold and hot water configuration strategies on air temperature and pressure changes inside the cavern.

[Results]

The results show that by using low-temperature water during the charging phase and high-temperature water during the discharging phase, the internal heat exchanger can effectively suppress the compression heat effect and expansion cooling effect of the air, thereby reducing the range of air temperature fluctuations. Specifically, when cold water (33 ℃) and hot water (90 ℃) are introduced into the heat exchanger during the charging and discharging, respectively, the temperature difference of air can be reduced from 43.9 ℃ without using heat exchangers to below 15.0 ℃. Further analysis indicates that adjusting the cold water utilization period to the latter half of the charging phase and concentrating the hot water utilization time towards the end of the discharging phase can effectively increase the heat transfer temperature difference between the heat exchanger and the air, further reducing the air temperature difference at the end of charging and discharging.

[Conclusion]

In summary, the reasonable configuration of the operating strategy of the internal heat exchanger, especially the optimization of cold and hot water utilization times, can effectively improve the energy storage capacity and power generation capacity of compressed air energy storage systems.

compressed air energy storage  /  thermodynamic model  /  internal heat exchanger  /  operation strategy
王子遇, 邹磊, 李斌, 李伟, 刘洪涛, 唐继国. 压缩空气储能电站储气库内置换热器运行策略影响研究. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (5) : 51 -58 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202508037
Ziyu WANG, Lei ZOU, Bin LI, Wei LI, Hongtao LIU, Jiguo TANG. Study on the effect of operation strategy for the internal heat exchanger in the cavern of a compressed air energy storage power station[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (5) : 51 -58 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202508037
可再生能源的快速发展对储能技术提出了更高的要求[1]。压缩空气储能(compressed air energy storage,CAES)作为一种极具潜力的新型储能技术,因其较高的经济性、灵活的选址条件以及良好的环境兼容性等优势,被认为是解决可再生能源间歇性问题的有效方案[2]。CAES系统利用低谷时段的电能将空气压缩并储存于地下储层中,并在高峰时段释放压缩空气用于发电,从而显著提高电网的稳定性和可靠性[3]
地下储气库内压缩空气温度和压力的波动范围对CAES系统的高效、安全运行至关重要[4]。减小压缩空气的温度波动是提高储气库空气利用率和减小库容的有效策略之一。然而,目前关于CAES储气库内温控技术的研究相对匮乏。Jiang等人[5]和Li等人[6]通过实验和数值模拟,研究了储气库中的热力学过程和力学响应,并在实验中采用内置换热器调节空气温度,防止其过高或过低,然而其数值模型中并未考虑换热器对压缩空气热力学特性的影响。Saputro等人[7-8]则提出了一种利用内置微胶囊相变材料的压缩空气储能系统热回收新方法,并发现内置相变材料的储气装置内空气压缩时温度升幅从45 ℃降至27 ℃,膨胀时温度降幅从48 ℃减至28 ℃。
上述研究验证了储气库内置换热器在压缩空气温控方面的可行性。然而,目前尚缺乏对内置换热器条件下储气库内压缩空气热力学行为的深入研究。储气库内置换热器温控策略,在温度控制方面相较于内置相变材料及地面外置换热器方案更直接高效。此外,该策略是在地面温控基础上的深层温控,结合储热技术实现了不同阶段热量的迁移与再利用。与相变材料换热方案相比,该策略在储气库内部的布置更为简便灵活,同时也避免了液态相变材料可能泄漏所带来的安全与维护风险,具备更高的工程可行性和长期运行可靠性。
在上述研究基础上,本文开发了一种考虑内置换热器的储气库温度和压力演化计算模型,分析了内置换热器对库内压缩空气温度波动的调节效果,并探讨了不同换热器运行策略对温度和压力的影响。本研究旨在为地下储气库中内置换热装置的设计与运行优化提供理论指导。
假设不考虑储气库库容变化、储气库内压缩空气温度和压力分布,储气库压缩空气的热力学控制方程可简化为[9]
Vdρdt=m˙inm˙out
VρcνdTdt=m˙in(cp(TinT)+ZRTρuρ|T)+m˙out(ZRTρuρ|T)+hcAc(TrwT)+Qheat
p=ZρRT
uρ=RT2ρZT
hc=kNuDrw
Nu=0.104Ra0.352
Ra=gβcpρ2Drw3|TTrw|/μk
式中:pTρuh分别为储气库内压缩气体压力、温度、密度、内能和焓;VAc分别为储气库体积和表面积;cvcp分别为空气定容比热容和定压比热容;R为空气气体常数;Z为空气压缩因子,通过REFPROP数据库所得密度与理想气体密度的比值计算得到;hc为空气与围岩传热系数;Trw为围岩温度;inout分别为充气速率和放气速率;Qheat为空气与换热器间的传热量。式(6)为Daney模型[10],其中Nu为Nusselt数;Ra为Rayleigh数;g为重力加速度;ρ为体膨胀系数;Drw为储气库内径;μk为空气黏度和空气导热系数。
对于包含内置换热器的储气库,换热器提供的换热功率应满足:
Qheat=Mincp,f(Tin,fTout,f)
Qheat=keffAeΔTm
式中:keff为等效传热系数;Ae为换热管外壁表面积;ΔTm为整个传热面积上的有效平均温度;Min为换热器换热管进口质量流量;cp,f为传热液体定压比热容,其由进出口水温平均值决定;Tin,f为换热管进口水温;Tout,f为换热管出口水温。
当考虑换热管两侧污垢热阻时,以管外表面积为计算依据时,等效传热系数可由下式计算:
keff=11ho+Ro+Rw+(1hi+Ri)Atube,oAtube,i
Rw=dtube2λwln(dtubedtube2δw)
hi=Nufλfdtube,i
Nuf=0.023Ref0.8Prfn
ho=Nunλdtube,o
Nun=C(GraPra)n
式中:hiho分别为管内和管外表面传热系数;RiRo分别为管内和管外污垢热阻;Rw为管壁导热热阻;Atube,oAtube,i分别为换热管外表面积与内表面积;Ref为流体Reynolds数;Nuf为流体Nusselt数;Prf为流体Prandtl数;dtube,idtube,o分别为换热管内径和外径;uf为流体平均速度;νfλf分别为流体黏度和导热系数;Gra为空气Grashof数;Pra为空气Prandtl数。
式(13)为Ditus-Boelter公式[11],液体被加热时n=0.4,被冷却时n=0.3。式(15)中,对于Gr在1.43×104~5.76×108范围内,Cn分别取值0.48和1/4;在5.76×108~4.65×109范围内,Cn分别取值0.016 5和0.42;在大于4.65×109Cn分别取值0.11和1/3[12]
储气库外多层固体区域的固体导热方程为:
ρr,icpr,iTr,it=1rr(kr,irTr,ir)
r=Rrw,kr,1Tr,1r=hc(TTrw)
r=,Tr,3=Tww
t=0,T=T0,p=p0,Tr(r)=T0(r)
式中:r为从储气库中心到某点的径向距离;ρr,icpr,ikr,iTr,i分别为第i层的密度、比热、导热系数和温度,i为不同固体层;Rrw为储气库半径;Tww为远端岩石温度;T0p0分别为初始温度和压力。
模型求解方法可参考文献[13],模型准确性通过与德国Huntorf压缩空气储能电站结果[9]进行对比确定。该电站参数见表1。在3次充气过程,进气温度分别为50.96、45.95、49.08 ℃。储气库温度和压力随时间变化的计算结果与实验数据对比如图1所示。可以看到,目前模型可以较好地预测储气库内压缩空气的压力变化。与压缩空气平均压力变化相比,平均温度预测值和实验值有一定差异。这可能与Huntorf电站测试参数误差、围岩物性差异以及对流传热系数取值不同等因素有关。
储气库简化传热模型示意如图2所示。目前计算的单根储气库长度为300 m,直径为12 m。内置换热器由400 m长、外径38 mm的蛇形换热管组成,包括32根加热管和32根冷却管,加热管布置于储气库底部,冷却管布置于储气库顶部。放气时(共5 h)通90 ℃热水,热水总量为658 t,充气(共8 h)时通33 ℃冷水,冷水总量为2 870 t,维持阶段无水通入。冷、热水均通过电站地上系统的余热获得,热水由压缩机级间换热器冷却水余热加热得到,而冷水为膨胀机级间换热器冷却水经冷却塔获得。储气库计算初始压力为5.1 MPa,初始温度和围岩远端温度为15 ℃,储气库充气温度为45 ℃。储气库参数见表2,内置换热器运行策略见表3
图3为内置换热器对稳定周期时储气库内温度和压力的影响。图4为充气结束和放气结束后压缩空气的温度和压力。工况A1为无内置换热器工况;工况A2为配置内置换热器,充气时充冷水,放气时充入热水;工况A3为配置内置换热器,充气时充冷水,其余时间不充水;工况A4为配置内置换热器,放气时充热水,其余时间不充水。未配置换热器时(工况A1),温度波动范围为11.0~54.9 ℃(约43.9 ℃),压力波动范围为4.75~10.35 MPa(约5.60 MPa)。而配置换热器后(工况A2),温度变化明显趋于平缓,温度波动范围减小至36.3~51.3 ℃(约15.0 ℃),压力波动范围为5.22~10.22 MPa(约5.00 MPa)。在充气过程中,冷却水吸收热量,防止空气温度过高;而在放气过程中,热水的注入抵消了气体膨胀带来的温度下降,降低了温度和压力的波动幅度。由于压缩空气的压力与热力学温度有关,而非摄氏温度,因此内置换热器对空气压力的影响远小于对温度的影响。在充气8 h后压力接近的情况下,内置换热器储气库内最终放气压力比无内置换热器时高0.47 MPa,表明该工况下储气库仍有放气发电的能力。
对比工况A2、A3和A4可以发现,换热器仅通冷水时,空气温度波动范围整体下降(4.5~ 44.9 ℃),而仅注入热水时,空气温度波动范围则整体增加(46.4~76.1 ℃)。特别是注入热水时,温度变化对储气库内空气的影响远高于仅注入冷水时的情况。
冷水配置策略对空气温度和压力以及充气和放气结束后温度的影响如图5图6所示。需要说明的是,不同配置方案中冷水总量保持不变。对比工况A2、B3和B4可以发现,在保持总冷水用量不变的前提下,延长换热器通冷水时间对压缩空气温度波动范围的影响较小。这3个工况下,充气和放气结束时的温度差(温差)的变化均在2 ℃以内,相应的压力变化亦不明显,表明在总冷量不变的前提下,冷水流量和通水时间在一定范围内对储气库最终的温度和压力影响较小。然而,如图5所示,在充气后的维持阶段通入冷水的工况下,空气温度和压力均显著下降。这一现象表明,内置换热器在局部时间段内对储气库内空气温度的调控效果显著,尤其是在维持阶段。
进一步对比工况A2、B1和B2可以发现,在充气后半段(4~8 h)启动换热器对储气库内空气温度的控制效果明显优于充气前半段(0~4 h)启动的策略。其原因在于,充气阶段伴随着压力的升高,压缩空气的温度也随之上升。因此,换热器冷却水与充气后半段的高温压缩空气之间的温差大于与前半段空气的温差,导致工况B2中换热器与压缩空气之间的传热速率更高,根据牛顿冷却定律,传热速率与温差成正比。充气后半段启动换热器能充分利用这一温差提升换热量,从而在充气结束后使空气温度降至更低水平。此外,延迟启动换热器还可以避免在充气初期压力较低时,因温差较小而导致的换热效率低下。综上所述,延迟启动换热器能够更有效地利用高温差,提高热交换效率,从而更好地控制充气后储气库内空气的温度,进而降低充气和放气后压缩空气的温差。
换热器热水配置策略对空气温度、压力变化以及充放气结束后温度的影响如图7图8所示。在工况C1—C4中,冷水注入策略保持一致,主要区别在于热水注入的时间和流量。具体而言,工况C1和C2均在单一的放气阶段注入热水,这2种策略都会在对应的放气过程中显著抑制温度的降低。然而,这2种工况在充气和放气结束后温差分别为31.1 ℃和11.5 ℃,温度控制效果分别在4种工况中表现最差和最优。尽管工况C1放气结束时温度较高,但由于压缩空气的压力为4种工况中最低,其潜在的发电能力也相对受限。工况C1和C2差异的原因主要有2点:首先,在不同放气阶段,换热器内热水与压缩空气间的温差不同;其次在第2次放气阶段,空气与换热器间的温差增大而换热量也较大,从而导致不同的温度控制效果。
第一,在2个阶段换热器内热水与压缩空气间的温差不同,具体而言在第2次放气阶段,空气和换热器温差更大,传热量更高;第二,在工况C1中,在第1次放气阶段,集中注入流量较高的热水,显著提升了传热效率,致使压缩空气温度在该阶段出现反常升高现象。统计该阶段传热量发现,空气与换热器间的平均传热量为11.18 MW,而空气与壁面间传热及膨胀过程传热的总和为–10.76 MW。净传热量为正值,表明空气总体上吸收热量,进而促使温度上升。这种异常升温直接导致在随后的维持阶段,不发生回热现象,压缩空气温度不升反降。由此可见,围岩和密封层蓄热的回热有利于压缩空气温度控制。
对于工况C3,在2个放气阶段以及两者间的维持阶段,换热器均持续注入热水。由于注入时间的延长,热水进口流量相应降低,换热器在放气阶段对温度降低的抑制效果有所减弱。然而,由于内置换热器的持续作用,维持阶段压缩空气温度显著升高,甚至高于整个压缩阶段的最高温度。在工况C4中,全部热水集中在放气阶段最后1 h注入,此时换热器内热水与压缩空气间的温差较大,且热水流量较高,使得该阶段压缩空气温度迅速升高约20 ℃。在相同的压力差下,放气后空气温度越高,压缩空气密度越小,储气库内剩余空气质量越少;而充气结束后温度越低,储气库储存空气质量越多,从而提升储气库的储能效果。因此,相较于整个周期内压缩空气的最高和最低温度,充放气结束后温度差对压缩空气储能系统的性能影响更为关键。尽管工况C4下压缩空气的最高和最低温度相差较大,但其充放气后空气的温差显著降低,温控效果略优于对比工况A2。这表明,优化热水注入策略,实现充放气后温度的有效控制,对于提升压缩空气储能系统的效率具有重要意义。
根据目前确定的最优冷水和热水配置策略,结合得到工况D1的运行策略,图9对比了最优冷水分配方案B2、最优热水方案C2以及两者组合的方案D1下压缩空气温度变化的趋势。可以看到,工况D1在充气阶段时,压缩空气温度变化趋势与工况B2接近,而在放气阶段则与工况C2的变化趋势类似。D1工况温控策略融合了目前冷水和热水的最优配置,通过在不同充放气阶段灵活调整冷热水配置,有效降低了压缩空气充放气结束后的温度差。具体而言,工况D1下,充放气结束后的温度差为11.1 ℃,相较于无内置换热器工况A1降低了32.8 ℃,比对比工况A2降低了3.9 ℃。
上述结果表明,通过在储气库内安装内置换热器,同时合理配置冷水和热水的注入策略,可以显著改善储气库内温度波动,降低充放气结束后的温度差,从而提高压缩空气储能系统的储能能力。未来研究可进一步探索依据系统负荷变化动态调整换热器运行策略,实现压缩空气储能系统的柔性调节。
本文通过数值仿真方法研究了压缩空气储能地下储气库内置换热器运行策略对空气温度和压力的影响,发现合理配置热水注入时机和流量,有助于降低储气库内空气温度波动,提高储气库储能效果,主要结论如下。
1)配置内置换热器的储气库通过在充气阶段注入冷水,放气阶段注入热水,能够有效抑制空气的压缩热和膨胀冷,降低温度波动。在充气阶段注入33 ℃冷水,放气阶段注入90 ℃热水的换热器运行策略下,充气和放气结束时的空气温度差可由43.9 ℃降至15.0 ℃,温度降幅超过65%。
2)将冷水注入时段设置在充气后半段,可充分利用温差增强换热,进一步减小充气终点温度;而在维持阶段注入冷水仅具局部降温效果,对整体温度波动控制作用有限。
3)放气阶段集中注入热水,能够明显缓解温度下降过快问题,有利于放气阶段维持较高空气温度,从而提升系统发电能力。
  • 湖南省重点领域研发计划(2023GK2047)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202508037
  • 接收时间:2025-08-16
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-16
  • 修回日期:2025-09-14
  • 录用日期:2025-09-18
基金
Research and Development Program in Key Fields of Hunan Province(2023GK2047)
湖南省重点领域研发计划(2023GK2047)
作者信息
    1.中国电建集团中南勘测设计研究院有限公司,湖南 长沙 410014
    2.四川大学山区河流保护与治理全国重点实验室,四川 成都 610065

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唐继国(1988),男,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为传热传质机理,
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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