Article(id=1295068087259263354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068070071005445, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202505124, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747670400000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-20, revisedDate=1754496000000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-07, acceptedDate=1755532800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-19, onlineDate=1786697893204, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1779638400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697893204, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697893204, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697893204, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295068070071005445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='186', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779638400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697889106, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698835709, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072040462078420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068070071005445, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072040462078421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068070071005445, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=42, endPage=50, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295068087502532987, articleId=1295068087259263354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Optical path optimization and performance analysis of solar full-spectrum utilization system based on beam splitter, columnId=1295068070763065606, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Energy storage and renewable energy technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
[Objective]

Full-spectrum solar energy utilization through spectral splitting offers an effective pathway to improve overall solar energy conversion efficiency by allocating different wavelength bands to suitable energy conversion devices. Linear Fresnel lens-based systems are particularly attractive due to their structural simplicity and scalability. However, the optical efficiency and optical distribution uniformity of such systems are highly sensitive to structural parameters and tracking deviations. The objective of this study is to enhance the optical performance of a linear Fresnel lens-based full-spectrum solar splitting system by optimizing the installation configuration of the photovoltaic (PV) module and by systematically evaluating the influence of incident angle deviations on system performance.

[Methods]

An optical ray-tracing model of the proposed system was established using TracePro software. The model incorporated the geometric configuration of the linear Fresnel lens, spectral splitting characteristics, PV module positioning, and reflective components. To ensure model reliability, a prototype system was constructed, and experimental measurements were conducted under controlled conditions. The simulation results were validated against experimental data by comparing optical efficiency values. Subsequently, a parametric study was performed to investigate the influence of PV module installation height and tilt angle on the optical distribution uniformity and total optical efficiency. In addition, the effects of lateral and longitudinal incident angle deviations, which represent practical solar tracking errors, were quantitatively analyzed. Key performance indicators included total optical efficiency and optical distribution uniformity on the PV surface.

[Results]

The comparison between simulation and experimental results showed a relative error within 1%, confirming the accuracy and validity of the established optical model. Parametric optimization revealed that when the PV module installation height was set to 540 mm and the inclination angle was 135°, the system achieved optimal optical performance. Under these conditions, the PV surface attained a maximum optical distribution uniformity of 0.86, and the total optical efficiency reached 80.1%. The sensitivity analysis demonstrated that optical performance is significantly affected by incident angle deviations. When the lateral deviation angle increased from 0° to 3.0°, the total optical efficiency decreased from 80.1% to 67.1%, while the optical distribution uniformity declined from 0.86 to 0.79. The influence of longitudinal deviation was even more pronounced. As the longitudinal deviation angle increased from 0° to 30.0°, the total optical efficiency sharply decreased from 80.1% to 26.4%, and the optical distribution uniformity dropped from 0.86 to 0.74. These results indicate that longitudinal tracking errors have a more severe impact on optical performance than lateral deviations, highlighting the importance of precise solar tracking in practical operation.

[Conclusion]

This study establishes and experimentally validates an accurate optical model for a linear Fresnel lens-based full-spectrum solar splitting system. The results demonstrate that appropriate configuration of PV installation parameters can significantly enhance optical distribution uniformity and overall optical efficiency. Furthermore, the system exhibits strong sensitivity to incident angle deviations, particularly in the longitudinal direction, which must be carefully controlled in engineering applications. The findings provide theoretical support and quantitative guidance for the structural design, parameter optimization, and operational control of full-spectrum solar splitting systems, contributing to the advancement of high-efficiency solar energy utilization technologies.

, authors=Shunqi ZHANG1, Kangli FU1, Qingfan LIU2, Yingcheng WANG1, Wei HAN1, Fengnian WANG1, Kezhen ZHANG1, Mingyu YAO1, Dengwei JING2, authorsList=Shunqi ZHANG, Kangli FU, Qingfan LIU, Yingcheng WANG, Wei HAN, Fengnian WANG, Kezhen ZHANG, Mingyu YAO, Dengwei JING, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Dengwei JING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295068092632166811, articleId=1295068087259263354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=太阳能全光谱分频利用系统光路优化及性能分析, columnId=1295068072533061896, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=储能与可再生能源技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
【目的】

太阳能光谱分频利用技术可实现太阳能的高效利用,提高基于线性菲涅尔透镜的太阳能全光谱分频利用系统的光学效率。

【方法】

利用TracePro软件搭建了光路分析模型,分析了光伏组件的安装方式对系统光学效率的影响,并研究了入射角的横向和纵向偏差对系统光学性能的影响。

【结果】

光路分析模型与试验结果的相对误差在1%范围内,证明了模型的有效性;当光伏组件安装高度为540 mm、夹角为135°时,光伏组件表面能够获得最高的平均光分布均匀度0.86,系统总光学效率80.1%;当横向入射偏差角从0°增至3.0°时,系统的总体光学效率从80.1%降至67.1%,平均光分布均匀度从0.86降至0.79;当纵向入射偏差角从0°增到30.0°时,系统的总体光学效率从80.1%降至26.4%,光分布均匀度从0.86降至0.74。

【结论】

该结论可为太阳能全光谱分频利用系统的设计以及运行优化提供参考。

, authors=张顺奇1, 付康丽1, 刘庆凡2, 王英丞1, 韩伟1, 王峰年1, 张可臻1, 姚明宇1, 敬登伟2, authorsList=张顺奇, 付康丽, 刘庆凡, 王英丞, 韩伟, 王峰年, 张可臻, 姚明宇, 敬登伟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=敬登伟, authorNote=

张顺奇(1995),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为太阳能高效利用技术,

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敬登伟(1977),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为太阳能规模制氢、能源开采及转化过程多相流、仿生及光学流动控制技术,
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Structural parameters of the PVT system based on Fresnel lens

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参数数值/mm
光伏电池宽度250
菲涅尔透镜宽度1 400
菲涅尔透镜焦距1 000
集热管外层玻璃内径80
集热管内层玻璃内径40
集热管玻璃厚度3
), ArticleFig(id=1295068104539795960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068087259263354, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基于菲涅尔透镜的PVT系统的结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值/mm
光伏电池宽度250
菲涅尔透镜宽度1 400
菲涅尔透镜焦距1 000
集热管外层玻璃内径80
集热管内层玻璃内径40
集热管玻璃厚度3
), ArticleFig(id=1295068104598516217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068087259263354, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The experimental and simulation results

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l/mms/mmd/mm相对误差/%
实验/模拟实验/模拟s/d
10040.0/39.725.0/24.80.75/0.80
20045.0/44.671.0/70.80.80/0.28
30027.0/27.1115.0/115.60.37/0.52
40018.0/17.9190.0/189.20.55/0.42
50010.0/9.9240.0/241.01.00/0.42
6004.0/4.01290.0/288.90.25/0.38
), ArticleFig(id=1295068104678207994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068087259263354, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

实验和模拟结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
l/mms/mmd/mm相对误差/%
实验/模拟实验/模拟s/d
10040.0/39.725.0/24.80.75/0.80
20045.0/44.671.0/70.80.80/0.28
30027.0/27.1115.0/115.60.37/0.52
40018.0/17.9190.0/189.20.55/0.42
50010.0/9.9240.0/241.01.00/0.42
6004.0/4.01290.0/288.90.25/0.38
), ArticleFig(id=1295068104753705467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068087259263354, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Simulation results of optical distribution uniformity on the surface of photovoltaic module and overall optical efficiency of the system at different installation heights

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
高度/mm光伏组件光分布均匀度光学效率
左侧中间右侧
3000.6100.9180.6000.802
4280.7600.9190.7500.801
5330.8250.9180.8150.800
5380.8270.9190.8170.801
5400.8300.9200.8200.801
5480.8340.9180.8240.795
5580.8380.9190.8280.783
5780.8420.9180.8320.757
6280.8470.9190.8370.646
7280.8510.9200.8410.582
9280.8550.9190.8450.447
1 2000.8600.9180.8500.295
), ArticleFig(id=1295068104837591548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068087259263354, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同安装高度光伏组件表面光分布均匀度及系统总光学效率模拟结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
高度/mm光伏组件光分布均匀度光学效率
左侧中间右侧
3000.6100.9180.6000.802
4280.7600.9190.7500.801
5330.8250.9180.8150.800
5380.8270.9190.8170.801
5400.8300.9200.8200.801
5480.8340.9180.8240.795
5580.8380.9190.8280.783
5780.8420.9180.8320.757
6280.8470.9190.8370.646
7280.8510.9200.8410.582
9280.8550.9190.8450.447
1 2000.8600.9180.8500.295
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张顺奇 1 , 付康丽 1 , 刘庆凡 2 , 王英丞 1 , 韩伟 1 , 王峰年 1 , 张可臻 1 , 姚明宇 1 , 敬登伟 2
热力发电 | 储能与可再生能源技术 2026,55(5): 42-50
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热力发电 |储能与可再生能源技术 2026 , 55 (5) : 42 -50
太阳能全光谱分频利用系统光路优化及性能分析
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张顺奇1 , 付康丽1, 刘庆凡2, 王英丞1, 韩伟1, 王峰年1, 张可臻1, 姚明宇1, 敬登伟2
作者信息
  • 1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2.西安交通大学动力工程多相流国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
通讯作者:
敬登伟(1977),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为太阳能规模制氢、能源开采及转化过程多相流、仿生及光学流动控制技术,
作者简介:

张顺奇(1995),男,博士,工程师,主要研究方向为太阳能高效利用技术,

Optical path optimization and performance analysis of solar full-spectrum utilization system based on beam splitter
Shunqi ZHANG1 , Kangli FU1, Qingfan LIU2, Yingcheng WANG1, Wei HAN1, Fengnian WANG1, Kezhen ZHANG1, Mingyu YAO1, Dengwei JING2
Affiliations
  • 1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
出版时间: 2026-05-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505124
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【目的】

太阳能光谱分频利用技术可实现太阳能的高效利用,提高基于线性菲涅尔透镜的太阳能全光谱分频利用系统的光学效率。

【方法】

利用TracePro软件搭建了光路分析模型,分析了光伏组件的安装方式对系统光学效率的影响,并研究了入射角的横向和纵向偏差对系统光学性能的影响。

【结果】

光路分析模型与试验结果的相对误差在1%范围内,证明了模型的有效性;当光伏组件安装高度为540 mm、夹角为135°时,光伏组件表面能够获得最高的平均光分布均匀度0.86,系统总光学效率80.1%;当横向入射偏差角从0°增至3.0°时,系统的总体光学效率从80.1%降至67.1%,平均光分布均匀度从0.86降至0.79;当纵向入射偏差角从0°增到30.0°时,系统的总体光学效率从80.1%降至26.4%,光分布均匀度从0.86降至0.74。

【结论】

该结论可为太阳能全光谱分频利用系统的设计以及运行优化提供参考。

太阳能  /  全光谱  /  纳米流体  /  光伏/光热系统  /  光路优化
[Objective]

Full-spectrum solar energy utilization through spectral splitting offers an effective pathway to improve overall solar energy conversion efficiency by allocating different wavelength bands to suitable energy conversion devices. Linear Fresnel lens-based systems are particularly attractive due to their structural simplicity and scalability. However, the optical efficiency and optical distribution uniformity of such systems are highly sensitive to structural parameters and tracking deviations. The objective of this study is to enhance the optical performance of a linear Fresnel lens-based full-spectrum solar splitting system by optimizing the installation configuration of the photovoltaic (PV) module and by systematically evaluating the influence of incident angle deviations on system performance.

[Methods]

An optical ray-tracing model of the proposed system was established using TracePro software. The model incorporated the geometric configuration of the linear Fresnel lens, spectral splitting characteristics, PV module positioning, and reflective components. To ensure model reliability, a prototype system was constructed, and experimental measurements were conducted under controlled conditions. The simulation results were validated against experimental data by comparing optical efficiency values. Subsequently, a parametric study was performed to investigate the influence of PV module installation height and tilt angle on the optical distribution uniformity and total optical efficiency. In addition, the effects of lateral and longitudinal incident angle deviations, which represent practical solar tracking errors, were quantitatively analyzed. Key performance indicators included total optical efficiency and optical distribution uniformity on the PV surface.

[Results]

The comparison between simulation and experimental results showed a relative error within 1%, confirming the accuracy and validity of the established optical model. Parametric optimization revealed that when the PV module installation height was set to 540 mm and the inclination angle was 135°, the system achieved optimal optical performance. Under these conditions, the PV surface attained a maximum optical distribution uniformity of 0.86, and the total optical efficiency reached 80.1%. The sensitivity analysis demonstrated that optical performance is significantly affected by incident angle deviations. When the lateral deviation angle increased from 0° to 3.0°, the total optical efficiency decreased from 80.1% to 67.1%, while the optical distribution uniformity declined from 0.86 to 0.79. The influence of longitudinal deviation was even more pronounced. As the longitudinal deviation angle increased from 0° to 30.0°, the total optical efficiency sharply decreased from 80.1% to 26.4%, and the optical distribution uniformity dropped from 0.86 to 0.74. These results indicate that longitudinal tracking errors have a more severe impact on optical performance than lateral deviations, highlighting the importance of precise solar tracking in practical operation.

[Conclusion]

This study establishes and experimentally validates an accurate optical model for a linear Fresnel lens-based full-spectrum solar splitting system. The results demonstrate that appropriate configuration of PV installation parameters can significantly enhance optical distribution uniformity and overall optical efficiency. Furthermore, the system exhibits strong sensitivity to incident angle deviations, particularly in the longitudinal direction, which must be carefully controlled in engineering applications. The findings provide theoretical support and quantitative guidance for the structural design, parameter optimization, and operational control of full-spectrum solar splitting systems, contributing to the advancement of high-efficiency solar energy utilization technologies.

solar energy  /  full-spectrum  /  nanofluid  /  photovoltaic/thermal system  /  optical path optimization
张顺奇, 付康丽, 刘庆凡, 王英丞, 韩伟, 王峰年, 张可臻, 姚明宇, 敬登伟. 太阳能全光谱分频利用系统光路优化及性能分析. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (5) : 42 -50 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505124
Shunqi ZHANG, Kangli FU, Qingfan LIU, Yingcheng WANG, Wei HAN, Fengnian WANG, Kezhen ZHANG, Mingyu YAO, Dengwei JING. Optical path optimization and performance analysis of solar full-spectrum utilization system based on beam splitter[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (5) : 42 -50 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505124
太阳能利用技术主要包括光伏技术和光热技术两大类[1]。光伏技术是指将太阳的光能直接转换为电能的技术[2]。光热技术是基于太阳能利用的工程热技术,利用太阳辐射对物体进行热量转化,再将热量转换为其他形式的能源[3]。相比这2种太阳能利用技术,光伏光热(photovoltaic/thermal,PVT)系统是一种同时结合了光伏与光热的创新技术[4]。PVT系统可以分为传统余热回收PVT系统和光谱分频PVT系统2类[5]。余热回收PVT系统受光伏组件温度限制,即余热回收温度不超过60 ℃。而光谱分频PVT系统通过使用特定的装置或方法,将太阳辐射分为不同的光谱段,从而分别利用这些光谱段进行光伏发电和热利用,实现了太阳能的高效、多元化利用[6]。太阳能分频利用技术的核心在于光谱分频器能够选择性地将不同波长的太阳辐射引导到合适的能量转换装置上[7],该技术已经成为提高太阳能系统整体效率的有效方法[8]。在各种方法中,薄膜光谱分束器和分频流体光谱分束器因其实用性、可调性以及与PVT系统集成的潜力而受到广泛关注[9]。薄膜光谱分束器利用多层介质涂层反射或传输基于干涉原理的特定波长范围[10]。而分频流体是一种动态的、自适应的光谱分裂介质,通过将具有特定光学特性的纳米颗粒分散到基液中,这些纳米流体可以吸收和散射选定的太阳光谱部分[11-12]。对比上述2种分频技术,薄膜光谱分束器目前无法大规模工业应用,而分频流体成本低、系统简单,具备大规模应用的潜力。
围绕各类太阳能分频流体已开展了不同程度的研究。例如,王刚等[13]制备了Ag纳米颗粒和Ag/水纳米流体,结果显示,使用Ag/水纳米流体的双流道PVT系统可以在较长时间内稳定运行。刘炜等[14]以去离子水为基液,利用贵金属Ag纳米颗粒与无机CoSO4组合实现一种具有高效调控光学特性的分频液体,实验结果表明,水基分频液表现出优异的高效红外吸收特性,引入Ag纳米颗粒后,该分频介质在可见光波段435 nm处呈现出显著的吸收峰;进一步添加CoSO4后,不仅有效拓宽了纳米流体的吸收峰宽度,同时显著增强了其在红外波段的吸收性能。刘仙萍等[15]提出了一种基于水基Ag-SiO2纳米流体的新型分频PVT系统结构,该纳米流体同时作为分频介质和集热工质,研究表明,当Ag-SiO2纳米流体的质量分数为0.025%时,系统综合效率达到63.21%,相较于传统以水作为分频流体的系统综合效率显著提升了38.04%。王刚等[16]提出了一种新型槽式聚光分频光伏/光热系统,选用乙二醇/氧化铟锡(ITO)纳米流体作为光谱分频器,测试结果表明,优化配比的纳米流体在250~2 500 nm光谱范围内的平均透射率和吸收率分别达到69.1%和30.9%。
目前,现有纳米流体体系供热参数较低,为实现较高供热参数,本文基于氧化锡锑分频流体和线性菲涅尔透镜开发了一种新的PVT系统,为提高系统的光学效率,对系统的光路设计进行优化,并分析了系统在不同横向和纵向误差角下的系统光学性能。
在太阳能光伏领域,菲涅尔透镜作为聚光部件能够将大面积的光线转换成小面积的光线,提高太阳能电池的发电效率[17-18]。菲涅尔透镜基于折射的光学原理,其中一系列同心或线性棱镜部分被设计成弯曲并将入射的平行阳光聚焦到一个焦点线上。与传统的曲面透镜不同,菲涅尔透镜使用平坦紧凑的轮廓实现类似的聚光效果,显著减少了材料使用和光学厚度。菲涅尔透镜的主要优点包括结构轻,制造成本低,易于集成到大面积太阳能聚光系统中[19]。菲涅尔透镜能够以最小的畸变实现高光学聚光从而提高太阳能收集效率,且系统结构简单和成本较低。基于菲涅尔透镜的PVT系统的原理如图1所示。
图1中的集热管放置在菲涅尔透镜下方焦点处,光伏组件置于集热管下方。入射光线首先照射到菲涅尔透镜上,然后折射到集热管上,透过集热管表面的光学玻璃到达内部的分频流体;集热管内部的分频流体部分太阳光线通过集热管到达光伏电池组件表面进行光伏利用,其他太阳光线被吸收进行光热利用。光热部分可以用于工业园区热水供应、海水淡化等。
假设集热管中心为原点,则菲涅尔透镜位于集热管上方1 000 mm处,而集热管与光伏组件之间的距离为H。为提高系统的光学效率,需对光伏组件的放置高度H以及光伏组件之间的夹角α进行设计优化。
图2为基于菲涅尔透镜的光伏热实验系统示意,结构参数如表1所示。为了保证入射光线始终垂直入射至光伏热系统,本实验装置底部安置了单轴追踪器。该系统主要由菲涅尔透镜(材料为PMMA)、集热管(一种双层玻璃管,材料为高硼硅)、光伏组件和辅助装置(如支撑结构等)组成。光伏组件为晶硅薄膜电池,纳米分频流体在集热管内部。本文中的分频流体为氧化锡锑纳米分频流体,其热物性参数分别为:ρ=1.86 g/cm3λ=0.6 W/(m·K),μ=15 mPa·s,cp=1.4 kJ/(kg·K),分频流体的分频曲线如图3所示。
TracePro软件是一款具有强大光学分析功能的软件,现阶段普遍用于照明系统、光学分析、辐射度分析及光度分析的光学模拟软件研究[20-21]。TracePro软件应用“蒙特卡洛光线追迹”(Monte Carlo)技术来追迹光线。光线在实体模型中沿着不同路径传播时,TracePro通过跟踪每条光线的光通量,计算光的吸收、反射、折射、衍射和散射能量,并且能够提供完整的分析图形及表格[22-23]
光学效率以及光分布均匀度是评价所提出的基于菲涅尔透镜的光伏/光热系统的重要指标。
系统总光学效率为[24-25]
ηopt=QPV+QtubeQin
式中:Qin为入射到菲涅尔聚光器上的辐射通量,kW;QPV为落在光伏电池组件的辐射通量,kW;Qtube为落在光伏电池组件和集热管上的辐射通量,kW。在实际工程中,透镜的光学效率与透镜的光学损失密切相关。导致菲涅尔透镜光学损失的原因很多,包括反射损失、吸收损失、工艺性损失等,其中工艺性损失主要指拔模角、圆角减少了聚光器光能的接收面积,从而降低了光学效率。
光分布均匀度为[26-27]
ΔE=1EmaxEminEmax+Emin
式中:Emax为接收面上光功率密度的最大值,kW/m2Emin为接收面上光功率密度的最小值,kW/m2。光分布均匀度越高,光伏电池接收到的光线能量越均匀,光电转换效率也就越高,从而提高PVT系统的整体发电效率。
本文对激光在不同位置垂直照射菲涅尔透镜进行了实验,并测量光线落在集热管和光伏组件的位置,结果如图4所示。图4中:l为光线入射点与菲涅尔透镜边缘的距离;s为光线落在集热管的位置与集热管中心的水平距离;d为光线落在光伏组件的位置与光伏组件边缘的水平距离。
在TracePro软件中,同样进行了相关的模拟,以验证数值模拟的可靠性。假设光照强度为1 000 W/m2图5图6显示了不同光线入射点与菲涅尔透镜边缘距离的条件下实验和模拟光路。
图5图6可以看出:当光线入射点与菲涅尔透镜边缘的距离增加时,s呈增大趋势;与之相反,随着光线入射点与菲涅尔透镜边缘的距离增加,d呈降低趋势。
表2为不同光线入射点与菲涅尔透镜边缘距离下sd的实验与模拟结果。从表2可见,sd的实验与模拟结果比较吻合,相对误差在1%以内。这也证明了本文采取的数值模型的精确性和可靠性。
光学参数和结构参数可直接或间接影响基于菲涅尔透镜的PVT系统中太阳能辐射通量的接受情况以及利用率。为了明确基于菲涅尔透镜的光伏/光热系统中结构参数与典型光学参数之间的相互影响关系,本节在假设入射辐射强度为1 000 W/m2条件下,对基于菲涅尔透镜的光伏/光热系统的典型结构参数(包括光伏组件安装高度、光伏组件夹角)与光学参数(包括光伏组件上光分布均匀度、系统总光学效率)的影响关系进行分析。
在整个PVT综合利用系统中,由于集热管安置在菲涅尔透镜焦点处,因此其接收的辐射通量不变,而位于其下方的光伏组件安装高度对整个系统的辐射接收效果以及总光学效率都有很大影响。分析光伏组件的安装高度对光伏组件表面的光分布均匀度以及系统总光学效率的影响,结果如图7表3所示。当光伏组件安装高度从300 mm增至1 200 mm时,左右两侧的光伏电池表面的光分布均匀度先是迅速增大,然后再缓慢升高;而中间的光伏电池表面光分布均匀度保持稳定,几乎不变。系统总光学效率随着光伏电池组件安装高度从300 mm增至540 mm过程中,总光学效率先保持不变,然后呈下降变化趋势。从表3中还可见:当光伏组件安装高度从300 mm增至540 mm时,系统整体光学效率大约保持在最大值80.1%;当光伏电池组件安装高度继续从540 mm增至1 200 mm时,系统整体光学效率迅速下降至80.1%。
为了更好地理解图7各曲线变化趋势的原因,图8给出了光伏组件(左侧和中间)在8种不同安装高度时表面的光功率密度分布曲线。当光伏电池组件安装高度小于540 mm时,虽然系统总光学效率保持不变(80.1%),然而图8中光伏电池组件中的左右两侧的光伏电池表面的光分布均匀度明显较差,并且光伏组件表面的最大光功率密度明显升高。这是因为,光伏组件与集热管间距越短,经集热管透射过后的光线无法恰好被左右两侧的光伏电池边缘所接收,而是趋于中间光伏电池,导致左右两侧的光伏电池的部分太阳能接收表面无法接收到太阳光线。当光伏电池长期在这种环境下工作时,会导致其表面的温度分布不均产生热应力,破坏系统运行的稳定性。
图8可见,当光伏组件安装高度大于等于540 mm时,左右两侧光伏电池的光分布均匀度呈增加变化趋势,然而光伏组件表面的最大光功率密度明显下降。这是由于经集热管透射出的部分太阳光线未能被左右两侧光伏电池表面接收所致。综上所述,光伏组件的最佳安装高度为540 mm,此时光伏组件表面的平均光分布均匀度为0.86。
光伏组件夹角是整个系统中的关键参数之一,分析了在不同光伏组件夹角下光伏组件表面的光分布均匀度以及系统总光学效率,结果如图9所示。当光伏组件夹角从110°增至150°时,左右两侧光伏电池表面光分布均匀度均先呈增大趋势,然后略有下降;中间光伏电池表面光分布均匀度几乎不变。当光伏组件夹角为135°时,光伏组件表面的平均光分布均匀度为0.86。由图9还可见,随着光伏组件夹角增大,系统的总光学效率先达到最大值,然后明显呈下降变化趋势。当光伏组件夹角为135°时,系统的整体光学效率达到最大值;当光伏组件夹角从135°增到150°时,系统整体光学效率从80.1%降至55.8%。这是因为当光伏组件夹角大于或小于135°时,部分光线未被光伏组件接收,使得接受的辐射能量变小,总光学效率降低。
为了更好地理解图9中各曲线变化趋势的原因,图10分析了光伏电池组件(中间和左侧)在6种不同光伏组件夹角下光伏组件表面的光功率密度分布曲线。从图10可见:光伏组件夹角的变化基本不影响中间光伏电池表面的光功率密度分布,主要对两侧的光伏电池表面的光功率密度分布产生影响。光伏组件夹角大于或小于135°时的光分布均匀度均小于光伏组件夹角在135°时的光分布均匀度。因此,根据图9图10综合分析,光伏组件最佳夹角为135°。
太阳能跟踪误差是指太阳能跟踪系统在实际运行过程中由于各种因素导致的跟踪角度与太阳实际位置之间的偏差。为了解本文基于菲涅尔透镜的光伏/光热系统对太阳能跟踪的适应能力,引入了光线入射角(图11)。当入射角越大,说明系统跟踪装置性能很差,反之则越好。本节基于TracePro软件考察了光线入射角横向偏差(1°、2°、3°)和纵向偏差(10°、20°、30°)对光伏组件上光分布均匀度以及系统总光学效率的影响。
图12显示了当横向入射偏差角从0°增加到3.0°时,光伏组件上的光分布均匀度与系统总光学效率的变化。从图12可见,随着横向入射偏差角的增大,光伏组件表面的光分布均匀度均呈下降变化趋势。当横向入射偏差角从0°增加到3.0°时,系统总体光学效率从80.1%降至67.1%;而光伏组件表面的平均光分布均匀度从0.86降低至0.79。这是由于系统在采用南北或东西向布置时,由于其只能绕单轴进行一维转动,会导致入射光线与聚光镜表面产生非垂直的斜向照射情况。
图13给出了在不同横向入射偏差角下光伏组件左侧和中间2块电池表面的光功率密度分布曲线。从图13可见:随横向入射偏差角增大中间光伏电池表面的光分布曲线仍维持在相对较高的均匀度;左侧光伏电池的光分布均匀度明显下降,并且光功率密度分布曲线整体向右移动。
图14显示了当纵向入射偏差角从0°增加到30.0°时光伏组件的光分布均匀度与系统总光学效率变化。从图14可见,随着纵向入射偏差角的增大,光伏电池组件表面的光功率分布均匀度均呈下降趋势。当纵向入射偏差角从0°增加到30.0°时,系统总光学效率从80.1%降至26.4%,平均光分布均匀度从0.86降至0.74。这是因为当纵向入射角增大时,部分光线无法有效地被菲涅尔透镜聚焦或导向预定的方向,导致大量光线落在设定的焦斑区域之外。
图15给出了不同纵向入射偏差角下光伏组件表面的光功率密度分布曲线。从图15可见,随纵向入射偏差角增大,光伏组件表面的光功率密度分布曲线整体均向右移动,并且呈显著下降趋势,这说明光伏组件表面接收的辐射能量在变小。此时,因为绝大多数光线纵向入射偏差角过大,而无法到达接收表面,造成较大的能量损失。
为了提高光伏/光热系统的光学效率,本文对光伏组件的安装高度和安装角度进行了优化,并分析了入射角横向偏差和纵向偏差对系统光学效率的影响,主要结论如下。
1)系统存在一个最佳光学路径,即当光伏组件安装高度和夹角分别为540 mm、135°时,光伏组件表面能够实现较高的平均光分布均匀度以及系统总光学效率,分别达到0.86和80.1%。
2)0°~3.0°的入射角横向偏差对光伏/光热系统的影响分析表明,当横向入射偏差角从0°增加到3.0°时,系统总光学效率从80.1%降至67.1%,光分布均匀度从0.86降至0.79。
3)对0°~30.0°的入射角纵向偏差对PVT系统的影响分析表明,当纵向入射偏差角从0°增到30.0°时,系统总光学效率从80.1%降至26.4%,光分布均匀度从0.86降至0.74。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFB2408400)
  • 陕西省重点研发计划项目(2023-LL-QY-37)
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2026年第55卷第5期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505124
  • 接收时间:2025-05-20
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-20
  • 修回日期:2025-08-07
  • 录用日期:2025-08-19
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2024YFB2408400)
国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFB2408400)
Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(2023-LL-QY-37)
陕西省重点研发计划项目(2023-LL-QY-37)
作者信息
    1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    2.西安交通大学动力工程多相流国家重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049

通讯作者:

敬登伟(1977),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为太阳能规模制氢、能源开采及转化过程多相流、仿生及光学流动控制技术,
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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