Article(id=1295068082058322250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068001842262748, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202510075, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1761840000000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-31, revisedDate=1765036800000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-07, acceptedDate=1765468800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-12, onlineDate=1786697891963, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697891963, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697891963, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697891963, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295068001842262748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777046400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697872839, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698854295, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072118417416228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068001842262748, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072118417416229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068001842262748, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=116, endPage=126, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295068082272231755, articleId=1295068082058322250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Detection of temperature field in cross-section of an opposed-fired boiler furnace under deep peak shaving conditions based on flame image analysis, columnId=1295068056598900878, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power generation techonology forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
[Objective]

Under the background of China’s “dual-carbon” strategy, the efficient and stable operation of coal-fired power station boilers is crucial for peak shaving of the power grid, and temperature field monitoring is one of the keys to ensuring the safe and efficient operation of boilers. Addressing challenges such as decreased combustion stability, severe load fluctuations, and temperature field reconstruction under deep peak shaving conditions, this study focuses on the precise detection of cross-sectional temperature fields in opposed-fired boilers. A dual-band furnace temperature field reconstruction system that integrates the inverse Monte Carlo method with the Tikhonov regularization algorithm is proposed.

[Methods]

This system innovatively incorporates wireless detectors, breaking through the limitations of conventional wired devices that are difficult to route in complex boiler spaces, and providing hardware support for real-time monitoring under deep peak shaving conditions. On-site furnace tests conducted under multi-load conditions (25%, 33%, and 66% load) of a 630 MW opposed-fired boiler revealed that there were significant differences in temperature fields between deep peak shaving and conventional operation.

[Results]

At low loads in the main combustion zone, the high-temperature center deviates from the geometric center (towards the left and front walls), while at high loads, it tends to be evenly distributed. The high-temperature zone in the burnout zone is concentrated near the walls of the front and rear sections. At low loads, there is a significant difference in the area of the high-temperature zones on the front and rear walls, indicating poor combustion uniformity. Meanwhile, extinction coefficient analysis further indicates that the burnout zone (0.91~0.94) is significantly higher than the main combustion zone (0.26~0.51), verifying the differences in flame radiation characteristics between deep peak shaving and conventional operation.

[Conclusion]

Through collaborative analysis of algorithm optimization, hardware innovation, and the structural characteristics of opposed-fired boilers, a high-precision temperature field monitoring system has been constructed, providing key data support and engineering pathways for combustion state diagnosis, operation optimization, and safety regulation under deep peak shaving conditions. This has important practical value for the deep peak shaving operation of coal-fired boilers.

, authors=Xiaodong YIN1, Zhiheng CHEN2, Yue ZHANG3, Shuai LIU4, Jieming YANG3, Yuqi ZHAO3, Weijie YAN3, authorsList=Xiaodong YIN, Zhiheng CHEN, Yue ZHANG, Shuai LIU, Jieming YANG, Yuqi ZHAO, Weijie YAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Weijie YAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295068086227460452, articleId=1295068082058322250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=基于火焰图像分析的深度调峰工况下对冲锅炉炉膛横断面温度场检测研究, columnId=1211002409581679375, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=发电技术论坛, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
【目的】

在“双碳”战略背景下,燃煤电站锅炉的高效稳定运行对电网调峰至关重要,而温度场监测是保障其安全运行的核心环节。针对深度调峰工况下燃烧稳定性下降、负荷波动剧烈及温度场重构等挑战,聚焦对冲燃烧锅炉的横断面温度场精确检测,提出一种融合逆蒙特卡洛法与Tikhonov正则化算法的双波段炉膛温度场重建系统。

【方法】

该系统创新性引入无线式探测器,突破传统有线设备在复杂锅炉空间中布线困难的限制,为深度调峰工况下的实时监测提供硬件支撑。研究过程中基于630 MW机组对冲燃烧锅炉的多负荷工况(25%、33%、66%负荷)实炉试验,揭示了深度调峰与常规运行下温度场的显著差异

【结果】

主燃区低负荷时高温中心偏离几何中心(左墙及前墙方向),高负荷则趋于均匀分布;燃尽区高温区集中于前后墙近壁区,低负荷时前后墙高温区面积差异显著,燃烧均匀性差。同时,消光系数分析进一步表明,燃尽区(0.91~0.94)显著高于主燃区(0.26~0.51),验证了深度调峰下火焰辐射特性与常规运行的差异。

【结论】

通过算法优化、硬件创新与对冲燃烧锅炉结构特性的协同分析,构建了高精度温度场监测系统,为深度调峰工况下的燃烧状态诊断、运行优化及安全调控提供了关键数据支撑与工程化路径,对燃煤锅炉深度调峰运行具有重要实践价值。

, authors=尹晓东1, 陈志恒2, 张越3, 刘帅4, 杨杰明3, 赵宇琪3, 闫伟杰3, authorsList=尹晓东, 陈志恒, 张越, 刘帅, 杨杰明, 赵宇琪, 闫伟杰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=闫伟杰, authorNote=

尹晓东(1980),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统及其自动化,

, correspAuthorsNote=
闫伟杰(1985),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为燃烧测试技术,
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尹晓东(1980),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统及其自动化,

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Comparison between the calculated temperature and the set temperature of the blackbody furnace

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设定温度/K计算温度/K相对误差/%绝对误差/K
1 0731 0881.3815
1 1131 1200.597
1 1531 1550.192
1 1931 1930.020
1 2331 2300.223
1 2731 2680.446
1 3131 3060.547
1 3531 3450.628
1 3931 3820.7711
1 4331 4200.9313
1 4731 4610.8613
1 5131 5030.6810
1 5531 5500.203
1 5931 5840.569
1 6331 6310.163
1 6731 6720.071
1 7131 7190.356
1 7531 7650.6511
1 7931 8070.7714
1 8331 8541.1321
1 8731 8991.3726
), ArticleFig(id=1295068093173227959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068082058322250, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

计算温度与黑体炉设定温度对比

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设定温度/K计算温度/K相对误差/%绝对误差/K
1 0731 0881.3815
1 1131 1200.597
1 1531 1550.192
1 1931 1930.020
1 2331 2300.223
1 2731 2680.446
1 3131 3060.547
1 3531 3450.628
1 3931 3820.7711
1 4331 4200.9313
1 4731 4610.8613
1 5131 5030.6810
1 5531 5500.203
1 5931 5840.569
1 6331 6310.163
1 6731 6720.071
1 7131 7190.356
1 7531 7650.6511
1 7931 8070.7714
1 8331 8541.1321
1 8731 8991.3726
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Radiation parameters of the main combustion zone

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负荷/MW吸收系数/m–1散射系数/m–1消光系数/m–1
1600.220.050.27
2100.150.110.26
4200.220.290.51
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主燃区辐射参数

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负荷/MW吸收系数/m–1散射系数/m–1消光系数/m–1
1600.220.050.27
2100.150.110.26
4200.220.290.51
), ArticleFig(id=1295068094616068538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068082058322250, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Radiation parameters of the burnout zone

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
负荷/MW吸收系数/m–1散射系数/m–1消光系数/m–1
600.420.510.93
1400.330.610.94
3000.440.50.91
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燃尽区辐射参数

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负荷/MW吸收系数/m–1散射系数/m–1消光系数/m–1
600.420.510.93
1400.330.610.94
3000.440.50.91
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基于火焰图像分析的深度调峰工况下对冲锅炉炉膛横断面温度场检测研究
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尹晓东 1 , 陈志恒 2 , 张越 3 , 刘帅 4 , 杨杰明 3 , 赵宇琪 3 , 闫伟杰 3
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2026,55(4): 116-126
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热力发电 |发电技术论坛 2026 , 55 (4) : 116 -126
基于火焰图像分析的深度调峰工况下对冲锅炉炉膛横断面温度场检测研究
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尹晓东1 , 陈志恒2, 张越3, 刘帅4, 杨杰明3, 赵宇琪3, 闫伟杰3
作者信息
  • 1.国家电投河南电力有限公司,河南 郑州 450000
  • 2.国家电投集团河南电力有限公司技术信息中心,河南 郑州 450000
  • 3.南京理工大学能源与动力工程学院,江苏 南京 210094
  • 4.国家电投集团河南电力有限公司开封发电分公司,河南 开封 475000
通讯作者:
闫伟杰(1985),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为燃烧测试技术,
作者简介:

尹晓东(1980),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力系统及其自动化,

Detection of temperature field in cross-section of an opposed-fired boiler furnace under deep peak shaving conditions based on flame image analysis
Xiaodong YIN1 , Zhiheng CHEN2, Yue ZHANG3, Shuai LIU4, Jieming YANG3, Yuqi ZHAO3, Weijie YAN3
Affiliations
  • 1.CPI Henan Power Limited Company, Zhengzhou 450000, China
  • 2.State Power Investment Group Henan Electric Power Co., Ltd. Technical Information Center, Zhengzhou 450000, China
  • 3.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
  • 4.State Power Investment Group Henan Electric Power Co., Ltd. Kaifeng Power Generation Branch, Kaifeng 475000, China
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202510075
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【目的】

在“双碳”战略背景下,燃煤电站锅炉的高效稳定运行对电网调峰至关重要,而温度场监测是保障其安全运行的核心环节。针对深度调峰工况下燃烧稳定性下降、负荷波动剧烈及温度场重构等挑战,聚焦对冲燃烧锅炉的横断面温度场精确检测,提出一种融合逆蒙特卡洛法与Tikhonov正则化算法的双波段炉膛温度场重建系统。

【方法】

该系统创新性引入无线式探测器,突破传统有线设备在复杂锅炉空间中布线困难的限制,为深度调峰工况下的实时监测提供硬件支撑。研究过程中基于630 MW机组对冲燃烧锅炉的多负荷工况(25%、33%、66%负荷)实炉试验,揭示了深度调峰与常规运行下温度场的显著差异

【结果】

主燃区低负荷时高温中心偏离几何中心(左墙及前墙方向),高负荷则趋于均匀分布;燃尽区高温区集中于前后墙近壁区,低负荷时前后墙高温区面积差异显著,燃烧均匀性差。同时,消光系数分析进一步表明,燃尽区(0.91~0.94)显著高于主燃区(0.26~0.51),验证了深度调峰下火焰辐射特性与常规运行的差异。

【结论】

通过算法优化、硬件创新与对冲燃烧锅炉结构特性的协同分析,构建了高精度温度场监测系统,为深度调峰工况下的燃烧状态诊断、运行优化及安全调控提供了关键数据支撑与工程化路径,对燃煤锅炉深度调峰运行具有重要实践价值。

炉膛温度场  /  辐射测温  /  火焰图像  /  燃烧检测  /  深度调峰
[Objective]

Under the background of China’s “dual-carbon” strategy, the efficient and stable operation of coal-fired power station boilers is crucial for peak shaving of the power grid, and temperature field monitoring is one of the keys to ensuring the safe and efficient operation of boilers. Addressing challenges such as decreased combustion stability, severe load fluctuations, and temperature field reconstruction under deep peak shaving conditions, this study focuses on the precise detection of cross-sectional temperature fields in opposed-fired boilers. A dual-band furnace temperature field reconstruction system that integrates the inverse Monte Carlo method with the Tikhonov regularization algorithm is proposed.

[Methods]

This system innovatively incorporates wireless detectors, breaking through the limitations of conventional wired devices that are difficult to route in complex boiler spaces, and providing hardware support for real-time monitoring under deep peak shaving conditions. On-site furnace tests conducted under multi-load conditions (25%, 33%, and 66% load) of a 630 MW opposed-fired boiler revealed that there were significant differences in temperature fields between deep peak shaving and conventional operation.

[Results]

At low loads in the main combustion zone, the high-temperature center deviates from the geometric center (towards the left and front walls), while at high loads, it tends to be evenly distributed. The high-temperature zone in the burnout zone is concentrated near the walls of the front and rear sections. At low loads, there is a significant difference in the area of the high-temperature zones on the front and rear walls, indicating poor combustion uniformity. Meanwhile, extinction coefficient analysis further indicates that the burnout zone (0.91~0.94) is significantly higher than the main combustion zone (0.26~0.51), verifying the differences in flame radiation characteristics between deep peak shaving and conventional operation.

[Conclusion]

Through collaborative analysis of algorithm optimization, hardware innovation, and the structural characteristics of opposed-fired boilers, a high-precision temperature field monitoring system has been constructed, providing key data support and engineering pathways for combustion state diagnosis, operation optimization, and safety regulation under deep peak shaving conditions. This has important practical value for the deep peak shaving operation of coal-fired boilers.

furnace temperature field  /  radiation thermometry  /  flame images  /  combustion monitoring  /  deep peak shaving
尹晓东, 陈志恒, 张越, 刘帅, 杨杰明, 赵宇琪, 闫伟杰. 基于火焰图像分析的深度调峰工况下对冲锅炉炉膛横断面温度场检测研究. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (4) : 116 -126 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202510075
Xiaodong YIN, Zhiheng CHEN, Yue ZHANG, Shuai LIU, Jieming YANG, Yuqi ZHAO, Weijie YAN. Detection of temperature field in cross-section of an opposed-fired boiler furnace under deep peak shaving conditions based on flame image analysis[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (4) : 116 -126 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202510075
在全球应对气候变化及中国积极推进“双碳”战略的背景下,尽管风电、太阳能等新能源装机容量持续增长,并于2024年首次超过火电,但火电仍承担着全国约67.36%的发电量,是当前电力系统稳定运行的“压舱石”[1]。为适应新能源发电的间歇性与波动性,燃煤机组常需在低负荷下运行以配合电网调峰,然而,该工况易导致锅炉内燃烧不稳定、效率下降及污染物排放增加等一系列问题,严重时甚至危及运行安全。这些问题多源于炉内温度场分布不均及燃烧组织恶化,因此,对炉膛温度场进行精确测量,对于掌握燃烧状态、优化在低负荷下运行调控、保障锅炉高效安全运行以及推动燃煤发电低碳转型具有重要意义。
当前,电站煤粉锅炉炉膛温度场监测方法主要分为接触式与非接触式2类,主要包括热电偶、声波法、可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱(TDLAS)技术以及火焰图像法等[2]。热电偶结构简单、成本低,但属于点式测量,难以反映大尺度空间温度场全貌,若想实现断面监测则需布置大量测点,实施难度大且干扰流场。声波法实时性较好,可反演二维温度场,但现场锅炉振动强烈,背景噪声(如吹灰、燃烧波动)干扰大,严重影响声波传播路径与信号信噪比,测量精度易受环境影响。TDLAS技术基于分子吸收光谱,在气体浓度与温度同步测量方面具有显著优势,已在发动机燃烧等实验环境中成功应用;然而,其激光发射与接收设备属于高精度光学仪器,对现场振动、灰尘、热变形等恶劣条件极为敏感,难以在电站锅炉中长期稳定运行,限制了其工程推广[3]。相比之下,基于辐射图像的火焰测温法具有非接触、空间分辨率高、系统鲁棒性强等特点,展现出良好的工业应用潜力。该方法由周怀春首次提出[4-5],通过标定后的相机拍摄火焰辐射图像,将图像灰度值转化为对应波段的单色辐射强度,进而依据辐射传输方程反演二维温度场。该方法不仅能实现全场可视化检测,还可捕捉燃烧动态变化过程,为燃烧诊断与优化控制提供丰富信息。
在基于辐射图像的炉内温度与辐射参数监测方面,已有诸多研究奠定了坚实基础。娄春等[6]较早地通过彩色CCD相机在300 MW切圆燃烧锅炉上实现了断面温度场与均匀吸收与散射系数的同步重建,采用Tikhonov正则化和最小二乘法交替迭代求解,验证了算法在不同初始值下的收敛性,并发现辐射参数随负荷升高而增大。娄春等[7]进一步在670 t/h锅炉上部署8探头系统,实现了12层三维温度场在线监测,系统识别出高炉煤气与煤粉燃烧所形成的双高温区结构,并成功诊断出因给粉机误操作导致的灭火过程,证明了三维温度场在燃烧诊断中的有效性。Li等人[8]提出了一种基于DRESOR法和Tikhonov正则化的火焰图像处理新算法,用于660 MW四角切圆燃烧煤粉锅炉中同步重建二维温度分布与吸收系数分布。该研究通过在有线式探测器前加装三波段滤光片,成功实现了炉膛多个检测层在不同负荷下的温度与吸收系数分布测量,并验证了算法在重建温度与辐射参数方面的高精度(平均温度误差小于1%,吸收与散射系数误差小于10%)。周怀春等[9]系统综述了燃煤电站锅炉及工业窑炉三维燃烧温度分布监测的研究进展,重点介绍了基于DRESOR法的辐射成像模型与Tikhonov正则化反演算法,并提出分阶段优化策略(均匀假设→非均匀辐射参数→非均匀壁面反射率)实现温度与辐射参数的同步重建,在600 MW锅炉中实现温度重建误差小于1%,并进一步解析了煤粉浓度分布。亚云启[10]基于1 030 MW机组锅炉图像检测系统,明确了燃煤火焰在600~900 nm波段近似满足灰体辐射假设。SUN等人[11]通过实验证明了燃煤火焰在300~1 000 nm波段可视为灰体,且双色法的波长间隔需大于30 nm以保证计算精度,为有效波长筛选提供了关键依据。李框宇等[12]进一步在1 000 MW超超临界锅炉中利用火焰图像探测器,成功测量了基于非灰体假设的温度场,显著提升了模型的物理真实性。胡智超[13]系统分析了四角切圆锅炉在不同负荷条件下温度场与辐射参数的关联规律,揭示了运行工况对燃烧分布的影响机制。Li等人[3]通过对四角切圆锅炉燃尽风区域火焰图像的测量,实现了该区域断面温度场的有效重建,验证了相关算法在实炉环境中的适用性。
在前期研究基础上,本文联合逆蒙特卡洛与Tikhonov正则化算法,构建高精度辐射传递方程求解框架,突破复杂燃烧场景下反演方法的局限性,聚焦630 MW对冲燃烧锅炉深度调峰工况,研究燃烧器与燃尽风区域的温度场分布特性。针对其燃烧器密集布置导致的非均匀辐射场与动态热源分布,通过算法简化、无线探测器部署及模型适配优化,实现高精度温度场重构,为燃煤锅炉深度调峰运行中的燃烧调控与热效率提升提供关键技术支撑。
炉膛断面温度场重建在数学上属于典型的反问题,其本质是逆向求解辐射传递方程。具体而言,该反演过程基于单色火焰辐射图像,将图像灰度值转换为累积方向上的辐射强度观测值,进而逆向求解辐射传递方程获取辐射源项,最后通过普朗克定律重构出炉膛断面的温度分布。炉内辐射传递方程如式(1)所示:
Iλ(r,s^)=Iwλ(r,s^)exp[0sκeλds′′]+0sSλ(r,s^)exp[0sκeλds′′]κeλds
式中:κ为消光系数,消光系数为吸收系数和光谱散射系数之和。
κeλ=κaλ+κsλ
其中源函数Sλr'ŝ)为:
Sλ(r,s^)=(1ωλ)Ibλ(r,s^)+ωλ4π4πIiλ(r,s^i)Φλ(s^i,s^)dΩi
对于不透明壁面,边界强度Irŝ)为:
Iwλ(rw,s^)=Iλ(rw,s^)+n^s^<0ρ(rw,s^i,s^)Iiλ(rw,s^)|n^s^|dΩi
本文采用逆蒙特卡洛方法[14],通过从相机镜头逆向追踪光线(图1),建立描述几何空间单元与CMOS相机像元间能量传递的正问题成像矩阵A。矩阵A的计算基于温度平衡系统下的平衡关系(式(5)—式(8)),其是实现由火焰图像逆向重建温度场的基础。
Qsi,λ=Asεs,λcosθsdΩsIb,λ(Ts)Rsi,θ,φ,λ
Qsj,λ=Asεs,λcosθsdΩsIb,λ(Ts)Rsj,θ,φ,λ
Qis,λ=Aiεi,λcosθidΩiIb,λ(Ti)Ris,θ,φ,λ
Qjs,λ=Vjκa,j,λdQjIb,λ(Tj)Rjs,θ,φ,λ
式中:εs,λ为目标面元s波长为λ单色发射率;Ib,λTs)为对应温度Ts下的黑体单色辐射强度;Qs→i,λQs→j,λ分别为体元Vj和面元Ai在图中方向上获得的探测器As的能量;Qi→s,λQj→s,λ分别为探测器在对应方向上获得的2个单元的能量。
在温度平衡条件时,即Ts=Ti=Tj,式(5)与式(7)、式(6)与(8)相等,综合所有单元和方向的辐射能量分布份额Ri→s,θQj→s,θ,φ,λ即可获得辐射正问题成像矩阵A
采用逆蒙特卡洛法获得成像矩阵后,即得到辐射成像:
AIh,λ=bλ
式中:Ih,λ为体元单色黑体辐射强度向量;bλ为边界积分辐射强度向量(由火焰辐射图像获得)。
本文基于火焰图像(像素为400×304)重建炉膛横断面温度场。通过选取图像中间行像素并插值至100个点,结合4个观测孔布局,每个波段对应4×100个像素,总计400个观测点。重建温度场空间分辨率为20×20(400点),需确定2个光学参数和400个温度点,共402个未知量。利用双波段数据(800个已知量)形成超定方程组,通过Tikhonov正则化算法引入相邻网格物理关联性[15],构建整体约束条件,提升逆问题求解的稳定性与精度。采用Tikhonov正则化算法求解式(9),得到源项黑体辐射强度分布为:
Ih,λ=(ATA+αDTD)1bλ
式中:α为正则系数,通过L曲线法求解获得;D为Tikhonov正则矩阵。基于式(10)计算结果,通过普朗克辐射定律获得温度场分布为:
T=C2λi1ln(C2/Ih,λiπλi5)
由于火焰吸收、散射系数未知,因此需要设定一个辐射参数初值,再由逆蒙特卡洛法计算成像矩阵,然后根据重建的边界积分辐射强度与实际测量边界积分强度比较结果来修正辐射参数,直到实际边界辐射强度(由火焰图像和标定曲线计算得到)与迭代的边界辐射强度基本一致(或误差足够小)。此时,迭代温度分布即为温度测量结果[516]。值得注意的是,基于火焰图像的辐射测温技术依赖于特定波段(如600~900 nm)辐射强度的反演计算,所得温度本质上为“辐射等效温度”,其物理意义为介质在该波段下的辐射能量分布对应的等效热力学温度。
彩色数字相机的互补金属氧化物半导体(complementary metal oxide semiconductor,CMOS)传感器可将入射光信号转换为电信号,并输出为R、G、B三通道的相对强度。由于该输出为相对值,为实现辐射强度的定量测量,必须对相机进行绝对辐射强度标定[17]。本文采用黑体炉作为标准辐射源进行标定。
根据普朗克黑体辐射定律:
Ib(λ,T)=C1λ5eC2/λT1/π
式中:Ib为黑体辐射强度;T为黑体温度;λ为辐射波长;C1为第一辐射常数,取3.742×10–16C2为第二辐射常数,取1.438 8×10–2
本文所用的探测器在相机CMOS传感器的前端安装了双带通滤色片,响应波长分别为550 nm和650 nm,半带宽为10 nm。则R、G通道的响应波长分别为λR=650 nm,λG=550 nm,R、G通道的测量辐射强度分别为:
IR(λR,T)=C1λR5eC2/λRT1/π
IG(λG,T)=C1λG5eC2/λGT1/π
黑体标定系统如图2所示。系统主要包括黑体炉、探测器、探测器支架、计算机及网线。标定时,将黑体炉温度设定为800~1 600 ℃,温度间隔为20 ℃。在每个温度点下,调整相机曝光时间,使图像R通道的最大灰度值由较低水平逐步增加至250,并采集10个不同曝光时间下的图像。每个温度对应2个特征波长下的黑体辐射强度数据。图像采集完成后,对图像数据进行处理,分别绘制R通道与G通道的标定曲线如图3所示。其中,φRφG分别表示图像R通道和G通道响应值,即相对强度。
得到标定曲线后,使用标定曲线对黑体进行反算,与黑体炉设定温度对比,验证标定结果是否可靠,计算结果见表1。由表1可知,计算温度与黑体炉设定温度最大相对误差为1.38%,小于2%,满足工程测量需求,表明标定过程准确。通过上述过程,建立了单色辐射强度、图像灰度强度与相机曝光时间之间的定量关系。
IR=f(r,τ)
IG=f(g,τ)
式中:rg分别为相机采集到的R、G通道的图像强度值;τ为相机的曝光时间,s。
现场燃烧检测试验在河南某电厂1号超临界机组燃煤锅炉上进行。该锅炉型号为DG1900/25.4-Ⅱ,采用Π型布置,一次再热、固态排渣直流炉,额定蒸发量为1 900 t/h。锅炉配有低NOx轴向旋流煤粉燃烧器,结合了分级燃烧和浓淡燃烧技术以抑制氮氧化物生成;燃烧系统采用前后墙对冲布置,每墙各设3层(A、B、C层,高度分别为19.8、24.8、29.8 m),每层4只,共24只燃烧器。制粉系统为中速磨正压直吹式,机组于2019年完成低压缸零出力等灵活性深度供热改造,具备深度调峰能力。
试验中利用锅炉现有观火孔采集火焰图像,并在同一高度层测量期间保持锅炉负荷稳定。锅炉几何尺寸如图4所示,炉膛宽度19.419 2 m,深度15.456 8 m,锅炉在25.5 m高度(主燃区域)左右墙各设2个观火孔,共4个,观火孔距最近炉墙1.2 m;在燃尽区域(高度36.7 m)左右墙同样各设2个观火孔,共4个,观火孔距最近炉墙5.7 m。
探测器(图5)主要由冷却风入口、信号天线、无线通信模块、光学镜头及镜杆等部件构成。相机与镜杆尾部相连,位于探测器内部,其型号为大恒图像的MER-132-43GC。相机分辨率为1 292×964,最大帧率为43 fps,12 V DC供电,其传感器为1/3″RJ33J Global shutter CCD CMOS,像元尺寸为3.75 μm×3.75 μm。
现场试验布置如图6所示。试验时,首先将压缩空气管路与探测器冷却风入口连接,并开启阀门提供持续风冷。待锅炉运行工况稳定后,启动图像采集系统,探测器通过无线模块与计算机建立通信,由计算机程序控制图像采集与存储过程;然后将镜杆缓慢推入炉膛观火孔,采集约20张非饱和火焰图像;最后退出镜杆,移至下一观火孔继续采集,直至该负荷下所有预设位置的图像全部获取完毕。此时采集的该高度下每个孔的火焰图像均为同一锅炉负荷。
探测器采集的典型火焰图像如图7所示。图像采集系统设置为自动曝光模式,保证每一个火焰图像均为非饱和图像。
炉膛横断面计算网格划分如图8所示,横断面被划分成20×20个网格,基于1.1节所述的逆蒙特卡洛法,对每个网格单元的温度进行重建,得到各工况下的断面温度场分布。
主燃区各工况的断面温度场如图9所示。由图9可知,在低负荷(25%负荷、33%负荷)工况下,火焰高温区中心均偏离炉膛几何中心。在25%负荷条件下,高温中心温度为1 389 ℃,其位置距前墙7.92 m、后墙7.58 m、左墙3.70 m、右墙15.70 m,表明高温区明显偏向炉膛左侧。此工况下,左墙水冷壁的吸热量显著高于前墙、后墙及右墙。当负荷提升至33%负荷时,高温中心温度为1 393 ℃,位置分别为距前墙5.84 m、后墙9.66 m,、左墙3.91 m、右墙15.49 m,反映出高温区整体向前墙方向移动,此时前墙与左墙水冷壁的吸热量高于后墙和右墙。
在高负荷(66%负荷)工况下,炉内温度场分布趋于均匀,火焰高温区中心位于炉膛几何中心附近,沿左右方向延伸,呈现近似椭圆的分布形态。该现象与燃烧器沿前后墙布置、煤粉气流射向炉膛中心并在此剧烈燃烧的燃烧特性相符。值得注意的是,靠近左墙的高温区域温度较靠近右墙区域高约20 ℃,说明靠近左墙的燃烧器燃烧强度相对更高。
燃尽区各工况的断面温度场如图10所示。燃尽区的断面温度场显示,高温区主要分布在前墙与后墙附近,而低温区则位于炉膛中心。这一分布特征与布置在34.5 m和36.7 m高度处的前后墙燃尽风燃烧器有关,其导致前后墙附近的区域含氧量相对高于炉膛中心区域。主燃区未完全燃烧的煤粉颗粒在流经这些近壁区时进一步燃尽,从而使该区域温度显著高于炉膛中心。
在较低负荷(10%负荷、22%负荷)工况下,前后墙高温区面积差异较明显,而在较高负荷(50%负荷)工况下,该差异相对较小。具体而言,在10%负荷时,后墙附近高温区面积显著大于前墙,表明后墙区域煤粉燃烧更为剧烈;而在22%负荷时,前墙附近高温区面积更大,燃烧强度较高。该现象反映出锅炉在低负荷工况下炉内燃烧存在明显的不均匀性。
在50%负荷工况下,前后墙高温区之间的温度差异较小,炉内燃烧分布趋于均匀。值得注意的是,在右墙靠近后墙的区域存在一个异常低温区,该低温中心在3个负荷工况下均有出现。
主燃区及燃尽区的辐射参数分别见表2表3。在主燃区,随着负荷的升高,散射系数增大。较低负荷下,负荷的变化对消光系数影响并不明显,负荷从25%负荷增加至33%负荷时,消光系数从0.27减少至0.26;但负荷增至66%负荷时,消光系数增加至0.51。在燃尽区,消光系数随负荷几乎无变化,随着负荷提升,消光系数依旧保持较高水平(0.91~0.94)。
从整体数据来看,燃尽区的消光系数(0.91~0.94)显著高于主燃区(0.26~0.51)。在煤粉燃烧过程中,碳烟是火焰中主要的辐射贡献组分,其消光能力远强于焦炭与灰分等固体颗粒。主燃区消光系数较低的主要原因在于:燃烧器一次风携带的煤粉在喷入炉膛后虽剧烈燃烧,但该区域整体处于缺氧状态,抑制了碳烟的生成[18]。随着未燃尽煤粉颗粒向上运动,在二次风与燃尽风的补氧作用下,炉内局部氧浓度升高,促使煤粉在燃尽区实现完全燃烧,同时也为碳烟的大量生成创造了条件。此外,已有研究指出,碳烟主要在煤粉燃烧的初期与末期生成,且末期生成量更为显著[16],这也进一步解释了燃尽区消光系数较高的现象。
不同工况下主燃区与燃尽区断面温度场重建的边界辐射强度收敛情况分别如图11图12所示。从图11中可见,主燃区在25%、33%与66%负荷工况下R通道重建残差分别为1.28%、3.03%与2.91%,整体处于较低水平。从图12中可见,各工况下重建辐射强度与实际测量强度曲线基本重合,表明重建结果具有较高准确性。在像素区间0~400、1 200~1 600、1 600~2 000及2 800~3 200处,辐射强度显著较高,分别对应于1号观火孔左侧、2号观火孔右侧、3号观火孔左侧及4号观火孔右侧的火焰强烈燃烧区域。由于这些区域燃烧强度较高,其实际与重建辐射强度均明显高于其他区域,且两者吻合程度优于低强度区域(如像素400~800、800~1 200、2 000~2 400及2 400~2 800)。
现场试验研究结果表明,主燃区在各负荷工况下的温度场重建残差显著低于燃尽区,这一差异主要源于两区域燃烧特性差异及图像采集系统的结构性限制:燃尽区位于炉膛上部,燃烧反应趋于平缓但空间分布不均,辐射传输受碳烟与未燃尽颗粒的强烈散射与吸收影响,其消光系数显著高于主燃区,导致非均匀、高消光的辐射场重建对火焰图像信息的全面性与同步性要求更高,需通过多实时成像探头覆盖更广视角以获取完整空间辐射信息。相比之下,主燃区燃烧剧烈、辐射信号强,图像信息质量较高,相同重建算法下更易获得较低残差。尽管燃尽区各工况重建残差仍低于7%,满足工程测量中辐射反演误差的精度要求,表明本文方法在对冲锅炉深度调峰工况下具备良好的适用性与可靠性。未来研究将进一步开发在线式温度场监测系统,通过增加实时成像探头数量、优化探头布置角度并实现多视角图像同步采集,提升燃尽区温度场重建的完整性与精度,同时计划通过抽气热电偶进行测温误差验证,进一步完善误差分析的科学性与工程实用性。
本文基于逆蒙特卡洛法与双波段火焰图像处理技术,构建了一套便携式炉膛横断面温度场检测系统,实现了630 MW机组对冲燃烧锅炉在深度调峰工况下主燃区与燃尽区断面温度场的高精度重建,并系统分析了其分布特性与辐射参数变化规律,主要结论如下。
1)逆蒙特卡洛重建方法具备显著的工程适用性与准确性。通过黑体辐射标定与Tikhonov正则化反演的协同优化,有效抑制了高噪声环境下的计算误差,实现了断面温度场的稳定重建。黑体炉标定结果表明,测温的最大相对误差小于2%,满足电站锅炉实际检测需求,为深度调峰工况下高温场动态监测提供了可靠的技术路径。
2)深度调峰工况下炉内温度场分布呈现显著差异。主燃区在低负荷(25%负荷、33%负荷)时高温中心偏离炉膛几何中心,呈现偏斜与非对称分布,导致水冷壁局部热负荷失衡;高负荷(66%负荷)时温度场趋于均匀,但高温区沿左右方向呈椭圆形态。燃尽区高温区集中于前后墙近壁区域,低负荷下前后墙燃烧均匀性较差,高负荷时整体分布更均衡,揭示了对冲燃烧锅炉在深度调峰工况下的燃烧场分布规律。
3)辐射参数差异反映了深度调峰工况下的燃烧特性变化。燃尽区消光系数(0.91~0.94)显著高于主燃区(0.26~0.51),主要归因于燃尽风补氧促进未燃尽煤粉与碳烟的后期燃烧,增强了辐射消光效应;主燃区散射系数随负荷提升显著增大,表明煤粉颗粒浓度与燃烧反应空间的扩展,进一步验证了深度调峰工况下火焰辐射特性的复杂性。
4)便携式检测系统适用于稳态工况下的断面温度场测量,但变负荷运行需在线式监测系统支撑。当前系统在稳态条件下可实现高精度温度场重建,而为捕捉变负荷运行中温度场动态演变规律,需进一步开发在线式监测系统,以提升对深度调峰工况下燃烧过程的实时诊断能力。
本研究通过构建高精度温度场监测系统,系统揭示了深度调峰工况下对冲燃烧锅炉的燃烧场非均匀性分布特性,为优化低负荷稳燃策略、平衡燃烧均匀性与热负荷分布、预防结渣与超温等关键问题提供了数据支撑与技术手段,对提升燃煤锅炉深度调峰能力具有重要工程价值。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52176144)
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2026年第55卷第4期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202510075
  • 接收时间:2025-10-31
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-31
  • 修回日期:2025-12-07
  • 录用日期:2025-12-12
基金
General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52176144)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52176144)
作者信息
    1.国家电投河南电力有限公司,河南 郑州 450000
    2.国家电投集团河南电力有限公司技术信息中心,河南 郑州 450000
    3.南京理工大学能源与动力工程学院,江苏 南京 210094
    4.国家电投集团河南电力有限公司开封发电分公司,河南 开封 475000

通讯作者:

闫伟杰(1985),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为燃烧测试技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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