Article(id=1295068046545149985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068001842262748, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202509027, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757520000000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-11, revisedDate=1762617600000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-09, acceptedDate=1763395200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-18, onlineDate=1786697883497, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697883497, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697883497, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697883497, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295068001842262748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777046400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697872839, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698854295, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072118417416228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068001842262748, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072118417416229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068001842262748, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=92, endPage=103, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295068046750670882, articleId=1295068046545149985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Numerical study on the effect of structural parameters on mixing characteristics in a hydrogen-fueled micro-mix combustor, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
[Objective]

Against the backdrop of increasingly severe global energy and environmental problems, hydrogen fuel is garnering significant attention as a pivotal component of the future sustainable energy landscape by all countries in the world. The advantages of hydrogen are manifold, including its diverse production sources and crucially, the potential to enable carbon-free combustion with low nitrogen oxide emissions when utilized in advanced combustion systems such as micro-mix combustors. The stability and pollutant performance of a micro-mix combustor depend critically on the fuel-air mixing characteristics and the consequent combustion behavior. Given this critical dependence, it is necessary to study the mixing characteristics of micro-mix combustors.

[Methods]

This study is based on the self-designed single-stage micro-mixing combustor, and employs numerical simulation to investigate the mixing and flow characteristics of the single-stage micro-mix combustor, exploring its working principle and studying the effects of different offset distances, mixing distances, air hole shapes and momentum flux ratios on the flow field structure and mixing characteristics at low power.

[Results]

The numerical simulation results show that increasing both the offset distance and mixing distance contributes to improved mixing uniformity. With the increase of the offset distance, the influence of the equivalence ratio on the mixing effect becomes more significant: increasing the equivalence ratio accelerates the merger of internal vortices, while the contraction of external vortices leads to an increase in vorticity magnitude. As the mixing distance increases to a certain distance, the uniformity index growth gradually decelerates, while hydrogen diffusion becomes severe, making it difficult to ensure complete mixing is confined within the mixing zone. When fuel jet depth is low, air holes with small aspect ratios and small upper-lower area ratios achieve better mixing performance. At a low equivalent ratio, the internal vortex of triangular air holes exerts a strong entrainment effect on the fuel. Furthermore, the mixing uniformity is affected by the combined action of the momentum flux ratio and the vorticity magnitude. The momentum flux ratio in the small-scale jet in cross flow has a more significant and pronounced effect on mixing than the vorticity magnitude. When the air hole is smaller under the same momentum flux ratio, the mixing effect is better. With the increase of momentum flux ratio, the fuel distribution shows a trend changing from semicircle to water droplet shape and then to horseshoe shape.

[Conclusion]

The research provides valuable references for the optimized design and application of micro-mix combustion technology in micro gas turbines.

, authors=Xinyu LI, Aiguo LIU, Shuying LI, Yunjie ZHANG, Lizhe ZHANG, authorsList=Xinyu LI, Aiguo LIU, Shuying LI, Yunjie ZHANG, Lizhe ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Aiguo LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295068051427319880, articleId=1295068046545149985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=氢燃料微混燃烧器结构参数对混合特性影响的数值研究, columnId=1211002405437706993, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=热能科学研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
【目的】

随着能源和环境问题日益严峻,氢燃料正受到世界各国的高度重视。氢来源广泛,结合微混燃烧技术可以实现无碳及低氮排放燃烧。微混燃烧器能否实现稳定低污染燃烧,取决于燃料和空气的混合特性及在此基础上的燃烧特性,因此研究微混燃烧器的混合特性非常有必要。

【方法】

基于自主设计的单级微混燃烧器,采用数值模拟的方法研究了该单级微混燃烧器内的混合及流动特性,探究了其工作原理,对低功率下不同偏移距离、混合距离、空气孔形状以及动量通量比对流场结构及混合特性的影响进行了研究。

【结果】

数值模拟结果表明:增加偏移距离和混合距离有助于提高混合均匀性。随着偏移距离增加,当量比对混合效果的影响逐渐变大,增加当量比会加快内部涡的合并,外部涡收缩涡流强度会增加;随着混合距离增加到一定长度后,均匀性指数增长逐渐缓慢,同时氢气严重扩散,难以控制在混合区内完成充分混合;燃料射流深度较低时,高宽比和上下面积比小的空气孔混合效果更好,在当量比较低时三角形空气孔的内部涡会对燃料产生较强的卷吸作用;混合均匀性是动量通量比和涡流强度共同作用的结果,在小尺度的横流中,射流动量通量比作用效果比涡流强度更显著,相同动量通量比下,空气孔较小时,混合效果更好。随着动量通量比增大燃料分布呈现出半圆形到水滴形然后到马蹄形的变化趋势。

【结论】

该研究结果对微混燃烧技术在微型燃气轮机中的优化设计与应用具有参考价值。

, authors=李欣宇, 刘爱虢, 李树莹, 张云杰, 张力哲, authorsList=李欣宇, 刘爱虢, 李树莹, 张云杰, 张力哲, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘爱虢, authorNote=

李欣宇(2001),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为发动机高效燃烧与低排放技术,

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘爱虢(1979),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为先进低排放燃烧技术,
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journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=混合特性), Keyword(id=1295068055181221998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=均匀性指数)], refs=[Reference(id=1295068060889669789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=45, issue=2, pageStart=113, pageEnd=118, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=李星国, journalName=自然杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李星国. 氢燃料燃气轮机与大规模氢能发电[J]. 自然杂志202345(2):113-118., articleTitle=氢燃料燃气轮机与大规模氢能发电, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068060986138782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=45, issue=2, pageStart=113, pageEnd=118, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=LI Xingguo, 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Propulsion and Power Research, 2015, 4(3): 132-140., articleTitle=Improvement study for the dry-low-NOx hydrogen micromix combustion technology, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068065067196612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=5, pageEnd=6, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=34, authorNames=申明星, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=申明星. 气—气快速混合过程的CFD数值模拟[D]. 上海:华东理工大学,2012:5-6., articleTitle=气—气快速混合过程的CFD数值模拟, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068065125916869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=5, pageEnd=6, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=35, authorNames=SHEN Mingxing, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHEN Mingxing. 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Shanghai: East China University of Science and Technology, 2012: 5-6., articleTitle=The CFD numerical simulation of rapid gas-gas mixing, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068065222385862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=45, issue=8, pageStart=89, pageEnd=103, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=36, authorNames=莫妲, 林宇震, 马宏宇, journalName=航空学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=莫妲,林宇震,马宏宇,. 基于钝体扰流的氢气微混扩散燃烧组织研究[J]. 航空学报202445(8):89-103., articleTitle=基于钝体扰流的氢气微混扩散燃烧组织研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295068065289494728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=45, issue=8, pageStart=89, pageEnd=103, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=37, authorNames=MO Da, LIN Yuzhen, MA Hongyu, journalName=Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MO Da, LIN Yuzhen, MA Hongyu, et al. Investigation on the hydrogen micromix diffusive combustion organization based on bluff body disturbance[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2024, 45(8): 89-103., articleTitle=Investigation on the hydrogen micromix diffusive combustion organization based on bluff body disturbance, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1295068060495405209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, awardId=22-322-3-30, language=EN, fundingSource=Shenyang Science and Technology Planning Project(22-322-3-30), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1295068060621234330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, awardId=22-322-3-30, language=CN, fundingSource=沈阳市科技计划项目(22-322-3-30), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1295068060696731803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, awardId=HFZL2023CXY004, language=EN, fundingSource=AVIC’s Industry-University-Research Cooperation Project(HFZL2023CXY004), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1295068060768034972, 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remark=沈阳航空航天大学航空发动机学院,辽宁 沈阳 110136)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1295068055290273903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of the single-stage micro-mixing burner, figureFileSmall=nUsif6pll18F/nPMe7bRkg==, figureFileBig=TCxTMWfIJmSS0sY0zMqR9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068055353188464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=CN, label=图1, caption=单级微混燃烧器示意, figureFileSmall=nUsif6pll18F/nPMe7bRkg==, figureFileBig=TCxTMWfIJmSS0sY0zMqR9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068055554515057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Grid division of the single-stage micro-mixing burner, figureFileSmall=d+ZFie/5UqcC7fezD2xOiQ==, figureFileBig=TtCAN4efcsDrlteh5I/2Lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068055659372658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=CN, label=图2, caption=单级微混燃烧器网格划分, figureFileSmall=d+ZFie/5UqcC7fezD2xOiQ==, figureFileBig=TtCAN4efcsDrlteh5I/2Lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068055739064435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=H2 mass fraction distribution in the radial direction at the end of the fuel tube, figureFileSmall=Nw3SoJaUnz13S5uHPcTznA==, figureFileBig=ONTkZuQPCUXx4G5Gv+TW5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068055818756212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=CN, label=图3, caption=燃料管末端位置径向上H2质量分数分布, figureFileSmall=Nw3SoJaUnz13S5uHPcTznA==, figureFileBig=ONTkZuQPCUXx4G5Gv+TW5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068055898447989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Comparison of axial velocity between the experimental results and the calculated results, figureFileSmall=JPxTbDSAeVyiRuFTUPaxpg==, figureFileBig=87uWORc9Fbn91NRjyd25ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068055961362550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=CN, label=图4, caption=实验结果与计算结果的轴向速度对比, figureFileSmall=JPxTbDSAeVyiRuFTUPaxpg==, figureFileBig=87uWORc9Fbn91NRjyd25ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068056024277111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Uniformity index distribution inside the mixing zone under different offset distances, figureFileSmall=y5o3bGPv3A9JpQycTTMQsw==, figureFileBig=AXuuAAyDyu6xRaMTdlUO+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068056091385976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同偏移距离下混合区内均匀性指数分布, figureFileSmall=y5o3bGPv3A9JpQycTTMQsw==, figureFileBig=AXuuAAyDyu6xRaMTdlUO+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068056145911929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Fuel distribution and streamlines inside the micro-mixing burner at different offset distances with an equivalence ratio of 0.43, figureFileSmall=F+R1zHhXRN0hy//zoQAugw==, figureFileBig=+t7sFUHhamR/N8Eda+jHZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068056213020794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=CN, label=图6, caption=当量比为0.43不同偏移距离下微混燃烧器内燃料分布及流线, figureFileSmall=F+R1zHhXRN0hy//zoQAugw==, figureFileBig=+t7sFUHhamR/N8Eda+jHZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068056284323963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Fuel distributions and streamlines inside the micro-mixing burner at different equivalence ratios with an offset distance of 13 mm, figureFileSmall=e5Z0i0qcQJHn0HY1fDfUoA==, figureFileBig=I/5bC1Y0JDpMzLU18RySGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068056347238524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=CN, label=图7, caption=偏移距离为13 mm时不同当量比下微混燃烧器内燃料分布及流线, figureFileSmall=e5Z0i0qcQJHn0HY1fDfUoA==, figureFileBig=I/5bC1Y0JDpMzLU18RySGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068056418541693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=The change of uniformity index under different mixing distances, figureFileSmall=TcfcN8htPT4Yo/xl1z1tVw==, figureFileBig=ehW3toFo+AwbYXY2tT4xDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068056498233470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同混合距离下均匀性指数变化, figureFileSmall=TcfcN8htPT4Yo/xl1z1tVw==, figureFileBig=ehW3toFo+AwbYXY2tT4xDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068056565342335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=The change of fuel diffusivity under different mixing distances, figureFileSmall=0XT27ft4+eZw8/b903gy6A==, figureFileBig=BUsR+SRMwbl1midL7soAXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068056632451200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同混合距离下燃料扩散率变化, figureFileSmall=0XT27ft4+eZw8/b903gy6A==, figureFileBig=BUsR+SRMwbl1midL7soAXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068056699560065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Fuel distributions and streamlines inside the micro-mixing burner at different mixing distances with an equivalence ratio of 0.43, figureFileSmall=Y+AnqOZ0z92+QlEKn4KhMA==, figureFileBig=QhEO5gCSrbABwsCCz6c80Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068056775057538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=CN, label=图10, caption=当量比为0.43时不同混合距离下微混燃烧器内燃料分布及流线, figureFileSmall=Y+AnqOZ0z92+QlEKn4KhMA==, figureFileBig=QhEO5gCSrbABwsCCz6c80Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068056833777795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Fuel distributions and streamlines inside the micro-mixing burner at different equivalence ratios with mixing distances of 1 mm and 27 mm, figureFileSmall=idoYRdcTUy2uQBcj2eU7jQ==, figureFileBig=j8jz42uHU3R0Kaw5oNXi7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068056892498052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=CN, label=图11, caption=混合距离1、27 mm时不同当量比下微混燃烧器内燃料分布及流线, figureFileSmall=idoYRdcTUy2uQBcj2eU7jQ==, figureFileBig=j8jz42uHU3R0Kaw5oNXi7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068056955412613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=The change of uniformity index with different air hole shapes, figureFileSmall=9Blj0PkJd0WV/SQzrzaXwg==, figureFileBig=btSVc9G1Nx/uyL35V0LdWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068057022521478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同空气孔形状下均匀性指数变化, figureFileSmall=9Blj0PkJd0WV/SQzrzaXwg==, figureFileBig=btSVc9G1Nx/uyL35V0LdWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068057106407559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=The change of fuel diffusion rate with different air hole shapes, figureFileSmall=gWTkgcv9jaTSvaS3cHc1lw==, figureFileBig=YMlKgZQFQ9dAbJ+5xyqNrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068057186099336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=CN, label=图13, caption=不同空气孔形状下燃料扩散率变化, figureFileSmall=gWTkgcv9jaTSvaS3cHc1lw==, figureFileBig=YMlKgZQFQ9dAbJ+5xyqNrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068057261596809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Fuel distributions and streamlines inside the micro-mixing burner with different air hole shapes, figureFileSmall=Vt7R+eezOHlp/3GsDKnidA==, figureFileBig=jd1tB1vf46Kn84Ig3XFWGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068057328705674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=CN, label=图14, caption=不同空气孔形状下微混燃烧器内燃料分布及流线, figureFileSmall=Vt7R+eezOHlp/3GsDKnidA==, figureFileBig=jd1tB1vf46Kn84Ig3XFWGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068057416786059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Fuel distributions and streamlines inside the micro-mixing burner with 2.0 mm-high triangular air holes at different equivalence ratios, figureFileSmall=7rm09sgici/fHutsqFVMCw==, figureFileBig=pvDZB/y8TX3VFTBBfjzR/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068059115479180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=CN, label=图15, caption=不同当量比高2.0 mm三角形空气孔微混燃烧器内燃料分布及流线, figureFileSmall=7rm09sgici/fHutsqFVMCw==, figureFileBig=pvDZB/y8TX3VFTBBfjzR/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068059182588045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=The change of uniformity index at different momentum flux ratios, figureFileSmall=fhHLFdEmtA2IDDFueCQX/g==, figureFileBig=P4KQUqhmBHtBUMQxwbqH1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068059266474126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=CN, label=图16, caption=不同动量通量比下均匀性指数变化, figureFileSmall=fhHLFdEmtA2IDDFueCQX/g==, figureFileBig=P4KQUqhmBHtBUMQxwbqH1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068059337777295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=The change of vorticity magnitude at different momentum flux ratios, figureFileSmall=c6+n8cdIdob0Kq0zRUcOuw==, figureFileBig=m6xR9vwYtHwlevPE18jhcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068059417469072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=CN, label=图17, caption=不同动量通量比下涡流强度变化, figureFileSmall=c6+n8cdIdob0Kq0zRUcOuw==, figureFileBig=m6xR9vwYtHwlevPE18jhcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068059480383633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=Fuel distributions and streamlines inside the micro-mixing burner at different momentum flux ratios, figureFileSmall=KXTMLcc19+IcZHvtj4xuvg==, figureFileBig=tiq2oAk6BK7wQbsZNpKJ4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068059572658322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=CN, label=图18, caption=不同动量通量比下微混燃烧器内燃料分布及流线, figureFileSmall=KXTMLcc19+IcZHvtj4xuvg==, figureFileBig=tiq2oAk6BK7wQbsZNpKJ4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068059727847571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Basic burner parameters

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p/mmh/mmd/mm空气孔形状D/mm燃料管直径/mm
1.03.00.40圆形2.06.0
), ArticleFig(id=1295068059820122260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基准燃烧器参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
p/mmh/mmd/mm空气孔形状D/mm燃料管直径/mm
1.03.00.40圆形2.06.0
), ArticleFig(id=1295068059883036821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The simulated working conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目内容
p/mm1、5、9、13、17、21、25
h/mm3、7、11、15、19、23、27
空气孔形状高2.0 mm倒梯形、直径2.0 mm圆形、高2.0 mm三角形、高3.0 mm长方形、正方形、高1.0 mm长方形
动量通量比99.26、58.18、36.32、23.83、4.71、1.49
d/mm0.14、0.16、0.18、0.20、0.30、0.40
D/mm4.286、3.750、3.334、3.000、2.000、1.500
), ArticleFig(id=1295068060151472278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

模拟工况条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目内容
p/mm1、5、9、13、17、21、25
h/mm3、7、11、15、19、23、27
空气孔形状高2.0 mm倒梯形、直径2.0 mm圆形、高2.0 mm三角形、高3.0 mm长方形、正方形、高1.0 mm长方形
动量通量比99.26、58.18、36.32、23.83、4.71、1.49
d/mm0.14、0.16、0.18、0.20、0.30、0.40
D/mm4.286、3.750、3.334、3.000、2.000、1.500
), ArticleFig(id=1295068060268912791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068046545149985, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Slopes of the linear fittings of the uniformity index distribution

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氢燃料微混燃烧器结构参数对混合特性影响的数值研究
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李欣宇 , 刘爱虢 , 李树莹 , 张云杰 , 张力哲
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2026,55(4): 92-103
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热力发电 |热能科学研究 2026 , 55 (4) : 92 -103
氢燃料微混燃烧器结构参数对混合特性影响的数值研究
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李欣宇 , 刘爱虢 , 李树莹, 张云杰, 张力哲
作者信息
  • 沈阳航空航天大学航空发动机学院,辽宁 沈阳 110136
通讯作者:
刘爱虢(1979),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为先进低排放燃烧技术,
作者简介:

李欣宇(2001),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为发动机高效燃烧与低排放技术,

Numerical study on the effect of structural parameters on mixing characteristics in a hydrogen-fueled micro-mix combustor
Xinyu LI , Aiguo LIU , Shuying LI, Yunjie ZHANG, Lizhe ZHANG
Affiliations
  • School of Aero-Engine, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202509027
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【目的】

随着能源和环境问题日益严峻,氢燃料正受到世界各国的高度重视。氢来源广泛,结合微混燃烧技术可以实现无碳及低氮排放燃烧。微混燃烧器能否实现稳定低污染燃烧,取决于燃料和空气的混合特性及在此基础上的燃烧特性,因此研究微混燃烧器的混合特性非常有必要。

【方法】

基于自主设计的单级微混燃烧器,采用数值模拟的方法研究了该单级微混燃烧器内的混合及流动特性,探究了其工作原理,对低功率下不同偏移距离、混合距离、空气孔形状以及动量通量比对流场结构及混合特性的影响进行了研究。

【结果】

数值模拟结果表明:增加偏移距离和混合距离有助于提高混合均匀性。随着偏移距离增加,当量比对混合效果的影响逐渐变大,增加当量比会加快内部涡的合并,外部涡收缩涡流强度会增加;随着混合距离增加到一定长度后,均匀性指数增长逐渐缓慢,同时氢气严重扩散,难以控制在混合区内完成充分混合;燃料射流深度较低时,高宽比和上下面积比小的空气孔混合效果更好,在当量比较低时三角形空气孔的内部涡会对燃料产生较强的卷吸作用;混合均匀性是动量通量比和涡流强度共同作用的结果,在小尺度的横流中,射流动量通量比作用效果比涡流强度更显著,相同动量通量比下,空气孔较小时,混合效果更好。随着动量通量比增大燃料分布呈现出半圆形到水滴形然后到马蹄形的变化趋势。

【结论】

该研究结果对微混燃烧技术在微型燃气轮机中的优化设计与应用具有参考价值。

微型燃气轮机  /  单级微混燃烧器  /  流动特性  /  混合特性  /  均匀性指数
[Objective]

Against the backdrop of increasingly severe global energy and environmental problems, hydrogen fuel is garnering significant attention as a pivotal component of the future sustainable energy landscape by all countries in the world. The advantages of hydrogen are manifold, including its diverse production sources and crucially, the potential to enable carbon-free combustion with low nitrogen oxide emissions when utilized in advanced combustion systems such as micro-mix combustors. The stability and pollutant performance of a micro-mix combustor depend critically on the fuel-air mixing characteristics and the consequent combustion behavior. Given this critical dependence, it is necessary to study the mixing characteristics of micro-mix combustors.

[Methods]

This study is based on the self-designed single-stage micro-mixing combustor, and employs numerical simulation to investigate the mixing and flow characteristics of the single-stage micro-mix combustor, exploring its working principle and studying the effects of different offset distances, mixing distances, air hole shapes and momentum flux ratios on the flow field structure and mixing characteristics at low power.

[Results]

The numerical simulation results show that increasing both the offset distance and mixing distance contributes to improved mixing uniformity. With the increase of the offset distance, the influence of the equivalence ratio on the mixing effect becomes more significant: increasing the equivalence ratio accelerates the merger of internal vortices, while the contraction of external vortices leads to an increase in vorticity magnitude. As the mixing distance increases to a certain distance, the uniformity index growth gradually decelerates, while hydrogen diffusion becomes severe, making it difficult to ensure complete mixing is confined within the mixing zone. When fuel jet depth is low, air holes with small aspect ratios and small upper-lower area ratios achieve better mixing performance. At a low equivalent ratio, the internal vortex of triangular air holes exerts a strong entrainment effect on the fuel. Furthermore, the mixing uniformity is affected by the combined action of the momentum flux ratio and the vorticity magnitude. The momentum flux ratio in the small-scale jet in cross flow has a more significant and pronounced effect on mixing than the vorticity magnitude. When the air hole is smaller under the same momentum flux ratio, the mixing effect is better. With the increase of momentum flux ratio, the fuel distribution shows a trend changing from semicircle to water droplet shape and then to horseshoe shape.

[Conclusion]

The research provides valuable references for the optimized design and application of micro-mix combustion technology in micro gas turbines.

micro gas turbine  /  single-stage micro-mixing burner  /  flow characteristics  /  mixing characteristics  /  uniformity index
李欣宇, 刘爱虢, 李树莹, 张云杰, 张力哲. 氢燃料微混燃烧器结构参数对混合特性影响的数值研究. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (4) : 92 -103 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202509027
Xinyu LI, Aiguo LIU, Shuying LI, Yunjie ZHANG, Lizhe ZHANG. Numerical study on the effect of structural parameters on mixing characteristics in a hydrogen-fueled micro-mix combustor[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (4) : 92 -103 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202509027
燃气轮机是目前效率最高的热功转换类发电设备,全球燃气发电量占比持续攀升[1-3],其中微型燃气轮机输出功率在3~300 kW,由于其可靠性和快速响应负载变化的能力,在分散式发电中具有重要作用,是间歇性可再生能源的理想备用选择[4-7]。随着全球碳中和大趋势的发展,燃气轮机将朝着兼容高比例可再生(氢)燃料的方向发展,氢具有质量轻、可燃极限宽的特点,可以实现燃气轮机宽范围的功率输出。目前先进的燃气轮机使用的干式低NOx(dry low NOx,DLN)燃烧器,是专门针对天然气而设计的,采用的是旋流预混燃烧组织方式[8]。研究发现,甲烷燃料中氢气质量分数大于40%时,很容易发生回火和自燃,氢气质量分数大于60%时,NOx排放超标[9]。微混燃烧作为一种适用于氢燃料的燃烧技术,已被证明具有降低工业燃气轮机NOx排放的潜力[10],它通过将燃料分散为大量小尺度射流,极大地增加了燃料与空气的接触面积;并且利用横流中射流产生的反向旋涡对、剪切层涡等复杂涡系结构,在微小尺度内产生强烈的湍流掺混和卷吸作用,从而极大地强化了燃料与空气之间的质量和动量交换,允许燃料和空气在到达火焰区之前进行良好的预混合。
燃料与空气在燃烧前的混合质量对NOx的排放量有显著影响。NOx排放按照其生成途径可分为热力型、快速型和燃料型,其中热力型NOx占据主要地位。峰值火焰温度及高温区燃气停留时间是影响热力型NOx生成的关键因素。增强燃料与空气的混合,一方面可以避免形成局部富燃高温区,降低峰值火焰温度;另一方面,可以缩短火焰长度[11],从而减少高温燃气在燃烧室内的停留时间。相较于传统贫预混燃烧室,微混燃烧室流场具有更加特殊的流动性质,而掌握微混燃烧室内的流动特性及混合特性,是研究微混燃烧火焰结构及控制污染物排放的基础。刘勋伟等[12]对一种基于多股汇流圆射流的新型微混合模型燃烧器的冷态流动特性进行了实验和数值研究,结果表明由于微混喷嘴流动尺度的缩小和内部的高湍流强度,微混燃烧器出口流场与双平面射流、双圆形射流和低雷诺数汇流圆形射流的流场不同。仇园等[13]采用数值方法对单管微混燃烧器几何参数与燃料/空气掺混均匀性开展研究,分析了空气孔径、空气孔间距、空气孔和燃料入口平面距离以及流速对非反应流动及掺混均匀性的影响规律。陈昊等[14]采用数值仿真方法开展了燃气轮机燃烧室微混喷嘴中富氢燃料/空气掺混均匀性问题研究,分析了3种不同微混喷嘴结构的燃料浓度分布和掺混均匀性指数变化规律,发现采用燃料轴向进气、空气径向进气的燃料/空气掺混方式能获得更好的掺混均匀性。陈炫任等[15-16]对带有多个微混合管的单级微混喷嘴的混合特性和流场进行了数值研究,结果表明,大涡模拟(LES)在微混燃烧器的冷态预测中比雷诺平均模拟(RANS)更准确,质量扩散对混合过程的影响比动量驱动扩散更大。Araoye等人[17]开展了燃料孔直径、数量及微混管长度对微混燃烧器单管内非反应流动和混合特性影响的数值研究,发现混合质量并不直接取决于燃料孔的直径,而是取决于横流射流的动量通量比,增加微混管长度可以明显改善混合效果。Sun等人[18]采用数值方法研究了不同形状与空气门长高比的混合特性及其对NOx生成的影响,发现空气门的形状可以影响流场结构进而影响混合,整体的混合质量可能并不是影响NOx生成的唯一因素。Banihabid等人[19]提出了一种用于微型燃气轮机实时仿真的高保真模型,对纯甲烷和甲烷/氢气混合燃料进行了实验测试和数值模拟,氢气具有作为替代燃料在微型燃气轮机中进行无碳发电的潜力。
现有对微混燃烧技术的研究主要聚焦于预混管式燃烧器和大功率燃气轮机[20-25],适用于微型燃气轮机的微混燃烧技术研究开展的较少。微型燃气轮机燃烧室空间紧凑,燃料与空气混合空间与时间受限。在预混燃烧技术中,混合均匀性对抑制NOx生成具有决定性影响。因此,在有限空间内实现快速、均匀的混合是微混燃烧技术在微型燃气轮机上应用的核心问题之一。本文对自主设计的单级微混燃烧器的流动特性和混合特性开展数值模拟研究,分析了关键结构参数对燃烧器内流场及混合均匀性的影响规律,为微型燃气轮机采用氢燃料的低排放微混燃烧技术的研究提供技术支撑。
本文建立一个单级微混燃烧器模型,结构如图1所示。该单级燃烧器有圆柱形燃料管和空气挡板,燃料管上等距开设4个燃料喷孔,空气挡板上对应4个空气孔。燃料从燃料喷孔射流而出,空气从空气孔流出,以横流中射流的方式混合燃料与空气,燃料喷孔后与空气孔对应的区域为理想混合区,燃料管下游的内部回流区为内部涡存在区域,空气挡板下游的外部回流区为外部涡存在区域。
本文的单级微混燃烧器关键结构参数为空气孔与燃料喷孔的轴向偏移距离p、燃料/空气在燃料管混合的混合距离h(混合区的轴向长度)、空气孔形状(空气孔面积保持一致)、燃料喷孔直径d及空气孔直径D。基准燃烧器模型的参数见表1
使用ANSYS Fluent软件对所有算例进行三维定常RANS数值模拟。湍流模型选用k-omega SST模型,允许通过黏性底层向下积分到壁面,从而得到更精确的近壁面处理,这对于从靠近氢气射流的小涡到存在剪切层和强回流区的大涡来说至关重要。选用组分输运模型来计算燃料与空气混合物的组分分布,混合物种类为氢气-空气的简化模型。鉴于氢气的高扩散特性,本文在湍流模型中设置施密特数为0.5。使用压力的coupled算法对压力速度进行耦合求解。空间离散中,对流项采用二阶迎风格式,扩散项采用中心差分格式,所有模拟结果能量残差值低于10–6,其余各项残差值均小于10–4
计算边界条件设置如下:工作压力为常压,假定壁面绝热无滑移,燃料与空气设置为质量流量入口,空气进口温度为560 K,空气入口质量流量为1.64×10–5 kg/s,燃料为100%氢气,燃料进口温度为300 K,质量流量根据当量比f与空气流量计算得到,出口设置为压力出口。所有算例基于理想气体假设。模拟忽略重力影响,根据设定的工作压力和求解能量方程得到的空间温度分布计算密度。在除最小燃料孔径0.14 mm以外的所有工况下,燃烧器内最高马赫数均低于0.3。该低马赫数条件表明流动的压缩性效应较弱,为选用基于压力的求解器提供了依据;即便在d=0.14 mm的工况下,其马赫数也处于所选求解器的有效范围内。本文旨在研究关键结构参数对单级微混燃烧器内流动特性及混合特性的影响。具体方案见表2,其中偏移距离、混合距离及空气孔形状分别在4种当量比0.23、0.33、0.43、0.53下计算,共4×(7+7+6)=80组算例,通过控制变量法改变动量通量比,分别为在固定空气孔直径D=2.0 mm时,调节燃料喷孔直径及在固定燃料喷孔直径d=0.30 mm时,调节空气孔直径,共6+6=12组算例。
本文的网格灵敏度分析针对表1所列出的基准燃烧器模型进行。使用多面体-六面体网格对单级微混燃烧器模型进行网格划分,得到网格如图2所示。对混合区进行局部加密,为排除网格数量对计算结果产生误差影响,对单元体进行了4次网格划分,网格数量分别为28万、100万、140万和178万。为了保证计算精度,最小燃料喷孔(d=0.14 mm)的出口截面在所有网格方案中固定划分为12个四边形网格。在当量比0.43条件下进行数值模拟,得到燃料管末端位置径向上氢气质量分数分布如图3所示。由图3可以看出,140万与178万网格的数值模拟结果基本相同,综合考虑网格质量与计算成本,本文所有计算模型的网格划分均采用140万网格数量的划分方式。
在模拟之前,需要验证本研究中数值计算方法的可行性与准确性。为此,采用与文献[6]相同的模型和相同的工况进行了验证模拟,结果如图4所示。通过对比图4数值模拟与实验结果发现,k-ω SST模型在喷嘴出口处的轴向速度计算较为准确,并较好地捕获了边界层的位置,但低估了–0.5<R/d<–0.3之间的边界层速度。这主要因为模拟结是基于理想条件下得到的,导致速度分布比较对称,从而使该区域的模拟值与试验结果相差较大。总体而言,模拟结果与实验数据吻合较好,因此本文采用的计算方法正确合理。
本研究中,燃料和空气通过在横流中射流的方式混合,动量通量比计算公式为:
J=ρietuiet2/ρcrossflowucrossflow2
式中:ρjetujet分别为射流(燃料流)的密度和速度;ρcrossflowucrossflow分别为横流(空气流)的密度和速度。
对于燃气轮机燃烧室,动量通量比的范围一般为1<J<100。当J>100时,射流为无静压射流,当J<1时,射流较弱[15]。本文选取燃料喷孔出口平均速度作为射流速度,由于基准燃烧器中偏移距离很小,可将空气孔出口平均速度作为横流速度。
不同于其他燃料/空气在微混合管内进行混合的预混型微混方式[15],该燃烧器混合区内燃料扩散过程没有壁面的阻挡,燃料会扩散到空气挡板背部的外部回流区中。为定量描述燃料在理想混合区(从燃料喷孔出口下游起始,至混合距离h结束的空间)内完成混合的程度,本文提出了燃料扩散率的概念。其定义为单位时间内从该理想混合区中扩散出去进入外部回流区的燃料质量流量占燃料进口质量流量的比值,该值越大,表明在理想区内混合的燃料量越少,而有越多的燃料扩散至外部回流区中,混合效果就越差。
本文采用均匀性指数γa描述燃烧器混合区内的掺混情况,均匀性指数用质量通量加权平均表示,指定场变量α的均匀性指数计算公式为:
γa=1i=1n[(|αiαa|)(|ρiuiAi|)]2|αi|i=1n|ρiuiAi|
式中:αi为拥有i个网格的网格面变量;αa为截面上的变量平均值;ρi为网格面上的燃料密度;ui为网格面上的流速平均值;Ai为网格面的面积。γa的区间为[0,1],γa越接近1,表示燃料与空气的掺混均匀性越好。
本文中的涡流强度ζ指涡量的大小,即涡量矢量的模,是一个标量,用于量化当地流体旋转的剧烈程度。在三维笛卡尔坐标系中,其计算公式为:
ζ=|ω|=(wyνz)2+(wxuz)2+(νxuy)2
式中:uvw分别为速度在xyz方向上的分量。涡流强度高的区域意味着湍流掺混剧烈,这些旋转结构能极大地拉伸、折叠流体界面,增强燃料和空气之间的质量和动量交换。
图5为不同偏移距离下混合区内Z方向上均匀性指数分布。由图5可见,随着当量比的增加,偏移距离变化对混合效果的影响逐渐增强。
表3f=0.23和0.53时混合区内均匀性指数分布曲线进行线性拟合获得的斜率值。
表3可以看出:在偏移距离较小时,当量比变化对均匀性指数影响较弱;在当量比较小时,偏移距离变化对混合均匀性的影响也较小。这是因为偏移距离和当量比分别通过改变横流和射流速度共同影响燃料的射流深度,进而影响混合效果,当横流速度相对很大或者射流速度相对很小时,另一因素变化对射流深度的影响微弱。
图6f=0.43时不同偏移距离下微混燃烧器内燃料分布及流线。由图6可见,偏移距离变化对流场结构影响较大,p=1 mm时空气挡板下游存在一个源点以及由其发展而来的外部涡,随着偏移距离增大外部涡逐渐收缩,这是由于燃料管的挤压作用。可以看出涡核的轴向高度几乎没有变化,在Z=25 mm左右,说明偏移距离对外部涡的涡核高度影响不大。内部回流区中存在4个源点,p=13 mm时,内部回流区偏下游的2个源点因结构变化形成了2个内部涡,其余2个源点形成了2个同旋向的半涡。在p=17 mm时,上下2个涡合并为1个稳定的内部涡。p=25 mm时,燃料出现了较为明显的偏转,内部涡被径向拉伸,涡核位置上升,这是由于射流的剪切作用增强带动内部涡的变化。p=13~17 mm之间经历了涡的融合过程但涡的外形无明显变化,可以看出涡的融合过程中2 mm混合距离内均匀性指数变化很小,说明在一定的偏移距离和混合距离区间内,混合效果无法得到明显改善,这是因为混合效果与流场结构密切相关,当流场未发生较大改变时,混合效果变化亦不明显。
图7p=13 mm时不同当量比下微混燃烧器内燃料分布及流线。由图7可见,当量比增加,外部涡逐渐收缩,内部涡涡核的轴向位置逐渐降低,最终在f=0.53时上下2个涡合并,其促进了内部涡的融合和外部涡的收缩。可以看出f=0.23时来自空气孔的横流空气向外部回流区的扩散强度明显高于f=0.53时,这是因为外部涡长度收缩的过程也是一个涡流强度变大的过程,外部涡平均涡流强度从138/s增加到155/s,挤压空气流抑制其扩散。
图8为不同混合距离下混合区末端的均匀性指数变化规律。由图8可见,随着混合距离增加,均匀性指数增长速率越来越慢,这是由于此时的偏移距离较小,当量比变化对燃料与空气的混合均匀性作用不明显。
图9为不同混合距离下的燃料扩散率。由图9可以看出,随着混合距离的增加,燃料扩散率线性增加。混合距离为27 mm时,扩散到混合区外的氢气达到质量流量的60%左右,这不利于控制火焰位置。图10f=0.43时不同混合距离下微混燃烧器内燃料分布及流线。由图10可以看出,当f=0.43时,内部涡普遍窄长,这是因为改变混合距离无法改变燃料射流进入空气流中的深度,随着混合距离增加,燃料射流的剪切作用对于内部涡的影响越来越弱。结合图6可以看出,随着总长度(偏移距离与混合距离之和)增加,内部涡逐渐发展,外部涡不断收缩。在总长度16~20 mm之间,内部涡完成合并,外部涡源点消失,内外两涡同时达到稳定。说明内外涡结构变化存在关联,总长度是影响微混燃烧器内宏观流场结构的主要因素,而偏移距离和混合距离的相对大小决定着微观流场结构上的差异。
图11h=1、27 mm时不同当量比下微混燃烧器内燃料分布及流线。由图11可见,当量比变化对流场结构影响较小,但在外部涡较大时观察到了卷吸现象,横流空气向空气挡板后的外部回流区中发生了卷吸,形成卷吸涡,即由高速横流与低速回流区之间的剪切层失稳产生并将主流流体卷吸进入回流区的涡。这种卷吸涡和源点生成的源点涡组成了整个外部涡结构,卷吸空气中势必携带燃料进入外部回流区,不利于控制燃料与空气在混合区内进行掺混。由图11b)可以看出,当量比变化对外部涡整体尺寸影响不大,但如图11a)所示,当量比较低时源点涡更小,外部回流区形成的卷吸涡更大,如表3所示,在全部偏移距离下,低当量比工况的均匀性指数增长率均系统性地偏低,这一定量规律表明低当量比下的整体混合效率偏低。本研究认为,如图11a)所示的在低当量比下更发达的卷吸涡,是导致上述定量规律的关键流动机理。其作用机制是:该卷吸涡增强了对外部流场的卷吸作用,导致进入外部回流区的空气更多,并可能将本应参与掺混过程的燃料夹带至外部回流区,这不仅造成了燃料在非理想混合区的扩散,更直接削弱了整体混合效率,从而在宏观上表现为表3中均匀性指数增长缓慢。卷吸现象是由于源点涡径向分布在整个空气挡板上且此时的涡处于发展阶段并不稳定,对于与它接触的来流空气有引导作用。研究发现,燃料管总长度8 mm以内时均会出现卷吸现象,随着外部涡逐渐收缩,这种卷吸现象才会慢慢消除。
避免形状变化导致相邻空气孔之间的干扰,以下算例中燃料管直径均设计为11 mm。空气孔的面积保持一致,分别为高3.0 mm长方形孔、高2.0 mm三角形孔、高2.0 mm倒梯形孔、高1.8 mm的方形孔、高1.0 mm的长方形。为定量比较不同形状空气孔的几何特征,本文定义了上下面积比,三角形孔、圆形孔、梯形孔上下面积比依次增加,长方形(高)、正方形、长方形长高比逐渐增加。
图12为不同空气孔形状及当量比下均匀性指数变化规律。由图12可见:随着空气孔上下面积比变小,均匀性指数逐渐变大,混合效果逐渐变好;随着空气孔高宽比降低,燃料与空气混合均匀性逐渐增强。从燃料分布图可以看出,基准燃烧器中燃料在横流空气中的射流深度较低,燃料主要分布在燃料喷孔附近贴近燃料管壁面与空气同轴流动,所以燃料在喷孔附近扩散更强,对于空气孔的面积集中在燃料喷孔附近的形状可以混合得更好。但当空气孔高度过低时,当量比的增加会使混合均匀性逐渐变差。
图13为不同空气孔形状下燃料扩散率及随当量比的变化情况。由图13可见,高3.0 mm长方形孔和倒梯形孔氢气扩散较为严重,这是由于这2种形状靠近燃料喷孔一侧宽度较小,燃料容易扩散出去。随着当量比的增加,高1.0 mm长方形空气孔氢气扩散率快速增加,这是因为燃料射流穿透了空气横流,燃料扩散率为负的工况是由于空气射流对周围流体的吞并强于燃料的扩散,导致燃料的质量流量随射流距离而增加,这种现象称为射流夹带。
图14为不同空气孔形状下微混燃烧器内燃料分布及流线。由图14可见,空气孔的形状影响内部涡与外部涡的结构,混合效果较好的形状对应着稳定的内部涡,但此时的外部涡仅以源点的形式存在。空气孔的高度可能显著影响外部涡的发展和大小,高度增加相当于增加空气挡板的宽度,这使外部涡可以得到扩张。
图15为不同当量比高2.0 mm三角形空气孔微混燃烧器内的燃料分布及流线。由图15可见,当量比影响内部涡的发展,随着当量比增加,内部回流区中的源点逐渐消失,内部涡趋于稳定。在当量比较低时,内部回流区中同样出现了卷吸现象,燃料受到不稳定涡的吸引而进入内部回流区中,这种卷吸现象会导致燃料/空气混合物在内部回流区中停留,可能导致燃烧时高温区增大进而增加NOx排放。这是因为在当量比较低时,三角形空气孔所形成的内部涡并不稳定,会对周围的燃料产生吸引作用,随着当量比增加内部涡得到发展,从而降低了这种不稳定性,卷吸现象便逐渐减弱。
图16为不同动量通量比下均匀性指数的变化规律。由图16可以看出,随着动量通量比增加,均匀性指数逐渐增大,其物理本质是更高的动量通量比对应着更高的氢气射流速度,从而产生了更大的射流贯穿距离,燃料在空气流中射流深度变大[26],可能同时增强主体扩散和湍流扩散,使混合效果更好[27]。主体扩散可以用射流深度表示,而射流深度决定于动量通量比,所以使用动量通量比表征主体扩散。混合区内大涡流强度可以形成强烈湍动的搅拌,进而增强氢气与主流空气的质量和动量交换[28],湍流扩散的强弱可以用涡流强度表示。动量通量比一定时,更小的空气孔对应着更优异的混合性能,这是因为小空气孔对应着更小的燃料喷孔,燃料喷孔越小速度分布差异越大,局部的动量通量比加大会进一步增加射流的相对深度。
图17为不同动量通量比下混合区内Z=3 mm处的涡流强度变化。由图17可以看出,通过增大空气孔直径来增加动量通量比反而使混合区内的涡流强度降低,即增强了主体扩散但减弱了湍流扩散,所以混合效果没有明显改善,动量通量比和涡流强度共同影响混合均匀性,二者都达到较高水平才能使混合均匀性得到显著提高。
在小尺度的横流中射流动量通量比的影响更大,即使涡流强度不断减小,只要动量通量比增加,混合均匀性就会提高。图18为不同动量通量比下微混燃烧器内燃料分布及流线。由图18可见,动量通量比过小时,燃料射流无法深入空气横流中,从而贴近燃料管壁面,导致混合效果较差,随着动量通量比的增加,内部涡受射流的剪切作用影响逐渐变成“矮宽”的大涡,燃料分布逐渐远离燃料管壁且从半圆形变成水滴形再到马蹄形,反向旋涡对(CVP)逐渐分离且向射流方向移动,CVP在空气孔中心附近且分离时可以使空气孔尽可能处于CVP的作用下,极大地改善燃料/空气的混合均匀性。动量通量比一定时,在较小的空气孔中燃料的相对射流深度更大,反向旋涡对向中心的移动和分离更显著。
采用数值模拟的方法对不同结构参数下微混燃烧器内流动特性、混合特性进行了研究,获得如下结论:
1)增加偏移距离会改善混合均匀性,偏移距离受当量比影响较大,流场结构和混合特性密切相关,存在一定的偏移距离和混合距离内流场变化不明显,进而混合效果改善不明显,增加当量比会加快内部涡的合并,外部涡收缩涡流强度会增加。
2)混合距离增加到一定长度之后燃料严重扩散,无法控制在混合区内完成混合,外部涡较大时存在卷吸现象,当量比越小卷吸越强,总长度是影响流场结构的主要因素。
3)燃料射流深度较低时,上下面积比和高宽比小的空气孔更有利于混合,在当量比较低时三角形空气孔的内部涡会对燃料产生较强的卷吸作用。
4)混合均匀性受动量通量比和涡流强度的共同影响。小尺度的横流中,射流动量通量比的影响更大。动量通量比一定时,空气孔越小混合均匀性越好。随着动量通量比增大燃料分布呈现出半圆形到水滴形再到马蹄形的变化趋势。
本文的研究内容对于微混燃烧技术在微型燃气轮机中的的优化设计与应用具有参考价值,对于该微混燃烧器在大功率下的流动特性以及燃烧特性并没有进一步研究,未来可在这方面进一步探索混合与燃烧之间存在的关系。
  • 沈阳市科技计划项目(22-322-3-30)
  • 中航产学研合作项目(HFZL2023CXY004)
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2026年第55卷第4期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202509027
  • 接收时间:2025-09-11
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-11
  • 修回日期:2025-11-09
  • 录用日期:2025-11-18
基金
Shenyang Science and Technology Planning Project(22-322-3-30)
沈阳市科技计划项目(22-322-3-30)
AVIC’s Industry-University-Research Cooperation Project(HFZL2023CXY004)
中航产学研合作项目(HFZL2023CXY004)
作者信息
    沈阳航空航天大学航空发动机学院,辽宁 沈阳 110136

通讯作者:

刘爱虢(1979),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为先进低排放燃烧技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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