Article(id=1295068039070904329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068001842262748, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202506111, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750780800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-25, revisedDate=1753027200000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-21, acceptedDate=1753632000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-28, onlineDate=1786697881715, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697881715, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697881715, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697881715, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295068001842262748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777046400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697872839, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698854295, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072118417416228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068001842262748, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072118417416229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068001842262748, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=82, endPage=91, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295068039268036618, articleId=1295068039070904329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Numerical simulation study on condensation heat and mass transfer characteristics of CO2/H2O composite working fluid, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
[Objective]

Building a clean and low-carbon new power system is a key vehicle for achieving the strategic goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. Developing clean, low-carbon, high-efficient, and flexible new thermal power generation technologies has become a major strategic requirement for building a new energy system. The semi-closed supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) Brayton cycle directly heats the composite working fluid through the combustion of the fuel and the pure oxygen. Not only can it enhance the power generation efficiency of the system, but it also enables carbon capture at the same time. This study aims to investigate the unclear heat transfer and mass transfer characteristics of the CO2/H2O composite working fluid during the cooling and condensation processes in the heat exchanger of the semi-closed S-CO2 Brayton cycle.

[Methods]

A three-dimensional numerical simulation model for the cooling, condensation and flow heat transfer of the CO2/H2O composite working fluid was established. This study systematically investigated the influence pattern of the mass flow rate (2×10–4~4×10–4 kg/s), the heat flux (–9~–14 kW/m2), and the mole fraction of the inlet water vapor (3.3%~20.0%) on the distribution of the liquid film of the condensate, the surface heat transfer coefficient, and the mass transfer rate.

[Results]

The results indicate firstly that the average surface heat transfer coefficient increases with increasing mass flow rate. However, at different mass flow rates, the variation pattern of the average surface heat transfer coefficient differs as the heat flux increases. Moreover, the axial mass transfer rate exhibits a trend of increasing first and then decreasing along the flow direction of the composite working fluid. Furthermore, under low mass flow rate and high heat flux conditions, the condensate accumulates at the bottom of the circular pipe, while under high mass flow rate and low heat flux conditions, the condensate forms a ring-shaped distribution along the inner wall surface of the circular pipe. Additionally, when the mole fraction of the inlet water vapor increases from 3.3% to 20%, the average surface heat transfer coefficient increases by 20.22%. Besides, the peak value of the mass transfer rate shifts toward the inlet direction.

[Conclusion]

The results can provide theoretical support for the design of the heat exchangers in the semi-closed S-CO2 Brayton cycle, and then contribute to improving the efficiency of the system and the performance of the carbon capture.

, authors=Youyou LIU1, 2, Jingze YANG1, 2, Bowen SONG1, Hong YAO1, 2, authorsList=Youyou LIU, Jingze YANG, Bowen SONG, Hong YAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jingze YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295068042740920353, articleId=1295068039070904329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=CO2/H2O复合工质冷凝传热传质特性数值模拟研究, columnId=1211002405437706993, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=热能科学研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
【目的】

构建清洁低碳的新型电力系统需开发高效灵活的火电技术。半闭式超临界二氧化碳(supercritical carbon dioxide,S-CO2)循环通过燃料与纯氧燃烧直接加热工质,实现高效发电与碳捕集协同。本文旨在探究半闭式S-CO2循环回热器中CO2/H2O复合工质冷凝传热传质特性不明确的问题。

【方法】

构建了CO2/H2O复合工质冷凝流动传热三维数值模型,系统研究质量流量(2×10–4~4×10–4 kg/s)、热流密度(–9~–14 kW/m2)及入口水蒸气摩尔分数(3.3%~20.0%)对冷凝液膜分布、传热系数及传质速率的影响规律。

【结果】

结果表明,平均表面传热系数随质量流量增大而提升,但不同质量流量下,平均传热系数随热流密度增大的变化规律存在差异;轴向传质速率沿流动方向先增后减,低质量流量、大热流密度下冷凝水聚集于管底,高质量流量、小热流密度下呈环状分布;入口水蒸气摩尔分数从3.3%增至20.0%时,平均传热系数提升20.22%,传质速率峰值向入口移动。

【结论】

研究结果可为半闭式S-CO2循环回热器设计提供理论支撑,助力提升系统效率与碳捕集性能。

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刘优优(2001),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为传热传质,

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杨竞择(1995),女,讲师,主要研究方向为热力学及能源的高效利用,
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figureFileBig=cUM8+PYPssxEbhMJIDjLyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068050450051166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068039070904329, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同入口水蒸气摩尔分数下轴向传质速率分布, figureFileSmall=hhKwtgGfJ8IEhVSZC07tww==, figureFileBig=cUM8+PYPssxEbhMJIDjLyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068050559103071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068039070904329, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Summary of boundary adjustment settings

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入口温度Tin/℃压力p/MPa入口H2O摩尔分数%热流密度q/(kW·m–2质量流量G/(kg·s–1
340.53.553.3–9、–9.5、–102×10–4、2.25×10–4、2.5×10–4
340.53.5510.0–9、–10、–112×10–4、2.5×10–4、3×10–4
340.53.5520.0–10、–12、–13、–142×10–4、3×10–4、4×10–4
), ArticleFig(id=1295068050634600544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068039070904329, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

边界条件设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
入口温度Tin/℃压力p/MPa入口H2O摩尔分数%热流密度q/(kW·m–2质量流量G/(kg·s–1
340.53.553.3–9、–9.5、–102×10–4、2.25×10–4、2.5×10–4
340.53.5510.0–9、–10、–112×10–4、2.5×10–4、3×10–4
340.53.5520.0–10、–12、–13、–142×10–4、3×10–4、4×10–4
), ArticleFig(id=1295068050710098017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068039070904329, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Grid independence verification

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
案例核心网格尺寸/mm横向网格尺寸/mm网格数/个平均壁温偏差/%
10.100.8716 9940.084
20.100.41 433 6190.040
30.100.22 866 8690.035
40.050.83 058 3540.029
50.050.46 114 9790.008
60.050.212 228 229
), ArticleFig(id=1295068050793984098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068039070904329, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

网格无关性验证

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
案例核心网格尺寸/mm横向网格尺寸/mm网格数/个平均壁温偏差/%
10.100.8716 9940.084
20.100.41 433 6190.040
30.100.22 866 8690.035
40.050.83 058 3540.029
50.050.46 114 9790.008
60.050.212 228 229
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CO2/H2O复合工质冷凝传热传质特性数值模拟研究
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刘优优 1, 2 , 杨竞择 1, 2 , 宋博文 1 , 姚洪 1, 2
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2026,55(4): 82-91
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热力发电 |热能科学研究 2026 , 55 (4) : 82 -91
CO2/H2O复合工质冷凝传热传质特性数值模拟研究
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2.华中科技大学煤燃烧与低碳利用全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430074, bio={"content":"

刘优优(2001),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为传热传质,

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刘优优1, 2 , 杨竞择1, 2 , 宋博文1, 姚洪1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.华中科技大学能源与动力工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 2.华中科技大学煤燃烧与低碳利用全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430074
通讯作者:
杨竞择(1995),女,讲师,主要研究方向为热力学及能源的高效利用,
作者简介:

刘优优(2001),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为传热传质,

Numerical simulation study on condensation heat and mass transfer characteristics of CO2/H2O composite working fluid
Youyou LIU1, 2 , Jingze YANG1, 2 , Bowen SONG1, Hong YAO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202506111
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【目的】

构建清洁低碳的新型电力系统需开发高效灵活的火电技术。半闭式超临界二氧化碳(supercritical carbon dioxide,S-CO2)循环通过燃料与纯氧燃烧直接加热工质,实现高效发电与碳捕集协同。本文旨在探究半闭式S-CO2循环回热器中CO2/H2O复合工质冷凝传热传质特性不明确的问题。

【方法】

构建了CO2/H2O复合工质冷凝流动传热三维数值模型,系统研究质量流量(2×10–4~4×10–4 kg/s)、热流密度(–9~–14 kW/m2)及入口水蒸气摩尔分数(3.3%~20.0%)对冷凝液膜分布、传热系数及传质速率的影响规律。

【结果】

结果表明,平均表面传热系数随质量流量增大而提升,但不同质量流量下,平均传热系数随热流密度增大的变化规律存在差异;轴向传质速率沿流动方向先增后减,低质量流量、大热流密度下冷凝水聚集于管底,高质量流量、小热流密度下呈环状分布;入口水蒸气摩尔分数从3.3%增至20.0%时,平均传热系数提升20.22%,传质速率峰值向入口移动。

【结论】

研究结果可为半闭式S-CO2循环回热器设计提供理论支撑,助力提升系统效率与碳捕集性能。

CO2/H2O复合工质  /  数值模拟  /  冷凝  /  传热传质特性  /  半闭式S-CO2循环
[Objective]

Building a clean and low-carbon new power system is a key vehicle for achieving the strategic goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. Developing clean, low-carbon, high-efficient, and flexible new thermal power generation technologies has become a major strategic requirement for building a new energy system. The semi-closed supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) Brayton cycle directly heats the composite working fluid through the combustion of the fuel and the pure oxygen. Not only can it enhance the power generation efficiency of the system, but it also enables carbon capture at the same time. This study aims to investigate the unclear heat transfer and mass transfer characteristics of the CO2/H2O composite working fluid during the cooling and condensation processes in the heat exchanger of the semi-closed S-CO2 Brayton cycle.

[Methods]

A three-dimensional numerical simulation model for the cooling, condensation and flow heat transfer of the CO2/H2O composite working fluid was established. This study systematically investigated the influence pattern of the mass flow rate (2×10–4~4×10–4 kg/s), the heat flux (–9~–14 kW/m2), and the mole fraction of the inlet water vapor (3.3%~20.0%) on the distribution of the liquid film of the condensate, the surface heat transfer coefficient, and the mass transfer rate.

[Results]

The results indicate firstly that the average surface heat transfer coefficient increases with increasing mass flow rate. However, at different mass flow rates, the variation pattern of the average surface heat transfer coefficient differs as the heat flux increases. Moreover, the axial mass transfer rate exhibits a trend of increasing first and then decreasing along the flow direction of the composite working fluid. Furthermore, under low mass flow rate and high heat flux conditions, the condensate accumulates at the bottom of the circular pipe, while under high mass flow rate and low heat flux conditions, the condensate forms a ring-shaped distribution along the inner wall surface of the circular pipe. Additionally, when the mole fraction of the inlet water vapor increases from 3.3% to 20%, the average surface heat transfer coefficient increases by 20.22%. Besides, the peak value of the mass transfer rate shifts toward the inlet direction.

[Conclusion]

The results can provide theoretical support for the design of the heat exchangers in the semi-closed S-CO2 Brayton cycle, and then contribute to improving the efficiency of the system and the performance of the carbon capture.

CO2/H2O composite working fluid  /  numerical simulation  /  condensation  /  heat and mass transfer characteristics  /  semi-closed S-CO2 cycle
刘优优, 杨竞择, 宋博文, 姚洪. CO2/H2O复合工质冷凝传热传质特性数值模拟研究. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (4) : 82 -91 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202506111
Youyou LIU, Jingze YANG, Bowen SONG, Hong YAO. Numerical simulation study on condensation heat and mass transfer characteristics of CO2/H2O composite working fluid[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (4) : 82 -91 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202506111
构建清洁低碳的新型电力系统是实现“碳达峰、碳中和”战略目标的重要载体。然而,高比例可再生能源的接入给电力系统安全稳定运行带来了巨大挑战,必须配套大规模储能设施和灵活调峰电站,而化石能源仍将发挥电网安全“压舱石”的关键作用。由于传统火电的高碳排放特性,开发清洁低碳、高效灵活的新型火电技术已成为构建新型能源体系的重大战略需求。
当前主流的火电技术是基于蒸汽朗肯循环的亚临界、超临界及超超临界机组,其中,超超临界机组典型参数为主蒸汽压力24.1~31 MPa和温度580~610 ℃,受制于材料耐温极限和循环特性,其发电效率低于45%且提升空间有限。此外,现有燃煤电厂实施CO2捕集技术将导致系统效率降低8~13%并显著增加发电成本[1]。为提高供发电效率,从循环角度需要提升最高温度和压力,而传统的朗肯循环由于材料价格和可靠性的制约已经进入发展瓶颈期。相较于水蒸气工质,CO2的临界温度(31.1 ℃)和临界压力(7.38 MPa)较低;在400~800 ℃热源温度区间,超临界二氧化碳(supercritical CO2,S-CO2)循环效率可达40%~55%,特别是在600 ℃以上时较传统朗肯循环效率优势显著。此外,S-CO2循环还具有结构紧凑、压缩功耗低、变工况响应快等优点,应用场景丰富,获得了广泛认可。
按照系统是否与外界进行物质交换,S-CO2循环可分为闭式循环和半闭式循环,二者最主要的区别在于加热部分。闭式循环采用间壁式换热方式,受制于材料耐温性能,循环最高温度通常低于800 ℃,且未耦合碳捕集。半闭式循环通过燃料与纯氧燃烧直接加热工质,平均吸热温度可达1 000 ℃,同时燃烧产物CO2/H2O复合工质直接参与循环;为了保证循环的物料守恒,回热过程后实现水蒸气相变分离并使燃烧产生的CO2直接以超临界态进入捕集流程,其余工质则返回燃烧室循环利用,循环示意图如图1所示[2]。将碳捕集过程集成到热力循环中,不仅显著降低了脱碳能耗,而且实现了发电过程与碳捕集的深度协同,为构建近零碳排放的能源系统提供了技术路径。
天然气和煤制燃料气均可作为半闭式循环的燃料。美国NET Power公司提出的Allam循环[3]是典型的半闭式循环之一,计算表明其以天然气为燃料时,效率具备达到59%的潜力,当以煤为原料时,效率具备达到50%的潜力。2021年,该公司搭建了以天然气为燃料的50 MW热功率等级Allam循环测试平台,但截至目前,该系统的性能数据和详细运行参数等关键信息尚未有正式报道。现阶段,半闭式循环发电效率为52%~57%(天然气)/39%~44% (煤气化),国内该技术仍处于基本原理和技术概念研讨阶段,在物性、设备和循环方面仍面临一些核心问题需要突破。其中,回热器是实现大比例回热的重要设备,对循环发电效率的提升具有重要作用。因此,需要清晰认识回热器中流体的传热传质行为,并精准计算其传热性能,从而为换热器设计、循环构建与性能评价提供支持。在回热器热侧,CO2/H2O复合工质被冷却,水蒸气发生冷凝,该过程涉及工质组分变化及冷凝相变,传热传质规律复杂,因此亟待深入研究。
当前,国内外学者围绕S-CO2冷却传热特性的研究已取得系列成果。相梦如等[4]与Wang等人[5]基于数值模拟方法,系统揭示了S-CO2物性、热流密度、管径及浮升力对拟临界区传热特性的影响规律。Wang等人[5]和尹少军等[6]通过实验对比验证了不同RANS湍流模型预测S-CO2冷却传热的能力,发现SST k-ω低雷诺数模型的预测能力最佳。Cai等人[7]通过数值模拟分析螺旋管中S-CO2冷却传热特性,研究了管型、螺距、螺旋直径和质量流量对传热和压降的影响。相梦如等[4]与Cai等人[7]基于场协同理论分析S-CO2冷却传热机理,揭示了传热强化机制;而尹少军等[6]则从“类相变”视角揭示了物性突变区传热恶化机理。此外,一些学者拟合改进了S-CO2管内冷却传热关联式。现有的关联式大多基于单相对流传热,并附加了修正项,且大多仅适用于特定结构和工况,在运行参数和管径范围方面的适用性存在局限性[8-12]
在CO2混合工质冷却传热特性研究中,CO2/R41、CO2/R32、CO2/丙烷、CO2/DME等制冷剂被广泛研究。代宝民等[13]发现CO2/R41在质量比为51.4/48.6时传热系数极值更高。Dai等人[14]发现CO2/R41在非临界区,质量流量从400 kg/(m2·s)增至800 kg/(m2·s),局部对流传热系数提高了1.7倍;临界区局部对流传热系数可达非临界区的8~16倍,温度接近临界温度时,局部对流传热系数显著升高,7 MPa下局部对流传热系数为8 MPa下的2倍。同时,CO2/DME在接近临界压力时传热系数也达到峰值[15]。一些学者将CO2混合工质与纯CO2进行对比,巴清心等[15]发现高温区CO2/DME的传热性能优于纯CO2;林智博等[16]发现CO2/R41在螺旋槽管中最大传热系数较纯CO2提高7.7%,且衰减更缓,但部分CO2混合工质较纯CO2平均传热系数可能降低;丁夏杰等[17]发现CO2/R41质量比为0.5/0.5时,平均传热系数降低了8.78%。Zhao等人[18]针对CO2/POE油开发了管内气体冷却流动与传热模型,模型中纳入了随壁面温度和油浓度变化的热物理性质修正项。
水蒸气混合工质冷凝的相关研究主要集中在空气-H2O冷凝传热传质方面,Charef[19]、Havlík等人[20]针对空气-H2O在垂直管中的冷凝,分别通过数值模拟和实验研究发现,空气的存在会显著抑制冷凝传质过程,当空气质量分数超过5%时,传质速率呈现非线性衰减特性。Krempaský等人[21]进一步揭示了轴向传热系数与局部传质速率沿管长的衰减规律。Charef等人[19]发现增大流体与管壁间的温差可以增加液膜厚度,减小管道半径利于冷凝。理论模型构建方面,Krempaský等人[21]发展的多物理场耦合模型与Kekaula等人[22]提出的壁函数修正单相流模型,在水蒸气质量分数高于70%工况下表现出良好适用性。Chen等人[23]还比较了不同改性表面对空气-H2O冷凝传热性能的影响。Ahn等人[24]通过实验研究近水平管中的空气-H2O冷凝,在分层流和环形流中测量了局部温度和传热系数的多维分布,建立了传热系数衰减因子的经验相关性。Xu等人[25]在水平管低湿度工况下的研究表明,传热系数随雷诺数和入口湿度的增加而增大,随壁面过冷度的增加而减小。Toman等人[26]在垂直管高湿度工况下的实验发现,入口湿度增加反而导致传热系数降低。Gundermann等人[27]通过能量解耦分析,揭示了当水蒸气浓度倍增时,气体冷却释放的热量占比大幅下降,但绝对值几乎保持不变。
目前也有在超临界水煤气化发电系统背景下针对H2O/CO2混合工质冷凝或加热流动传热特性的研究,混合工质中CO2的质量分数最高达20%。刘晓薇[28]开展了H2O/CO2混合工质冷凝流动的数值模拟研究,发现CO2浓度增大使最大过冷度增大,出口温度、流速和湿度均减小。Chen等人[29]通过实验发现加热工况下S-H2O/CO2混合工质在远离临界区域表现出与纯S-H2O相似的传热行为,传热系数变化趋势相同,对流传热系数可由纯S-H2O的Mokry或Jackson关联式预测。Zhang等人[30]通过实验发现,加热工况下H2O/CO2混合工质在近临界区存在双传热峰值,该现象在垂直或水平流中均存在,峰值随质量流速增大而升高,随热流密度增大而降低。
综上所述,现有研究主要围绕纯CO2及其混合工质与空气-H2O工质在加热、冷却或冷凝工况下开展,其工质种类、换热机理、运行参数范围与半闭式循环中CO2/H2O复合工质的冷凝传热传质过程存在显著差异,已有研究结论不一定适用。本文围绕半闭式循环的应用场景,建立了CO2/H2O复合工质冷凝流动传热三维数值模型,分析了质量流量(G=2×10–4~4×10–4 kg/s)、热流密度(q=–9~–14 kW/m2)及入口组分(水蒸气摩尔分数x=3.3%~20%)等关键参数对冷凝水分布、传热系数和传质速率的影响规律,为新型半闭式S-CO2循环中换热器性能的准确计算提供理论支撑。本文的创新之处在于,所研究的CO2/H2O复合工质的传热传质过程涉及冷凝相变及组分变化,且半闭式循环中回热器热侧的运行温度和压力较高,与目前主要关注的纯CO2及其混合工质在流动传热方面的特性研究存在差异。
复合工质在流动与传热过程中受质量守恒、动量守恒和能量守恒约束:
质量守恒方程,即连续性方程为:
(ρui)/xi=0
式中:ρ为密度;uixyz轴速度分量。
动量守恒方程为:
(ρuiuj)xi=xj(p+23μeuixi)+ρgi+xi[μe(uixj+ujxi)]
式中:μe为有效黏度,定义为摩尔黏度μ与湍流黏度μt的总和。
能量守恒方程为:
xi[ui(ρE+p)]=xi[(λ+cpμtPrt)Txi]
式中:E为总能;λ为导热系数;Prt为湍流普朗特数。
选择SST k-ω湍流模型进行数值模拟,该模型融合了k-ε模型对充分发展主流区域湍流计算的鲁棒性和k-ω模型对近壁面区域流体流动特性的细致捕捉,且对逆压梯度和流动分离的预测能力优于标准k-ε模型,能够同时对气相混合相的充分发展主流区域和近壁面区域少量冷凝水的析出进行良好的模拟。尽管其在描述相变界面湍流机制方面存在局限性,但在捕捉本研究关注的传热传质特性方面具有优势,计算成本较低。
SST k-ω模型的湍动能k和比耗散率ω的输运方程分别为:
t(ρk)+xi(ρkui)=xj(Γkkxj)+GkYk+Sk
t(ρω)+xi(ρωui)=xj(Γωωxj)+GωYω+Sω+Dω
式中:ΓkΓω分别是kω的有效扩散系数;GkGω分别是kω的产生相;YkYω分别是kω由于湍流产生的耗散项;SkSω分别是kω的自定义源项;Dω是交叉扩散项。
Lee模型考虑分子间的相互作用,能够较好地描述蒸发和冷凝过程的热力学性质,基于弛豫时间概念,通过设定合适的相变强度系数,能够有效模拟气液相变过程中的质量传递。该模型在模拟含不凝气体的冷凝问题时具有较好的适用性,能够捕捉不凝气体富集对冷凝速率的抑制效应,但模型的准确性依赖于相变强度系数的取值。此外,相较于UDF定义相变源项的模型或热相变模型等复杂相变模型,Lee模型实现相对简单,计算效率较高。
液-汽传质(蒸发和冷凝)由蒸汽传输方程控制:
t(αvρv)+(αvρvVv)=m˙lvm˙vl
式中:下标v表示气相;αv表示气相体积分数;ρv表示气相密度;Vv表示气相速度;m˙lvm˙vl分别表示由于蒸发和冷凝引起的质量传递速率。正质量传递方向定义为从液相到气相的方向。
Tl>Tsat(蒸发):
m˙lv=rαlρl(TlTsat)Tsat
Tsat<Tl(凝结):
m˙vl=rαvρv(TsatTv)Tsat
式中:r可以解释为弛豫时间,能量方程的源项等于传质速率乘以潜热。
针对CO2/H2O复合工质在半闭式循环回热器热流体侧的冷却过程,建立了单管冷凝的物理模型,如图2所示,通过数值模拟方法研究复合工质的流动传热现象。仿真选用了CFD软件ANSYS Fluent 2022R1,采用雷诺时均(RANS)方法对流体流动进行求解,利用多相流模型和组分输运模型,构建了复合工质稳态流动传热模型。模拟基于压力求解器,选择稳态计算模型。采用SSTk-ω湍流模型及VOF多相流模型,复合工质物性通过refprop计算piecewise-linear插值输入,入口边界条件设置为质量流量入口,出口边界条件设置为压力出口,壁面设置为恒热流壁面边界条件。采用COUPLED算法求解压力-速度耦合方程,质量方程、动量方程和能量方程等均采用二阶迎风格式进行处理,开启伪瞬态模型辅助收敛,亚松弛因子保持默认值。采用标准初始化,从入口处开始计算,当所有残差值均小于10–6,且出口冷凝水体积分数监测值保持稳定不变时,认为计算收敛。
图2所示,微通道圆管水平放置,忽略圆管壁厚,管道材料为316L不锈钢,圆管直径为2 mm,总长度为1 300 mm。流体在管道内流动时,受到重力作用的影响。其中,x轴正方向表示流体流动的方向,y轴负方向表示重力加速度的作用方向,数值为9.81 m/s2
本文的边界条件设置(表1)旨在模拟半闭式S-CO2循环回热器热侧的实际工况,并探究热流密度、质量流量和入口组分的影响,q值为负值表示复合工质被冷却。选取文献[2]中的典型参数作为模拟入口温度(340.5 ℃)、压力(3.55 MPa)和H2O摩尔分数(3.3%),考虑到半闭式循环的灵活性、不同燃料的应用以及循环水分离效率对入口组分的影响,本文拓展H2O摩尔分数至20.0%,热流密度和质量流量由出口温度限制,保证冷凝发生且不结冰,旨在为回热器设计提供工程参考的理论依据。
选择结构化网格对流体域进行网格划分。SST k-ω湍流模型对近壁面区域的网格质量具有较高要求,因此加密了近壁面区域的网格,精密设置了第1层网格高度,确保近壁面处的无量纲距离y+小于1,所划分的网格体系能够精准捕捉近壁面处的复杂流态。
在压力3.55 MPa、入口温度340.5 ℃、质量流量2.5×10–4 kg/s、热流密度–9 kW/m2、水蒸气摩尔分数3.3%的工况下,针对不同核心网格尺寸和横向网格尺寸选取了6种网格,在不同网格尺寸下,物理模型的网格数和平均壁温存在偏差,具体见表2。由表2可以看出,总网格数越多,平均壁温偏差越小,计算结果的精度越高。以案例6的网格数为基准作对比,平均壁温偏差均小于0.1%,网格无关性较好。为了在保持计算精度的前提下尽量减少计算时间,选择网格3进行后续模拟。
目前CO2/H2O复合工质冷凝流动传热的实验数据较少,为验证数值模拟的准确性,将模拟结果与Dang等人[31]的纯CO2冷却经典实验数据进行对比验证。模型验证边界条件设置为:管径D为2 mm,压力p为9 MPa,质量流量G为2.4 kg/ms,热流密度q为–12 kW/m2。模拟与实验结果对比如图3所示。由图3可以看出,模拟和实验数据的最大相对误差为8.57%。综上,本研究的模型与文献中的模型有很好的一致性。
在压力为3.55 MPa、温度为340.5 ℃、水蒸气摩尔分数为20%的流体入口边界条件下,分析质量流量和热流密度对传热传质的影响,结果如图4所示。
图4观察到:当质量流量为2×10–4~4×10–4 kg/s时,平均表面传热系数随质量流量增大而增大,这是由于随着工质质量流量的增大,其雷诺数和湍流强度增大,显著增强了流体的混合能力并减薄了热边界层;但在热流密度为–14~–12 kW/m2范围内,当G=2×10–4 kg/s时平均表面传热系数随热流密度增大不断减小,G=3×10–4 kg/s时不同热流密度工况下平均表面传热系数相差不大,而当G=4×10–4 kg/s时传热系数主要由潜热释放主导,冷凝过程中传热系数处于持续上升阶段,平均表面传热系数随热流密度增大不断增大。
质量流量和热流密度对轴向传热系数的影响如图5所示。可以看出:在管道入口处为单相气体强制对流,由于入口效应,流动处于热边界层和速度边界层的发展阶段,湍流强度较高,边界层较薄,导致轴向表面传热系数略微增大;随着流动进入充分发展段,边界层趋于稳定,传热系数下降;当气体温度降至露点以下时,水蒸气开始冷凝,释放潜热,潜热传递显著增强传热效率,导致轴向表面传热系数急剧上升,此时液膜极薄,导热热阻较小,潜热主导传热过程;虽然CO2会在液膜表面形成扩散阻力,但初始冷凝阶段水蒸气分压较高,传质驱动力大,潜热释放的贡献超过不凝气体的抑制效应,因此传热系数仍大幅上升;随着冷凝进行,液膜厚度逐渐增加,导热热阻增大,导致传热系数下降且水蒸气分压降低,由于不凝气体的累积效应,CO2在液膜附近富集,形成传质边界层,水蒸气需扩散通过此层才能冷凝,传质阻力增大,冷凝速率下降,传热效率降低;此外,随着水蒸气含量减少,剩余气体的过冷度降低,冷凝驱动力减弱,进一步降低了传热系数。
不同质量流量下,平均传热系数随热流密度的变化规律存在差异。
G=2×10–4 kg/s时的结果如图5a)所示:当热流密度增加时,轴向表面传热系数在冷凝起始阶段稍稍有所提高,这主要是由于在冷凝起始阶段,高热流密度导致蒸汽快速冷凝,冷凝起始点向入口方向移动,此时,气相核心温度较高,水蒸气分压较大,单位时间内潜热释放量更大,冷凝速率更高,液膜尚未充分发展,导热热阻较小,传热系数更高;但随着冷凝的进行,高热流密度导致液膜加速积累,CO2富集更快,导热热阻和传质阻力显著增加,且冷凝驱动力非线性衰减,抑制传热系数进一步升高,传热系数峰值更低,因此高热流密度工况的轴向表面传热系数明显低于低热流密度工况。
G=3×10–4 kg/s时的结果如图5b)所示:冷凝过程中,高热流密度工况下轴向表面传热系数的极大值低于低热流密度工况,且高热流密度工况下轴向表面传热系数由上升转为下降的“拐点”更靠近入口方向。
G=4×10–4 kg/s时的结果如图5c)所示:在研究管段长度内,高热流密度下轴向传热系数始终高于低热流密度工况。
热流密度和质量流量对轴向传质速率的影响如图6图7所示。传质速率以体积源项的形式定义,表示单位体积内的质量变化速率,由于Fluent规定液相到气相是正传质,因此水蒸气冷凝传质速率以负值表示。轴向传质速率先增大后减小,本质上是传质驱动力与阻力动态竞争的结果。
根据Nusselt冷凝理论和Fick扩散定律,在冷凝的初始阶段,气液界面的高温差驱动使传质速率快速上升,此时液膜极薄,CO2阻力可以忽略;当潜热释放与导热和传质阻力达到短暂平衡时,传质速率达到峰值;随着液膜增厚、CO2富集以及水蒸气分压和气液界面温差衰减,阻力主导作用显现,导致传质速率衰减。
热流密度和质量流量均会对水蒸气传质速率产生影响。在质量流量2×10–4 kg/s条件下,高热流密度(–14 kW/m2)通过增强温差驱动和潜热释放,使初始阶段传质速率更高,并在800 mm处达到峰值–8.24 kg/(m3·s);然而,液膜快速增厚、CO2传质阻力加剧及驱动力衰减的共同作用,导致后续传质速率下降更快。在热流密度–14 kW/m2条件下,质量流量增大导致湍流增强、液膜增厚被抑制并减少了CO2富集,使冷凝延迟但峰值传质速率升高。低质量流量下(2×10–4、3×10–4 kg/s),液膜与CO2阻力的双重作用导致轴向传质速率先增后减;高质量流量时(4×10–4 kg/s),传质速率在所研究的管长条件下持续增大。
图8q= –14 kW/m2时不同质量流量下出口冷凝水体积分数分布。可以看出,质量流量越大,出口冷凝水体积分数越小。质量流量的变化通过改变流体流动状态和停留时间影响冷凝水体积分数及分布形态。质量流量为2×10–4 kg/s和3×10–4 kg/s时,在重力主导作用下,出口冷凝水聚集在圆管底部,冷凝较充分,体积分数分别为3.06%和1.08%;质量流量为4×10–4 kg/s时,在剪切力主导作用下,出口冷凝水呈环状附着在圆管内壁面上,高流速缩短停留时间,液滴夹带减少液膜积累,导致出口体积分数更低,仅为0.38%。
图9G=2×10–4 kg/s、q= –14 kW/m2时不同截面处冷凝水体积分数分布。液滴冷凝方式为薄膜冷凝,冷凝水沿程逐渐积累并聚集在圆管底部,高热流密度通过强温差驱动潜热释放,克服液膜增厚带来的热阻,维持冷凝效率。
在压力为3.55 MPa、入口温度为340.5 ℃、热流密度为–10 kW/m2的边界条件下,分析入口工质组分对传热传质的影响结果如图10所示。由图10可以看出,在质量流量G=2×10–4 kg/s和热流密度q=–10 kW/m2等其他工况相同的条件下,随入口水蒸气摩尔分数xin(H2O)(3.3%、10.0%和20.0%)的增大,出口冷凝水体积分数φ(H2O)从0.27%增大到1.30%,出口气相中剩余水蒸气摩尔分数xout(H2O)从0.55%增大到7.40%。而由于气液界面饱和温度升高,潜热释放减缓气相冷却,出口流体平均温度Tout随入口水蒸气摩尔分数增加而增加,从21.7 ℃增加到115.1 ℃。此外,潜热释放增强、CO2阻力降低和液膜热阻减小,使得圆管平均传热系数hc从460 W/(m2·K)增加到553 W/(m2·K)。
不同入口水蒸气摩尔分数下轴向传质速率分布如图11所示。由图11可以看出:随着入口水蒸气摩尔分数xin(H2O)的增大,水蒸气分压升高,传质驱动力增强;CO2摩尔分数相对减少,阻力降低,轴向传质速率增大。露点温度升高导致冷凝触发提前,峰值传质速率左移。
通过建立CO2/H2O复合工质冷凝流动传热数值模型,系统研究了质量流量、热流密度及入口组分等关键参数对半闭式S-CO2循环回热器中复合工质冷凝传热传质过程的影响规律。主要结论如下:
1)平均表面传热系数随质量流量增大而增大;然而,不同质量流量下,平均传热系数随热流密度增大的变化规律存在差异。质量流量G=2×10–4 kg/s和G=3×10–4 kg/s时,冷凝过程中轴向传热系数沿流动方向呈现先增大后减小的趋势;G=4×10–4 kg/s时,冷凝过程中传热系数由潜热释放主导,轴向传热系数处于持续上升阶段。
2)冷凝过程中的轴向传质速率沿流动方向呈现先增大后减小的特征。此外,还发现了2种不同的出口冷凝水分布模式:在小质量流量、大热流密度工况下,冷凝水聚集在管道底部;而在大质量流量、小热流密度工况下,冷凝水则呈环状附着在内壁面上。
3)入口组分是影响冷凝过程的关键参数。当入口水蒸气摩尔分数从3.3%增至20.0%时,出口混合工质平均温度从21.7 ℃升至115.1 ℃,出口水蒸气摩尔分数从0.55%大幅提升至7.40%,冷凝水体积分数从0.27%增至1.30%,圆管平均传热系数提升了20.22%;轴向传质速率增大,峰值传质速率向入口移动。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB4102503)
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2026年第55卷第4期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202506111
  • 接收时间:2025-06-25
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-25
  • 修回日期:2025-07-21
  • 录用日期:2025-07-28
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2023YFB4102503)
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB4102503)
作者信息
    1.华中科技大学能源与动力工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074
    2.华中科技大学煤燃烧与低碳利用全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430074

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杨竞择(1995),女,讲师,主要研究方向为热力学及能源的高效利用,
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