Article(id=1295064882219602761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295064706872528996, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202505101, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747238400000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-15, revisedDate=1751558400000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-04, acceptedDate=1752163200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-11, onlineDate=1786697129063, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697129063, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697129063, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697129063, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295064706872528996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697087257, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698896936, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072297266733103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295064706872528996, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072297266733104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295064706872528996, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=117, endPage=127, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295064883414979405, articleId=1295064882219602761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Thermodynamic characteristics and economic study of a 600 MW oxyfuel coal-fired unit integrated with compressed air energy storage, columnId=1295064787906490372, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Peak shaving and frequency regulation technology for energy storage system coupled with thermal power unit, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
[Objective]

This paper aims to reduce carbon emissions and enhance the operational flexibility of coal-fired power units.

[Methods]

A coupled system integrating compressed air energy storage (CAES) with oxygen-enriched coal-fired units was proposed based on energy complementary utilization principles. Various coupling schemes were proposed, and the thermodynamic performance and economic feasibility of the integrated system were analyzed.

[Results]

The results show that by replacing steam turbine extraction with flue gas waste heat to preheat the turbine inlet air, when the heat exchange efficiency of HE1–HE3 is 89% and turbine inlet temperature is raised to 115 ℃, the round-trip efficiency of the CAES system can reach a maximum of 74.33%, representing a 24.25% improvement over the standalone CAES system. When carbon allowances, CO2 revenue, and carbon taxes are considered, the coupled system achieves a static payback period of 11.256 years, shorter than that of the conventional unit. In this case, the net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) reach 801.73 million yuan and 9.63%, respectively, both exceeding those of the conventional system, indicating better economic performance. Carbon taxes increase the levelized cost of electricity (βLCOE) of the coupled unit, while carbon allowance trading and CO2 sales significantly reduce the βLCOE. The βLCOE of the coupled unit becomes lower than that of the conventional unit when the carbon tax, carbon allowance price, and CO2 price exceed 6.4 yuan/t, 73.9 yuan/t, and 14.68 yuan/t, respectively. Sensitivity analysis reveals that coal price has the greatest impact on the economic performance of the coupled unit, followed by the carbon allowance price, CO2 price, and carbon tax.

[Conclusion]

The proposed low-carbon pathway for the deep integration of thermal power and energy storage offers theoretical and engineering guidance for promoting low-carbon emissions from coal-fired power units and accelerating their transition into flexible, dispatchable power sources under the framework of a new power system.

, authors=Zhiyu ZHANG1, 2, Haihui SONG1, 2, Bo ZHANG1, 2, Long QIN1, 2, Shengjie WANG3, authorsList=Zhiyu ZHANG, Haihui SONG, Bo ZHANG, Long QIN, Shengjie WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295064892642448224, articleId=1295064882219602761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=压缩空气储能耦合600MW富氧燃煤机组热力特性及经济性研究, columnId=1295064788145565702, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=储能系统耦合火电机组调峰调频技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
【目的】

降低火电机组碳排放和提升富氧燃烧发电机组灵活性。

【方法】

基于能量梯级利用原理,采用流程模拟的方法建立了压缩空气储能耦合富氧燃煤机组模型,提出了不同耦合方案,对耦合机组建模并开展热力特性以及经济性分析。

【结果】

结果表明,通过烟气余热替代汽轮机抽汽预热透平入口空气、HE1—HE3换热器换热效率为89%,透平温度升高至115 ℃时,压缩空气储能系统的循环效率最高可达74.33%,较独立压缩空气储能系统高24.25%。考虑碳排放权、CO2售出以及碳税时,耦合机组静态回收周期为11.256年,小于常规机组,此时净现值NPV、内部收益率IRR分别为80 173万元、9.63%,均高于常规机组,这表明耦合机组较常规机组具有更好的经济性;碳税加大了耦合机组的平准化电力成本βLCOE,碳排放权售出以及CO2售出会显著降低耦合机组的平准化电力成本βLCOE;当碳税、碳排放权售出价格、CO2售出价格分别高于6.4、73.9、14.68元/t时,耦合机组平准化电力成本βLCOE低于常规机组;敏感性分析显示,煤炭价格对耦合机组影响最大,其次为碳排放权价格、CO2售价、碳税。

【结论】

所提出的火电-储能深度耦合的低碳化路径为构建新型电力系统下燃煤机组低碳排放、加快火电机组向调节性电源转型提供了理论依据与工程参考。

, authors=张智羽1, 2, 宋海辉1, 2, 张波1, 2, 秦龙1, 2, 王圣杰3, authorsList=张智羽, 宋海辉, 张波, 秦龙, 王圣杰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

张智羽(1979),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为富氧燃烧技术,多能互补系统,

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(2023-03-22)[2025-04-07]. https://icapcarbonaction.com/zh/publications/2023-nian-icap-quanqiutanshichangjinzhanbaogao., articleTitle=2023年ICAP全球碳市场进展报告, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064929288082414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064882219602761, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=25, authorNames=International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP), STEFANO DE Clara, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=International Carbon Action Partnership (ICAP),STEFANO DE Clara. 2023 ICAP global carbon market progress report[EB/OL]. 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figureFileBig=BmEXwpfQd3zZ4uFZ4fInzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064913605579682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064882219602761, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Influences of heat transfer efficiency of HE1—HE3 on relevant indexes, figureFileSmall=QFEez1L3RSGCckouTx2U7Q==, figureFileBig=lXcOP4vK6MXKPZKTb1xtcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064913702048675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064882219602761, language=CN, label=图2, caption=HE1—HE3换热效率对相关指标的影响, figureFileSmall=QFEez1L3RSGCckouTx2U7Q==, figureFileBig=lXcOP4vK6MXKPZKTb1xtcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064914494772133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064882219602761, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Influence of turbine temperature on relevant indexes, figureFileSmall=EvXggWaRDOfX+CD3zfz0Tw==, figureFileBig=6XffaIfXET/ub+Z3/STePw==, tableContent=null), 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label=Fig.5, caption=NPV and IRR of three kinds of units, figureFileSmall=7KLTRPetjwZdhaGdBwnU1w==, figureFileBig=5+fUdM0+eUMojbSQOYEkPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064915736286124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064882219602761, language=CN, label=图5, caption=3种机组的NPV、IRR, figureFileSmall=7KLTRPetjwZdhaGdBwnU1w==, figureFileBig=5+fUdM0+eUMojbSQOYEkPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064915820172205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064882219602761, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Influence of multiple variables on βLCOE, figureFileSmall=rXySSiyCHxDm97QpTtiwOQ==, figureFileBig=H5Owe4jqfxaLfmfCWU8f6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064916193465263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064882219602761, language=CN, label=图6, caption=多种变量对βLCOE的影响, figureFileSmall=rXySSiyCHxDm97QpTtiwOQ==, figureFileBig=H5Owe4jqfxaLfmfCWU8f6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064917875381170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064882219602761, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Sensitivity analysis of βLCOE for three kinds of units, figureFileSmall=Q/EXWPH2yHzuBuCTVZ/ePA==, figureFileBig=bp2+0bxeeZbyQnYfMvUTvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064917950878643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064882219602761, language=CN, label=图7, caption=3个机组βLCOE的敏感性分析, figureFileSmall=Q/EXWPH2yHzuBuCTVZ/ePA==, figureFileBig=bp2+0bxeeZbyQnYfMvUTvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064918017987508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064882219602761, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The time of use electricity price

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阶段时段电价/(元·(kW·h)–1
高峰期10:00—15:00、18:00—21:001.264 0
平谷期07:00—10:00、15:00—18:00、21:00—23:000.745 3
低谷期23:00—07:000.277 9
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峰谷分时电价

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阶段时段电价/(元·(kW·h)–1
高峰期10:00—15:00、18:00—21:001.264 0
平谷期07:00—10:00、15:00—18:00、21:00—23:000.745 3
低谷期23:00—07:000.277 9
), ArticleFig(id=1295064918303200182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064882219602761, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Validation of the CAES system model

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项目文献[12]模拟值误差
压缩机功耗/MW9.629.670.53%
膨胀机功率/MW10.0310.030
储能时长/h8.008.000
释能时长/h4.204.230.71%
ηRTE/%54.7454.450.53%
), ArticleFig(id=1295064918378697655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064882219602761, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

CAES系统模型验证

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项目文献[12]模拟值误差
压缩机功耗/MW9.629.670.53%
膨胀机功率/MW10.0310.030
储能时长/h8.008.000
释能时长/h4.204.230.71%
ηRTE/%54.7454.450.53%
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Possible coupling approaches between Scenario 1 and 2 in energy storage phase of the CAES system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方式位置RTE/%热耗率/(kJ·(kW·h)–1
HE4HE1HE2和HE3方案1方案2方案1方案2
1FPFPH358.1569.678 150.048 150.04
2FP57.1668.488 171.248 171.24
3L455.8566.918 207.688 207.68
4L4H357.6269.048 164.338 164.33
5FP56.7768.028 183.128 183.12
6L455.2966.308 221.838 221.83
7L5H357.0368.338 177.918 177.91
8FP56.2467.398 195.668 195.66
9L4FPH357.6669.098 163.378 163.37
10FP56.8368.098 182.148 182.14
11L455.3766.348 220.858 220.85
12L4H357.0068.298 180.298 180.29
13FP56.1567.278 199.958 199.95
14L5H356.4767.658 192.878 192.87
15FP55.6466.658 212.578 212.57
16L5FPH356.1068.458 175.638 175.63
17FP57.1367.228 198.868 198.86
18L4H356.4867.678 192.628 192.62
19FP55.6466.668 212.328 212.32
20L6FPH356.7467.988 184.698 184.69
), ArticleFig(id=1295064919079146425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064882219602761, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

CAES系统储能阶段时方案1、2的可能耦合方式

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方式位置RTE/%热耗率/(kJ·(kW·h)–1
HE4HE1HE2和HE3方案1方案2方案1方案2
1FPFPH358.1569.678 150.048 150.04
2FP57.1668.488 171.248 171.24
3L455.8566.918 207.688 207.68
4L4H357.6269.048 164.338 164.33
5FP56.7768.028 183.128 183.12
6L455.2966.308 221.838 221.83
7L5H357.0368.338 177.918 177.91
8FP56.2467.398 195.668 195.66
9L4FPH357.6669.098 163.378 163.37
10FP56.8368.098 182.148 182.14
11L455.3766.348 220.858 220.85
12L4H357.0068.298 180.298 180.29
13FP56.1567.278 199.958 199.95
14L5H356.4767.658 192.878 192.87
15FP55.6466.658 212.578 212.57
16L5FPH356.1068.458 175.638 175.63
17FP57.1367.228 198.868 198.86
18L4H356.4867.678 192.628 192.62
19FP55.6466.668 212.328 212.32
20L6FPH356.7467.988 184.698 184.69
), ArticleFig(id=1295064919204975546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064882219602761, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Possible coupling modes for Scenario 1 during energy release phase of the CAES system

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方式HE5—HE8ηRTE/%热耗率/(kJ·(kW·h)–1
1E3H345.518 073.735
2DE45.578 073.032
3L445.628 072.446
4L545.998 067.981
5L646.338 063.976
6L746.808 058.297
7E4DE49.408 025.269
8L449.238 027.327
9L549.458 024.631
10L649.718 021.555
11L750.118 016.869
12E5L453.547 976.489
13L553.567 976.237
14L653.717 974.451
15L754.007 971.149
16E6L557.997 924.631
17L658.107 924.448
18L758.157 922.838
), ArticleFig(id=1295064919599240124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064882219602761, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

CAES系统释能阶段时方案1的可能耦合方式

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方式HE5—HE8ηRTE/%热耗率/(kJ·(kW·h)–1
1E3H345.518 073.735
2DE45.578 073.032
3L445.628 072.446
4L545.998 067.981
5L646.338 063.976
6L746.808 058.297
7E4DE49.408 025.269
8L449.238 027.327
9L549.458 024.631
10L649.718 021.555
11L750.118 016.869
12E5L453.547 976.489
13L553.567 976.237
14L653.717 974.451
15L754.007 971.149
16E6L557.997 924.631
17L658.107 924.448
18L758.157 922.838
), ArticleFig(id=1295064919670543293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064882219602761, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

The pressures at turbine outlet in different turbine pressure ratio distribution modes

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方式排气压力/MPaηRTE/%ηSPE/%储能阶段热耗率/(kJ·(kW·h)–1释能阶段热耗率/(kJ·(kW·h)–1
首尾等压比2.4400.8490.2940.10171.4557.8318 150.057 793.746
文献[12]2.4000.8300.2900.10171.4457.8258 150.057 793.746
等压降1.7970.5490.2070.10170.7757.2798 150.057 793.746
), ArticleFig(id=1295064919922201534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064882219602761, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同透平压比分配方式下的比较

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方式排气压力/MPaηRTE/%ηSPE/%储能阶段热耗率/(kJ·(kW·h)–1释能阶段热耗率/(kJ·(kW·h)–1
首尾等压比2.4400.8490.2940.10171.4557.8318 150.057 793.746
文献[12]2.4000.8300.2900.10171.4457.8258 150.057 793.746
等压降1.7970.5490.2070.10170.7757.2798 150.057 793.746
), ArticleFig(id=1295064920006087615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064882219602761, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Assumptions of key economic parameters

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项目数值
建设期/a2
运营期/a30
运营期年运行时间/天333
职员人数/人200[15]
职员年工资/(万元·a–18[15]
煤价/(元·t–1500[10]
碳税/(元·t–140[13]
售电价格/(元·(kW·h)–10.384 4
运维费/万元2%项目初始投资[15]
CO2售价/(元·t–140[10]
碳排放权售出价格/(元·t–1100[16]
CAES调频收益/万元5%CAES设备投资成本[1]
), ArticleFig(id=1295064920073196480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064882219602761, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

主要经济性参数假设

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项目数值
建设期/a2
运营期/a30
运营期年运行时间/天333
职员人数/人200[15]
职员年工资/(万元·a–18[15]
煤价/(元·t–1500[10]
碳税/(元·t–140[13]
售电价格/(元·(kW·h)–10.384 4
运维费/万元2%项目初始投资[15]
CO2售价/(元·t–140[10]
碳排放权售出价格/(元·t–1100[16]
CAES调频收益/万元5%CAES设备投资成本[1]
), ArticleFig(id=1295064920324854721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064882219602761, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Six Mon schemes and βLCOE results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案说明常规机组富氧机组耦合机组
Mon1考虑碳排放权、CO2售出、碳税0.356 40.319 00.326 2
Mon2考虑碳排放权、CO2售出0.319 00.317 00.325 0
Mon3考虑CO2售出、碳税0.362 00.439 00.447 0
Mon4考虑碳排放权、碳税0.356 00.368 00.374 0
Mon5考虑CO2售出0.324 00.438 00.445 0
Mon6考虑碳排放权0.319 00.367 00.372 0
), ArticleFig(id=1295064920400352194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064882219602761, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

6种Mon方案及βLCOE结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案说明常规机组富氧机组耦合机组
Mon1考虑碳排放权、CO2售出、碳税0.356 40.319 00.326 2
Mon2考虑碳排放权、CO2售出0.319 00.317 00.325 0
Mon3考虑CO2售出、碳税0.362 00.439 00.447 0
Mon4考虑碳排放权、碳税0.356 00.368 00.374 0
Mon5考虑CO2售出0.324 00.438 00.445 0
Mon6考虑碳排放权0.319 00.367 00.372 0
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压缩空气储能耦合600MW富氧燃煤机组热力特性及经济性研究
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张智羽 1, 2 , 宋海辉 1, 2 , 张波 1, 2 , 秦龙 1, 2 , 王圣杰 3
热力发电 | 储能系统耦合火电机组调峰调频技术 2026,55(2): 117-127
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热力发电 |储能系统耦合火电机组调峰调频技术 2026 , 55 (2) : 117 -127
压缩空气储能耦合600MW富氧燃煤机组热力特性及经济性研究
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张智羽1, 2 , 宋海辉1, 2, 张波1, 2, 秦龙1, 2, 王圣杰3
作者信息
  • 1.内蒙古科技大学能源与环境学院,内蒙古 包头 014017
  • 2.内蒙古自治区新型重要能源综合利用技术集成攻关大平台,内蒙古 包头 014017
  • 3.中央民族大学经济学院,北京 100081
作者简介:

张智羽(1979),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为富氧燃烧技术,多能互补系统,

Thermodynamic characteristics and economic study of a 600 MW oxyfuel coal-fired unit integrated with compressed air energy storage
Zhiyu ZHANG1, 2 , Haihui SONG1, 2, Bo ZHANG1, 2, Long QIN1, 2, Shengjie WANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Energy and Environment, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014017, China
  • 2.Integrated Research Large Platform for Comprehensive Utilization Technologies of New Important Energy, Baotou 014017, China
  • 3.School of Economics, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505101
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【目的】

降低火电机组碳排放和提升富氧燃烧发电机组灵活性。

【方法】

基于能量梯级利用原理,采用流程模拟的方法建立了压缩空气储能耦合富氧燃煤机组模型,提出了不同耦合方案,对耦合机组建模并开展热力特性以及经济性分析。

【结果】

结果表明,通过烟气余热替代汽轮机抽汽预热透平入口空气、HE1—HE3换热器换热效率为89%,透平温度升高至115 ℃时,压缩空气储能系统的循环效率最高可达74.33%,较独立压缩空气储能系统高24.25%。考虑碳排放权、CO2售出以及碳税时,耦合机组静态回收周期为11.256年,小于常规机组,此时净现值NPV、内部收益率IRR分别为80 173万元、9.63%,均高于常规机组,这表明耦合机组较常规机组具有更好的经济性;碳税加大了耦合机组的平准化电力成本βLCOE,碳排放权售出以及CO2售出会显著降低耦合机组的平准化电力成本βLCOE;当碳税、碳排放权售出价格、CO2售出价格分别高于6.4、73.9、14.68元/t时,耦合机组平准化电力成本βLCOE低于常规机组;敏感性分析显示,煤炭价格对耦合机组影响最大,其次为碳排放权价格、CO2售价、碳税。

【结论】

所提出的火电-储能深度耦合的低碳化路径为构建新型电力系统下燃煤机组低碳排放、加快火电机组向调节性电源转型提供了理论依据与工程参考。

先进绝热压缩空气储能  /  富氧燃烧  /  热力特性  /  经济性分析
[Objective]

This paper aims to reduce carbon emissions and enhance the operational flexibility of coal-fired power units.

[Methods]

A coupled system integrating compressed air energy storage (CAES) with oxygen-enriched coal-fired units was proposed based on energy complementary utilization principles. Various coupling schemes were proposed, and the thermodynamic performance and economic feasibility of the integrated system were analyzed.

[Results]

The results show that by replacing steam turbine extraction with flue gas waste heat to preheat the turbine inlet air, when the heat exchange efficiency of HE1–HE3 is 89% and turbine inlet temperature is raised to 115 ℃, the round-trip efficiency of the CAES system can reach a maximum of 74.33%, representing a 24.25% improvement over the standalone CAES system. When carbon allowances, CO2 revenue, and carbon taxes are considered, the coupled system achieves a static payback period of 11.256 years, shorter than that of the conventional unit. In this case, the net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) reach 801.73 million yuan and 9.63%, respectively, both exceeding those of the conventional system, indicating better economic performance. Carbon taxes increase the levelized cost of electricity (βLCOE) of the coupled unit, while carbon allowance trading and CO2 sales significantly reduce the βLCOE. The βLCOE of the coupled unit becomes lower than that of the conventional unit when the carbon tax, carbon allowance price, and CO2 price exceed 6.4 yuan/t, 73.9 yuan/t, and 14.68 yuan/t, respectively. Sensitivity analysis reveals that coal price has the greatest impact on the economic performance of the coupled unit, followed by the carbon allowance price, CO2 price, and carbon tax.

[Conclusion]

The proposed low-carbon pathway for the deep integration of thermal power and energy storage offers theoretical and engineering guidance for promoting low-carbon emissions from coal-fired power units and accelerating their transition into flexible, dispatchable power sources under the framework of a new power system.

advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage  /  oxyfuel combustion  /  thermodynamic characteristics  /  economic analysis
张智羽, 宋海辉, 张波, 秦龙, 王圣杰. 压缩空气储能耦合600MW富氧燃煤机组热力特性及经济性研究. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (2) : 117 -127 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505101
Zhiyu ZHANG, Haihui SONG, Bo ZHANG, Long QIN, Shengjie WANG. Thermodynamic characteristics and economic study of a 600 MW oxyfuel coal-fired unit integrated with compressed air energy storage[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (2) : 117 -127 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505101
压缩空气储能(compressed air energy storage,CAES)技术作为一种高效大规模的新型储能方式已在运行电站中发挥灵活调节作用[1-2]。CAES系统涉及冷、热、电多种交换过程,其与各类型传统及新型能源系统耦合的研究引起了多方关注。
在CAES系统与多种可再生能源系统耦合方面,文献[3]设计了风力机直接耦合压缩空气储能系统并分析了风速、环境温度等对系统效率的影响;Ni等人[4]将CAES系统与电池结合以提高CAES系统处理风能与太阳能快速波动的能力。
在CAES系统与燃煤电厂发电机组耦合方面,Zhuo等人[5]提出了一种耦合火电和蒸汽驱动的CAES系统,可以实现锅炉-汽轮机的解耦;Shi等人[6]考虑了抽汽量会受到现有汽轮机抽汽管截面积的限制,研究了燃煤发电机组不同工况下耦合系统的特点,并进行了技术经济计算分析。
在CAES系统与富氧燃烧发电系统耦合方面,王守文等[7]构建了含富氧燃烧碳捕集、燃煤掺氨和先进绝热压缩空气储能的综合能源模型;王义军等[8]构建含变掺氧富氧燃烧燃气机组、利用LNG冷能的LAES、电转气(power to gas,P2G)设备、中央空调和溴化锂制冷机的IES架构。
综上,无论是单一能源系统还是多种能源系统,CAES系统与其他能量系统耦合可以实现较高的系统能源综合利用率。同时,富氧燃煤机组作为一个热力循环更为复杂的发电系统,物质与能量交换过程比常规燃煤机组更多。因此,当CAES系统与富氧燃煤机组集成时,可以有效降低集成系统经济成本的同时提高系统的调峰能力。然而,在CAES系统耦合富氧燃煤机组的热力特性和经济性影响方面鲜有相关研究。为此,本文基于能量梯级利用原理,提出富氧燃煤机组与CAES系统结合的机组模型,并开展热力特性以及经济性分析。本研究可为构建新型电力系统下燃煤机组低碳排放,以及加快燃煤机组向调节性电源转型提供理论依据与参考。
CAES耦合富氧燃煤发电系统(耦合系统)的示意如图1所示,其主要由富氧燃煤发电系统、空气分离单元(air separation unit,ASU)、二氧化碳压缩与净化单元(CO2 compression and purification unit,CPU)和CAES系统组成。
富氧燃煤发电系统(富氧机组)由锅炉系统、烟气循环系统、汽轮机以及回热系统组成。其中,回热系统由三级高温加热器、四级低温加热器、1台冷凝器、1台除氧器组成。CAES系统主要由储能阶段运行的四级压缩机(C1—C4)、四级换热器(HE1—HE4)、气体储罐(AST)以及释能阶段运行的四级透平机(T1—T4)、四级换热器(HE5—HE8)、空气节流阀(PV)组成。
峰谷分时电价见表1[9]。由表1可见,耦合系统的日循环周期可划分为低谷期、平谷期和高峰期3个典型工况阶段。低谷期(8 h),富氧机组和CAES系统分别处于50%THA和储能阶段。期间,发电机组过剩电能驱动四级串联压缩机(C1—C4)将环境空气压缩至储气装置AST,凝结水泵CP出口的部分冷凝水作为热载体进入换热器(HE1—HE4)吸收压缩机级间余热后,汇入富氧机组回热系统;高峰期(4.626 h),富氧机组提升至100%THA满负荷运行,CAES系统处于释能阶段。AST释放的低温高压空气依次通过透平机组(T1—T4)膨胀做功,期间采用2种预热方案:方案1通过抽取汽轮机蒸汽经HE5—HE8换热器预热压缩空气后回输至冷凝器;方案2则利用脱硫后烟气(176.052 ℃)实施预热,经热交换后的烟气进入脱水装置处理。需特别说明的是,在高峰期的后3.374 h,CAES系统停止工作但富氧机组仍保持满负荷运行;平谷期(持续8 h),CAES系统完全停止运行,富氧机组持续维持100%THA工况。
本文通过采用Ebsilon Professional和Aspen Plus软件建立耦合方案的热力系统循环流程。为了简化计算,基本假设如下:1)在循环过程中,工质流动稳态,整个系统处于稳定状态;2)空气视为理想气体,组成成分为78.09%(摩尔分数,下同)N2、20.95%O2、0.94%AR和0.026%CO2;3)AST为恒温恒压状态;4)空气经过节流阀过程为等焓过程。
1)热耗率q 热耗率是衡量耦合系统热经济性指标之一,公式如下:
q=Dgs×Hgs+Dzr×HzrDgr×HgrW
式中:q为热耗率,kJ/(kW·h);DgsDzrDgr分别为给水流量、再热蒸汽流量、供热抽气流量,kg/s;HgsHzrHgr分别为给水焓增、再热蒸汽焓增、供热焓增,kJ/kg;W为发电机输出功率,MW。
2)系统能效ηSPE 系统能效被定义为CAES系统释能阶段输出的电能与储能阶段外部提供的功率的比值,计算公式如下[6]
ηSPE=Wdischar×tdischarWchar×tchar
式中:Wdischar为CAES释能阶段输出功率,kW;Wchar为CAES储能阶段消耗功率,kW;tdischartchar分别为释能与储能阶段时长,h。
3)循环效率ηRTE 循环效率通常作为衡量CAES系统的能量利用能力而被广泛使用。在本文中,CAES系统在一个循环周期中存在与富氧机组的热量交换。所以ηRTE被重新定义如下[6]
ηRTE=(WdischarΔQex)×tdischar(WcharΔQco)×tchar
ΔQco=Qco,fQco,o
ΔQex=Qex,oQex,f
式中:ΔQco、ΔQex分别为CAES系统处于储能和释能阶段时,耦合机组与富氧机组的发电量差值,kW;Qco,oQco,f分别为耦合机组在储能阶段的发电量和富氧机组在相同工况下的发电量,kW;Qex,oQex,f分别为耦合机组在释能阶段的发电量和富氧机组在相同工况下的发电量,kW。
本文中耦合机组的经济性成本由富氧机组和CAES系统2部分构成。
其中,CAES系统成本由压缩机等模块化成本函数估算,计算公式如下:
1)压缩机
Pc=(39.5mair0.9ηAT)(πAC)ln(πAC)
式中:mair为空气质量流量,kg/s;πAC为压缩机压比;ηAT为压缩机等熵效率,取88%;
2)透平机
PT=(266.3mair0.92ηAT)ln(πAT)(1+e0.036Tin54.4)
式中:πAT为透平机压比;ηAT为透平机等熵效率,88%;Tin为透平机入口空气温度,K。
3)换热器
PH=130×(AHEX0.093)0.78
式中:AHEX为换热器换热面积,m2
4)储气罐
PS=4 042×(VAST)0.78
式中:VAST为储气罐体积,m3
5)阀门
PV=811mair
6)电控设备
PE=49×104W
7)其他材料等
PO=121×104W
富氧机组成本由改造前常规火力发电系统、锅炉改造成本和增加的辅助设备成本构成。常规火力发电系统成本数据来源于机组设计资料,锅炉改造成本取常规锅炉成本的7%[10],由于辅助设备的成本缺乏现场数据,所以采用经济学中的缩放法[11]进行估算,计算公式如下:
Ci=Ci,ref×(WiWi,ref)0.74
式中:CiCi,ref分别为实际装置与参考装置的购置成本,万元;Wi为实际装置中的物流率或能流率;Wi,ref为参考装置的物流率或能流。
平准化电力成本βLCOE通常作为评价火电系统的重要指标之一,被定义为系统相关的初期投资成本、运营成本与系统全生命周期内累计输出电量的比值。计算公式如下[11]
βLCOE=(Icc+n=1NCann,n(1+rdis)n)(n=1NWps,n(1+rdis)n)
式中:Icc为耦合系统资本成本,万元;Cann,n为耦合系统第n年的费用,万元;Wpsn为耦合系统第n年的发电量,kW·h;rdis为贴现率,%,取8%。
本文富氧改造参考的常规机组锅炉型号为SG2023/17.5-M914、汽轮机型号选用N600-16.67/538/538、CPU采用工艺成熟的自产冷量分离工艺、ASU采用深冷制氧法、CAES结构见文献[12]。
本文富氧机组模型详细的建立过程见文献[13],CAES系统模型验证见表2
表2知CAES系统模拟值与文献[12]误差最大为0.71%,可以认为耦合机组模型满足热力学研究精度。
CAES系统处于储能阶段时,回收CAES系统压缩机余热的冷凝水回归回热系统位置不同对CAES的性能有影响。冷凝水经过HE4回归富氧机组的位置可以为FP、L4、L5、L6的锅炉给水出口,经过HE1的冷凝水回归位置可以为FP、L4、L5的锅炉给水出口,经过HE2和HE3的冷凝水回归位置可以为H3、FP、L4锅炉给水出口,具体耦合方式见表3
表3显示了CAES系统处于储能阶段时,方案1、2可能的20种耦合方式。经过HE4、HE1、HE2和HE3的冷凝水回归富氧机组的位置分别为FP、FP、H3时,2个方案的ηRTE值均最大,分别为58.15%、69.67%。同时,因为2个方案在储能阶段耦合方式相同,所以2个方案在相同耦合方式下热耗率均相同,最低值为8 150.04 kJ/(kW·h)。不同耦合方式不会改变压缩机能耗、透平机输出功率以及储释能时间,所以方案1和方案2的系统能效均保持57.825%不变。
方案1中CAES系统处于释能阶段时,通过汽轮机抽气于换热器(HE5—HE8)中预热透平机入口空气温度至设计工况(100 ℃)的抽气源可以为E3、E4、E5、E6,预热后的抽气返回回热系统的位置可以为H3、DE、L4、L5、L6、L7冷凝水出口处,具体耦合方式见表4
表4显示了CAES系统处于释能阶段时,方案1下的18种耦合方式。抽气源分别为E3、E4、E5、E6,预热后的抽气返回回热系统的位置均为L7冷凝水出口处时,CAES系统的ηRTE最大,分别为46.80%、50.11%、54.00%、58.15%,对应热耗率最小,分别为8 058.297、8 016.869、7 971.149、7 922.838 kJ/(kW·h)。不同的耦合方式不会改变压缩机能耗、透平机输出功率以及储释能时间,所以方案1的系统能效同样保持57.825%不变。
方案2释能阶段的透平机入口空气预热源为烟气,所以ηRTEηSPE以及热耗率分别保持71.44%、57.825%、7793.746 kJ/(kW·h)不变。
综上,CAES系统处于储能阶段时,HE4、HE1、HE2和HE3的冷凝水回归富氧机组的位置为FP、FP、H3给水出口,且CAES系统释能阶段时,由E3抽气预热空气经L7冷凝水出口位置返回回热系统为方案1最优耦合方式;CAES系统处于储能阶段时,HE4、HE1、HE2和HE3的冷凝水返回富氧机组的位置同样为FP、FP、H3给水出口,且CAES系统释能阶段由烟气余热预热透平机入口空气为方案2最优耦合方式。
HE1—HE3换热器换热效率影响CAES系统中压缩机出口空气与冷凝水的传热温差,透平压力分配方式和透平温度影响进入HE5—HE8的冷凝水流量。本小节通过ηRTEηSPE和热耗率评价上述3个因素对方案2最优耦合系统的影响。图2为HE1—HE3换热效率对相关指标的影响。
1)HE1—HE3换热效率
CAES系统储能过程中,因为要保证HE4空气出口温度为34.85 ℃[12],对HE4进行了较低端温差设置,在此控制HE1—HE3换热效率变化。
图2可知:HE1—HE3换热效率在80%~92%[14]时,随着HE1—HE3换热效率增加,CAES系统后C2—C4的入口空气温度逐渐降低,导致CAES系统功耗降低,所以ηSPE由57.06%增加至60.00%;HE1—HE3换热效率为90%时,C4出口空气温度为147.145 ℃,不足以预热冷凝水至FP锅炉给水温度148.027 ℃,CAES系统功耗与耦合前后汽轮机功率差值的差增大,所以ηRTE随HE1—HE3换热效率先增后减,在换热效率为89%时取最大值71.44%;HE1—HE3只在CAES系统储能阶段工作,所以释能阶段耦合机组热耗率保持7 793.746 kJ/(kW·h)不变,储能阶段热耗率随着HE1—HE3换热效率增加而增加并在高于89%时突增。
2)透平压力分配方式
为防止储气罐压力波动引发末级压缩机压比突增,造气缸温度过高,末级压缩机机压比设计值需低于前三级[12],所以在此只分析透平压力分配方式对耦合机组的影响。
在保证文献[12]压力分配中的总压比一定的前提下,分别按照等压比和等压降方式重新分配四级透平机压比,四级透平机出口压力见表5
表5中显示CAES透平机压力分配为等压比时,ηRTEηSPE分别为71.45%、57.831%,均高于文献[12]。透平机只在CAES系统释能阶段工作,此时,CAES与汽轮机解耦,所以3种压力分配下储释能阶段热耗率分别保持8 150.05、7 793.746 kJ/(kW·h)不变。
3)透平温度
本文模型中烟气温度为176.052 ℃,通过烟气预热透平机入口空气不仅减少了方案1中汽轮机抽气导致的高品质能损失还回收了部分低品质能,图3为透平温度对相关指标的影响。由图3可知,透平温度从95 ℃增加至115 ℃过程中,ηSPE由57.05%提高至60.17%、ηRTE由70.49%提高至74.33%,原因在于透平温度增加提高了透平机做功能力,其输出功率增加;释能阶段的CAES系统与汽轮机解耦,所以储、释能热耗率分别保持8 150.05、7 793.746 kJ/(kW·h)不变。
对于工程项目而言,经济性分析是评价项目盈利能力的重要步骤。本节结合2.2节耦合机组全生命周期内的经济状况进行分析。其中,耦合机组选取方案2中CAES系统ηRTE为74.33%时的参数设置机组。
本研究项目假设自有资金占固定资产投资的45%,其他全部来源于银行贷款。其他主要经济性参数假设见表6
表1中峰谷分时电价为标准并考虑碳排放权、CO2售出以及碳税对富氧机组与耦合机组βLCOE的影响,分析结果见表7。由表7可知,对富氧机组,只有当CO2和碳排放权出售被考虑时,富氧机组的βLCOE比常规机组最大降幅达0.037 4元/(kW·h),对耦合机组,只有当CO2、碳排放权出售以及碳税被考虑时,βLCOE比常规机组低0.030 2元/(kW·h)。方案Mon1与Mon4、Mon2与Mon6对比说明CO2售出能使耦合机组的βLCOE最少降低0.047 0元/(kW·h),最多降低0.047 8元/(kW·h);方案Mon1与Mon3、Mon2与Mon5对比说明考虑碳排放权情况下,2个机组的βLCOE最少降低0.120 0元/(kW·h),最多降低0.120 8元/(kW·h);通过比较方案Mon1与Mon2、方案Mon3与Mon5、方案Mon4与Mon6发现碳税使2个机组的βLCOE最少增加0.001 2元/(kW·h),最多增加0.002 0元/(kW·h)。
方案Mon1下3个机组的累计所得税后净现金流量如图4所示。2年建设期建设资金投资比例分别为70%、30%,项目第2年期末负债达到最大,分别为293 855、368 680、382 548万元。常规机组建成投产运行时主要通过电力售出产生营收,富氧机组相较于常规机组还有CO2、碳排放权售出,耦合机组不仅有CO2、碳排放权售出,还有调峰调频收益。在项目投资回收情况方面,耦合机组与富氧机组展现出明显优势。在不考虑资金时间价值时,耦合机组的静态投资回收期为11.256年,富氧机组为12.334年,而常规火电机组则长达13.159年。上述分析表明,耦合机组和富氧机组能够凭借项目净收益更快地收回全部投资,较常规火电机组可更早获得投资回报,投资风险也相对更低。
常规机组、富氧机组和耦合机组的净现值和内部收益率如图5所示。当引入8%的折现率来考量资金时间价值时,常规机组、富氧机组和耦合机组的净现值(net present value,NPV)分别达到631、31 323、80 173万元。这一结果说明,在考虑时间价值的条件下,耦合机组的投资回报率在三者之中是最高的,并且其抗风险能力也最强。
从内部收益率(internal rate of return,IRR)来看,耦合机组、富氧机组和常规机组分别为9.63%、8.45%和7.63%。其中,耦合机组的IRR最高,这意味着在整个项目生命周期内,耦合机组能够为投资者创造更为丰厚的回报。
由于碳税、碳排放权交易、CO2售出价格作为经济性影响参考因素,往往受政策及碳交易市场波动的影响较大,所以将其作为不确定影响因素来探究βLCOE的变化趋势,具体如图6所示。
图6a)展示了CO2售出价格对3种机组方案βLCOE的影响。由于常规机组未配备碳捕集设备,其βLCOE在CO2价格变化时保持不变(0.356 4元/(kW·h))。耦合机组与富氧机组的βLCOE随着CO2价格增加而降低。当CO2价格分别为9.66、14.68元/t时,富氧机组、耦合机组的βLCOE与常规机组βLCOE相等。
图6b)展示了随着碳税价格的增加,3种机组的βLCOE均呈上升趋势,富氧机组及耦合机组的βLCOE上升趋势不明显,但耦合机组的βLCOE始终高于富氧机组。当碳税价格为6.4元/t时,耦合机组的βLCOE与常规机组相同(0.324 8元/(kW·h))。
图6c)展示了碳排放权售出价格对3种机组方案βLCOE的影响。由于常规机组在正常运行中去除自身所需的碳排放额度后,剩余的碳排放权售出可带来1 974万元收益,常规机组随着碳排放权售出价格增加而降低,但程度远低于富氧机组与耦合机组。在碳排放权售出价格为67.51元/t时,富氧机组的βLCOE与常规机组相同(0.357 7元/(kW·h))。当碳排放权价格为73.9元/t时,耦合机组的βLCOE与常规机组相同(0.357 4元/(kW·h))。
在发电机组基础建设投资项目评估中,由于项目涉及众多复杂变量且未来具有不确定性,本文通过敏感性分析得出CO2售出价格、煤炭价格、碳税价格以及碳排放权售出价格对经济性指标βLCOE的影响,常规机组、富氧机组和耦合机组βLCOE的敏感性分析如图7所示。
图7a)可知,煤炭价格对常规机组的βLCOE影响最大,随后依次为碳税价格、碳排放权售出价格、CO2售出价格。原因在于常规机组未配备碳捕集装置,所以没有CO2售出收益,并且少量碳排放权出售量远低于高CO2排放带来的碳税负担。
图7b)和图7c)可知,对富氧机组、耦合机组的βLCOE影响最大的均为煤炭价格,随后依次为碳排放权售出价格、CO2售出价格、碳税价格。原因在于碳捕集系统的加入减少了2个系统CO2排放。
本文设计了一种压缩空气储能耦合600 MW富氧燃煤机组发电系统,构建了发电系统的热力学模型以及经济性分析模型,讨论了机组具有的可能运行方案,并分析了HE1—HE3换热效率、透平机压力分配方式、透平温度对耦合机组的热力特性影响,最后开展了耦合机组的经济性分析,得出以下结论。
1)经过HE4、HE1、HE2和HE3的冷凝水返回富氧机组的位置分别为FP、FP、H3时,方案1中CAES系统ηRTE值最大为58.15%;方案2通过烟气余热替代汽轮机抽气预热透平机入口空气,使得相同耦合方式下机组的RTE提高至69.67%;
2)CAES系统的ηRTE随HE1—HE3换热效率增加而增加,在HE1—HE3换热效率为89.00%时,CAES系统的ηRTE达到最大值71.44%;透平机压力分配为等压比时,CAES系统的ηRTE进一步提高到71.45%;ηRTE随透平温度增加而增加,当透平温度为115 ℃时,ηRTE达到74.33%;
3)在考虑碳排放权、CO2售出以及碳税时,耦合机组静态回收周期为11.256年小于常规机组,此时NPV、IRR分别为80 173万元、9.63%,均高于常规机组,说明耦合机组较常规机组有更好的经济性;碳税加剧了耦合机组的βLCOE、碳排放权售出以及CO2售出显著降低耦合机组的βLCOE;当碳税、碳排放权售出价格、CO2售出价格分别高于6.40、73.90、14.68元/t时,耦合机组βLCOE低于常规机组,技术经济性高于常规机组;
4)由于常规机组未配置碳捕集装置,无CO2售出收益,所以CO2售出价格对常规机组的经济性无影响,煤炭价格对常规机组的经济性影响最大,其次为碳税价格、碳排放权售出价格;对添加了碳捕集装置的耦合机组,煤炭价格对耦合机组经济性影响最大,其次为碳排放权售出价格、CO2售出价格、碳税价格。
  • 内蒙古自然科学基金(2022MS05036)
  • 内蒙古自治区直属高校基本科研业务费项目(2023QNJS141)
  • 内蒙古自治区重点研发和成果转化计划项目(2025YFHH0099)
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2026年第55卷第2期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202505101
  • 接收时间:2025-05-15
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-15
  • 修回日期:2025-07-04
  • 录用日期:2025-07-11
基金
Inner Mongolia Natural Science Foundation(2022MS05036)
内蒙古自然科学基金(2022MS05036)
Basic Scientific Research Operating Expenses Program of Universities Directly Under Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(2023QNJS141)
内蒙古自治区直属高校基本科研业务费项目(2023QNJS141)
Key Research and Development and Achievement Transformation Program of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(2025YFHH0099)
内蒙古自治区重点研发和成果转化计划项目(2025YFHH0099)
作者信息
    1.内蒙古科技大学能源与环境学院,内蒙古 包头 014017
    2.内蒙古自治区新型重要能源综合利用技术集成攻关大平台,内蒙古 包头 014017
    3.中央民族大学经济学院,北京 100081
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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