Article(id=1295068002874057390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068001842262748, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202507129, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752076800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-10, revisedDate=1754928000000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-12, acceptedDate=1755792000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-22, onlineDate=1786697873084, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697873084, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697873084, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697873084, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295068001842262748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777046400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697872839, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698854295, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072118417416228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068001842262748, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072118417416229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295068001842262748, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=41, endPage=52, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295068003259933359, articleId=1295068002874057390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Research progress on the preparation and application of industrial solid waste composite thermal storage materials, columnId=1236714914522395257, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Energy storage technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The utilization of industrial solid waste for thermal energy storage represents an innovative approach to address environmental challenges while advancing energy storage technologies. This study comprehensively examines the potential of industrial solid wastes, including coal fly ash, red mud, sewage sludge, gypsum, metallurgical slag, and waste concrete, as composite thermal energy storage materials. The discussion encompasses the material properties, preparation methods, and applications of industrial solid wastes in composite heat storage systems. The study highlights their capacity for high-temperature stability, enhanced thermal conductivity, and phase change material integration, offering significant energy density improvements. Moreover, the review identifies challenges such as material heterogeneity and long-term thermal cycling performance. Strategies for industrial solid waste modification, encapsulation of phase change materials, and innovative composite designs are analyzed to enhance their applicability in sustainable thermal energy storage systems.

, authors=Miao HE1, Yaxuan XIONG1, Jing YAN2, Yanan SU1, Meng LI1, Meichao YIN1, Aitonglu ZHANG1, Xiang LI1, Yanbo FAN1, Shuo LI3, Yang YANG2, Xi TIAN4, Yuting WU5, authorsList=Miao HE, Yaxuan XIONG, Jing YAN, Yanan SU, Meng LI, Meichao YIN, Aitonglu ZHANG, Xiang LI, Yanbo FAN, Shuo LI, Yang YANG, Xi TIAN, Yuting WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yaxuan XIONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295068006707651268, articleId=1295068002874057390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=工业固废复合储热材料制备及应用研究进展, columnId=1295068002681123550, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=储能技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

利用工业固体废弃物(固废)进行热能储存,代表了一种在解决环境挑战的同时推动储能技术发展的创新路径。系统考察了粉煤灰、赤泥、污泥、石膏、冶金渣及废弃混凝土等工业固废作为复合储热材料的潜力,全面探讨了其在复合储热系统中的材料特性、制备工艺及应用实践。研究揭示了此类材料在高温稳定性、导热性强化及相变材料整合方面的优势,可显著提升系统能量密度。同时,指出材料异质性与长期热循环稳定性等关键挑战,并深入分析工业固废改性策略、相变材料封装技术及创新复合设计方法,以增强其在可持续储热系统中的适用性。

, authors=何苗1, 熊亚选1, 闫京2, 苏娅楠1, 李萌1, 尹美超1, 张艾桐露1, 李想1, 樊颜搏1, 李烁3, 杨洋2, 田曦4, 吴玉庭5, authorsList=何苗, 熊亚选, 闫京, 苏娅楠, 李萌, 尹美超, 张艾桐露, 李想, 樊颜搏, 李烁, 杨洋, 田曦, 吴玉庭, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=熊亚选, authorNote=

何苗(1999),女,硕士,主要研究方向为固废碳捕集和材料理论计算,

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熊亚选(1977),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为固废储热和低碳建筑,
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caption=固废基复合相变储热材料制备碳排放与成本对比[51621244154-55], figureFileSmall=wegZBtWKCA/NRQwbrLkp1Q==, figureFileBig=zorO3m2kA/Fd6sBfXA0rVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295068015922537265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068002874057390, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Main chemical compositions of different industrial solid wastes[5-17]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工业固废氧化钙氧化铁氧化镁二氧化硅氧化铝
兰炭灰76.46.175.313.882.18
粉煤灰2.759.220.6254.1726.76
煤矸石0.5~70.2~150.3~336~6015~40
煅烧后赤泥2~830~6003~2010~20
拜耳法赤泥46~497~101.2~1.620~235~7
联合法赤泥43.7~46.86.1~7.5020.0~20.55.4~7.5
高炉渣48.480.305.7825.3113.16
电石渣94.420.170.283.051.35
铜尾矿17.7419.456.1636.075.63
铁尾矿10.337.5837.8537.414.03
石墨尾矿13.367.353.7256.5011.59
金尾矿3.633.882.2762.2113.54
高岭土尾矿1.740.33074.6715.35
镍渣25.966.8715.4041.145.69
), ArticleFig(id=1295068015998034738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068002874057390, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同工业固废的主要化学组成[5-17]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工业固废氧化钙氧化铁氧化镁二氧化硅氧化铝
兰炭灰76.46.175.313.882.18
粉煤灰2.759.220.6254.1726.76
煤矸石0.5~70.2~150.3~336~6015~40
煅烧后赤泥2~830~6003~2010~20
拜耳法赤泥46~497~101.2~1.620~235~7
联合法赤泥43.7~46.86.1~7.5020.0~20.55.4~7.5
高炉渣48.480.305.7825.3113.16
电石渣94.420.170.283.051.35
铜尾矿17.7419.456.1636.075.63
铁尾矿10.337.5837.8537.414.03
石墨尾矿13.367.353.7256.5011.59
金尾矿3.633.882.2762.2113.54
高岭土尾矿1.740.33074.6715.35
镍渣25.966.8715.4041.145.69
), ArticleFig(id=1295068016081920819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068002874057390, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of pore structures between some industrial solid wastes and typical natural silicate minerals[19-24]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料微观形貌比表面积/(m2·g–1平均孔径/nm孔体积/(cm3·g–1
粉煤灰球状16~133.32~500.36~0.75
废弃混凝土柱状4.1740.670.06
污泥焚烧灰片状8.8041.200.14
兰炭灰球状3.9114.710.018
电石渣细胞状0.1318.210.002 4
硅藻土饼状/柱状4~18100~1 0000.11~0.63
高岭石杆状/片状<15613~35
蒙脱石薄片状9~840200.05
珍珠岩细胞状1~200.01
), ArticleFig(id=1295068016153223988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068002874057390, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

部分工业固废与天然硅酸盐矿物的孔结构对比[19-24]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料微观形貌比表面积/(m2·g–1平均孔径/nm孔体积/(cm3·g–1
粉煤灰球状16~133.32~500.36~0.75
废弃混凝土柱状4.1740.670.06
污泥焚烧灰片状8.8041.200.14
兰炭灰球状3.9114.710.018
电石渣细胞状0.1318.210.002 4
硅藻土饼状/柱状4~18100~1 0000.11~0.63
高岭石杆状/片状<15613~35
蒙脱石薄片状9~840200.05
珍珠岩细胞状1~200.01
), ArticleFig(id=1295068016232915765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068002874057390, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Thermogravimetric changes during the heat absorption/release cycle of FSPCM[32]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
循环次数相变焓/(J·g–1相变焓衰减率/%平均相变温度/℃
093.58045.8
10084.309.9246.6
20083.7610.4946.4
40082.8411.4845.6
60082.4911.8545.6
80081.5312.8846.0
), ArticleFig(id=1295068016312607542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068002874057390, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

FSPCM储放热循环中热参数变化[32]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
循环次数相变焓/(J·g–1相变焓衰减率/%平均相变温度/℃
093.58045.8
10084.309.9246.6
20083.7610.4946.4
40082.8411.4845.6
60082.4911.8545.6
80081.5312.8846.0
), ArticleFig(id=1295068016392299319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068002874057390, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Researches on the preparation of FSPCMs by compositing PCMs with gypsum

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微胶囊制备方法PCM主要发现文献
复凝聚法石蜡石膏基质的凝结时间延长,强度降低;当掺量达到10%时,相变材料石膏复合材料的潜热为16.1 J/g[48]
未公开未公开该复合材料的熔融温度和潜热分别为17.76 ℃和19.2 J/g;透明石膏复合材料的透光率达10%[49]
未公开MPCM-12、MPCM-18、MPCM-29复合墙板适用于延缓热量由外向内的传递,并更快速地释放热量[50]
), ArticleFig(id=1295068016467796792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295068002874057390, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

PCM与石膏复合制备FSPCM的研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微胶囊制备方法PCM主要发现文献
复凝聚法石蜡石膏基质的凝结时间延长,强度降低;当掺量达到10%时,相变材料石膏复合材料的潜热为16.1 J/g[48]
未公开未公开该复合材料的熔融温度和潜热分别为17.76 ℃和19.2 J/g;透明石膏复合材料的透光率达10%[49]
未公开MPCM-12、MPCM-18、MPCM-29复合墙板适用于延缓热量由外向内的传递,并更快速地释放热量[50]
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工业固废复合储热材料制备及应用研究进展
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何苗 1 , 熊亚选 1 , 闫京 2 , 苏娅楠 1 , 李萌 1 , 尹美超 1 , 张艾桐露 1 , 李想 1 , 樊颜搏 1 , 李烁 3 , 杨洋 2 , 田曦 4 , 吴玉庭 5
热力发电 | 储能技术 2026,55(4): 41-52
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热力发电 |储能技术 2026 , 55 (4) : 41 -52
工业固废复合储热材料制备及应用研究进展
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何苗1 , 熊亚选1 , 闫京2, 苏娅楠1, 李萌1, 尹美超1, 张艾桐露1, 李想1, 樊颜搏1, 李烁3, 杨洋2, 田曦4, 吴玉庭5
作者信息
  • 1.北京建筑大学供热供燃气通风及空调工程北京市重点实验室,北京 100044
  • 2.北京天岳恒房屋经营管理有限公司,北京 100032
  • 3.中闻印务投资集团有限公司,北京 100025
  • 4.中铁电气化局有限公司上海电气化工程分公司,上海 100005
  • 5.北京工业大学传热与能源利用北京市重点实验室,北京 100124
通讯作者:
熊亚选(1977),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为固废储热和低碳建筑,
作者简介:

何苗(1999),女,硕士,主要研究方向为固废碳捕集和材料理论计算,

Research progress on the preparation and application of industrial solid waste composite thermal storage materials
Miao HE1 , Yaxuan XIONG1 , Jing YAN2, Yanan SU1, Meng LI1, Meichao YIN1, Aitonglu ZHANG1, Xiang LI1, Yanbo FAN1, Shuo LI3, Yang YANG2, Xi TIAN4, Yuting WU5
Affiliations
  • 1.Beijing Key Lab of Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
  • 2.Beijing Tianyueheng Housing Management & Administration Co., Ltd., Beijing 100032, China
  • 3.Zhongwen Printing Investment Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100025, China
  • 4.China Railway Electrification Bureau Group Shanghai Electrification Engineering Branch, Shanghai 100005, China
  • 5.Beijing Key Laboratory of Heat Transfer and Energy Conservation, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507129
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利用工业固体废弃物(固废)进行热能储存,代表了一种在解决环境挑战的同时推动储能技术发展的创新路径。系统考察了粉煤灰、赤泥、污泥、石膏、冶金渣及废弃混凝土等工业固废作为复合储热材料的潜力,全面探讨了其在复合储热系统中的材料特性、制备工艺及应用实践。研究揭示了此类材料在高温稳定性、导热性强化及相变材料整合方面的优势,可显著提升系统能量密度。同时,指出材料异质性与长期热循环稳定性等关键挑战,并深入分析工业固废改性策略、相变材料封装技术及创新复合设计方法,以增强其在可持续储热系统中的适用性。

储热  /  固体废弃物  /  相变材料  /  潜热

The utilization of industrial solid waste for thermal energy storage represents an innovative approach to address environmental challenges while advancing energy storage technologies. This study comprehensively examines the potential of industrial solid wastes, including coal fly ash, red mud, sewage sludge, gypsum, metallurgical slag, and waste concrete, as composite thermal energy storage materials. The discussion encompasses the material properties, preparation methods, and applications of industrial solid wastes in composite heat storage systems. The study highlights their capacity for high-temperature stability, enhanced thermal conductivity, and phase change material integration, offering significant energy density improvements. Moreover, the review identifies challenges such as material heterogeneity and long-term thermal cycling performance. Strategies for industrial solid waste modification, encapsulation of phase change materials, and innovative composite designs are analyzed to enhance their applicability in sustainable thermal energy storage systems.

thermal energy storage  /  solid waste  /  phase change material  /  latent heat
何苗, 熊亚选, 闫京, 苏娅楠, 李萌, 尹美超, 张艾桐露, 李想, 樊颜搏, 李烁, 杨洋, 田曦, 吴玉庭. 工业固废复合储热材料制备及应用研究进展. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (4) : 41 -52 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507129
Miao HE, Yaxuan XIONG, Jing YAN, Yanan SU, Meng LI, Meichao YIN, Aitonglu ZHANG, Xiang LI, Yanbo FAN, Shuo LI, Yang YANG, Xi TIAN, Yuting WU. Research progress on the preparation and application of industrial solid waste composite thermal storage materials[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (4) : 41 -52 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507129
随着工业化进程快速推进,工业固体废弃物(以下简称固废)全球年产量已达数十亿吨且仍在持续攀升[1]。复杂的物化性质、组分多样性和高处理成本导致大量固废未能得到妥善处理,而因工业固废中常含重金属、酸碱化合物及有毒有机物,不当处置会引发严重环境风险与健康危害[2]。因此,工业固废的高效利用与管理已成为环境、经济及技术领域的核心议题。
近年来,利用固废制备热能储存(thermal energy storage,TES)材料的方式备受关注,该技术主要分为显热储热(通过材料温升)和复合储热(利用相变潜热)[3]。相变材料(phase change materials,PCMs)如无机盐、石蜡、脂肪酸,在复合储热中作用关键,但存在低导热率、相变泄漏等缺陷。骨架材料(skeleton materials,SMs)可构建稳固框架,增强抗压强度、形态稳定性,提升导热效率并封存熔融PCMs。许多学者正探索利用工业固废的独特物化特性开发SMs用以复合PCMs。特定工业固废(如粉煤灰、钢渣、赤泥)因突出的物化特性尤其适合TES应用:粉煤灰热稳定性好、热容高;钢渣高密度、高导热性,利于高效传热与能量保持;赤泥热稳定性好,具有热化学储能潜力。这些材料储量丰富、成本低廉,符合循环经济原则,为传统TES材料提供了可持续替代方案。
固废基复合TES材料应用前景广阔,可用于聚光太阳能电站、工业余热回收、电子设备热管理、农业温室及冷链物流等领域,解决跨领域储能挑战,促进可持续固废管理。相较于传统材料,固废基复合TES材料具有显著环境优势:减少原生资源消耗、降低加工能耗与全周期碳排放、避免填埋处置成本、实现废物增值。其生产加工过程温室气体排放量通常更低,可大幅降低储能技术的碳足迹。本文系统介绍了固废基复合TES材料的最新研究进展(制备工艺、表征方法、应用场景),旨在为开发高性能储热材料提供指导。
常用于储热的工业固废主要包括冶金渣(高炉渣、钢渣)、粉煤灰、尾矿及废陶瓷,尽管化学成分受生产工艺和地理区位影响存在差异,但其共性在于富含二氧化硅、氧化钙、氧化镁和氧化铝,具体见表1。这种矿物组成与高熔点特性使其成为TES,尤其是高温应用的理想候选材料。除主要组分外,工业固废常含镉、铅、铬、锌等重金属[4],若浸出迁移,将引发生态与健康风险。因此,用作储热材料时,必须对重金属进行固化或封装,以遏制其释放。
工业固废通常呈块状/粒状形态,表面粗糙且孔隙率各异,且多数在高温下结构稳定,因此在光热发电、工业余热回收等储热场景中具有优势。另一方面,孔隙结构对复合储热性能尤为关键。高比表面积与多级孔隙为PCMs的负载提供了载体,从而增加了复合储热材料的整体热容[18]。如表2所示,工业固废的多孔网络与天然SMs高度相似。其孔容、孔径分布及比表面积共同决定了PCMs负载量,而储热腔体尺寸直接影响系统储热能力。这种相似性使工业固废可加工成高性能SMs,替代天然SMs。
相较于显热储热材料,复合储热材料能以更小体积或质量实现更高储热密度。PCMs依据相变过程主要分为固-固、固-液、固-气及液-气4类[25]。其中固-液相变材料因具有高单位体积潜热、稳定相变特性及适宜相变温度而成为主流选择。然而,固-液相变伴随显著体积变化,且熔融态流动性强,易导致泄漏与腐蚀问题。因此,开发适配的SMs以封装流动态PCMs,防止泄漏并提升材料稳定性,成为当前研究的核心方向之一。
粉煤灰作为燃煤电厂的主要固废,因其低廉价格和良好的热稳定性被广泛用作SM制备中高温定形相变材料(form-stable phase change materials,FSPCMs)。王晓宇等[26]将金尾矿和粉煤灰以质量比1:1混合作为SM,太阳盐作为PCM,通过改变SM与PCM的比例制备FSPCMs,结果发现:当SM与PCM质量比为9:11时,材料综合性能最优,具有良好的化学相容性和优异的抗压强度,其相变潜热为53.81 J/g,导热系数为0.27 W/(m·K);此外,粉煤灰也可与合金粉末复合制备高温FSPCMs。杨俊杰等[27]以粉煤灰为SM,铝硅合金粉末为PCM,采用不同干压成型方法(图1)制备球形高温FSPCM,结果表明,阶段法成型的样品相变焓最高,达115.2 J/g,且经100次热冲击后性能稳定。
粉煤灰的应用并不仅限于中高温领域。Naresh等人[28]采用真空吸附法(图2)制备了月桂酸-粉煤灰球形生物基FSPCM用于低温储热,其相变焓达68.93 kJ/kg,在150 ℃以下表现出优异的热稳定性,然而该研究在制备前未对粉煤灰进行煅烧处理,残留的水分及含碳组分可能导致实际应用中的成品质量损失,影响储放热性能。
值得注意的是,粉煤灰基SM对PCMs的负载能力通常显著低于天然硅酸盐矿物基SMs,后者负载率可达60%,而粉煤灰仅为20%~30%[29],这主要归因于粉煤灰相对稀疏的多孔结构和较小的比表面积限制了PCM的附着空间。
为克服这一缺陷,研究者探索了多种粉煤灰改性方法。Chen等人[30]对比了高温煅烧、柠檬酸溶液酸浸后煅烧、氢氧化钠溶液碱浸后煅烧以及十六烷基三甲基溴化铵溶液有机浸后煅烧4种改性处理方式。其中,酸/碱浸处理分别溶解了钙、镁氧化物和无定形二氧化硅、三氧化二铝,增加了固废表面的微孔分布;高温煅烧则一方面利用无定形组分晶化(如赤泥中针铁矿转化为赤铁矿),晶粒生长挤压孔隙使平均孔隙增大,同时碳酸钙在高温下分解产生二氧化碳,产生造孔效应。该团队以改性粉煤灰为SM负载有机PCMs制备FSPCMs,结果显示,经碱浸后煅烧改性的粉煤灰负载率最大,所制备样品的泄漏率仅为0.4%。碱处理通过溶解无定形铝硅相暴露出次生孔隙,后续煅烧中莫来石相生长形成刚性骨架,抑制了孔道塌陷,为PCM毛细渗透提供了孔道。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)图像显示,这种改性粉煤灰表面更粗糙,比表面积更大,有利于PCM附着。
肖天烈等[31]采用氢氧化钠溶液改性粉煤灰,将其与铝硅合金粉末混合并高温烧结,制备了粉煤灰陶瓷基复合FSPCMs。改性后粉煤灰的比表面积由3.82 m2/g增至40.86 m2/g,孔体积由0.008 cm3/g增至0.085 cm3/g,表明其更利于PCM附着。宏观上,高温烧结后样品显示改性粉煤灰的最大负载率可达65%,较未改性粉煤灰有显著提升。
另一种改性策略是弱酸处理。赖榕永等[32]采用0.75 mol/L柠檬酸溶液改性粉煤灰,与肉豆蔻酸/棕榈酸/硬脂酸混合PCM按质量比1:1复合制备FSPCM。该材料相变温度为45.8 ℃(较纯PCM低2 ℃),相变焓为93.58 J/g(较纯PCM高31.9 J/g)。为表征该样品在长期工业应用中的使用寿命,使用多次重复的加热/冷却过程模拟实际应用时的储放热循环。结果发现,该样品的热循环稳定性较差:经100次储放热循环后相变焓降低了9.92%,经800次循环后降幅达12.88%,可能影响长期储热性能。
此外,Wang等人[33]探索了碳酸钾高温改性粉煤灰的可行性,解决了其与粉煤灰的高温共存问题。以改性粉煤灰为SM,碳酸钠/碳酸钾二元共晶盐为PCM,制备了不同PCM含量的FSPCMs。当二元碳酸盐质量分数为70%时,材料性能最优:导热系数1.736 W/(m·K),储热密度1 067.825 J/g,相变温度693.4 ℃,相变焓73.85 J/g。
除粉煤灰外,煤矸石作为煤炭开采加工的废弃物,其无机成分经适当化学处理可用于制备FSPCMs,利用其固有导热性促进热传导,提升相变效率与温控性能。Liu等人[34]以煤矸石和钢渣为原料,烟蒂为造孔剂,制备了孔隙率高达72.86%的多孔陶瓷,其比热容最大值为1.38 J/(g·K),导热系数1.661 W/(m·K),满足骨架材料高温浸渍要求。随后采用溶剂浸渍法负载太阳盐,制备的煤矸石/钢渣复合FSPCM在工作温度范围内相变焓达74.65 kJ/kg,储热密度高达1 202 kJ/kg(图3)。
虽然煤矸石作为复合相变材料原料具有优势,但是其在该领域的应用仍相对有限。这主要源于其组成与性质受多种因素影响导致性能差异显著,以及含有某些有害元素,需在制备FSPCMs时进行控制,增加了工艺复杂性与成本。此外,当前煤矸石基FSPCMs的制备技术尚不成熟,缺乏统一标准与规范,导致生产工艺稳定性不足且成本存在不确定性。
兰炭灰是兰炭燃烧后的产物,亦为替代天然SM的理想材料。Xiong等人[5]以兰炭灰为SM,硝酸钠为PCM,采用冷压热烧结法制备了不同配比的FSPCMs(图4)。
当兰炭灰与硝酸钠的质量比为5:5(样品CC2)时,样品外观完整无泄漏或开裂,相变温度为300.8 ℃,相变焓为70.21 J/g。如图4所示,该样品在100~380 ℃范围内储热密度达325.91 J/g。在自制加热/冷却循环台中经4 027次升降温(室温~340 ℃)循环后熔融焓仅降低13.78%,储热能力基本保持稳定。然而,当前针对兰炭灰复合储热性能的研究仍然较少。未来研究应着力探索兰炭灰作为SM的改性潜力,并阐明其组成元素对产物性能的影响机制。
赤泥是铝土矿提取氧化铝过程中产生的主要副产品,因铁质量分数高(约42%)呈红色[35],组分决定了其热容较高,热稳定性良好。这类材料结合了赤泥与PCM特性,制备工艺通常包括赤泥预处理、PCM选择与添加、复合材料成型与固化。Yu等人[36]通过纳米二氧化硅与赤泥微胶囊化癸酸和石蜡PCM,并将其添加至水泥砂浆,所得赤泥基FSPCM储热能力达73.5 J/g,兼具良好化学相容性与热稳定性。Anagnostopoulos等人[37]以赤泥为SM、太阳盐为PCM,制备了适用于中高温储热及余热回收的复合材料,最大相变潜热为58 J/g,计算储热密度高达1 396 MJ/m3。该团队还发现添加石墨可提高复合材料的孔隙率与导热系数,但潜热随碳含量增加而降低[38]
污泥是污水处理产生的固体沉积物,主要由有机残渣、微生物、无机颗粒及胶体组成,属于复杂非均质复合物[39],其无机物比例相对较低。制备污泥基FSPCM时需对污泥预处理去除杂质与水分。Tian等人[40]以十二烷基苯磺酸钠改性的污泥水解残渣为SM,三水合醋酸钠为PCM,通过真空浸渍法制备复合材料。经100次熔融/固化循环后,复合材料潜热降低约6%,热性能保持稳定。Xiong等人[41]先将污泥焚烧去除残留生物质,再以污泥焚烧灰为SM、硝酸钠为PCM,采用冷压热烧结法制备用于建筑储热的复合材料(图5)。当SM与PCM质量比为5:5时,最优储热密度达409.25 kJ/kg,热稳定性良好。
废弃石膏主要包括脱硫石膏和磷石膏(占比最大),以及天然石膏、钛石膏、中和石膏和盐石膏。石膏基FSPCM可应用于建筑围护结构,以降低能耗并提升舒适度。当前研究聚焦于制备具有高蓄热能力、优异调温性能和高抗压强度的石膏基FSPCM[42]。PCM与石膏基质的常用复合技术包括浸渍法、吸附法、微胶囊法和直接掺混法。
直接掺混法适用于FSPCMs的规模化生产。张建武等[43]以脂肪酸为PCM制备了储热石膏板,其稳定性良好且温度性能优异,可实现热量时空转移并有效降低温度波动;经250次相变循环后质量损失率低至2.5%。曾令可等[44]将癸酸和十二烷酸与二氧化硅复合后掺入石膏制备FSPCM,发现PCM添加量与相变石膏板抗压强度呈负相关。当PCM质量分数为15%时,材料抗压强度为1.25 MPa,相变温度为20.27 ℃,相变焓为9.52 J/g。
随着FSPCM制备技术的提升,相变微胶囊技术在建筑围护结构中展现出优势:微胶囊壁材能保护PCM并避免其与建筑材料直接接触。部分学者针对含微胶囊PCM的新型石膏复合材料热性能开展了数值模拟与实验研究[45]。该复合材料的实验测量(采用基于热流与温度的瞬态防护热板法)与数值模拟(有限体积法)结果吻合良好,证实了将微胶囊PCM掺入石膏的适用性。石膏与相变微胶囊的复合研究已较为成熟,相关成果总结见表4
相较于相变微胶囊材料,石膏基FSPCMs在大规模应用和高效性方面被认为更具潜力。Jeong等人[46]通过真空浸渍法制备了正十八烷和蜂蜡基FSPCMs,并将这些混合材料作为细骨料应用于建筑石膏中。结果表明,所得石膏板可作为储热建筑材料用于构建储热结构并提高热效率。
在制备石膏基FSPCMs时,抗压强度和抗折强度作为建筑围护结构的重要指标需重点考量。Bake等人[47]研究了石膏墙体与PCMs复合的制备工艺及性能。结果显示,与普通石膏板相比,复合体系具有更高的强度和更低的导热系数,能维持更高温度并提供更优的储能能力。
磷石膏是磷酸制备过程中产生的主要固废,主要成分为二水硫酸钙。Xu等人[51]通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了以石墨-二氧化硅为壳,以二十烷-十八烷为芯的相变微胶囊,并将其添加到磷石膏中制备复合FSPCM。该复合材料抗压强度达5.8 MPa,具有良好的储热能力和相容性,且在2 000次热循环后仍能保持热稳定性。图6展示了这种磷石膏基FSPCM在被动式建筑中的应用。此外,磷石膏也可直接作为SM与PCM复合。Anagnostopoulos等人[52]利用磷石膏与石蜡制备FSPCM。当石蜡含量为60%时,材料最大潜热为75 J/g,最佳平均比热容为1.54 J/(g·K),导热系数较纯石蜡提升了75%,最大储能密度较纯石蜡降低了14%。经96次循环后,潜热和熔点均无明显变化,热稳定性良好。
脱硫石膏是烟气脱硫净化技术的副产物,其在储热领域的研究相对较少。刘凤利等[53]将脱硫石膏与相变微胶囊复合作为储热单元,发现潜热储存可调节浆体水化温升。当微胶囊掺量为50%(质量分数)时,复合材料力学性能、热性能和热稳定性最佳:相变温度24.51℃,相变焓28.47 J/g,导热系数0.451 W/(m·K),展现出良好的建筑应用前景。Xiong等人[54-55]以脱硫石膏与电石渣混合物为SM,硝酸钠为PCM,制备了质量比为5:5的FSPCM。其独特之处在于制备过程中首先利用SM进行二氧化碳捕集,再通过冷压热烧结法与PCM复合。研究分析了热学、抗压性能、微观形貌及化学相容性。结果表明,碳捕集后的混合物(脱硫石膏与电石渣质量比7:3)作为SM可行,所得样品C-PCC3热稳定性好。与未进行碳捕集的样品PCC3相比,C-PCC3导热系数提升了2.7%,但抗压强度从134.1 MPa降至44.9 MPa,储热密度从483.2 J/g降至459.3 J/g。
这些研究为利用石膏基复合材料改善建筑热舒适性提供了有前景的策略。然而,当前石膏基复合材料的储热密度仍相对较低。此外,与磷石膏相比,脱硫石膏的成分危害性更低,更适合直接利用,但其在储热领域的应用仍存在较大研究空白。
废弃混凝土主要来源于建筑固体废弃物回收所得的废骨料[56],即便经过粉碎,其仍具有储热能力。在相变混凝土的实际应用中,向建筑材料添加PCMs以提升隔热性能时,必须确保力学性能的稳定性与安全性。但由于PCM掺量越大,储热建筑材料的力学性能往往越低,因此探寻合适的掺量至关重要。Illampas等人[57]采用PCM掺量为5%~20%(质量分数)的高热效率相变砂浆改造既有建筑围护结构,砂浆热性能良好且物理力学性能符合当地规范要求。
目前,混凝土基复合储热材料的制备主要采用3种封装工艺:微/宏观封装、浸渍法和直接混合法。微/宏观封装技术可有效包覆PCM防止其在混凝土中泄漏。Cao等人[58]以石蜡为芯材、低密度聚乙烯等聚合物为壁材合成微胶囊PCM。测试表明,无论PCM状态如何,其对混凝土比热容影响较小,且材料具有良好的热稳定性和节能效果。Chang等人[59]采用球形刚性壳包覆硬脂酸丁酯,通过试验与模拟发现,当PCM体积分数为10%时,传热效率提升最大。Li等人[60]将石蜡与氯化镁水泥复合,制备出抗压强度52.9 MPa、潜热26.52 J/g的复合相变建材,其导热系数随石蜡质量分数增加而降低,表现出优异的室内调温、节能及热舒适性能。
再生混凝土性能及应用与普通混凝土相似,也可用于制备FSPCMs。Suttaphakdee等人[61]通过真空浸渍法向再生混凝土中添加石蜡,发现石蜡最佳吸附率为25%,所得FSPCM相变温度52.85 ℃,潜热30.98 J/g,适用于建筑太阳能供热与制冷。Xiong等人[21]以废弃混凝土为SM、硝酸钠为PCM制备FSPCM,当硝酸钠质量分数为50%时,相变焓为31 kJ/kg,导热系数为0.14 W/(m·K),在100~400 ℃范围内储热密度达505.90 kJ/kg。
冶金废渣(如钢渣、电弧炉渣)在1 100 ℃下仍具良好热稳定性,展现巨大商业潜力。Zhang等人[62]采用氢氧化钙改性高炉渣,与石蜡复合制备高炉渣基FSPCM。改性后高炉渣多孔结构显著改善,吸附能力提升。经100次热循环后材料仍保持良好的热可靠性,适用于建筑节能和太阳能储热。
邱明伟等[63]以改性高炉渣为基体,通过真空浸渍复合氧化石墨烯/石蜡PCM制备低温FSPCM。SEM和能谱显示复合PCM层状附着于粗糙表面,填充孔洞凹槽;能谱中大量碳元素证实PCM成功吸附(图7)。制得的FSPCM熔融温度为50.12 ℃,熔融潜热112.34 J/g。热重分析表明,其初始失重温度与石蜡分解温度一致,失重率约330%,对应PCM吸附量。经50次热循环后,熔融温度为50.01 ℃,相变焓约为循环前98.28%,导热系数从0.20 W/(m·K)提升至0.59 W/(m·K)。
张浩等[64]以改性钢渣为SM、石蜡为PCM,通过真空吸附法制备相变粉体。通过实验得到的优化条件为:磷酸掺量6%、石蜡掺量30%、干燥箱压力0.04 MPa。所得粉体相变温度53.7 ℃,相变焓12.20 J/g,具有良好的流动性、黏聚性、保水性和强度稳定性。
Xiong等人[16]将电石渣与钢渣复合作为固碳材料,制备碳化复合SM,再通过冷压热烧结与硝酸钠复合制备FSPCM。固碳后XRD图谱显示强烈碳酸钙衍射峰,证实CO2有效固定(图8),热重曲线显示700~800 ℃质量下降,对应碳酸钙分解,固碳率为24.48%。样品C-SC3至C-SC5的储热密度分别为469.8、444.2、402.6 J/g,且热循环性良好。
除上述渣种外,铜渣和镍渣也被探索用于FSPCMs。Ye等人[65]用铜渣部分替代铝土矿制备核-壳结构胶囊。添加铜渣的胶囊在500次熔融-凝固循环中表现出优异的热稳定性和耐久性,并有效提高了储热能力和热扩散系数。在1 100 ℃烧结的双层材料均保持壳层结构完整,内层耐熔融金属腐蚀,外层防泄漏。该材料对比其他储热微胶囊储热密度有一定程度提升。该技术为铜渣功能化和高温PCM封装提供了可行方案。经500次热循环(450~800 ℃,升温速率20 ℃/min,降温速率10 ℃/min,空气氛围)后,外壳添加20%铜渣的材料保持完整,质量仅增加了3.45%,且外壳中Fe2O3的形成有效提升了材料的导热系数。
镍渣方面,Liu等人[66]以二次铝渣和镍铁渣制备了多孔堇青石-莫来石陶瓷SM。在特定温度下制得的样品抗压强度>30 MPa,孔隙率>52%。并通过自然渗透法制备了硝酸钠/堇青石-莫来石陶瓷FSPCM。复合材料导热系数在350 ℃下超过1.8 W/(m·K),热循环后抗压强度仍大于100 MPa,相变焓大于76.7 J/g,过冷度显著低于纯硝酸钠,适用于工业余热回收等中高温储热领域。
尾矿是选矿中有效组分含量过低无法利用的部分,其多孔结构提供了较大比表面积和较强吸附能力,但也导致其在与其他材料混合时难以均匀分散。然而,高温煅烧会显著破坏颗粒间连接,形成大量松散结构,降低整体密度[67],这为制备尾矿基FSPCMs提供了新可能。例如,Wang等人[68]以金尾矿为SM、太阳盐为PCM制备FSPCM,该SM可负载高达45%的太阳盐而不泄漏。Liu等人[69]则制备了由铁尾矿、低温PCM和碳纳米管组成的新型FSPCM,适合应用于建筑储热等多种场景。
尾矿孔隙空间常存在难以去除的杂质和污染物,会减少PCM吸附量。有效提升负载能力的方法是对尾矿进行预处理以净化孔隙结构,包括酸碱处理和煅烧等工艺[70]
其中,冷压热烧结法是制备尾矿基FSPCMs的常用工艺。但该方法也存在孔隙率高、易产生裂纹等缺陷,降低材料强度和韧性。Piao等人[71]以还原性钒尾矿为主要SM烧结制备高温储热材料,研究发现添加黏土后再烧结可提高材料的致密度和硬度,表明引入烧结助剂能促进颗粒结合,改善密度和力学性能。
现有尾矿研究多聚焦于多孔陶瓷材料开发,因其良好的催化性能、高孔隙率及特定环境下的稳定性而展现巨大应用潜力。Li等人[72]开发了一种利用石蜡在尾矿陶瓷SM中自发熔融成型的新型FSPCM,发现烧结温度对多孔陶瓷结构性能至关重要:在1 080~1 100 ℃范围内烧结可实现高孔隙率和良好力学强度。浆料泡沫结构可通过控制发泡剂用量、搅拌速度及时间调控。在石蜡熔融态将多孔陶瓷浸入,利用毛细力填充孔隙,可确保孔隙结构完整性,避免真空处理问题。Wu等人[73]以铁尾矿和石墨粉为原料,通过泡沫凝胶成型和还原反应烧结制备孔隙率可调的多孔陶瓷SM,并负载石蜡制备铁尾矿基FSPCM。测试表明,基于此多孔陶瓷的FSPCMs导热系数较纯石蜡显著提升(图9)。
在研究基于尾矿的陶瓷基FSPCM制造工艺时,功能性填料的加入可有效增强PCMs的储热性能。Jiang等人[74]以铁尾矿和采矿废石为原料,通过真空发泡、凝胶注模和无压烧结工艺制备多孔陶瓷作为SM,随后,将熔融石蜡、石墨和石墨烯混合搅拌,并通过真空注入法将其注入多孔陶瓷中,成功制备了铁尾矿/采矿废石多孔陶瓷/石蜡FSPCM。结果表明,铜颗粒和石墨烯的添加进一步增强了复合材料的导热系数。Meng等人[75]则通过半干压和无压烧结工艺制备陶瓷,其原料组成为68%铁尾矿、26%铁矿石、3%氧化铝、1%钾长石和2%高岭土。结果表明:在1 185 ℃下烧结时陶瓷整体性能最佳;增加铁尾矿可降低陶瓷熔点、促进致密化并提高红外发射率,同时改善陶瓷的热物理性能;添加适量辅助原料可提高陶瓷硬度和吸热性能。
工业固废基复合储热材料的经济优势源于其独特的资源属性与工艺协同效应。在原料成本维度,粉煤灰、钢渣等工业废弃物的采购价格显著低于传统骨架材料,例如粉煤灰的市场价格仅为30~50元/吨,而市政污泥处理企业通常支付负成本以实现固废消纳。这种“负成本原料”特性使固废基FSPCM的原料成本占比降至总成本的15%以下,而传统材料则超过60%。固废基相变储热材料实现了制备过程低成本、低碳排放以及固废资源化利用的三重效益(图10)。
在工艺能耗方面,冷压热烧结法等固废适配技术展现显著优势,其单位能耗仅为溶胶-凝胶法的20%~30%[3073],且省去高纯度化学试剂的使用。更关键的是环境成本内部化带来的复合收益:钢渣固碳储热材料通过矿化封存CO2实现碳交易收益,结合填埋处置费节省,使净成本降至16.13美元/(kW·h),较传统熔盐系统降低72.6%[16];脱硫石膏-电石渣协同处置技术则节省填埋费用,同时产出抗压强度大于44.9 MPa的建筑储热板材[54]
工业固废基复合储热材料通过资源化利用与环境效益协同,展现经济效益、环境效益和高储热性能的三重优势。本文的核心发现如下。
1)材料性能突破
高负载与稳定性:改性粉煤灰比表面积提升了10倍,PCM负载率从20%~30%提升至65%,泄漏率低至0.4%;兰炭灰基FSPCM经4 027次热循环后熔融焓仅衰减13.78%。
高储热密度与导热强化:赤泥/太阳盐复合材料储热密度达1 396 MJ/m3;钢渣固碳后储热成本仅16.13美元/(kW·h)。石墨掺杂使磷石膏基FSPCM导热系数提升75%,石蜡/尾矿陶瓷复合材料导热率显著优于纯PCM。
2)改性机制与设计创新
孔隙优化:酸/碱处理与高温烧结可重构固废孔隙结构(如粉煤灰经碱改性后孔体积增大10倍),提升PCM封装效率。
固废协同:电石渣-钢渣复合固碳率24.48%,碳化后SM制备的FSPCM储热密度达469.8 J/g;污泥灰基材料实现重金属固定与储热双功能。
3)应用潜力与挑战
优势领域:石膏基FSPCM(抗压强度大于5.8 MPa)适用于建筑围护结构调温;冶金渣(耐温> 1 100 ℃)适配工业余热回收;尾矿多孔陶瓷支撑PCM自发熔融成型。
关键瓶颈:煤矸石有害元素需预处理控制;粉煤灰基材料热循环后相变焓衰减大于12%(800次循环);废弃混凝土掺PCM后力学强度下降需优化配比。
为推进工业固废在复合储热中的应用,未来研究应聚焦以下关键方向。
1)材料优化与改性:开发创新改性技术,提升固废热性能与稳定性;探索先进封装方法,增强固废与PCM兼容性并防止相变泄漏,从而提升储热系统性能与可靠性。
2)高级模拟与标准化测试:采用先进计算建模(分子动力学、密度泛函理论等)阐明固废基储热材料在不同工况下的热行为与长期性能;建立标准化测试方法,系统评估关键指标,支撑可靠、可持续储热系统的实际应用。
3)探索新型固废基FSPCMs:着力开发镍渣、铜渣、磷石膏等未充分利用固废的储热应用,挖掘其独特热性能;研究多种固废协同复配,开发热性能更优、稳定性更高、成本效益更好的复合材料,拓展材料选择并提升工业副产品价值。
通过应对这些挑战并探索上述方向,工业固废基储热材料有望在能源存储技术发展和可持续工业实践中发挥重要作用,奠定跨学科合作基础,充分释放工业固废的环境与经济效益。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB2405202)
  • 北京市教委科技一般项目(KM202210005016)
  • 内蒙古科技重大专项(2021SZD0036)
  • 北京市自然科学基金项目(3242015)
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2026年第55卷第4期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507129
  • 接收时间:2025-07-10
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-10
  • 修回日期:2025-08-12
  • 录用日期:2025-08-22
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFB2405202)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB2405202)
Science and Technology General Project of Beijing Municipal Education Commission(KM202210005016)
北京市教委科技一般项目(KM202210005016)
Inner Mongolia Science and Technology Major Project(2021SZD0036)
内蒙古科技重大专项(2021SZD0036)
Beijing Natural Science Foundation(3242015)
北京市自然科学基金项目(3242015)
作者信息
    1.北京建筑大学供热供燃气通风及空调工程北京市重点实验室,北京 100044
    2.北京天岳恒房屋经营管理有限公司,北京 100032
    3.中闻印务投资集团有限公司,北京 100025
    4.中铁电气化局有限公司上海电气化工程分公司,上海 100005
    5.北京工业大学传热与能源利用北京市重点实验室,北京 100124

通讯作者:

熊亚选(1977),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为固废储热和低碳建筑,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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