Article(id=1295065081860084326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295064874678252123, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202506104, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749657600000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-12, revisedDate=1751472000000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-03, acceptedDate=1752076800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-10, onlineDate=1786697176660, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1774368000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697176660, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697176660, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697176660, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295064874678252123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='184', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774368000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697127264, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698874628, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072203708592834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295064874678252123, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072203708592835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295064874678252123, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=19, endPage=27, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295065082308874856, articleId=1295065081860084326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Optimization of low-calorific-value coal co-firing for CFB boilers in industrial parks, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal Energy Science Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Driven by the “dual-carbon” goals, the establishment of integrated energy systems in industrial parks, and the large-scale renewable integration have imposed heightened flexibility requirements on coal blending for thermal power units. The coal blending process comprises two stages: pre-furnace and in-furnace operations. During pre-furnace blending, a minimum coal quality deviation model addresses low-calorific-value coal utilization. Chaos search-based adaptive mutation particle swarm optimization blends such coal into furnace-compliant mixtures meeting boiler specifications. For in-furnace blending, dynamic adjustment of coal ratios across load ranges ensures load stability while minimizing fuel costs. A two-stage optimization model resolves circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler blending: Stage 1 selects coal feeder combinations according to weekly peak chemical plant loads and PV generation scenarios; Stage 2 optimizes coal feed rates under load-balance constraints, incorporating desulfurization-driven sulfur content limits. Comparative analysis under spring irradiance conditions reveals that in-furnace blending of two coals reduces daily combustion costs by 4.36×105 yuan. Post-retrofit evaluation of blending of three coals demonstrates a further reduction in daily fuel costs.

, authors=Tuoyu DENG1, 2, Zhixin DONG1, authorsList=Tuoyu DENG, Zhixin DONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhixin DONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295065093650272906, articleId=1295065081860084326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=工业园区循环流化床锅炉低热值煤掺烧优化, columnId=1211002405437706993, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=热能科学研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在“双碳”目标的推动下,工业园区综合能源系统的建立,以及大规模可再生能源并网对火电机组配煤灵活性要求更高。工业园区循环流化床锅炉的配煤过程分为炉外与炉内两个阶段。在炉外配煤阶段,针对低热值煤掺烧,建立了最小煤质偏差模型,采用基于混沌搜索的自适应变异粒子群算法将低热值煤掺配为符合锅炉煤质要求的入炉煤。在炉内配煤阶段,为保证负荷稳定的同时降低燃料成本,需动态调整不同负荷下入炉煤的掺烧比例。针对循环流化床锅炉炉内配煤问题,建立两阶段配煤优化模型:第一阶段根据化工厂周最大日负荷需求及典型光伏场景下机组出力需求,选择给煤机组合方式;第二阶段根据负荷需求以及给煤机优化结果建立负荷平衡约束,考虑炉内脱硫过程建立混煤含硫量约束,进行给煤量优化。对比春季典型辐照条件下不同配煤策略下的锅炉燃料成本,结果显示火电机组通过双煤种炉内掺烧可以使日燃烧成本降低43.6万元;对比煤仓改造前后掺烧三煤种燃料成本,结果显示改造后机组日燃料成本进一步降低。

, authors=邓拓宇1, 2, 董智鑫1, authorsList=邓拓宇, 董智鑫, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=董智鑫, authorNote=

邓拓宇(1987),女,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为供热机组灵活性提升技术、大型火电机组智能优化控制,

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董智鑫(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为锅炉燃烧优化及动力配煤技术,
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邓拓宇(1987),女,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为供热机组灵活性提升技术、大型火电机组智能优化控制,

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feed quantity considering sulfur emissions, figureFileSmall=16YC0ueBuX01B1BOgGseSQ==, figureFileBig=/TLRMbwKuPkIczqq3cfwgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295065112998597318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065081860084326, language=CN, label=图10, caption=考虑硫排放的给煤量优化结果, figureFileSmall=16YC0ueBuX01B1BOgGseSQ==, figureFileBig=/TLRMbwKuPkIczqq3cfwgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295065113074094791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065081860084326, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Optimization results of feed quantity of the blending coal A+C, figureFileSmall=vFB3q+B/1oa9RyDy/mmaHw==, figureFileBig=KY0xZZassmNKOLporNCo6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295065113275421385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065081860084326, language=CN, label=图11, caption=混煤A+C掺烧给煤量优化结果, figureFileSmall=vFB3q+B/1oa9RyDy/mmaHw==, figureFileBig=KY0xZZassmNKOLporNCo6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295065113350918859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065081860084326, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Optimization results of feed quantity of the three-coal-mixture, figureFileSmall=vtEpS3LDVxKsN6mS/qJToA==, figureFileBig=M+yfJLjCJzgkTkeFLDUfNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295065113418027724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065081860084326, language=CN, label=图12, caption=三煤种掺烧给煤量优化结果, figureFileSmall=vtEpS3LDVxKsN6mS/qJToA==, figureFileBig=M+yfJLjCJzgkTkeFLDUfNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295065113480942285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065081860084326, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Expected error of each component of the coal

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
σM/%σA/%σM/%σS/%σQ/(MJ·kg–1)
1.52.51.00.21.3
), ArticleFig(id=1295065113699046094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065081860084326, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

煤质各成分期望误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
σM/%σA/%σM/%σS/%σQ/(MJ·kg–1)
1.52.51.00.21.3
), ArticleFig(id=1295065115372573392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065081860084326, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Coal quality of incoming coal from the coal yard

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工业分析中煤煤泥煤矸石
收到基全硫分wt,ar(S)/%0.761.980.57
收到基灰分war(A)/%37.0046.8144.40
全水分wt(M)/%4.8012.306.57
空气干燥基水分wad(M)/%1.563.731.69
干燥无灰基挥发分wdaf(V)/%24.4646.8147.73
收到基低位发热量Qnet,ar/(MJ·kg–1)20.9110.115.52
), ArticleFig(id=1295065115443876561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065081860084326, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

煤场来煤煤质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工业分析中煤煤泥煤矸石
收到基全硫分wt,ar(S)/%0.761.980.57
收到基灰分war(A)/%37.0046.8144.40
全水分wt(M)/%4.8012.306.57
空气干燥基水分wad(M)/%1.563.731.69
干燥无灰基挥发分wdaf(V)/%24.4646.8147.73
收到基低位发热量Qnet,ar/(MJ·kg–1)20.9110.115.52
), ArticleFig(id=1295065115515179730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065081860084326, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Quality analysis of the furnace coal

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工业分析混煤A混煤B混煤C
收到基全硫分wt,ar(S)/%0.820.940.88
收到基灰分war(A)/%39.7941.2740.56
全水分wt(M)/%6.256.616.44
干燥无灰基挥发分wdaf(V)/%32.6335.834.24
收到基低位发热量Qnet,ar/(MJ·kg–1)13.7710.612.14
), ArticleFig(id=1295065115775226579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065081860084326, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

入炉煤质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工业分析混煤A混煤B混煤C
收到基全硫分wt,ar(S)/%0.820.940.88
收到基灰分war(A)/%39.7941.2740.56
全水分wt(M)/%6.256.616.44
干燥无灰基挥发分wdaf(V)/%32.6335.834.24
收到基低位发热量Qnet,ar/(MJ·kg–1)13.7710.612.14
), ArticleFig(id=1295065115846529749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065081860084326, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Optimization results of the coal feeder combination

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
煤种混煤A混煤B
给煤机台数46
), ArticleFig(id=1295065115926221526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065081860084326, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

给煤机组合优化结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
煤种混煤A混煤B
给煤机台数46
), ArticleFig(id=1295065115989136087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065081860084326, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Optimization results of the coal feeder combination

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
煤种混煤A:混煤B混煤A:混煤C混煤B:混煤C三煤种掺混
煤仓改造前给煤机台数4:62:8不满足负荷与含硫量要求3:5:2
煤仓改造后给煤机台数4:61:9不满足负荷与含硫量要求2:4:4
), ArticleFig(id=1295065116219822808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295065081860084326, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

给煤机组合优化结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
煤种混煤A:混煤B混煤A:混煤C混煤B:混煤C三煤种掺混
煤仓改造前给煤机台数4:62:8不满足负荷与含硫量要求3:5:2
煤仓改造后给煤机台数4:61:9不满足负荷与含硫量要求2:4:4
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工业园区循环流化床锅炉低热值煤掺烧优化
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邓拓宇 1, 2 , 董智鑫 1
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2026,55(3): 19-27
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热力发电 |热能科学研究 2026 , 55 (3) : 19 -27
工业园区循环流化床锅炉低热值煤掺烧优化
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邓拓宇(1987),女,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为供热机组灵活性提升技术、大型火电机组智能优化控制,

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邓拓宇1, 2 , 董智鑫1
作者信息
  • 1.华北电力大学控制与计算机工程学院,河北 保定 071003
  • 2.新能源电力系统全国重点实验室(华北电力大学),北京 102206
通讯作者:
董智鑫(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为锅炉燃烧优化及动力配煤技术,
作者简介:

邓拓宇(1987),女,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为供热机组灵活性提升技术、大型火电机组智能优化控制,

Optimization of low-calorific-value coal co-firing for CFB boilers in industrial parks
Tuoyu DENG1, 2 , Zhixin DONG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2026-03-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202506104
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在“双碳”目标的推动下,工业园区综合能源系统的建立,以及大规模可再生能源并网对火电机组配煤灵活性要求更高。工业园区循环流化床锅炉的配煤过程分为炉外与炉内两个阶段。在炉外配煤阶段,针对低热值煤掺烧,建立了最小煤质偏差模型,采用基于混沌搜索的自适应变异粒子群算法将低热值煤掺配为符合锅炉煤质要求的入炉煤。在炉内配煤阶段,为保证负荷稳定的同时降低燃料成本,需动态调整不同负荷下入炉煤的掺烧比例。针对循环流化床锅炉炉内配煤问题,建立两阶段配煤优化模型:第一阶段根据化工厂周最大日负荷需求及典型光伏场景下机组出力需求,选择给煤机组合方式;第二阶段根据负荷需求以及给煤机优化结果建立负荷平衡约束,考虑炉内脱硫过程建立混煤含硫量约束,进行给煤量优化。对比春季典型辐照条件下不同配煤策略下的锅炉燃料成本,结果显示火电机组通过双煤种炉内掺烧可以使日燃烧成本降低43.6万元;对比煤仓改造前后掺烧三煤种燃料成本,结果显示改造后机组日燃料成本进一步降低。

工业园区  /  低热值煤  /  粒子群优化算法  /  混沌搜索  /  煤仓改造

Driven by the “dual-carbon” goals, the establishment of integrated energy systems in industrial parks, and the large-scale renewable integration have imposed heightened flexibility requirements on coal blending for thermal power units. The coal blending process comprises two stages: pre-furnace and in-furnace operations. During pre-furnace blending, a minimum coal quality deviation model addresses low-calorific-value coal utilization. Chaos search-based adaptive mutation particle swarm optimization blends such coal into furnace-compliant mixtures meeting boiler specifications. For in-furnace blending, dynamic adjustment of coal ratios across load ranges ensures load stability while minimizing fuel costs. A two-stage optimization model resolves circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler blending: Stage 1 selects coal feeder combinations according to weekly peak chemical plant loads and PV generation scenarios; Stage 2 optimizes coal feed rates under load-balance constraints, incorporating desulfurization-driven sulfur content limits. Comparative analysis under spring irradiance conditions reveals that in-furnace blending of two coals reduces daily combustion costs by 4.36×105 yuan. Post-retrofit evaluation of blending of three coals demonstrates a further reduction in daily fuel costs.

industrial park  /  low-calorific-value coal  /  particle swarm optimization algorithm  /  chaotic search  /  renovation of coal bunker
邓拓宇, 董智鑫. 工业园区循环流化床锅炉低热值煤掺烧优化. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (3) : 19 -27 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202506104
Tuoyu DENG, Zhixin DONG. Optimization of low-calorific-value coal co-firing for CFB boilers in industrial parks[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (3) : 19 -27 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202506104
受煤炭价格波动的影响,工业园区采用掺烧低热值煤以实现降本增效。由于低热值煤煤质常偏离锅炉设计煤种要求,配煤成为保障机组安全稳定运行、提升电厂经济性与运行适应性的关键技术措施[1]。在“双碳”目标驱动下,工业园区作为产业与能源消费的核心载体,构建以可再生能源为主体的新型电力系统已成为必然趋势[2]。然而可再生能源并网引发的电源侧波动对火电机组配煤灵活性提出了更高要求[3]
循环流化床锅炉因其独特的物料循环流化燃烧机制,结合炉内脱硫与低温燃烧技术,具有多元燃料强适应性、宽负荷调节性能及污染物协同控制优势,已成为工业园区能源基础设施的重要技术选择[4]。该特性尤其适配低热值煤资源化需求,通过炉外预混配煤或炉内多仓配煤技术,可实现低热值煤的高效掺混燃烧[5]。循环流化床锅炉配煤方式分为炉外与炉内2种:前者在煤场预混,将不同来煤按比例掺配为达标入炉煤;后者采用多煤种分仓给煤技术,通过给煤机输配量调节实现炉内动态掺烧比例调整[6-7]。伍家炜[6]采用了2种配煤方式,通过采用炉内配煤方式免去了大量在煤场配煤的操作,在节约成本的同时避免了煤场混合不均的问题。吴英等[7]采用“炉前掺混”方式,制定了8种配煤方案并测试不同工况下的锅炉热效率与供电煤耗,最终确定了最佳掺配方案。
近年来,进化算法特别是粒子群算法在配煤优化过程中得到了广泛应用[8-9]。夏季等[9]通过构建模糊理论目标函数并运用遗传算法优化,显著提升了配煤效果。李前胜等[8]提出基于权重改进的自适应约束粒子群优化算法,通过量化约束违反程度,实现了不同煤质指标的均衡优化。配煤优化算法的研究在静态场景下显著提升了配煤方案经济性,然而,大规模可再生能源的并网对工业园区火电机组配煤灵活性提出了更高的要求,亟待建立计及新能源系统出力波动的火电机组动态掺烧机制,从而提升工业园区综合能源系统的整体能效。
本文针对工业园区循环流化床锅炉低热值煤掺烧问题构建配煤优化模型,在炉外配煤过程中构建最小煤质偏差模型,采用基于混沌搜索的自适应变异粒子群算法将低热值来煤掺配成入炉煤;在炉内配煤过程中,通过优化给煤机组合方式及各给煤机给煤量,在燃煤机组变负荷工况下动态调整掺烧比例,在满足环保要求的同时降低燃料成本,实现配煤掺烧与可再生能源出力的协同优化。
某工业园区响应国家号召,建设低热值煤项目,燃用低热值煤。工业园区内,光伏电站与火电机组构成综合能源系统协同为园区化工厂供电。当系统出力低于负荷需求时,需高价购电补充缺额;出力超出负荷需求时,富余电力无偿返送电网。为提升系统煤耗经济性并响应动态负荷需求,火电机组采用配煤策略如图1所示。
电厂接收的煤泥、煤矸石和中煤因热值、含硫量等煤质指标与原设计煤种存在差异,首先在煤场进行炉外配煤。炉外配煤过程以设计煤种和校核煤种的参数为标准,确保掺配后的混煤达到循环流化床锅炉设计煤种要求。在储煤场完成掺配后,按设计煤种与校核煤种为目标掺配的符合入炉煤质要求的混煤在炉内混烧。由于炉前混煤热值不同价格差异较大,为了充分利用价格更低的低热值混煤,炉内配煤过程以经济最优为目标,在满足变负荷需求和给煤量限制的前提下,动态调节较低热值混煤的比例。
为规避安全风险、延长锅炉使用寿命并严格管控二氧化硫污染,入炉煤质参数应趋近锅炉设计煤质参数。构建以最小煤质偏差为目标的掺配优化模型,选取全水分、收到基灰分、干燥无灰基挥发分、收到基全硫分及收到基低位发热量作为混煤指标,将各成分相对偏差平方和确立为优化目标。
mink=1Mz[((Mt,OMt,k)σM1)2+((Aar,OAar,k)σA1)2+((Vdaf,OVdaf,k)σV1)2+((St,ar,OSt,ar,k)σS1)2+((Qnet,ar,OQnet,ar,k)σQ)2
式中:σQQnet,ar,O分别为混煤收到基低位发热量的期望误差与目标值,MJ/kg;σAσSσMσV分别为各煤质指标的期望误差,%;Aar,OVdaf,OSt,ar,OMt,O分别为各煤质指标目标值,%;MZ为混煤种数;Qnet,ar,kAar,kVdaf,kSt,ar,kMt,k分别为煤场来煤的各煤种煤质指标实测值。
通过最小煤质偏差模型,得到与设计煤种及校核煤种煤质、相近符合入炉煤煤质的混煤方案。煤质各成分期望误差见表1
1)燃料粒径
大型CFB锅炉入炉煤粒径要求(以下均为质量分数)为[10]:粒径0.1 mm的煤小于10%、粒径小于1.0 mm的煤小于60%、粒径小于4.0 mm的煤小于95%、入炉煤粒径不允许大于10 mm。
2)煤种
煤泥干燥后仍为粉末状,不结团燃烧,掺烧比例不高于10%[11]。煤矸石热值低,灰分大,掺烧量增加后,炉膛热负荷下降,且灰量大增,飞灰未燃尽燃料颗粒增多,掺烧比例一般不大于70%[12]
3)入炉燃料热值
用于发电的低热值煤资源主要包括煤泥、洗中煤和收到基热值不低于5.02 MJ/kg的煤矸石。入炉燃料收到基热值不高于14.65 MJ/kg[13]
4)供电煤耗
300 MW及以上循环流化床低热值煤发电机组原则上采用超临界参数。对循环流化床低热值煤发电机组,300 MW级湿冷、空冷机组设计供电煤耗分别不高于310、327 g/(kW·h)[14]。工业园区循环流化床锅炉为空冷机组,要求入炉煤均热值为:
Qnet,ar,h3 600/FB(1β)
式中:Qnet,ar,h为混煤均收到基低位发热量,MJ/kg;FB为发电煤耗系数,kJ·kg/MJ;β为厂用电率。
5)煤工业分析指标
文献[15]经过电厂煤质实验结果分析,混煤各成分掺配公式。其中,水分和发热量属于线性参数,挥发分与灰分属于非线性参数。
混煤挥发分和灰分与按比例线性相加得到的混煤挥发分和灰分可以近似拟合为以下关系:
Vad=0.9702Vad+2.2224(r=0.8307)
Vad=(100MadAad)Vdaf/100
式中:Vad为混煤收到基挥发分,%;Vad为单煤挥发分按比例线性相加得到的混煤收到基挥发分,%;Aad为混煤空气干燥基灰分,%;Aad为单煤灰分按比例线性相加得到的混煤空气干燥基灰分,%;r为相关系数。
收到基灰分与空气干燥基灰分、干燥无灰基挥发分与收到基挥发分可以通过式(5)折算:
Aad=0.97878Aad0.3236(r=0.9504)
Aad=(100Mad)Aar100Mt
式中:Vdaf为干燥无灰基挥发分,%;Aar为收到基灰分,%;Mad为空气干燥基水分,%;Mt为全水分,%。
循环流化床入炉煤煤质要求干燥无灰基挥发分为20%~35%,收到基灰分不超过45%,收到基全硫分不超过1.2%。
{Mt,hMt,maxAar,hAar,maxSt,ar,hSt,ar,maxVdaf,minVdaf,hVdaf,max
式中:Mt,h为混煤全水分,%;Aar,h为混煤收到基灰分,%;St,ar,h为混煤收到基全硫分,%;Vdaf,h为混煤干燥无灰基挥发分,%;Mt,max为混煤最大全水分,%;Aar,max为混煤最大收到基灰分,%;St,ar,max为混煤最大收到基全硫分,%;Vdaf,min为混煤最小干燥无灰基挥发分,%;Vdaf,max为混煤最大干燥无灰基挥发分,%。
粒子群算法是基于群体智能的优化算法,初始化随机粒子群,利用适应度函数评估解的优劣,在迭代中通过位置公式与速度公式更新粒子位置。
{νd,t+1=ω×νid,t+c1×r1×(pid,txid,t)+c2×r2×(pgd,txid,t)xid,t+l=xid,t+νid,t+1
式中:xid,t为时刻t粒子i的位置;vid,t为时刻t粒子i速度;ω为惯性权重;c1c2为学习因子;pid,t为个体最佳位置;pgd,t为种群最佳位置。
惯性权重ω的取值决定了算法的全局搜索能力与局部搜索能力:初期较大可以确保算法拥有较强的全局搜索能力,避免陷入局部;后期逐步减小以增强算法的局部搜索能力,实现更精细的搜索。
ω=ωed+(ωstωed)e2(tT)2cos(π2(tT)3)
式中:ωst为起始惯性权重;ωed为终止惯性权重;T为迭代次数。
学习因子c1c2分别决定粒子的自学习能力与群体学习能力:初期较大c1使粒子具备较强的自学习能力,鼓励粒子探索新的搜索空间;后期较大c2让粒子具备较强的群体学习能力,提高收敛速度。
{c1=c1st(c1stc1ed)tTc2=c2st+(c2edc2st)tT
式中:c1stc2st为起始学习因子;c1edc2ed为终止学习因子。
在粒子群优化迭代过程中,当种群经验最优解与真实全局最优解存在显著偏差时,粒子会聚集当前最优解进而陷入局部极值。引入变异操作通过随机扰动维持种群多样性,从而增强全局寻优能力。
xidt={xid,min+r×(xid,maxxid,min),δρxidt,δ>ρ
式中:xid,minxid,max为粒子i的位置边界;ρ为变异率。
混沌优化算法是兼具随机性、规律性与遍历性的优化算法,凭借混沌变量的遍历性,避免搜索陷入局部极值,实现解空间全局探索。在粒子群算法迭代时,定期引入混沌优化机制,以全局最优解为中心,混沌搜索生成候选解集;建立动态择优机制,当候选解集出现适应度优于当前全局最优时,触发种群的迭代更新。混沌搜索原理如式(12)所示。
xn={gid,t+yn(xid,maxxid,min)/20gid,tyn(xid,maxxid,min)/20
式中:xn为混沌搜索生成新新个体;yn为混沌变量。
在产生混沌序列时,选用Logistic映射。
yn+1=μyn(1yn)
式中:μ为控制参数。
工业园区炉外配煤过程需要在入炉煤质指标的约束下,改变不同煤种比例以实现与设计煤种和校核煤种的煤质偏差最小化。基于混沌搜索的自适应变异粒子群算法在配煤优化中的应用流程为:初始化粒子速度与位置,计算每个粒子对应的煤质参数,根据式(1)计算混煤煤质偏差值作为优化目标,最终确定最优混煤比例,算法流程如图2所示。
在粒子群寻优过程中,根据粒子当前适应度值更新个体历史最优值(Pbest)和全局最优值(Gbest);根据式(9)更新惯性权重参数;根据式(10)更新学习因子;基于式(11)判断是否触发变异条件,若满足则对当前粒子速度与位置施加随机扰动;每隔k代以全局最优为中心进行混沌搜索;每次参数更新后重新计算混煤煤质参数,通过迭代对比适应度值更新全局最优解。满足终止条件时,输出最优混煤比例,否则重复执行迭代过程。
在煤场完成来煤掺配后,以设计煤种与校核煤种为目标掺配出符合入炉要求的混煤进行炉内混烧。由于各混煤价格相差较大,为充分利用低价低热值混煤,炉内配煤以经济最优为目标,在满足负荷需求和给煤限制的前提下,动态调节混煤比例。
工业园区内光伏电站与火电机组构成综合能源系统同时给化工厂供电,出力不足以满足园区内化工厂负荷需求时,需要向电网购电,价格昂贵;出力大于化工厂负荷需求时,超出的电免费供给电网。可再生能源的并网对火电机组灵活配煤提出了更高的要求。为了减少机组燃煤成本,工业园区火电机组进行煤仓改造提高机组炉内配煤的灵活性。
循环流化床锅炉配备4个原煤斗,炉前10台给煤机给工业园区循环流化床锅炉给煤,煤仓改造前,每个煤斗下接2套或3套称重式给煤机。在煤场一次掺配出的混煤A、B通过不同给煤机同时为循环流化床锅炉给煤。煤仓改造前循环流化床给煤示意如图3所示。
文中工业园区内综合能源系统主要给化工厂供电,由于化工厂负荷需求较为稳定,给煤机组合以周最大日负荷需求为约束。以11.72 MJ/kg基准热值煤拟合周典型光伏场景下给煤量负荷关系,得到不同负荷所需给煤量。
1)优化目标
给煤机组合的目标函数在周典型出力场景下,满足化工厂周最大日负荷需求的配煤成本最优。
minj=1NZDd,jTD,j(CANA+CBNB)
式中:CACB为炉外掺配混煤A、混煤B的价格,元/t;NANB为混煤A、混煤B给煤机台数;NZ为典型场景数;DD,j为典型场景下给煤机给煤量,t/h;TD,j为场景运行小时数。
2)负荷需求约束
当光伏出力未处在工作状态时,要求火电机组应当具有独立满足负荷需求的能力。
QA,Z+QB,ZQP,zd
QA=αQANADmax
QB=αQBNBDmax
QP,zd=Pm/c
c=ηBηTubeηEηT
式中:QA,Z、QB,Z为混煤A、混煤B发热量,kW;QP,zd为发热量需求,kW;Pm为负荷需求,kJ;α为热量平衡系数,取1.163×10–3;c为机组热效率,%;ηB为锅炉效率,%;Tube为管道效率,%;ηE为发电机效率,%;ηT为汽轮机效率,%。
3)给煤机约束
煤仓改造前,各煤仓下接2套或3套给煤机,为防止偏烧,给煤机对称分布。
{NA+NB=10NA,NB={4,6}
1)优化目标
给煤量优化以成本最优为目标。
mint=1T(i=1NACADA,i,t+i=1NBCBDB,i,t)
式中:DA,i,t为时刻ti台混煤A给煤机给煤量,t/h;DB,i,t为时刻ti台混煤B给煤机给煤量,t/h。
2)负荷平衡约束
为协调光伏电站与火电机组出力,避免出力不足从电网购电,给煤量优化需约束负荷需求。
QA,t+QB,t=QP,t
QA,t=αQAi=1NADA,i,t
QB,t=αQBi=1NBDB,i,t
{QP,t=Pxu,t/cPxu,t=PmPg,tc=R1Pxu,t2+R2Pxu,t+R3
式中:R1R2R3为负荷-热效率拟合系数,其中R1= –9.156×10–7R2=6.15×10–4R3=0.277;QP,tt时刻发热量需求,kW;Pxu,tt时刻负荷需求,kJ;Pg,tt时刻光伏电站出力,kJ;c为热效率,%。
根据机组热力特性书拟合得到负荷-机组热效率曲线如图4所示。
3)给煤机给煤量约束
DminDA,i,t,DB,i,tDmax
4)给煤量爬坡约束
{νA,dwDA,i,t+1DA,i,tνA,upνB,dwDB,i,t+1DB,i,tνB,up
5)含硫量约束
循环流化床锅炉炉内脱硫主要是利用石灰石脱硫。在石灰石投入量不变,负荷较高时,床温增加,有利于石灰石与SO2充分反应,脱硫效率高[5],放宽对煤含硫量的限制;负荷过低时,由于煤无法均匀地与石灰石接触,导致脱硫不均,烟气含硫量波动较大,反而要求煤中含硫量更低。不同负荷含硫量要求如图5所示。
SPJ,t{SH,t,Pxu,t>PXASL,t,Pxu,tPXA
{SH,t=Sh1Pxu,t2+Sh2Pxu,t+Sh3SL,t=Sl1Pxu,t2+Sl2Pxu,t+Sl3
SPJ,t=i=1NADA,i,tSA+i=1NBDB,i,tSBi=1NADA,i,t+i=1NBDB,i,t
式中:SPJ,t为混合煤含硫量,%;SH,t为高负荷时含硫量要求,%;SL,t为低负荷时含硫量要求,%;PXA为负荷界限,MW;Sh1Sh2Sh3为高负荷时含硫量-负荷拟合系数,其中Sh1= –3.3×10–5Sh2=1.5×10–2Sh3=2.83;Sl1Sl2Sl3为低负荷时含硫量-负荷拟合系数,其中Sl1=–1.6×10–4Sl2=6.8×10–2Sl3= –2.2。
为实现灵活配煤,工业园区循环流化床锅炉进行煤仓改造,在煤仓加装分隔板。分隔板的加装使得10台给煤机可以自由灵活地输送不同热值的煤,从而实现每台给煤机掺烧不同煤种。煤仓改造后循环流化床给煤示意如图6所示。
煤仓改造为提高炉内配煤灵活性提供了硬件支持,为进一步提高混煤掺烧的经济效益,炉内掺烧过程中增加混煤C,按式(14)—式(30)分别计算煤仓改造前后混煤A+B、混煤A+C、混煤B+C组合以及3种煤混掺的给煤机组合与给煤量优化结果。
为探究工业园区并网光伏电站后,火电机组配煤优化对燃料成本的影响,本文选取春季典型辐照条件火电机组运行数据如图7。通过构建配煤优化模型,定量对比不同混煤策略下的机组燃料成本。
工业园区煤场来煤煤质见表2
粒子群收敛过程如图8所示,经粒子群优化后入炉煤煤质参数见表3
经过炉外掺配形成的3种混煤的煤质参数彼此较为相近,符合循环流化床入炉要求,可有效避免文献[16]中所提煤种之间的“抢风”现象。其掺烧比例对于锅炉燃烧效率以及安全运行方面所产生的影响相对较小,主要由经济效益决定。
煤场掺混出的混煤由给煤机进入炉膛掺烧,循环流化床锅炉炉内掺烧过程主要考虑混煤的热值与含硫量,具体煤质参数详见表3
在未实施灵活配煤策略时,循环流化床锅炉入炉燃料为采用基于设计煤种掺配的混煤A。该燃烧方案虽可维持锅炉稳态运行,但因混煤A的单位热值采购成本高,且机组缺乏负荷响应型燃料动态掺烧机制,导致燃料总成本持续处于高位。在典型负荷工况下,机组日燃料成本达到327.4万元。
1)给煤机组合
要求火电机组最大出力为350 MW,给煤机组合优化结果见表4
2)给煤量优化
经配煤优化后,相较于燃烧单一的设计煤种,掺烧较为劣质的煤可明显提高经济效益。给煤量优化结果如图9所示,在典型出力场景下,日燃料成本为283.8万元,与采用单一煤种相比日燃料成本减少了43.6万元。
针对SO2排放问题,考虑炉内脱硫过程,建立混煤含硫量约束,日燃料成本增加至284.7万元,实现锅炉在低负荷运行时混煤含硫量的严格限制。
混煤A、混煤B的含硫量分别为0.82%、0.94%。考虑硫排放的给煤量优化结果如图10所示。
1)给煤机组合
在炉内掺烧过程中增加混煤C,改变混煤组合对比煤仓改造前后不同混煤方案给煤机组合优化结果,具体见表5
2)给煤量优化
混煤A+C掺烧给煤量优化结果如图11所示。三煤种掺烧给煤量优化结果如图12所示。工业园区经过煤仓分隔板改造后,配煤灵活性的提高为多煤种掺烧创造了更优条件。炉内掺烧过程新增混煤C,对比改造前后不同混煤组合的优化结果,混煤B+C无法满足负荷与含硫量要求;改造后混煤A+C典型日下燃料成本约为291.1万元,与改造前相比减少了约3.7万元。煤仓改造后三煤种掺烧日燃料成本约为282.1万元,与改造前相比减少了约2.6万元。优化结果表明,煤仓改造提高配煤灵活性可以提高经济效益。
本研究以工业园区光伏电站并网运行为背景,针对循环流化床锅炉低热值煤掺烧问题建立优化模型,得出如下结论。
1)在炉外配煤过程中,构建最小煤质偏差模型,通过基于混沌搜索的自适应变异粒子群算法求解,实现了多源低热值煤的掺配优化,使入炉混煤煤质适配锅炉设计煤种要求,从而为炉内配煤提供多种符合设计煤种和校核煤种要求的混煤。
2)构建循环流化床炉内配煤优化模型,以机组燃料成本为目标,以不同负荷的热量需求和SO2排放限值为约束,通过优化给煤机的组合以及各给煤机给煤量,得到10台给煤机的负荷-给煤量曲线,实现随负荷变化动态调整混煤比例。
3)配煤优化仿真结果显示,在典型辐照条件下,双煤种炉内掺烧策略下,机组日燃料成本为284.7万元,较单一煤种燃烧减少了43.6万元,表明动态调节低热值混煤的掺烧比例具有显著的经济价值;增加入炉煤种数,三煤种掺烧的日燃料成本为283.1万元,较双煤种掺烧策略再降1.6万元;经工业园区煤仓改造后,三煤种掺烧成本进一步降低,表明加装分隔板增加配煤灵活性可以提高锅炉经济效益。
  • 煤炭重大专项(2025ZD1701002)
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2026年第55卷第3期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202506104
  • 接收时间:2025-06-12
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-12
  • 修回日期:2025-07-03
  • 录用日期:2025-07-10
基金
The Coal-Major Project(2025ZD1701002)
煤炭重大专项(2025ZD1701002)
作者信息
    1.华北电力大学控制与计算机工程学院,河北 保定 071003
    2.新能源电力系统全国重点实验室(华北电力大学),北京 102206

通讯作者:

董智鑫(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为锅炉燃烧优化及动力配煤技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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