Article(id=1295068019806466925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068001842262748, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202509079, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758643200000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-24, revisedDate=1761321600000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-25, acceptedDate=1763395200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-18, onlineDate=1786697877121, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697877121, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697877121, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697877121, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295068001842262748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777046400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697872839, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698854295, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072118417416228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068001842262748, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072118417416229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068001842262748, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=30, endPage=40, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295068020024570734, articleId=1295068019806466925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Numerical simulation of thermo-mechanical response and damage evolution in a lined cavern for compressed air energy storage, columnId=1236714914522395257, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Energy storage technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
[Objective]

Compressed air energy storage (CAES) plays a critical role in stabilizing power systems with high penetration of renewable sources by mitigating intermittency and supporting the achievement of “dual-carbon” objectives. The thermo-mechanical response and damage evolution of an underground lined CAES cavern under repeated operational cycles are investigated based on a 30 000 m³ demonstration project in Zhangbei County.

[Methods]

A coupled thermo-mechanical numerical model is developed using COMSOL Multiphysics, incorporating non-ideal thermodynamics of high-pressure air, a fracture energy-based damage model for concrete, the reinforcing effect of steel bars, and the mechanical behavior of the excavation damaged zone (EDZ).

[Results]

Simulations are conducted under a typical operational cycle comprising 8 h charging, 4 h pressure maintenance, 4 h discharging, and 8 h maintenance. The results reveal significant temperature fluctuations inside the cavern (−30.68~70.18 ℃). Concrete cracking is found to initiate at a low internal pressure (~1.9 MPa) and evolve into circumferentially spaced cracks. Steel reinforcement effectively carries tensile stress at crack locations, demonstrating effective collaboration with concrete. The surrounding rock is shown to bear approximately 97.7% of the internal pressure, with its stiffness significantly affecting lining stress and cavern convergence. Increased EDZ stiffness is observed to improve load transfer and stability. Plastic zones are found to develop predominantly near the cavern crown and bottom during charging, exhibiting irreversible deformation.

[Conclusion]

The synergistic behavior of the steel-concrete-rock composite system is elucidated, providing a theoretical basis for the design and safety assessment of CAES caverns.

, authors=Liang WEI1, Jisheng YANG1, Yongtao ZOU1, Yanming CHEN1, Peng LI2, Zhi WANG3, authorsList=Liang WEI, Jisheng YANG, Yongtao ZOU, Yanming CHEN, Peng LI, Zhi WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jisheng YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295068023912690569, articleId=1295068019806466925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=压气储能衬砌洞室热-力耦合响应与损伤演化数值模拟, columnId=1295068002681123550, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=储能技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
【目的】

压缩空气储能(CAES)技术是平抑可再生能源波动、支撑“双碳”目标实现的关键技术之一,其地下储气库在频繁充放气循环下的热力耦合响应与长期稳定性是工程安全的焦点。

【方法】

以张北县30 000 m3储气库工程为背景,建立了一个热-力-损伤多场耦合数值模型。该模型在COMSOL Multiphysics平台上,综合考虑了高压空气的非理想热力学行为、基于断裂能的混凝土损伤软化、钢筋增强效应以及围岩开挖损伤区(EDZ)的力学折减,系统模拟了充气8 h-保压4 h-放气4 h-保压8 h典型循环下洞室的工作性态。

【结果】

结果表明:洞室内气温剧烈波动(–30.68~70.18 ℃),混凝土衬砌在较低内压(约1.9 MPa)下即萌生裂缝,并随压力升高最终形成环向等间距分布;钢筋在裂缝处出现应力集中,有效承担拉应力,实现了与混凝土的协同工作;围岩承担了约97.7%的内压,其刚度显著影响衬砌应力与洞室收敛变形,提高EDZ刚度可优化荷载传递路径;围岩塑性区在充气阶段于洞室顶底部显著发展,呈现出不可逆的变形特征。

【结论】

研究揭示了钢-钢筋混凝土-围岩复合结构在循环载荷下的协同工作机制与损伤演化规律,研究结论可为CAES人造洞室的设计优化与安全评估提供理论依据。

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魏亮(1981),男,工程师,主要研究方向为压缩空气储能等,

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杨继盛(1978),男,工程师,主要研究方向为压缩空气储能等,
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Physical and mechanical parameters of the materials

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材料弹性模量E/GPa密度/(kg·m–3黏聚力c/MPa内摩擦角φ/(°)泊松比μ抗拉强度σt/MPa
砂土0.0251 7000.01516.70.300.00
强/中风化玄武岩5.0002 5500.40033.00.301.90
微风化玄武岩12.0002 7000.80038.00.282.20
砂砾石0.0401 9500.03019.00.30
强风化泥岩1.5002 1500.10021.00.380.40
混凝土30.0002 5000.202.00
钢材206.0007 8500.30610
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材料物理力学参数

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材料弹性模量E/GPa密度/(kg·m–3黏聚力c/MPa内摩擦角φ/(°)泊松比μ抗拉强度σt/MPa
砂土0.0251 7000.01516.70.300.00
强/中风化玄武岩5.0002 5500.40033.00.301.90
微风化玄武岩12.0002 7000.80038.00.282.20
砂砾石0.0401 9500.03019.00.30
强风化泥岩1.5002 1500.10021.00.380.40
混凝土30.0002 5000.202.00
钢材206.0007 8500.30610
), ArticleFig(id=1295068033240822744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068019806466925, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Calculation parameters for the air and the cavern

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项目数值
气体常量R/(J·(kg·℃)–10.287×103
临界状态的气体压力pc/Pa3.766×106
临界状态的气体温度Tc/℃–140
恒压比热容cp0/(J·(kg·℃)–11.005×103
恒温比热容cv0/(J·(kg·℃)–10.718×103
洞室半径r0/m5
洞室长度H/m170
洞室表面积Ac/m25 340
注入空气的温度Ti/℃20
换热系数hc/(W·(m2·℃)–130
初始洞室压力p0/1
零时刻洞室的气温T0/℃20
注射气体速度mi/(kg·s–148
抽出气体速度me/(kg·s–145
空气摩尔质量/(kg·mol–10.029
), ArticleFig(id=1295068033303737305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068019806466925, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

空气及洞室计算参数

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项目数值
气体常量R/(J·(kg·℃)–10.287×103
临界状态的气体压力pc/Pa3.766×106
临界状态的气体温度Tc/℃–140
恒压比热容cp0/(J·(kg·℃)–11.005×103
恒温比热容cv0/(J·(kg·℃)–10.718×103
洞室半径r0/m5
洞室长度H/m170
洞室表面积Ac/m25 340
注入空气的温度Ti/℃20
换热系数hc/(W·(m2·℃)–130
初始洞室压力p0/1
零时刻洞室的气温T0/℃20
注射气体速度mi/(kg·s–148
抽出气体速度me/(kg·s–145
空气摩尔质量/(kg·mol–10.029
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压气储能衬砌洞室热-力耦合响应与损伤演化数值模拟
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魏亮 1 , 杨继盛 1 , 邹永涛 1 , 陈艳明 1 , 李鹏 2 , 王志 3
热力发电 | 储能技术 2026,55(4): 30-40
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热力发电 |储能技术 2026 , 55 (4) : 30 -40
压气储能衬砌洞室热-力耦合响应与损伤演化数值模拟
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魏亮1 , 杨继盛1 , 邹永涛1, 陈艳明1, 李鹏2, 王志3
作者信息
  • 1.青海龙源新能源有限公司,青海 海西州 816000
  • 2.中国电建集团中南勘测设计研究院有限公司,湖南 长沙 410014
  • 3.郑州大学力学与安全工程学院,河南 郑州 450001
通讯作者:
杨继盛(1978),男,工程师,主要研究方向为压缩空气储能等,
作者简介:

魏亮(1981),男,工程师,主要研究方向为压缩空气储能等,

Numerical simulation of thermo-mechanical response and damage evolution in a lined cavern for compressed air energy storage
Liang WEI1 , Jisheng YANG1 , Yongtao ZOU1, Yanming CHEN1, Peng LI2, Zhi WANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.Qinghai Longyuan New Energy Co., Ltd., Haixi Prefecture 816000, China
  • 2.Power China Zhongnan Engineering Corporation Limited, Changsha 410014, China
  • 3.School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202509079
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【目的】

压缩空气储能(CAES)技术是平抑可再生能源波动、支撑“双碳”目标实现的关键技术之一,其地下储气库在频繁充放气循环下的热力耦合响应与长期稳定性是工程安全的焦点。

【方法】

以张北县30 000 m3储气库工程为背景,建立了一个热-力-损伤多场耦合数值模型。该模型在COMSOL Multiphysics平台上,综合考虑了高压空气的非理想热力学行为、基于断裂能的混凝土损伤软化、钢筋增强效应以及围岩开挖损伤区(EDZ)的力学折减,系统模拟了充气8 h-保压4 h-放气4 h-保压8 h典型循环下洞室的工作性态。

【结果】

结果表明:洞室内气温剧烈波动(–30.68~70.18 ℃),混凝土衬砌在较低内压(约1.9 MPa)下即萌生裂缝,并随压力升高最终形成环向等间距分布;钢筋在裂缝处出现应力集中,有效承担拉应力,实现了与混凝土的协同工作;围岩承担了约97.7%的内压,其刚度显著影响衬砌应力与洞室收敛变形,提高EDZ刚度可优化荷载传递路径;围岩塑性区在充气阶段于洞室顶底部显著发展,呈现出不可逆的变形特征。

【结论】

研究揭示了钢-钢筋混凝土-围岩复合结构在循环载荷下的协同工作机制与损伤演化规律,研究结论可为CAES人造洞室的设计优化与安全评估提供理论依据。

压缩空气储能  /  衬砌洞室  /  热-力耦合  /  损伤演化  /  混凝土开裂
[Objective]

Compressed air energy storage (CAES) plays a critical role in stabilizing power systems with high penetration of renewable sources by mitigating intermittency and supporting the achievement of “dual-carbon” objectives. The thermo-mechanical response and damage evolution of an underground lined CAES cavern under repeated operational cycles are investigated based on a 30 000 m³ demonstration project in Zhangbei County.

[Methods]

A coupled thermo-mechanical numerical model is developed using COMSOL Multiphysics, incorporating non-ideal thermodynamics of high-pressure air, a fracture energy-based damage model for concrete, the reinforcing effect of steel bars, and the mechanical behavior of the excavation damaged zone (EDZ).

[Results]

Simulations are conducted under a typical operational cycle comprising 8 h charging, 4 h pressure maintenance, 4 h discharging, and 8 h maintenance. The results reveal significant temperature fluctuations inside the cavern (−30.68~70.18 ℃). Concrete cracking is found to initiate at a low internal pressure (~1.9 MPa) and evolve into circumferentially spaced cracks. Steel reinforcement effectively carries tensile stress at crack locations, demonstrating effective collaboration with concrete. The surrounding rock is shown to bear approximately 97.7% of the internal pressure, with its stiffness significantly affecting lining stress and cavern convergence. Increased EDZ stiffness is observed to improve load transfer and stability. Plastic zones are found to develop predominantly near the cavern crown and bottom during charging, exhibiting irreversible deformation.

[Conclusion]

The synergistic behavior of the steel-concrete-rock composite system is elucidated, providing a theoretical basis for the design and safety assessment of CAES caverns.

compressed air energy storage  /  lined cavern  /  thermo-mechanical coupling  /  damage evolution  /  concrete cracking
魏亮, 杨继盛, 邹永涛, 陈艳明, 李鹏, 王志. 压气储能衬砌洞室热-力耦合响应与损伤演化数值模拟. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (4) : 30 -40 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202509079
Liang WEI, Jisheng YANG, Yongtao ZOU, Yanming CHEN, Peng LI, Zhi WANG. Numerical simulation of thermo-mechanical response and damage evolution in a lined cavern for compressed air energy storage[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (4) : 30 -40 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202509079
构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统,是我国实现“碳达峰、碳中和”战略目标的核心举措。然而,风电、光伏等可再生能源出力固有的间歇性与波动性,对电网的实时平衡与安全稳定运行构成了严峻挑战[1-3]。在此背景下,大规模长时储能技术发挥着“压舱石”的关键作用。其中,压缩空气储能(compressed air energy storage,CAES)凭借其储能规模大(可达百兆瓦级)、使用寿命长(30~50年)以及单位成本相对较低等优势,已成为支撑新型电力系统建设的战略性技术之一[4]
地下储气库作为CAES系统的核心储气设施,其结构安全性、密封性能及长期稳定性直接决定了电站的整体运行效率、经济性与可靠性。当前,主要的地下储气方案包括利用盐穴等天然地质构造[5]、改造废弃矿洞[6]、利用地下含水层[7]以及建造人工衬砌岩石洞室[8]。相比之下,人造衬砌洞室在选址上受特定地质条件的约束较小,可实现较浅的埋深,并能承受更高的运行压力,因而在站点规划的灵活性与大规模储能的适用性方面展现出显著优势,是推动CAES技术广泛商业化应用的关键突破口。
CAES地下储气库的设计在很大程度上借鉴了水电工程中高压隧洞与地下厂房的成熟经验[9-11],但其运行工况却更为复杂与严苛。CAES洞室需承受每日多次的充放气循环荷载,导致内部气体压力与温度发生剧烈的周期性变化。这一过程是典型的非绝热过程:充气时,压缩空气瞬时升温,最高温度可超过426 ℃[12-13];放气时,空气膨胀吸热,温度可骤降至零度以下。此种交变的热力荷载会从洞壁向围岩深部传播,形成波动的温度场[14],进而引发衬砌与围岩体系产生显著的热-力耦合效应,并可能因洞室的周期性胀缩(即“呼吸效应”)而对密封材料的长期耐久性构成威胁[15]
面对上述复杂挑战,国内外学者已开展了系列研究。早期工作多集中于洞室选址的宏观地质准则探讨[16]与围岩稳定性的初步评价[17]。在理论解析方面,周舒威等[18]给出了内压和温度共同作用下洞室应力分布的解析解,为理解热-力耦合机理奠定了基础。随着数值模拟技术的发展,研究逐渐深入到CAES系统的热力学性能分析[19-20],这些工作揭示了洞内空气温度与压力的动态变化规律,并强调了采用真实气体状态方程的重要性。在结构响应方面,近期研究开始更多关注衬砌的力学行为与损伤。崔玉柱等[9]对高压储气硐室钢筋混凝土衬砌的渐进断裂过程进行了数值模拟;Xia等人[8]则采用热-力耦合相场模型研究了衬砌洞室中裂缝的萌生与扩展。此外,围岩开挖损伤区(excavated damage zone,EDZ)的影响也逐渐受到关注,Chen等人[6]分析了含初始EDZ的废弃矿洞用作CAES洞室的稳定性问题。目前相关研究成果多数侧重于热力学分析、围岩稳定性,大部分研究只将衬砌简化为均质弹性体,对于高压空气热力学行为-衬砌结构损伤演化-围岩塑性区发展三者间耦合作用的综合分析不足,缺乏系统性的模拟与阐释[21]。混凝土衬砌是一种脆性材料,在循环热-力载荷下从损伤累积、微裂纹萌生到宏观裂缝形成的全过程,基于一般理想弹塑性模型,不能考虑裂缝开裂过程,急需引入基于断裂力学的损伤演化模拟。
本文以河北省张北县综合能源示范项目中的地下储气库工程为背景,致力于开展钢-钢筋混凝土衬砌洞室在多场耦合作用下的综合性能研究。拟建立一个考虑钢筋增强效应与围岩开挖损伤区的热-力耦合数值模型,旨在精确分析充放气循环过程中洞室气压-温度的动态变化规律以及衬砌-围岩体系的应力分布特征。引入基于断裂能的混凝土损伤模型,以模拟混凝土衬砌在内压与温度共同作用下的开裂起始、扩展过程及最终裂缝分布模式,进而深入揭示钢筋与混凝土的协同工作机制,并为CAES人造洞室的设计与安全评估提供理论依据。
本研究所依托的张北县综合能源储气库工程位于河北省西北部张北县工业园区内,该储气库设计库容为30 000 m3,设计压力10 MPa,设计使用年限30年,由2个平行布置的储气洞室、1条连接巷道和2个竖井组成。洞室区地层结构根据地质勘察结果自上而下依次为:20 m厚砂土层、55 m厚强/中风化玄武岩、40 m厚微风化玄武岩、10 m厚砂砾石层、25 m厚强风化泥岩层。其中1号洞室轴线长215 m,2号洞室轴线长170 m。2个洞室间距70 m,洞室采用圆形断面,净直径10 m,中心埋深89 m,洞室主体位于微风化玄武岩层。衬砌结构采用复合衬砌形式,内层密封层为厚20 mm的07MnMoVR高强度钢板,外层为钢筋混凝土衬砌,共同组成承压与密封体系。洞室的埋深较浅,根据工程地质勘察数据,围岩地层及衬砌物理力学参数见表1
本研究采用COMSOL Multiphysics多物理场仿真平台,建立了描述压缩空气储能地下洞室复杂工作性态的热-力-损伤多场耦合数学模型。该模型综合考虑高压空气的热力学行为、衬砌与围岩结构的力学响应、混凝土材料的损伤演化过程以及各物理场之间的相互作用机制。
基于质量守恒方程、能量守恒方程以及气体状态方程,忽略空气温度和压力在洞室空间上的不均匀分布,假设空气温度和压力的变化只是与时间有关的函数。这种简化的方法极大地降低了仿真计算成本,可以将研究的关注重点放到压缩空气储能热力学响应引起的后续问题中,在相关研究中得到较为广泛的应用[20]
气体质量守恒方程为:
Vdρdt=(Fi+Fe)m˙c
气体能量守恒方程为:
VρcνdTadt=Fim˙c(hih+ZRTa+ρuρ|Ta)+Fim˙c(ZRT+ρuρ|Ta)+Q˙
气体状态方程为:
p=ZρRT
空气的热力学性质为:
cνcν0,hihcp0(TiTa),uρ|TaRTa02ZT0ρ0Z=19pa128pcTcTa(6Tc2Ta21)
压缩空气与洞室表面的热对流交换传热效率为:
Q˙=hcAc(T(r0,t)Ta(t))
式中:ρ为空气密度;V为洞室体积;uh为比内能和焓;Q˙为传热速率;m˙c为质量流率;FiFe为无量纲的质量流率;R为空气常数;TaTi分别为空气温度和充入空气温度;cvcp分别为恒定体积和恒定压力条件下空气的比热容;Z为空气压缩系数;Ta0cv0cp0ZT0为初始状态下的值;pcTc分别为临界状态的气体压力和气体温度;hc为平均对流换热系数;Ac为指洞室壁的表面积;Tr0t)为洞室壁的表面面积。
FiFe是周期性的无量纲周期函数,Fi在充气时间是1,Fe在放气时间是–DD表示为放气质量流动速率与充气质量流动速率之比。充放气周期内的FiFe可以表示为图1
脆性材料(如混凝土或陶瓷)在受到机械载荷时会经历一系列变形过程。初始阶段表现为弹性变形,当应力或应变超过临界水平时,材料将进入非线性断裂阶段。在达到这个临界值时,裂纹开始产生并扩展,最终导致材料发生断裂。
对于混凝土模型的应变损伤可以基于荷载函数f定义:
f=εeqκ0
式中:εeq为等效应变,弹性应变的标量测量;κ为状态变量,演化遵循Karush-Kuhn-Tucker加载、卸载条件[22]
不同损伤模型的等效应变εeq定义不同。本研究采用朗肯损伤模型,将最大未损伤主应力σ1的等效应变定义为:
εeq=σ1/E
式中:< >为麦考利括号;E为杨氏模量。之所以使用麦考利括号,是因为在这里,认为只有拉伸(正)应力会造成损坏。
基于最大主弹性应变εelp1的等效应变定义为:
εeq=εelp1
未损坏主应力的等效应变可以定义为:
εeq=σ12+σ22+σ32/E
标量损伤模型的一个关键组成部分是定义损伤演化规律,本文采用多项式应变软化定律[23]
d(κ)={1ε0κ[1+(κε0εfε0)2(2κε0εfε03)],κε00,κ<ε0
εf=2Gfσthcb+ε02
式中:ε0为损伤的开始的应变,可以根据抗拉强度σt和杨氏模量E计算,ε0t/Eεf为破坏应变,可以通过抗拉强度、特征元素尺寸hcb和单位体积断裂能Gf确定。
取混凝土抗拉强度为2 MPa,根据文献[24-25],断裂能尚未有确定的取值,考虑到配筋的影响,本文取断裂能为220 J/m2
数值模型在COMSOL Multiphysics中求解,首先将充放气的质量流量、空气的热力学参数和洞室尺寸参数代入式(1)—式(4)求解空气的温度和压力。根据式(5)计算温度作为热源传递到洞室边界的固体区域。计算得到的压力作为应力边界施加到固体区域;然后将传热参数和材料参数、应力和位移边界条件输入到固体区域,并调用软件的内部传热和弹性动力学方程求解温度场和变形场。最后将求解的温度转移到固体和气体的表面进行传热,重新耦合气体热力学方程,并重复上述过程,直到所有过程都求解完毕。具体研究步骤如下:
步骤1初始地应力平衡 获得了结构所有部分在重力作用下的变形和应力,并进行保存。然后作为预应力施加在后面的计算步骤,以获得初始地应力平衡状态下岩体内部的应力。
步骤2热力学微分方程 建立热力学全局微分方程,并根据初始空气状态参数计算初始值。将这些方程中包含的热源项与洞室边界处的固体传热方程相耦合。
步骤3耦合求解 对充放气过程进行多场耦合解,并将从全局微分方程中获得的压力和温度的初始值应用于洞室边界。此外,通过逐步耦合迭代可以获得整个过程的全局参数和应力分布。
数值计算中需要用到的空气参数及洞室参数列于表2
洞室围岩地层共分为5层,在洞室周边设置半径为10 m的围岩开挖损伤区,通过折减弹性模量的方式模拟围岩损伤效应,取EDZ围岩的弹性模量为完整岩层的0.5~1.0倍,模型尺寸综合考虑洞室间距和边界效应影响,由于2个洞室间距为70 m可以认为相互无影响。取单洞进行建模分析,确定水平方向取洞室中心线两侧各35 m,垂直方向从地表至洞室底部以下150 m。整个模型网格划分采用三角形单元,网格质量系数控制在0.80以上,确保计算精度,在洞室周围形成了密集的网格区域。为了验证网格质量的适用性,构建3套不同单元数量的网格(11 414、18 486、24 720个单元),对比了充气峰值时刻洞室的水平位移与钢衬的最大应力。结果表明,当网格数量从11 414增加至18 486时,计算结果变化超过大于6.6%;当网格数量从18 486继续增加至24 720时,最大变化率已经小于0.7%。本研究采用18 486单元的网格模型,模型的网格划分如图2所示。
模型底部采用固定约束,两侧施加法向位移约束,地表为自由边界。为了考虑钢筋对于混凝土衬砌应力分布的影响,采用钢筋嵌入衬砌的建模方法模拟钢筋作用,不考虑钢筋与混凝土之间的粘结滑移。整体受到重力作用,钢衬内边界受到气压的作用。初始温度为均匀分布20 ℃,固体区域考虑热传递。考虑到衬砌各层之间接触紧密,忽略界面接触热阻。
考虑到洞室开挖后围岩应力重分布的影响,采用“初始地应力平衡”方法消除开挖引起的初始位移。首先计算仅受重力作用下的初始应力场,然后将位移场清零并保持应力状态作为后续分析的初始条件。洞室工作工况设定为:充气8 h、保压4 h、放气4 h、再保压8 h的典型运行循环工况。
本文采用2次地应力平衡,首先仅在全场加载重力荷载,计算得到各个地层的地应力;第2步将地应力作为初始预应力施加于单元与节点上,其他约束条件不变,仅施加重力得到第1次平衡的初始地应力;第3步将第1次平衡的初始地应力作为预应力施加,仅施加重力得到第2次平衡地应力;第4步,将第2次平衡的初始地应力作为预应力施加,在此基础上施加多场耦合荷载、嵌入钢筋、添加混凝土损伤条件进行计算。初始地应力平衡结果如图3所示。计算结果得到第2次初始地应力平衡后,整个模型最大竖向位移达到了10–16 m的量级,可见初始地应力得到了很好的平衡。
洞室内压力和温度随着时间变化规律如图4所示。模拟结果表明,当充气质量速度为48 kg/s时,充气结束时的洞室气压可以达到10.33 MPa,满足储气库的设计压力10 MPa,在开始充气的0.1 h内,空气温度从20 ℃迅速上升到41 ℃,说明短时间内压缩空气会产生大量压缩热,之后气温非线性缓慢增加,在循环充放气过程中,洞室内空气温度呈现大幅波动特征。最高温度70.18 ℃出现在充气气压达到最大值时,而最低温度–30.68 ℃则发生在放气气压最低时。这种剧烈温度变化源于空气压缩和膨胀过程中的热力学效应:压缩过程中空气温度升高,而膨胀过程中空气温度则急剧下降。洞室内壁温度变化相对空气温度变化更为平缓,内壁上最高温度为55.76 ℃,滞后于空气温度0.6 h,内壁上最低温度为7.05 ℃,与空气最低温度几乎同时出现。这是由于混凝土材料的热惯性较大,对温度变化可起到缓冲作用。在放气结束后,空气温度快速上升与洞壁温度达到一致。由于张北项目尚未投入运行,相关运行工况尚未有条件进行测试验证,本文采用的方法已经在平江试验洞室的计算中得到验证[21],其洞室热力学响应与力学响应均呈现相同的规律。
以洞室中部内壁作为水平位置零点,向右为x正方向,图5a)绘出了保压阶段t=8.6 h时,温度随水平位置变化的规律。从图5a)中可以看出,洞室内壁温度随半径增加而快速下降,呈均匀环形分布,在混凝土与围岩交界面基本已经达到与初始温度一致,可见,对于混凝土等低导热介质,温度的影响范围较小。图5b)显示了不同充放气时刻洞室水平位置温度分布规律,从图5b)中可以看出,从充气结束时刻到保压结束时刻,钢衬温度出现了下降,而混凝土衬砌内温度有所升高,这说明充气结束后,由于热传导,钢衬的热量向混凝土传递。当放气结束后,钢衬壁面的温度降低到了7.05 ℃,而混凝土厚度0.2 m以外的区域温度并没有明显降低(对比保压结束时刻),说明放气过程参与热量传递的混凝土仅仅为厚度0.2 m的混凝土。当循环结束时刻,混凝土继续向洞室内传递热量,最终的钢衬壁面温度达到初始充气时刻温度20 ℃,最终的混凝土内部仅有部分温度略高于20 ℃。
图6图7为不同时刻下混凝土开裂过程以及相应钢筋的应力变化规律,取混凝土等效应变大于2×10–4作为开裂观察应变。从图6图7可以看出:当充气时间达到1.5 h,气压达到了1.90 MPa时,混凝土衬砌首先在洞顶稍偏右位置开始出现裂缝,并很快在裂纹周围形成新的裂缝,此时钢筋的应力均匀分布,最大应力分布在内层钢筋的顶部、腰部、底部,外层钢筋在混凝土开裂位置出现局部应力集中;当充气时间达到2 h,气压达到了2.52 MPa时,洞室顶部范围内混凝土已经逐步开裂,形成了较大区域,此时钢筋应力在混凝土开裂位置出现不连续的最大值;当充气时间达到2.5 h,气压达到了3.14 MPa时,洞室顶部范围内,混凝土开裂范围与开裂宽度持续增加,裂缝间距呈均匀分布,相应的钢筋最大应力与开裂位置相呼应;随着充气压力的不断增加,当充气时间达到4.5 h时,衬砌内均形成了近似等间距的裂纹,洞顶和洞底附近的钢筋应力最大;最后当充气充满时(t=8 h),裂缝继续扩展,并形成较宽的等间距缝隙,钢筋的应力由洞顶和洞底向腰部转移。由此可见,由于混凝土抗拉强度较弱,在充气内压作用下,很小的压力会使混凝土开裂,并由第1条裂缝逐渐形成裂缝带,最终形成全衬砌的近似等间距裂缝,钢筋与混凝土协同工作情况良好,开裂区的抗拉全部由钢筋承担。
图8为基于摩尔-库伦准则计算的洞室周边围岩塑性区随时间的发展过程。计算结果表明:在充气开始1.5 h后,塑性区最初出现在洞室顶部围岩与混凝土衬砌的接触界面处。该部位塑性变形的萌生与混凝土衬砌的开裂在时间上表现出高度一致性,揭示了二者在力学响应上的关联性;随着充气过程的持续和内压的升高(t=4.5 h),塑性区范围显著扩展,并在洞室顶部和底部呈现出明显的竖向菱形分布形态。这一分布特征与洞室在内外压力联合作用下的应力重分布规律相关。至充气结束时(t=8 h),塑性区已发展为环绕洞室的环状分布,但最大塑性应变仍集中于顶、底部位,且向上部地层有所延伸;在保压阶段末期(t=12 h),塑性区范围保持稳定,最大塑性应变值因内部气压与温度的轻微下降而略有减小,表现出与荷载变化一致的响应;放气结束后(t=16 h),塑性区迅速回缩,形成紧贴洞室周边的环状分布,且最大塑性应变呈均匀环状分布;在整个循环结束时(t=24 h),塑性区未发生进一步变化,表明围岩变形在此阶段已达到稳定状态。塑性区发展过程说明,围岩的塑性变形主要集中在加压阶段,且在循环荷载作用下表现出明显的不可恢复变形特征。顶底部位作为塑性应变集中区,需在设计中予以重点关注。
钢衬和钢筋应力分布如图9所示。在混凝土发生开裂的情况下,钢管和钢筋的应力分布呈现显著的局部特征。在未开裂区域,混凝土与钢材(包括钢筋和钢衬)粘结良好,三者共同工作,应力分布相对均匀。当混凝土在某一截面开裂退出抗拉工作,该截面处原本由混凝土承担的环向拉应力瞬间转移给钢筋和钢衬。这种力的集中转移导致裂缝处的钢筋和钢衬应力出现局部集中,高于邻近未开裂区域的平均值。最大钢衬砌应力(305 MPa)出现在洞顶偏左位置,钢筋应力最大值(371 MPa)出现在腰身靠上的位置,且内层钢筋应力大于外层钢筋,这是因为从截面受力看,内侧纤维的拉应变大于外侧。靠近内侧的钢筋,其应变和应力大于外侧钢筋。
图10显示了在混凝土衬砌开裂工况下,洞室围岩的环向压应力分布规律。应力分布呈现典型的由内向外逐步衰减的特征,越靠近混凝土衬砌的围岩,其压应力集中程度越高。揭示了围岩在承载体系中的核心作用。在混凝土衬砌开裂后,其抗拉能力基本丧失,不再能有效分担环向拉应力。原本由混凝土承担的大部分内压荷载必须重新分配,并几乎全部转移给围岩。围岩的最大压应力达到了10.10 MPa,最大充气压力为10.33 MPa,可见围岩承担了全部压力的97.7%。在不同结构层之间,内压的分配主要由各层刚度决定:刚度较大的结构层承担的内压份额较高,而刚度较小的结构层所承担的内压相应较低。为协调各结构层的共同抗压作用,建议增大各结构层的刚度,对近洞室周围的围岩进行加固,以增大其结构刚度。
本文采用弹性模量折减法来量化分析围岩开挖损伤区对压缩空气储能洞室安全性的影响。通过将损伤区弹性模量设置为完整岩石弹性模量的0.5~1.0倍进行参数化计算,结果如图11所示。从图11中可以看出,随着损伤区弹性模量(即刚度)的增加,围岩在内部气压荷载下的径向收敛变形显著减小。这直观地表明,一个完整性好、刚度高的围岩环能够更有效地抵抗内部压力,将变形控制在更低水平。其内在机理在于,更高刚度的岩体在相同荷载下产生的应变更小,从而提升了洞室的整体稳定性。钢衬和钢筋中的应力水平随围岩刚度增加而有所降低。在“围岩-衬砌”支护体系中,两者共同承担内压。当损伤区刚度较低时,它会发生较大变形,无法为衬砌提供有效的“围压”支撑,导致绝大部分内压由衬砌独自承担,使其应力状态接近“薄壁圆筒”理论计算值。反之,当围岩刚度较高时,其分担内压的比例大幅增加,衬砌所需承担的荷载相应减小,从而实现了应力的优化重分布,提高了衬砌的安全裕度。建议施工过程中采用控制性开挖技术,最大限度地减小EDZ的范围和损伤程度,对于保障洞室长期性能至关重要。
为了研究循环充放气工况下洞室的响应,本研究选取10天作为一个循环单元进行计算,洞室初始气压和保留气压均为1 MPa,充气速率为44 kg/s,其他计算条件不变。计算结果表明,循环过程中混凝土全部开裂退出工作,循环工况下洞室的气压和温度均有小幅度变化,具体如图12所示。在每个充放气周期中,空气温度、洞壁温度、气压均呈现明显的周期性变化,压力变化范围大致在10.3~10.7 MPa,压力变化规律一致,说明洞室密封性良好,无明显泄漏,系统运行安全可靠。空气温度变化范围大致在66~70 ℃,温度波动幅度较小,表明洞室具有良好的热惯性,能够有效缓冲温度变化,减少热应力对结构的影响。10个周期内响应规律一致,表明系统具备良好的循环稳定性,适合长期运行。
图13为不同循环的充气结束时刻和放气结束时刻洞室不同水平位置的温度分布规律。
图13中可以看出:洞室周边的充气结束时刻的温度随着水平位置X的增加而非线性减小,第1次循环内温度仅在衬砌内(0.5 m内)有变化,其他区域温度基本不会随着充气而增加,随着循环次数的增加,温度逐渐向围岩内传递,当循环次数达到10次时,围岩温度变化范围达到了3 m左右;放气结束时刻的温度呈现波形变化,最大温度发生在混凝土内,可见放气结束洞室内气体温度迅速与洞室内壁发生热交换,导致靠近混凝土衬砌的区域温度下降,由于热传递具有滞后性,靠近围岩一侧的混凝土温度尚未发生大幅下降,热传递对于控制洞室内气体的变化幅度具有重要作用。
本文基于热-力耦合数值模型,引入基于断裂能的衬砌损伤模型,针对压气储能洞室钢-钢筋混凝土衬砌-围岩损伤区-完整岩石的复合结构,研究洞室在循环充放气荷载下的工作性态,主要结论如下。
1)混凝土衬砌在较低内压(约1.9 MPa)下即发生开裂,随着内压升高逐渐形成环向等间距裂缝,裂缝贯穿衬砌厚度并呈径向分布;钢筋在裂缝处出现应力集中,有效承担拉应力,与混凝土协同工作性能良好。
2)围岩承担了绝大部分内压(约97.7%),其刚度对衬砌应力分布和洞室收敛变形具有显著影响。提高围岩刚度可优化荷载传递路径,减小衬砌应力水平,增强整体稳定性。
3)围岩塑性区主要在充气阶段发展,集中于洞室顶底部位,呈菱形分布,随荷载循环发生不可逆变形。开挖损伤区(EDZ)的刚度对洞室变形和衬砌应力影响显著,施工中应控制开挖损伤,减小EDZ范围。
4)洞室内气温在充放气过程中剧烈波动(–30.68~70.18 ℃),混凝土衬砌因热惯性表现出温度响应滞后;温度梯度主要集中在衬砌内层0.2 m范围内,对外层混凝土和围岩影响较小。
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202509079
  • 接收时间:2025-09-24
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2025-09-24
  • 修回日期:2025-10-25
  • 录用日期:2025-11-18
基金
Scientific and Technological Innovation Talent Project of Hunan Furong Program(2025RC5004)
湖南省芙蓉计划科技创新人才项目(2025RC5004)
Core Research Project of Power China Group(DJ-HCGG-2024-06)
电建集团核心攻关项目(DJ-HCGG-2024-06)
Major Special Project of Power China Group(ZSGN-KW2404-006)
电建集团重大专项项目(ZSGN-KW2404-006)
作者信息
    1.青海龙源新能源有限公司,青海 海西州 816000
    2.中国电建集团中南勘测设计研究院有限公司,湖南 长沙 410014
    3.郑州大学力学与安全工程学院,河南 郑州 450001

通讯作者:

杨继盛(1978),男,工程师,主要研究方向为压缩空气储能等,
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/10.19666/j.rlfd.202509079
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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