Article(id=1295068003180236970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068001842262748, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202507119, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751558400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-04, revisedDate=1754236800000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-04, acceptedDate=1754409600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-06, onlineDate=1786697873158, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697873158, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697873158, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697873158, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295068001842262748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777046400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697872839, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698854295, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072118417416228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068001842262748, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072118417416229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068001842262748, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=11, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295068003813576875, articleId=1295068003180236970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Research on cyclic characteristics of a novel composite cold storage packed bed, columnId=1236714914522395257, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Energy storage technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To further improve the cycling performance of the cold storage packed bed for liquid air energy storage systems, a multi-cycle study was conducted on the two-dimensional continuous solid-phase model of the cold storage packed bed using the finite element simulation method. Performance improvement methods for filling phase change materials at the top of a packed bed in two different ways were proposed and analyzed. The influence of the thermal physical properties and filling thickness of different phase change materials on the key parameters of the composite cold storage packed beds was discussed. The results show that both the composite cold storage packed bed and the solid-phase cold storage packed bed have an increase in round-trip efficiency with the cycle times, and tend to a quasi-steady state in the 10th cycle. As the intermediate phase transition temperature of the phase change material increases, the rate of phase transition occurring in the cycle gradually decreases. The composite cold storage packed bed filled with phase change materials with higher intermediate phase change temperature, higher volumetric heat capacity, and higher latent heat of phase change exhibits better performance. Increasing the filling thickness of phase change materials can help further improve the performance of composite cold storage packed beds. The composite cold storage packed bed with the best comprehensive performance shows an increase of 15.2% in cold storage density and 0.22 percentage points in round-trip efficiency compared to the solid phase cold storage packed bed, while the cold storage efficiency only decreases by 1.52 percentage points. The research can provide theoretical guidance for the design of cold storage packed bed systems for large capacity liquid air energy storage.

, authors=Qing HE, Yundou BAI, authorsList=Qing HE, Yundou BAI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295068007957549259, articleId=1295068003180236970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=新型复合蓄冷填充床的循环特性研究, columnId=1295068002681123550, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=储能技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为进一步提升液态空气储能蓄冷填充床的循环性能,采用有限元方法对二维连续固相模型的蓄冷填充床进行多循环研究,提出并分析了在填充床顶部以2种方式填充相变材料的性能改进方法,讨论了相变材料的热物理性质和填充厚度对复合蓄冷填充床关键性参数的影响。结果表明:复合蓄冷填充床与固相蓄冷填充床的往返效率均随循环次数增加而提高,在第10次循环后趋于准稳态,随着相变材料中间相变温度的升高,相变材料在循环中发生相变的概率逐渐降低;填充具有更高中间相变温度、体积热容及相变潜热的相变材料的复合蓄冷填充床,表现出更优的蓄/释冷性能;增加相变材料的填充厚度有助于进一步提升复合蓄冷填充床的整体性能;综合表现最佳的复合蓄冷填充床相较于固相蓄冷填充床,其蓄冷密度和往返效率分别提升15.2%和0.22百分点,而蓄冷效率仅降低了1.52百分点。该研究结果可为大容量液态空气储能的蓄冷填充床系统设计提供理论指导。

, authors=何青, 白云斗, authorsList=何青, 白云斗, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

何青(1962),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为压缩空气储能,

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何青(1962),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为压缩空气储能,

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Journal of Energy Storage, 2024, 101: 113753., articleTitle=Numerical study on the cyclic cold storage performance in a solid-packed bed tank, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1295068015469547785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068003180236970, awardId=2024YFE0208500, language=EN, fundingSource=National Key Research and Development Program(2024YFE0208500), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1295068015545045258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068003180236970, awardId=2024YFE0208500, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFE0208500), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1295068008175653068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068003180236970, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295068008184041677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068003180236970, companyId=1295068008175653068, 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language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Temperature distributions at the end of quasi steady state cyclic cooling process using different PCM filling methods, figureFileSmall=aVgH7V7+bsdFIdGpgXbrZw==, figureFileBig=p9/YgkQWi7TaDoE7jzXDQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068012239933682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068003180236970, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同PCM填充方式下准稳态循环释冷过程结束时刻温度分布, figureFileSmall=aVgH7V7+bsdFIdGpgXbrZw==, figureFileBig=p9/YgkQWi7TaDoE7jzXDQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068012302848243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068003180236970, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=The quasi steady state cycle cold storage/release outlet temperature using different PCM filling methods, figureFileSmall=zPlwx+kF/d6KwK6JFY3pgQ==, figureFileBig=H5HAgEjPM7TQkCYhQEFkRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068012374151412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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label=Fig.11, caption=Changes of PCM liquid phase ratio during quasi steady state cyclic cold storage process using different PCM filling methods, figureFileSmall=p3jDCe0xmWKpxFHoViyY4Q==, figureFileBig=a5uZ2SWLbm+HWFTYmXoV4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068014257393912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068003180236970, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同PCM填充方式下准稳态循环蓄冷过程PCM液相率变化, figureFileSmall=p3jDCe0xmWKpxFHoViyY4Q==, figureFileBig=a5uZ2SWLbm+HWFTYmXoV4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068014328697081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068003180236970, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Changes of performance parameters with the number of cycles using different thickness filling methods, figureFileSmall=yOxwjUukJU5blbaGCM620w==, figureFileBig=90YoRteIxy3SMVBmv7EHUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068014387417338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068003180236970, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同厚度填充方式下性能参数随循环次数变化, figureFileSmall=yOxwjUukJU5blbaGCM620w==, figureFileBig=90YoRteIxy3SMVBmv7EHUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068014467109115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068003180236970, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Changes of the quasi steady state cyclic storage/ release outlet temperature using different thickness filling methods, figureFileSmall=BGEDf48+f+RmTLpVxno56w==, figureFileBig=2GKhWtwXDXt15czsXRzowA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068014534217980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068003180236970, language=CN, label=图13, caption=不同厚度填充方式下准稳态循环蓄/释冷出口温度变化, figureFileSmall=BGEDf48+f+RmTLpVxno56w==, figureFileBig=2GKhWtwXDXt15czsXRzowA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068014601326845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068003180236970, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=The quasi steady state cycling performances using different thickness filling methods, figureFileSmall=G4jxinJXNHHDIECSv8b3Ig==, figureFileBig=2txixddIKBM8xxfD+nPuRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068014672630014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068003180236970, language=CN, label=图14, caption=不同厚度填充方式下准稳态循环性能对比, figureFileSmall=G4jxinJXNHHDIECSv8b3Ig==, figureFileBig=2txixddIKBM8xxfD+nPuRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068014731350271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068003180236970, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Changes of PCM liquid phase ratio during quasi steady state cyclic cold storage process using different thickness filling methods, figureFileSmall=XjYUZp3k0Dmjz/P8cQXBRw==, figureFileBig=R7z3Pzie8SdC/Q5r5ftKdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068014794264832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068003180236970, language=CN, label=图15, caption=不同厚度填充方式下准稳态循环蓄冷过程PCM液相率变化, figureFileSmall=XjYUZp3k0Dmjz/P8cQXBRw==, figureFileBig=R7z3Pzie8SdC/Q5r5ftKdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068014878150913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068003180236970, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Filling methods for different cases

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
填充方式岩石填充厚度PCM1填充厚度PCM2填充厚度PCM3填充厚度
方案1H
方案23/4H1/4H
方案33/4H1/4H
方案43/4H1/4H
方案55/8H3/8H
方案67/8H1/8H
), ArticleFig(id=1295068014945259778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068003180236970, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同方案的填充方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
填充方式岩石填充厚度PCM1填充厚度PCM2填充厚度PCM3填充厚度
方案1H
方案23/4H1/4H
方案33/4H1/4H
方案43/4H1/4H
方案55/8H3/8H
方案67/8H1/8H
), ArticleFig(id=1295068015008174339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068003180236970, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Thermal physical parameters of the PCM for thermal storage experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
相变温度/K668.3
相变潜热/(kJ·kg–1273.0
固相导热系数/(W·(m·K)–11.69
液相导热系数/(W (m·K)–11.60
固相恒压热容/(J·(kg·K)–11 540
液相恒压热容/(J·(kg·K)–11 640
密度/(kg·m–32 310
), ArticleFig(id=1295068015087866116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068003180236970, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

储热实验的PCM热物理参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
相变温度/K668.3
相变潜热/(kJ·kg–1273.0
固相导热系数/(W·(m·K)–11.69
液相导热系数/(W (m·K)–11.60
固相恒压热容/(J·(kg·K)–11 540
液相恒压热容/(J·(kg·K)–11 640
密度/(kg·m–32 310
), ArticleFig(id=1295068015171752197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068003180236970, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Thermal physical parameters of the materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料项目数值
花岗岩密度/(kg·m–32 680
恒压热容/(kJ·(kg·K)–10.610
导热系数/(W·(m·K)–12.480
膨胀珍珠岩密度/(kg·m–355
恒压比热容/(kJ·(kg·K)–10.75
导热系数/(W·(m·K)–10.023
不锈钢密度/(kg·m–38 000
恒压热容/(kJ·(kg·K)–10.508
导热系数/(W·(m·K)–116.000
PCM1密度/(kg·m–31 180
恒压热容/(kJ·(kg·K)–11.42(固)/3.27(液)
导热系数/(W·(m·K)–10.89(固)/0.50(液)
中间相变温度/K252.05
相变温度区间/K2.10
相变潜热/(kJ·kg–1246.6
PCM2密度/(kg·m–31 267
恒压热容/(kJ·(kg·K)–12.11(固)/3.25(液)
导热系数/(W·(m·K)–12.22(固)/0.6(液)
中间相变温度/K263.65
相变温度区间/K3.00
相变潜热/(kJ·kg–1253.0
PCM3密度/(kg·m–31 490
恒压热容/(kJ·(kg·K)–11.50(固)/3.75(液)
导热系数/(W·(m·K)–10.68(固)/0.54(液)
中间相变温度/K286.27
相变温度区间/K0.46
相变潜热/(kJ·kg–1243.570
), ArticleFig(id=1295068015247249670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068003180236970, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

材料的热物理参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料项目数值
花岗岩密度/(kg·m–32 680
恒压热容/(kJ·(kg·K)–10.610
导热系数/(W·(m·K)–12.480
膨胀珍珠岩密度/(kg·m–355
恒压比热容/(kJ·(kg·K)–10.75
导热系数/(W·(m·K)–10.023
不锈钢密度/(kg·m–38 000
恒压热容/(kJ·(kg·K)–10.508
导热系数/(W·(m·K)–116.000
PCM1密度/(kg·m–31 180
恒压热容/(kJ·(kg·K)–11.42(固)/3.27(液)
导热系数/(W·(m·K)–10.89(固)/0.50(液)
中间相变温度/K252.05
相变温度区间/K2.10
相变潜热/(kJ·kg–1246.6
PCM2密度/(kg·m–31 267
恒压热容/(kJ·(kg·K)–12.11(固)/3.25(液)
导热系数/(W·(m·K)–12.22(固)/0.6(液)
中间相变温度/K263.65
相变温度区间/K3.00
相变潜热/(kJ·kg–1253.0
PCM3密度/(kg·m–31 490
恒压热容/(kJ·(kg·K)–11.50(固)/3.75(液)
导热系数/(W·(m·K)–10.68(固)/0.54(液)
中间相变温度/K286.27
相变温度区间/K0.46
相变潜热/(kJ·kg–1243.570
), ArticleFig(id=1295068015305969927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068003180236970, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Changes of performance parameters of the composite cold storage packed bed

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
填充方式性能参数变化
蓄冷效率/%往返效率/%蓄冷密度/(MJ·m–3
方案2–7.02–0.37+11.69
方案3–5.25–0.09+33.15
方案4–1.52+0.22+23.51
方案5–1.33+0.29+32.80
方案6–1.67+0.20+14.61
), ArticleFig(id=1295068015373078792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068003180236970, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

复合蓄冷填充床性能参数变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
填充方式性能参数变化
蓄冷效率/%往返效率/%蓄冷密度/(MJ·m–3
方案2–7.02–0.37+11.69
方案3–5.25–0.09+33.15
方案4–1.52+0.22+23.51
方案5–1.33+0.29+32.80
方案6–1.67+0.20+14.61
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新型复合蓄冷填充床的循环特性研究
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何青 , 白云斗
热力发电 | 储能技术 2026,55(4): 1-11
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热力发电 |储能技术 2026 , 55 (4) : 1 -11
新型复合蓄冷填充床的循环特性研究
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何青 , 白云斗
作者信息
  • 华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206
作者简介:

何青(1962),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为压缩空气储能,

Research on cyclic characteristics of a novel composite cold storage packed bed
Qing HE , Yundou BAI
Affiliations
  • (School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507119
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为进一步提升液态空气储能蓄冷填充床的循环性能,采用有限元方法对二维连续固相模型的蓄冷填充床进行多循环研究,提出并分析了在填充床顶部以2种方式填充相变材料的性能改进方法,讨论了相变材料的热物理性质和填充厚度对复合蓄冷填充床关键性参数的影响。结果表明:复合蓄冷填充床与固相蓄冷填充床的往返效率均随循环次数增加而提高,在第10次循环后趋于准稳态,随着相变材料中间相变温度的升高,相变材料在循环中发生相变的概率逐渐降低;填充具有更高中间相变温度、体积热容及相变潜热的相变材料的复合蓄冷填充床,表现出更优的蓄/释冷性能;增加相变材料的填充厚度有助于进一步提升复合蓄冷填充床的整体性能;综合表现最佳的复合蓄冷填充床相较于固相蓄冷填充床,其蓄冷密度和往返效率分别提升15.2%和0.22百分点,而蓄冷效率仅降低了1.52百分点。该研究结果可为大容量液态空气储能的蓄冷填充床系统设计提供理论指导。

液态空气储能  /  蓄冷密度  /  填充床  /  性能分析  /  相变材料

To further improve the cycling performance of the cold storage packed bed for liquid air energy storage systems, a multi-cycle study was conducted on the two-dimensional continuous solid-phase model of the cold storage packed bed using the finite element simulation method. Performance improvement methods for filling phase change materials at the top of a packed bed in two different ways were proposed and analyzed. The influence of the thermal physical properties and filling thickness of different phase change materials on the key parameters of the composite cold storage packed beds was discussed. The results show that both the composite cold storage packed bed and the solid-phase cold storage packed bed have an increase in round-trip efficiency with the cycle times, and tend to a quasi-steady state in the 10th cycle. As the intermediate phase transition temperature of the phase change material increases, the rate of phase transition occurring in the cycle gradually decreases. The composite cold storage packed bed filled with phase change materials with higher intermediate phase change temperature, higher volumetric heat capacity, and higher latent heat of phase change exhibits better performance. Increasing the filling thickness of phase change materials can help further improve the performance of composite cold storage packed beds. The composite cold storage packed bed with the best comprehensive performance shows an increase of 15.2% in cold storage density and 0.22 percentage points in round-trip efficiency compared to the solid phase cold storage packed bed, while the cold storage efficiency only decreases by 1.52 percentage points. The research can provide theoretical guidance for the design of cold storage packed bed systems for large capacity liquid air energy storage.

liquid air energy storage  /  cold storage density  /  packed bed  /  performance analysis  /  phase change material
何青, 白云斗. 新型复合蓄冷填充床的循环特性研究. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (4) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507119
Qing HE, Yundou BAI. Research on cyclic characteristics of a novel composite cold storage packed bed[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (4) : 1 -11 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507119
可再生能源在新型电力系统大规模应用时很大程度上受地理环境限制,同时具有间歇性和不可预测性,因此发展新型长时储能对保障能源电力可靠稳定性有着重要作用[1-2]。在各种储能方式中,压缩空气储能(compressed air energy storage,CAES)因其储能容量大、成本低和寿命长等优势正在实现大规模商业化应用[3]。但传统压缩空气储能依赖大体积地下盐穴和人工硐室等密闭容器储存高压气体,导致其发展受到地理条件限制。使用蓄冷子系统的液态空气储能(liquid air energy storage,LAES)通过将空气液化并存储在液体储存罐中,大幅提升了储能密度,同时降低了对特殊地理条件的依赖。但极低的温度要求使得LAES的蓄冷子系统成为整个系统最重要的部分之一,蓄冷子系统的性能将直接影响LAES系统效率。
现今针对LAES的蓄冷填充床的研究可以从填充材料类型分为固相显热蓄冷和相变材料(phase change materials,PCM)相变蓄冷2类。在显热蓄冷方面,Sciacovelli等人[4]使用鹅卵石作为填充材料建立了填充床动态模型,发现蓄冷填充床在20次循环后达到准稳态,循环效率稳定在48%左右。Hüettermann等人[5]对液相蓄冷和固相蓄冷进行了对比研究,发现使用固相蓄冷在6 MPa的压力下往返效率可以提高到60.48%。李国跃[6]发现分级的固相蓄冷方式效率高、冷㶲损失较小,蓄冷效率高达87.4%。Guo等人[7]对填充床存在间歇期和漏冷的情况进行了研究,发现相对于间歇期,漏冷对填充床性能的影响更大,在准稳态循环时,蓄冷填充床的循环效率较理想工况降低了16.8%。Qu等人[8]使用球形颗粒(Al2O3)作为填充材料进行实验研究,结果表明,轴向导热造成的能量损失远小于漏冷损失。孙潇等[9]使用石英岩作为填充材料,在总蓄冷体积不变的条件下对并联填充床数量做了研究,发现随着并联数量的增加,储/释冷量及储释冷效率均下降。相变蓄冷具有材料潜热大、用量小、换热过程近似保持恒温、换热损失小等优点,可削弱温跃层效应,并减少冷能损失[10]。Chen等人[11]使用乙二醇溶液和12种相变材料组成蓄冷子系统,发现减小相变传热温差可以提高储能效率。Tafone等人[12-13]比较了多个PCM级联的蓄冷填充床、单个PCM填充的蓄冷填充床和仅石头填充的填充床,研究表明PCM的加入能够提升6%的液化性能及蓄冷过程的容量比。Mousavi等人[14]从经济学和热力学角度分析了3层相变材料的蓄冷填充床,研究表明该方案的投资回收时间为6.7年,在准稳态时系统总效率为42.5%。
PCM在填充床的高温储热领域应用[15-17]已经非常广泛并且表现出优良的性能,Liao等人[18]在填充床储热研究中以不同PCM厚度在填充床顶部进行填充,研究发现以相变材料-岩石级联的方法可以有效提高填充床的容量比和储热/放热时间。
目前针对PCM在LAES的蓄冷填充床中的研究较少,PCM对蓄冷填充床的循环性能影响尚不明确。为保持蓄冷填充床成本较低的优点,本文仅在填充床顶部使用一定PCM填充,并探究不同PCM填充和不同厚度填充2种填充方法对复合蓄冷填充床性能的影响。
蓄冷填充床主要由蓄冷材料、储存容器和保温层等部分组成。保温层可以有效降低填充床与大气环境换热,减少由于漏冷导致的性能下降。
本文使用的蓄冷填充床几何模型参考吴玉庭等[19]进行几何优化后的14号蓄冷填充床。蓄冷填充床如图1所示。在蓄冷过程中低温换热流体从填充床底部进入,与处于高温的岩石进行换热,将自身的冷能储存到岩石中后从顶部流出完成蓄冷过程;释冷过程中高温换热流体从顶部流入,在换热过程中被低温岩石冷却,随后从底部流出,实现了冷能的存储和取出,完成了一次蓄/释冷循环。其中,D为蓄冷填充床直径,c1c2分别为罐体厚度和保温层厚度,h为封头高度,H为蓄冷材料填充区域的高度。
图2为本文所讨论的复合蓄冷填充床示意。本文仅在填充床顶部填充部分PCM,其余部分用岩石填充。其中填充方式分为2种:第1种在顶部填充相同厚度为1/4H的不同PCM,方案2、方案3和方案4分别填充有1/4H的PCM1、PCM2和PCM3,探讨PCM热物理性质对复合蓄冷填充床性能的影响;第2种为方案5和方案6在填充床顶部以3/8H和1/8H的不同厚度填充PCM3,并与方案4对比,讨论填充厚度对复合蓄冷填充床性能的影响。表1具体描述了本文讨论的6个方案的填充方法。
本节首先给出蓄冷填充床建模所采用的数学模型和蓄冷填充床性能的评价指标,随后进行网格验证并与实验数据对比确定仿真模型的准确性。
为降低数值模拟的复杂程度,在建立仿真模型的过程中,本文使用二维轴对称形式对几何简化并采用以下假设[11]
1)填充材料均匀分布在蓄冷填充床内,各处孔隙率一致;
2)忽略蓄冷填充床内部的辐射换热;
3)将PCM热物性参数视为常数且固液两相密度相同;
4)PCM相变过程无过冷和温度滑移。
蓄冷填充床内换热流体的流动状态由雷诺数Re确定[20]
Re=ρνdμ
式中:d为蓄冷填充床的特征长度,取蓄冷材料直径,m;μ为换热流体的动力黏度,Pa·s;v为换热流体的流速,m/s;ρ为换热流体的密度,kg/m3
由于所研究的蓄冷填充床内径与岩石粒径间的比值较大,可忽略壁面影响,采用经典的Ergun方程[20]来计算填充床内的压降:
ΔPL=150×(1ε)2ε3μUDp2+1.75×1εε3GUDp
Dp=6AL(1ε)St
式中:ΔP为换热流体通过蓄冷填充床的压力损失,Pa;G为蓄冷填充床内换热流体的质量流率,kg/s;ε为孔隙率;U为蓄冷填充床内的流体流速,m/s;Dp为蓄冷材料的等效粒径,m;A为蓄冷填充床的截面积,m2L为蓄冷填充床的高,m;St为蓄冷填充床内总蓄冷材料颗粒表面积,m2
目前对填充床的研究有2个主要模型,分别是连续固相模型[20]和分散同心模型[20]。经计算本文仿真过程中的毕渥数Bi<0.1,可以使用连续固相模型的集总化假设进行建模[20]
(1ε)ρscp,sTst=[(1ε)ksTs]+hv(TfTs)
ερfcp,fTft+ερfcp,fufTf=(εkfTf)+hv(TsTf)
式中:T为温度,K;t为时间,s;u为流体轴向表观速度,m/s;cp为定压比热容,J/(kg·K);k为导热系数,W/(m·K);hv为换热流体与填充材料之间的换热系数,W/(m3·K);下标s、f分别表示填充材料和换热流体。
换热流体与填充材料之间的换热系数[20]
hv=6(1ε)Dphsf
式中:hsf为间隙间换热系数,W/(m2·K)。
间隙间换热系数[20]
hsf=[Dp(1kfNu+110ks)]1
式中:Nu为努塞特数[20]Pr为普朗克数[20]Bi为毕渥数[20]
Nu=2.0+1.1Pr1/3Re0.6
Pr=μcp,fkf
Bi=hsfDp6ks
本文使用表观热容法来描述PCM相变过程,通过修改比热容来考虑相变潜热[20],对于相变过程可以表示为:
θsol+θliq=1
cp=θsolcp,sol+θliqcp,liq+LαmT
αm=12θliqθsolθliq+θsol
kp=θsolksol+θliqkliq
式中:θsolθliq分别为PCM的固相体积分数和液相体积分数;cp,solcp,liq分别为固相PCM和液相PCM的定压比热容,J/(kg·K);L为PCM的相变潜热,kJ/kg;ksolkliq分别为固相PCM和液相PCM的导热系数,W/(m3·K);αm为体积分数。
本文通过引入蓄冷效率[20]描述蓄冷过程中对进入填充床内部的换热流体冷能的储存效果,使用往返效率[20]描述在一个循环中释冷过程中对蓄冷填充床内储存冷能的利用效果,计算式如下:
ηch=0t|qm,chhch,outqm,chhch,in|dt0t|qm,chhdis,inqm,chhch,in|dt
ηr=0t|qm,dishdis,outqm,dishdis,in|dt0t|qm,chhch,outqm,chhch,in|dt
式中:t为蓄/释冷过程所用的时间,s;qm,chqm,dis分别为蓄/释冷过程流入蓄冷填充床流体的质量流率,kg/s;houthin分别为蓄冷填充床出口和入口换热流体的焓值,kJ/kg;ηr为蓄冷填充床的往返效率,%;ηch为蓄冷填充床的蓄冷效率,%。
本文使用蓄冷密度来表示对蓄冷填充床有效蓄冷容积的利用效果,计算式如下:
ρch=1V0t|qm,chhch,outqm,chhch,in|dt
式中:ρch为蓄冷密度,MJ/m3V为蓄冷填充床填充区域的总体积,m3
图3为本研究的网格无关性验证模型中5种网格数下蓄冷过程出口温度随时间的变化。此处对方案4的首次蓄冷过程进行模拟。可以看到5种不同网格数模型在8 h前出口温度均平稳,在8 h后PCM发生相变时,网格数为9 871的模型出口温度发生了突变,网格数为20 985的模型蓄冷时长显著升高,网格数43 977和59 467的模型出口温度曲线基本一致。较低的网格数无法精确捕捉PCM的相变过程,过多的网格又会增大计算时间。综合考虑模型的准确性和复杂性,本文选择43 977的网格数对填充床模型进行空间离散。
针对本研究所用的连续固相模型,通过与Li等人[21]的实验数据进行对照验证方法正确性。实验构建了使用一种三元碳酸盐作为PCM储热球的填充床储热装置,其中储热入口温度为738.15 K,流体质量流量为260 kg/h。PCM小球堆积排列在储热装置中,储热装置总高0.505 m,直径0.260 m。实验装置由PCM封装颗粒、金属支架和保温层组成,装置示意如图1所示。储热过程中换热流体从顶部流进填充床内部并与PCM小球完成换热后从底部流出。其中PCM球径为34 mm,填充床初始温度为598.15 K,PCM的热物理性质参数见表2图4为储热过程填充床内不同无量纲高度处的PCM温度随时间的变化。可以看到数值模拟与实验数据吻合度较高。填充床的连续固相模型已广泛应用于填充床储热领域的数值研究,而储热填充床与蓄冷填充床在物理本质上没有区别,只是温度区间不同。因此本研究的模型可以较好地对填充床储能过程进行仿真。
本文的几何模型为圆柱形填充床,使用二维轴对称型式进行几何简化。蓄冷材料的填充区域高度H为15.99 m,直径D为3.95 m,不锈钢罐体厚度c1为0.113 m。根据长时储能的定义选择间歇期为4 h,并在填充床外侧使用厚度0.15 m的膨胀珍珠岩作为减少漏冷的保温层材料[20],保温层外侧的温度为25 ℃,保温层与环境换热的对流换热系数参考文献[20]选择5 W/(m2·K)。参考Tafone等人[13]的研究设置温度边界条件,蓄冷过程入口温度为117.35 K,释冷过程入口温度为298.15 K,蓄/释冷停止温度分别为223.15/163.15 K。选择球状花岗岩颗粒作为显热固相蓄冷材料。PCM使用中间相变温度由低到高的3种相变材料PCM1[21]、PCM2[22]和PCM3[23],其主要组成物质分别为NaCl水溶液、KCl水溶液和Na2SO4·10H2O。本文选用的填充材料花岗岩的热物理性质取自文献[6],其中花岗岩、膨胀珍珠岩和3种PCM的物理参数见表3
图5为方案1的固相蓄冷填充床首次循环的温度云图。由图5a)可知:蓄冷过程初始时刻填充床内部温度为室温25 ℃,在3.0 h时可以明显看到在深蓝色的蓄冷完成区域和红色的未蓄冷区域出现了温度阶跃区域,该区域为斜温层;随着蓄冷过程的进行,在6.0 h时斜温层到达顶部出口,在出口壁面附近的高温流体和斜温层共同影响下于6.6 h时出口温度平均值到达蓄冷停止温度–50 ℃,蓄冷过程结束。可以看到在斜温层到达出口后随着蓄冷过程的继续会导致部分冷能随着换热流体被带出填充床内部,使得部分冷能浪费,从而降低蓄冷效率。冷能损失是蓄冷过程填充床性能下降的主要因素。在间歇期时,填充床中的主要换热形式为蓄冷材料的轴向导热、蓄冷材料与不锈钢罐体的换热以及壁面漏冷。图5c)释冷过程中:随着高温换热流体从顶部入口流入,蓄冷材料储存的冷能从底部出口被带出,对比图5a),可以明显看到斜温层厚度增加,这将导致蓄冷填充床性能进一步降低;在4.6 h时底部出口温度平均值达到–110 ℃,释冷过程结束,可以看到此时填充床内部仍存在大量冷能未被带出,这将导致蓄冷填充床往返效率降低。
本节从循环特性和循环性能2个角度出发,与传统固相蓄冷填充床方案1对比,分析不同PCM热物理性质对复合蓄冷填充床的影响。
蓄冷填充床在运行中呈现显著的动态特性,这是由于填充床随着蓄/释冷过程的进行其物理场分布和性能会不断变化,随着循环次数增加,上述变化幅度逐渐减小,最终系统趋于准稳态循环。Sciacovelli等人[4]研究发现在20次循环后蓄冷填充床内部趋于稳定,Wang等人[24-25]的研究表明在5次循环后蓄冷填充床内部温度场到达了准稳态。Mousavi等人[14]对3层PCM填充的蓄冷填充床进行研究时发现,14次循环后系统性能几乎不再变化。不同PCM填充方式下性能参数随循环次数的变化如图6所示。
图6可以发现,随着循环次数的增加,不同方案下填充床的效率变化趋势基本一致,即蓄冷效率逐渐降低,往返效率逐渐增大。不同的是,方案1的蓄冷密度呈现先减小后增大的趋势,而方案2,方案3和方案4呈现出先减小后增大再减小的趋势。
本研究中影响蓄冷填充床循环性能参数的原因主要有3个方面:
1)随着蓄冷填充床的运行,其斜温层会逐渐增厚,造成部分冷能被无效带出,从而导致蓄冷效率下降,同时还会使系统在蓄/释冷过程阶段更早达到预设的截止温度,进而造成往返效率下降和蓄冷密度减少;
2)本文考虑了蓄冷填充床罐体的换热过程,由于蓄冷填充床初始温度均为环境温度25 ℃,因此在循环初始阶段,换热流体与罐体的换热量较大,这将导致靠近填充床顶部出口壁面处温度较高(图7),进而导致出口温度提前到达蓄冷停止温度,造成实际蓄冷量减小;
3)与目前部分研究不同[91220],本文几何模型未对入口流体状态做理想化假设,入口几何构造不同导致了蓄冷填充床在未达到准稳态循环时,径向换热存在不均匀的现象,这与第2点都将导致在前几次循环时存在靠近壁面处部分蓄冷材料未参与换热的情况。
图7为方案4在不同循环下蓄冷过程结束时温度分布。以方案4为例,结合图6d)图7可以看到,在第2次循环向第3次循环进行时顶部壁面处有更多的蓄冷材料参与了蓄冷,第3次循环后出现蓄冷密度峰值,随后由于斜温层增厚导致蓄冷密度下降,在第4次循环时所有蓄冷材料均参与蓄冷,同时径向温度分布趋于均匀。同时由图6可知,4个方案下填充床均在到达第10次循环时性能参数基本不再变化,因此认定第10次循环到达准稳态循环。
到达准稳态后,蓄冷填充床的循环特性和性能不再随循环次数的增大出现明显变化。图8a)为准稳态循环释冷过程结束后填充床内温度云图。可以看到方案1大部分区域温度为高温换热流体对应的温度,仅底部存在部分未释放冷能;而复合蓄冷填充床除了顶部已经液化的PCM处于高温区,大部分区域温度与中间相变温度相同。图8b)为填充区域中心轴线处温度分布,在PCM中间相变温度附近的区域被称为平台期,可以发现平台期的温度随PCM中间相变温度增大而升高。可见,填充PCM往往会导致填充床在释能阶段的温度分布出现显著变化[18]
不同PCM填充方式下准稳态循环蓄/释冷出口温度如图9所示。从图9可以看到,复合蓄冷填充床的蓄冷过程顶部出口温度同样存在平台期的现象,出口温度先处于25 ℃的高温区,随后下降到平台期并保持较长的时间,随后较为快速地下降到蓄冷停止温度,平台期温度与PCM的中间相变温度对应。填充PCM对释冷过程底部出口温度趋势影响较小,同时有效增大蓄/释冷时长。
图10为4种方案在不同PCM填充方式下准稳态循环时的性能参数对比。可以发现:填充PCM可显著提高复合蓄冷填充床的蓄冷密度,其中方案3的蓄冷密度最大,相对于方案1提升了21.4%;复合蓄冷填充床的蓄冷效率小幅度下降,随着填充PCM中间相变温度的降低,蓄冷效率逐渐降低,方案2、方案3和方案4分别降低了7.01百分点、5.25百分点和1.52百分点;往返效率变化很小,幅度在0.37百分点以内,其中填充了中间相变温度较高的PCM3的方案4相对于方案1提升了0.22百分点。
图11为不同PCM填充方式下准稳态循环时蓄冷过程PCM液相率变化。由图11可知,由于不同复合蓄冷填充床的PCM中间相变温度不同,因此在蓄/释冷过程发生相变的PCM占比存在显著差异,PCM相变比例随中间相变温度的升高而降低。虽然方案2的PCM1有约52%发生了相变,但是其体积比热容以及相变潜热均低于方案3的PCM2,这导致其蓄冷密度低于方案3。虽然方案4仅有18%的PCM3发生相变,但其在蓄冷过程填充床出口温度较高,冷能损失少,因此其蓄冷密度高于方案2。填充PCM会导致蓄冷效率小幅下降,对往返效率影响很小,可以大幅提高蓄冷密度。
PCM的填充厚度直接影响复合蓄冷填充床的性能。以方案4为对比方案,对比分析不同PCM厚度对复合蓄冷填充床的影响。
图12为不同厚度填充方式下性能参数随循环次数变化的情况。因为径向换热不均,方案5的蓄冷效率在第4次循环时出现峰值。在第10次循环时方案5的蓄冷效率相较于方案4和方案6最大,为90.43%。PCM填充厚度对往返效率影响较小,除首次循环不同方案的往返效率略有差异,其他循环次数下三者往返效率相近。蓄冷密度随PCM填充厚度的增加而增加,在第10次准稳态循环时,方案4、方案5和方案6的蓄冷密度分别为178.21、187.50、169.31 MJ/m3
不同厚度填充方式下准稳态循环蓄/释冷出口温度如图13所示。由图13可知,PCM填充厚度对复合蓄冷填充床准稳态循环出口温度影响较小,蓄冷过程中3个方案的填充床出口温度均在13 ℃附近出现了长时间的平台期。随着PCM厚度的增加蓄/释冷时长均得到延长,其中方案5的蓄冷时长和释冷时长分别达到了7.3 h和6.9 h。
图14为不同厚度填充方式下准稳态循环性能对比。由图14可以发现随着PCM填充厚度的增加,复合蓄冷填充床的蓄冷效率和往返效率都会小幅度增加,而蓄冷密度会明显增大。与方案1相比,方案4、方案5和方案6的蓄冷效率分别降低了1.52百分点、1.33百分点和1.67百分点,往返效率分别提高了0.22百分点、0.29百分点和0.20百分点。
图15为不同厚度填充方式下准稳态循环蓄冷过程PCM液相率的变化。由图15可以看到,随着填充厚度的减小,蓄/释冷过程发生相变的PCM占比逐渐增大。其中方案4、方案5和方案6的初始液相率分别为19%、13%和35%,同时由于PCM填充厚度的减少,蓄冷时长逐渐降低,方案4、方案5和方案6的蓄冷时间分别为6.9、7.3、6.6 h。
前文研究了固相蓄冷填充床和2种不同填充方式下的5种复合蓄冷填充床的多循环特性和性能。表4以方案1的性能参数为基准,列出了填充PCM的复合蓄冷填充床的性能变化。可以看到填充PCM会导致蓄冷效率一定程度下降,随着PCM中间相变温度的降低蓄冷效率下降量逐渐增大。填充PCM对蓄冷填充床往返效率影响较小,但使用高中间相变温度的PCM可以小幅提升复合蓄冷填充床的往返效率。方案3的蓄冷密度相比方案1提高了21.4%,这是因为方案3对应的PCM2由于有着较高的液相率、体积比热容及相变潜热,可见填充PCM可以有效提高蓄冷密度。因此选择高中间相变温度、大体积比热容和高相变潜热的PCM可以有效提高蓄冷填充床性能,同时增大填充厚度有助于进一步提高蓄冷密度。
1)随着循环次数的增大,固相蓄冷填充床和复合蓄冷填充床的往返效率均逐渐增大。填充PCM使得复合蓄冷填充床在释冷过程轴向温度和蓄冷过程出口温度均出现了平台期的现象。平台期的出现使得复合蓄冷填充床的蓄冷效率低于固相蓄冷填充床,随着斜温层的移动,拥有更低温度平台期的复合蓄冷填充床会在出口损失更多的冷能。
2)随着PCM中间相变温度的升高,复合蓄冷填充床的蓄冷效率和往返效率均增大,但在蓄/释冷循环中PCM相变率会减小,进而导致更少的相变潜热被释放。在PCM不变的情况下,增加PCM填充厚度可以小幅提升复合蓄冷填充床的蓄冷效率和往返效率,显著提高蓄冷密度。
3)综合来看,填充PCM对往返效率影响很小,变化幅度在0.37百分点以内。与固相蓄冷填充床相比,复合蓄冷填充床以小幅降低蓄冷效率为代价换取了蓄冷密度的大幅提升。其中,综合表现最好的方案4对比固相蓄冷填充床,使用1/4H的PCM3代替了岩石进行填充,可以将蓄冷密度和往返效率提升15.2%和0.22百分点,而蓄冷效率仅降低了1.52百分点。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFE0208500)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507119
  • 接收时间:2025-07-04
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-04
  • 修回日期:2025-08-04
  • 录用日期:2025-08-06
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2024YFE0208500)
国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFE0208500)
作者信息
    华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206
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