Article(id=1295065287028658848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295064874678252123, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202504072, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744214400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-10, revisedDate=1749398400000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-09, acceptedDate=1749657600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-06-12, onlineDate=1786697225577, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1774368000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697225577, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697225576, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697225576, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295064874678252123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='184', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774368000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697127264, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698874628, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072203708592834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295064874678252123, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072203708592835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295064874678252123, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=100, endPage=109, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295065287456477858, articleId=1295065287028658848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Simulation study on nitrogen oxides formation characteristics during co-combustion with arundo donax in a pulverized-coal boiler, columnId=1295064901374997226, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Biomass co-firing technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Coal-fired power generation coupled with biomass is one of the efficient carbon-reduction technologies for coal-fired units. As a typical energy plant, arundo donax has the characteristics of high yield, strong environmental adaptability and high calorific value, and can be used for large-scale coal-fired power generation. To investigate the effect of co-firing arundo donax in a pulverized-coal boiler on NOx emissions and explore the migration pathways of fuel nitrogen during the co-combustion of coal and arundo donax, a co-combustion reaction model of arundo donax and coal was established with a two-stage plug flow reactor (PFR). The formation characteristics and reaction mechanisms of nitrogen oxides during co-combustion of the arundo donax and coal in a pulverized-coal boiler were studied, focusing on exploring the influences of co-firing ratio, over-fire air (OFA) ratio, and OFA position on the formation characteristics of nitrogen oxides. The results show that the NOx emission can be reduced by co-firing arundo donax, and the mass concentration of NOx decreases with the increase in co-firing ratio of arundo donax. The NOx conversion rate and NOx mass concentration first decrease and then increase with the increase in over-fire air ratio, and there is an optimal over-fire air ratio (around 33%) to minimize NOx emissions. Delaying the position of the OFA leads to a decrease in both the NOx conversion rate and NOx mass concentration. By studying the NOx formation characteristics and the nitrogen migration pathways during co-combustion of coal and arundo donax, theoretical guidance can be provided for parameter setting and reducing exhaust NOx emissions in the co-combustion of arundo donax for coal-fired power generation.

, authors=Ling LIU1, Qi CHEN1, Jiancai HAO2, Lijun LU1, Xiangting XU2, Chang’an WANG2, Ming LIU3, Yongbo DU2, Defu CHE2, authorsList=Ling LIU, Qi CHEN, Jiancai HAO, Lijun LU, Xiangting XU, Chang’an WANG, Ming LIU, Yongbo DU, Defu CHE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chang’an WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295065295836697286, articleId=1295065287028658848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=煤粉炉掺烧芦竹NOx生成特性模拟研究, columnId=1295064901886702316, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=生物质掺烧技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

燃煤耦合生物质发电是燃煤机组有效降碳的技术之一,芦竹作为典型的能源植物具有产量高、环境适应性强、热值高等特点,可以大规模用于燃煤机组发电。为研究煤粉炉在燃煤过程中掺烧芦竹对NOx排放的影响,探究煤和芦竹混燃过程中燃料氮的迁移路径,利用两段PFR构建了芦竹与煤混燃反应模型,研究了煤粉炉掺烧芦竹NOx生成特性与反应机理,重点探讨了掺混比例、燃尽风率和燃尽风位置等因素对NOx生成特性的影响规律。结果表明:掺烧芦竹可以降低NOx排放,且随着掺混比例的增加,NOx的质量浓度逐渐减小;随着燃尽风率的增加,NOx的转化率和NOx的质量浓度先减小后增大,存在一个最佳燃尽风率(33%)使NOx排放量最低;随着燃尽风位置的后置,NOx转化率和NOx质量浓度都减小。通过研究煤和芦竹混燃过程中NOx生成特性及氮的迁移路径,为燃煤机组掺烧芦竹发电过程中的参数设置和降低尾气NOx排放提供理论指导。

, authors=刘凌1, 陈祺1, 郝建材2, 陆利俊1, 许香婷2, 王长安2, 柳明3, 杜勇博2, 车得福2, authorsList=刘凌, 陈祺, 郝建材, 陆利俊, 许香婷, 王长安, 柳明, 杜勇博, 车得福, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王长安, authorNote=

刘凌(1977),男,工程师,主要研究方向为火电厂运行,

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王长安(1986),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为化石燃料高效清洁利用与碳减排技术,
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Proximate and ultimate analysis of coal and arundo donax

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样品工业分析w/%元素分析w/%Qar,net/(MJ·kg–1
MarAarVarFCarCarHarOarNarSar
烟煤9.2021.8526.3242.6354.223.309.801.000.6320.62
芦竹10.723.6278.087.5836.465.0743.590.410.1313.72
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煤样与芦竹的工业分析与元素分析

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样品工业分析w/%元素分析w/%Qar,net/(MJ·kg–1
MarAarVarFCarCarHarOarNarSar
烟煤9.2021.8526.3242.6354.223.309.801.000.6320.62
芦竹10.723.6278.087.5836.465.0743.590.410.1313.72
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Parameters of basic conditions

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参数主燃区燃尽区参数主燃区燃尽区
过量空气系数0.900.30风量(标准工况)/(cm3·min–13 000894.76
燃烧温度/℃1 4001 100压力/MPa0.10.1
长度/cm5050
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基本工况参数

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参数主燃区燃尽区参数主燃区燃尽区
过量空气系数0.900.30风量(标准工况)/(cm3·min–13 000894.76
燃烧温度/℃1 4001 100压力/MPa0.10.1
长度/cm5050
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煤粉炉掺烧芦竹NOx生成特性模拟研究
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刘凌 1 , 陈祺 1 , 郝建材 2 , 陆利俊 1 , 许香婷 2 , 王长安 2 , 柳明 3 , 杜勇博 2 , 车得福 2
热力发电 | 生物质掺烧技术 2026,55(3): 100-109
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热力发电 |生物质掺烧技术 2026 , 55 (3) : 100 -109
煤粉炉掺烧芦竹NOx生成特性模拟研究
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刘凌1 , 陈祺1, 郝建材2, 陆利俊1, 许香婷2, 王长安2 , 柳明3, 杜勇博2, 车得福2
作者信息
  • 1.上海上电漕泾发电有限公司,上海 201507
  • 2.西安交通大学绿色氢电全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
  • 3.上海发电设备成套设计研究院有限责任公司,上海 200240
通讯作者:
王长安(1986),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为化石燃料高效清洁利用与碳减排技术,
作者简介:

刘凌(1977),男,工程师,主要研究方向为火电厂运行,

Simulation study on nitrogen oxides formation characteristics during co-combustion with arundo donax in a pulverized-coal boiler
Ling LIU1 , Qi CHEN1, Jiancai HAO2, Lijun LU1, Xiangting XU2, Chang’an WANG2 , Ming LIU3, Yongbo DU2, Defu CHE2
Affiliations
  • 1.Shanghai Shangdian Caojing Power Generation Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201507, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
  • 3.Shanghai Power Equipment Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200240, China
出版时间: 2026-03-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202504072
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燃煤耦合生物质发电是燃煤机组有效降碳的技术之一,芦竹作为典型的能源植物具有产量高、环境适应性强、热值高等特点,可以大规模用于燃煤机组发电。为研究煤粉炉在燃煤过程中掺烧芦竹对NOx排放的影响,探究煤和芦竹混燃过程中燃料氮的迁移路径,利用两段PFR构建了芦竹与煤混燃反应模型,研究了煤粉炉掺烧芦竹NOx生成特性与反应机理,重点探讨了掺混比例、燃尽风率和燃尽风位置等因素对NOx生成特性的影响规律。结果表明:掺烧芦竹可以降低NOx排放,且随着掺混比例的增加,NOx的质量浓度逐渐减小;随着燃尽风率的增加,NOx的转化率和NOx的质量浓度先减小后增大,存在一个最佳燃尽风率(33%)使NOx排放量最低;随着燃尽风位置的后置,NOx转化率和NOx质量浓度都减小。通过研究煤和芦竹混燃过程中NOx生成特性及氮的迁移路径,为燃煤机组掺烧芦竹发电过程中的参数设置和降低尾气NOx排放提供理论指导。

芦竹  /  混燃  /  煤粉炉  /  氮氧化物  /  化学反应  /  动力学模拟

Coal-fired power generation coupled with biomass is one of the efficient carbon-reduction technologies for coal-fired units. As a typical energy plant, arundo donax has the characteristics of high yield, strong environmental adaptability and high calorific value, and can be used for large-scale coal-fired power generation. To investigate the effect of co-firing arundo donax in a pulverized-coal boiler on NOx emissions and explore the migration pathways of fuel nitrogen during the co-combustion of coal and arundo donax, a co-combustion reaction model of arundo donax and coal was established with a two-stage plug flow reactor (PFR). The formation characteristics and reaction mechanisms of nitrogen oxides during co-combustion of the arundo donax and coal in a pulverized-coal boiler were studied, focusing on exploring the influences of co-firing ratio, over-fire air (OFA) ratio, and OFA position on the formation characteristics of nitrogen oxides. The results show that the NOx emission can be reduced by co-firing arundo donax, and the mass concentration of NOx decreases with the increase in co-firing ratio of arundo donax. The NOx conversion rate and NOx mass concentration first decrease and then increase with the increase in over-fire air ratio, and there is an optimal over-fire air ratio (around 33%) to minimize NOx emissions. Delaying the position of the OFA leads to a decrease in both the NOx conversion rate and NOx mass concentration. By studying the NOx formation characteristics and the nitrogen migration pathways during co-combustion of coal and arundo donax, theoretical guidance can be provided for parameter setting and reducing exhaust NOx emissions in the co-combustion of arundo donax for coal-fired power generation.

arundo donax  /  co-combustion  /  pulverized-coal boiler  /  nitrogen oxides  /  chemical reaction  /  kinetic simulation
刘凌, 陈祺, 郝建材, 陆利俊, 许香婷, 王长安, 柳明, 杜勇博, 车得福. 煤粉炉掺烧芦竹NOx生成特性模拟研究. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (3) : 100 -109 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202504072
Ling LIU, Qi CHEN, Jiancai HAO, Lijun LU, Xiangting XU, Chang’an WANG, Ming LIU, Yongbo DU, Defu CHE. Simulation study on nitrogen oxides formation characteristics during co-combustion with arundo donax in a pulverized-coal boiler[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (3) : 100 -109 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202504072
生物质能作为重要的可再生能源,在我国能源结构中占重要地位。我国生物质资源丰富,截止2023年,我国生物质产量超过35亿吨,开发潜力相当于4.6亿吨标准煤[1],大力开发利用生物质资源,是实现“双碳”目标的重要途径之一。生物质燃烧释放的碳来源于生长过程中吸收的CO2,因此生物质被认为是碳中性燃料,生物质发电的碳排放可按照“零排放”计算[2]。目前,我国燃煤电厂不具备大规模将燃煤锅炉改造为纯燃生物质锅炉的条件,燃煤耦合生物质发电成为一种有明显优势的生物质资源利用方式,生物质替代了部分化石燃料,有效降低机组碳排放,是煤电机组低碳清洁转型的重要举措[3-4]。燃煤机组掺烧生物质发电具有以下优势:生物质与煤混燃发电只需对现有燃煤机组进行局部改造,成本相对较低[5-6];火电机组大容量、高参数的特点使混合燃烧的发电效率也远高于其他可再生能源发电[7];生物质的低氮、低硫特性有利于降低机组氮氧化物和硫化物排放量[6]
芦竹作为典型的能源植物,具有分布广、产量大、生态适应性强和热值高等特点,种植面积巨大[8]。芦竹在我国分布广泛,全国范围有效种植面积超过20万hm2,单位面积产量为45 t/hm2。芦竹的生态适应性强,可在边际地区种植[9]。芦竹的高位发热量在17.00~24.30 MJ/kg,略低于中发热量煤[8]。结合我国煤电机组低碳化改造要求,燃煤机组掺烧芦竹发电具有广阔前景。
目前,已有一些对芦竹燃烧污染物排放特性的实验研究。Jeguirim等人[10]通过热重分析仪研究了芦竹与芒草的气体污染物CO2、CO和挥发性有机化合物(VOC)以及颗粒物的排放特性。Verónica等人[11]基于家用炉灶通过水沸腾实验研究了芦竹燃烧CO、NOx排放特性。贺越[12]基于固定床反应器进行芦竹热解实验,研究物料种类、热解温度、掺混比例等因素对热解过程燃料氮转化的影响规律。上述实验研究的燃烧温度不超过1 000 ℃,其升温速率与煤粉炉中燃料的升温速率差异较大,研究结果与芦竹在煤粉炉中的燃烧情况存在差异,缺乏对芦竹与煤混合燃烧污染物排放特性的实验研究。
另外,一些学者通过数值模拟和热力计算研究煤粉炉掺烧芦竹的燃烧过程。Mody等人[13]通过50 kW煤粉炉进行实验并结合计算流体动力学(CFD)模拟550 MW锅炉,研究了由芦竹等生物质制备的生物煤的燃烧特性和排放特性。刘光鹏等[14]通过热力计算和实验数据研究了660 MW超临界对冲燃煤锅炉大比例直燃耦合芦竹、木头、秸秆等生物质,分析耦合燃烧对锅炉运行参数的影响规律,但未对掺烧芦竹的污染物排放特性展开研究。
目前,关于芦竹燃烧的工程应用研究较少,美国波特兰通用电气公司(PGE)在博德曼(Boardman)燃煤电厂进行了尝试[8]。2025年国家电投集团能源科学技术研究院在上海漕泾电厂百万机组上进行了芦竹大比例共磨掺烧试验,实现了国内首例百万千瓦机组共磨25%比例掺烧能源植物的关键性技术突破[15]。目前,国内外对芦竹燃烧的污染物排放特性已有一些研究,但缺乏温度在1 000 ℃以上的研究和芦竹与煤混燃的研究,对煤粉炉掺烧芦竹NOx生成特性还不明晰,在微观反应机理层面的研究较少,缺乏对芦竹与煤混燃过程中燃料氮迁移路径和组分变化规律的研究。本文基于Chemkin软件中一维柱塞流反应器(plug flow reactor, PFR)构建了芦竹与煤混燃反应动力学模型,模拟煤粉炉的燃烧过程,研究掺混比例、燃尽风率和燃尽风位置等因素对NOx生成特性的影响规律;通过敏感性分析和生成速率分析,研究影响NOx生成的主要反应和关键物质,探究燃料氮的迁移路径,为煤粉炉掺烧芦竹运行过程中设置燃烧参数以降低烟气NOx排放提供理论指导。
实际锅炉中的燃烧是一个复杂的三维过程,炉膛燃烧过程存在一定的轴向和径向梯度,主要是因为布风不均及壁面效应导致颗粒质量浓度和气体分布呈中心-边缘差异。但炉膛绝大部分区域的温度分布均匀,气体流速的轴向、径向梯度较小。温度、气体流速等量主要是沿着气体流动方向发生改变。而Chemkin软件PFR模块的特点是径向完全混合,考虑轴向过程的变化,因此本文选择一维的PFR模拟实际炉膛燃烧过程。
选取烟煤和芦竹进行均相反应模拟。煤的挥发分以甲烷为主,因此用甲烷燃烧过程模拟煤的燃烧[16-18]。根据钟北京等[19]的研究,NOx的前驱物通常为NH3和HCN,烟煤中HCN与(HCN+NH3)的摩尔比在0.6~0.7之间。本文用NH3和HCN模拟燃料氮,选取0.7作为HCN在烟煤中NOx的前驱物占比。芦竹的挥发分主要是甲烷[20],根据贺越[12]的研究,1 000 ℃下热解过程中芦竹的HCN与(HCN+NH3)的摩尔比为0.66,接近0.7,因此芦竹与煤采用相同的等效形式。各物质占比根据表1中烟煤与芦竹的元素分析及工业分析结果计算得到。本模拟使用的反应机理为GRI-Mech 3.0机理。该机理能够较为准确地模拟甲烷燃烧过程和氮氧化物的生成和还原过程[1618],可以用于模拟研究芦竹与煤混燃NOx生成特性以及燃料氮的迁移路径。
芦竹与煤的孔隙分布、颗粒形态等结构参数存在差异。芦竹的纤维结构疏松,孔隙率更高,挥发分释放更快,有利于形成还原性气氛,促进NOx的还原。同时实际燃烧过程中,燃料与空气的混合方式为气固混合,本模拟采用的均相反应将燃料等效为气体,忽略了实际燃烧过程中焦炭对NOx的异相还原作用和由于芦竹与煤两者之间的结构差异导致的生物质挥发分快速释放的影响。因此,在模拟过程中NOx质量浓度可能偏高。
图1为芦竹与煤混燃模型。本模拟以煤粉炉为研究对象,采用2个串联的PFR模型(每个PFR模型长度为50.0 cm,直径为2.5 cm)分别模拟锅炉中的主燃区和燃尽区。主燃区风和燃尽风分别从气体入口模型Ⅰ、Ⅱ通入,待主燃区风在PFR模型Ⅰ中发生反应后,二者在无反应气体混合模型混合,然后一同进入PFR模型Ⅱ中发生反应,最后尾气通过气体出口模型离开。表2为芦竹与煤混燃基本工况,其中掺混比例为30%,氧体积分数为21%。
为验证模型的可靠性,选取侯岩等[21]所用煤和生物质在主燃区、燃尽区温度分别为1 400、1 000 ℃下模拟掺混比例对NOx生成特性的影响,并与实验结果对比,结果如图2所示。对比模拟结果与实验结果发现,二者数值接近,虽然NOx体积分数的变化幅度有些差异,但模拟结果的变化趋势与实验结果一致,在定性分析芦竹混煤燃烧NOx生成特性变化趋势研究中具有可信度,研究结果可以为煤粉炉中芦竹混煤燃烧控制污染物排放提供一定的指导意见。其中,与实验结果相比,掺烧生物质后模拟结果的NOx排放量降幅较低,这与本模拟忽略了实际燃烧过程中生物质挥发分快速释放和焦炭对NOx异相还原作用的影响有一定关系。
本文模拟中主燃区温度最高为1 400 ℃,主要考虑燃料氮向NOx的转化率,在芦竹与煤混合燃烧过程中利用NH3和HCN的转化过程模拟燃料氮的转化,表达式为:
αNOx=(cNO+2cN2O+cNO2)×qV,out(cHCN+cNH3)×qV,in×100%
式中:αNOx为燃料氮向NOx转化率,%;cNOcN2OcNO2分别为NO、N2O和NO2的摩尔分数;qv,out为出口烟气的体积流量,cm3/min;cHCNCNH3分别为HCN、NH3的摩尔分数;qv,in为入口气流的体积流量,cm3/min。
此外,本文采用敏感性分析法研究基元反应对NO的敏感程度,分析各反应对NO生成的影响;采用生成速率分析法分析燃烧中影响NO浓度和生成速率的关键反应,得到燃料氮的迁移路径。
本模拟中掺混比例按发热量计算,定义为芦竹燃烧产生的能量与燃料总能量的比值,记为x。为研究掺混比例对NOx生成特性的影响,本模拟在基本工况下进行,选取0~60%的掺混比例进行模拟。不同掺混比例下燃尽区出口NOx的质量浓度(6%含氧量,干基)和转化率如图3所示。掺混比例从0~60%的变化过程中,随着掺混比例增加,NOx的转化率呈现上升趋势,NOx排放质量浓度呈现降低趋势。这是由于芦竹含氮量低于煤,混合燃料含氮量随着掺混比例增加而降低。经计算,30%、60%掺混比例下NOx的质量浓度降幅分别为4.73%和10.07%,本模拟选用芦竹未经过预处理,发热量较低,为达到与燃煤相同的热量,需要投入更多的芦竹。芦竹通过预处理可以提高发热量[8],有望提高混合燃烧对NOx的减排能力。
燃尽区出口氮氧化物主要有NO、NO2和N2O,他们在NOx中的占比基本不受掺混比例的影响。NO质量分数最高,约占99.71%,NO2和N2O质量分数极低,NO2约占0.28%,N2O约占0.01%。煤粉炉中芦竹与煤混合燃烧生成的氮氧化物以NO为主[22-23],因此研究芦竹与煤混燃NOx的生成特性集中于研究NO的生成特性。
不同掺混比例x下NO沿PFR的分布情况如图4所示。可以看出,NO的生成和还原主要发生在主燃区,燃尽区中NO的摩尔分数变化较小。当燃料和空气通入主燃区时,在主燃区入口迅速发生燃烧反应,NO摩尔分数迅速增大,随后NO被还原,NO摩尔分数逐渐减少;进入燃尽区后,随着燃尽风的加入,NO摩尔分数变化幅度较小,在燃尽区入口附近迅速发生减小和增大的变化,但该部分变化幅度较小。
为探究NO转化率随掺混比例增加的原因,本文选取反应最剧烈的位置即主燃区入口的主要反应对NO敏感性系数进行分析,结果如图5所示。下列反应对NO的生成影响较大:
2CH3<=>H+C2H5
CH3+O2<=>O+CH3O
HO2+CH3<=>OH+CH3O
H+O2<=>O+OH
2CH3(+M)<=>C2H6(+M)
H+CH4<=>CH3+H2
图5可见:反应式(2)—式(5)对NO的敏感性系数为正,对NO生成有促进作用;反应式(6)、式(7)对NO的敏感性系数为负,对NO生成有抑制作用。反应式(5)对NO的敏感性系数最大,不同掺混比例下的敏感性系数均在15以上,对NO生成的促进作用最大。随着掺混比例增大,各反应对NO的敏感性系数的绝对值都增大,并且掺混比例从30%到60%的敏感性系数变化幅度比掺混比例从0到30%更大。整体上,随着芦竹掺混比例的增大,敏感性系数正向增加的程度大于负向增加的程度,因此NO的转化率随掺混比例的增大而增大。
通过敏感性分析可以得到对NO生成影响较大的反应,但不能明确指出生成NO的具体反应,为进一步探究NO的形成机理,采用生成速率分析法对芦竹掺混比例为30%的燃烧过程进行分析,PFR内NO生成速率变化情况如图6所示。
主燃区入口处生成NO的主要反应:
N+O2<=>NO+O
N+OH<=>NO+H
NO2+H<=>NO+OH
NH+O<=>NO+H
HNO+H<=>H2+NO
HNO+OH<=>NO+H2O
NCO+O<=>NO+CO
主燃区入口处消耗NO的反应:
N+NO<=>N2+O
NO+O+M<=>NO2+M
H+NO+M<=>HNO+M
燃尽区入口生成NO的主要反应:
N+O2<=>NO+O
N+OH<=>NO+H
NO2+H<=>NO+OH
NH+O<=>NO+H
HNO+O<=>NO+OH
HNO+H<=>H2+NO
HNO+OH<=>NO+H2O
燃尽区入口消耗NO的反应:
HO2+NO<=>NO2+OH
NO+O+M<=>NO2+M
H+NO+M<=>HNO+M
在NO生成过程中,除了含氮中间产物之外,O、OH和H自由基是生成NO的主要反应物,反应式(5)的生成物是O和OH自由基,因此该反应对NO的敏感性系数最大。在主燃区和燃尽区入口处,NO向N2、NO2和HNO方向转化。
在燃烧初期,由于氧气尚未被消耗,含氮前驱物HCN与NH3会被氧化为NO;在还原性气氛中,HCN与NH3则与燃烧生成的NO发生反应生成N2。借助生成速率分析法,得到30%掺混比例下主燃区中HCN和NH3向NO主要转化路径如图7所示,其中箭头的粗细表示生成速率的大小。HCN向NO的转化过程中,CN、NCO、HOCN、HNCO、NH、N、HNO为主要中间产物;从NH3向NO的转化过程中,NH2、NH、N、HNO为主要中间产物。
随后,由于氧气不足,主燃区为还原性气氛,主要发生NO的还原反应,距离主燃区入口10 cm处NO生成速率绝对值从大到小依次为反应式(28)—式(30),NO的转化方向是HNO、N2O和N2,NO转化的最终产物为N2。距离主燃区入口10 cm处的NO还原路径如图8所示。另外,通过敏感性分析发现反应式(29)对NO的敏感性系数为负且绝对值最大,说明在主燃区NO还原过程中NH起到的作用最大。
H+NO+M<=>HNO+M
NH+NO<=>N2O+H
NH+NO<=>N2+OH
燃尽风率是燃尽风在总风量中的占比(α2/α,本模拟设置总过量空气系数为α=α1+α2=1.20不变,α1表示主燃区过量空气系数,α2表示燃尽风过量空气系数)。改变燃尽风率即重新分配主燃区与燃尽区的过量空气系数α1α2。由于总过量空气系数α不变,下文中用燃尽风过量空气系数α2代表燃尽风率。α2越大表明燃尽风率越大。在基本工况下,对燃尽风过量空气系数α2从0.15~0.50(即燃尽风率从12.50%~ 41.67%)的工况进行模拟,研究燃尽风率对NOx生成特性的影响。图9表示燃尽区出口处NOx转化率和质量浓度随燃尽风过量空气系数的变化情况。由图9可以看出,燃尽风率对NOx生成的影响较大。α2从0.15增大到0.50的过程中,燃尽区出口处NOx转化率和质量浓度的变化趋势相同,均随着α2的增加先减小后增大,在α2=0.40,即燃尽风率为33%时NOx转化率和质量浓度达到最低,分别为14.16%和45.98 mg/m3。这与周科等[24]基于1 000 MW超超临界机组锅炉的研究结果一致。另外,研究发现燃尽风率增加不利于煤粉燃尽,会使锅炉效率略微下降[25],在实际燃烧过程中降低NOx排放时需要综合考虑锅炉效率。
α2≤0.20时,α1≥1.00,主燃区氧气过量,会抑制NO的还原,因此此时NOx的转化率高达90%。当α2>0.20时,α1<1.00,主燃区氧气不足,形成的还原性气氛会促进NO的还原,所以α2从0.25增加到0.40的过程中,NOx转化率和质量浓度都在减小。当α2>0.40时,随着α2的增大,NOx转化率开始重新增大,原因是α1过小,在主燃区出口中存在一部分HCN与NH3,由于燃尽区氧量过高,HCN与NH3将在燃尽区被氧化为NOx,使燃尽区出口处NOx的生成量增多。
总过量空气系数α=1.20不变,掺混比例保持30%不变时总质量流量不变,为保证质量流量一致,选用不同燃尽风率下燃尽区入口未发生反应的含N组分的摩尔分数进行分析,结果如图10所示。由图10可见,α2从0.15增大到0.50,主燃区出口NO摩尔分数减小,而α2从0.20到0.25的变化过程是主燃区从氧化性气氛进入还原性气氛的过程,NO摩尔分数变化幅度较大,NH3摩尔分数增大,N2O与NO2的摩尔分数很小,可以忽略不计。α2增大则α1减小,主燃区氧量减少,还原性气氛使得生成的NO被还原,NH3摩尔分数较大可能是因为氧气不足使部分NH3与HCN未能参与反应。
30%掺混比例、不同燃尽风率下PFR内NO摩尔分数分布情况如图11所示。由图11可见:α2=0.15时,随着距PFR入口距离的增加,主燃区不会发生NO摩尔分数减小的情形,这是因为主燃区氧气过量,抑制了NO的还原;进入燃尽区后由于燃尽风的通入总流量增大,NO占比减小,由于主燃区中氧气过量,已生成全部NO,在燃尽区通入空气后不会再生成NO。
α2从0.30到0.50,随着距PFR入口距离的增加,主燃区中由于燃烧反应NO摩尔分数先迅速增大达到峰值,之后由于主燃区氧气不过量形成还原性气氛,发生NO的还原反应,NO摩尔分数减小,进入燃尽区后由于燃尽风的通入使体积流量增大从而导致NO摩尔分数迅速减小,随后燃尽风通入提供的氧气与剩余的HCN和NH3及其生成的中间产物反应生成NO使NO摩尔分数增大,最后保持不变。随着燃尽风率的增大,主燃区过量空气系数减小,主燃区的还原性气氛增强,同时,燃尽风率的增大使主燃区体积流量减小,会延长燃料在主燃区的停留时间,二者都有利于降低主燃区NO的生成量。
α2增大,α1减小,主燃区还原性气氛增强,促进对NO的还原,因此主燃区中NO摩尔分数随着α2的增大而减小。而α2=0.50时燃尽区NO的生成量高于α2=0.40时NO的生成量。为分析原因,分别在主燃区NO含量减小的位置距PFR入口10 cm处和燃尽区入口反应最剧烈的位置对NO进行敏感性分析,结果如图12所示。主燃区中,以下反应对NO的敏感性系数为负,对NO的生成起到抑制作用,在还原性气氛中,主要体现为促进NO的还原:
H+NO+M<=>HNO+M
NH+NO<=>N2O+H
NH+NO<=>N2+OH
NH+H2O<=>HNO+H2
NH+H<=>N+H2
N+NO<=>N2+O
H+CH3(+M)<=>CH4(+M)
显然,主燃区中NO的敏感性系数为负的反应数量更多且敏感性系数绝对值更大,说明该位置处NO摩尔分数的变化率为负。随着α2增大,主燃区还原性气氛增强,这些反应对NO敏感性系数的绝对值均增大,整体上,敏感性系数负向移动,对NO还原的促进作用增强。其中,反应式(31)、式(32)对NO的敏感性系数的绝对值较大,且二者随α2的变化幅度较大。
燃尽区中,反应式(38)对NO的敏感性系数最大,对NO生成的影响占主要地位:
H+O2<=>O+OH
该反应对NO的敏感性系数为正,且α2从0.40增大到0.50,该反应对NO的敏感性系数大幅度增加,对NO生成的促进作用增强,因此α2=0.50时燃尽区NO的摩尔分数更大。
为研究燃尽风位置对NOx生成特性的影响,分别选取芦竹掺混比例为30%和60%的工况,通过改变主燃区与燃尽区各部分PFR的长度调整燃尽风位置进行模拟。燃尽风位置用相对位置y表示,为主燃区长度与总长度之比。不同燃尽风位置下燃尽区出口NOx的转化率和质量浓度如图13所示。随着燃尽风位置的延后,NOx的转化率和质量浓度都减小,说明延后燃尽风位置有利于降低NOx排放量。燃尽风位置y从0.1到0.7的变化过程中,NOx转化率从约60%降低到约20%,变化幅度较大,说明燃尽风位置对NOx生成的影响较大。这是由于主燃区氧气不过量,为还原性气氛,燃尽风的延后使主燃区体积增大,烟气在主燃区还原性气氛中的停留时间增长,促进了NO的还原。
图14表示30%掺混比例、不同燃尽风位置y=0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7下PFR内NO摩尔分数分布情况。可以看出,燃尽风的通入中断了NO的还原。在燃尽风通入之前,主燃区还原过程中,随着距离的增加,NO摩尔分数的变化幅度逐渐减小,越往后主燃区对NO的还原效果越弱。本模拟中烟气充分混合,因此燃尽区出口烟气中基本不含CO,而在实际燃烧中需考虑燃尽风位置过于靠后燃尽风与烟气未充分混合导致燃烧不完全的问题。
芦竹具有产量大、热值高等特点,燃煤机组通过掺烧芦竹可以实现煤电机组低碳清洁转型。本文利用两段式PFR构建芦竹与煤混燃反应模型,研究煤粉炉掺烧芦竹的NOx生成特性,探究了燃烧过程中燃料氮的迁移路径,重点分析了掺混比例、燃尽风率和燃尽风位置等因素的影响,结论如下。
1)掺烧芦竹可以降低NOx排放。随着芦竹掺混比例增加,主燃区入口附近各主要反应对NO生成的促进作用增强,NOx转化率略微增大;由于芦竹的氮含量低,故NOx的质量浓度减小。通过生成速率分析得到了HCN与NH3向NO的主要转化路径以及主燃区NO还原过程中的主要反应。
2)燃尽风率对NOx生成的影响较大,随着燃尽风率增大,NOx转化率和质量浓度先减小后增大,存在最佳燃尽风率(33%)使NOx转化率和质量浓度最小。燃尽风率增大使主燃区中还原性气氛增强,且延长了燃料在主燃区的停留时间,促进了NO的还原,但是燃尽风率过大会使大量的NO在燃尽区生成,不利于降低NO排放,最佳燃尽风率则是平衡主燃区和燃尽区NOx生成的选择。另外,燃尽风率过大意味着主燃区燃料燃烧不充分,会使燃烧温度降低,影响锅炉效率,因此在锅炉参数设置时也需考虑燃尽风率对对锅炉效率的影响。
3)随着燃尽风位置延后,NOx的转化率和质量浓度都减小。主燃区氧气不过量时,延后燃尽风位置可以增加主燃区的长度,延长烟气在还原性气氛中的停留时间,促进NO还原。延后燃尽风位置可以降低NOx的排放,但是在燃烧过程中需要避免因燃尽风位置靠后导致燃烧不完全的问题。
  • 陕西省重点研发项目(2024GX-YBXM-478)
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2026年第55卷第3期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202504072
  • 接收时间:2025-04-10
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-10
  • 修回日期:2025-06-09
  • 录用日期:2025-06-12
基金
Key Research and Development Project of Shaanxi Province(2024GX-YBXM-478)
陕西省重点研发项目(2024GX-YBXM-478)
作者信息
    1.上海上电漕泾发电有限公司,上海 201507
    2.西安交通大学绿色氢电全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
    3.上海发电设备成套设计研究院有限责任公司,上海 200240

通讯作者:

王长安(1986),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为化石燃料高效清洁利用与碳减排技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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