Article(id=1295064812359279013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295064706872528996, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202511015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762358400000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-06, revisedDate=1764691200000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-03, acceptedDate=1765123200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-08, onlineDate=1786697112407, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697112407, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697112407, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697112407, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295064706872528996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697087257, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698896936, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072297266733103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295064706872528996, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072297266733104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295064706872528996, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=75, endPage=85, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295064812644491686, articleId=1295064812359279013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Research on the performance of fire-storage coordinated frequency modulation based on a bi-level optimization model, columnId=1295064787906490372, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Peak shaving and frequency regulation technology for energy storage system coupled with thermal power unit, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
[Objective]

In order to better cope with the impact of the rapid development of new energy on the existing power grid structure and improve the stability and economy of thermal power unit operation, this paper proposes to construct a dual-layer optimization model of fire storage frequency regulation based on real-time power prediction of thermal power units and fuzzy control allocation of energy storage power.

[Methods]

The upper layer of the model utilizes frequency deviation decomposition and real-time power prediction of thermal power to optimize the power benchmark, effectively overcoming the response delay of the unit. The lower layer introduces a fuzzy logic control strategy to achieve adaptive and precise power allocation between the thermal unit and the energy storage system. On this basis, multi-objective genetic algorithm is used to optimize the energy storage capacity configuration scheme, and the frequency modulation performance under different control strategies is quantitatively evaluated based on indicators such as system frequency fluctuation. Taking a 600 MW thermal power unit as the research object, the optimal energy storage configuration was obtained through algorithm as follows: flywheel energy storage power of 8.5 MW and capacity of 1.3 MW·h, and lithium battery energy storage power of 3.6 MW and capacity of 14.6 MW·h. The total investment cost corresponding to this configuration is 2.027 7×109 yuan, and the actual income during the 400 s frequency modulation cycle is 850.95 yuan.

[Results]

After simulation verification using MATLAB/Simulink, it was found that under step disturbance, the dual layer optimization strategy of fire storage coordination reduces the frequency fluctuation of the system to 4.826×10–2 Hz, which is 38.53% lower than the independent frequency regulation of the fire power unit. The average absolute deviation of power fluctuation is reduced to 4.224 MW, which is 32.57% lower than the independent operation. Under continuous disturbance, the frequency fluctuation of the system decreased by 19.31%, the average absolute deviation of power fluctuation decreased by 78.71%, and the actual contribution of electricity increased by 0.527 MW·h. The results show that the thermal-storage coordinated dual layer optimization control strategy presented in this paper effectively mitigates system frequency and power fluctuations, thereby alleviating the frequency regulation pressure on thermal power units. Concurrently, it enhances the utilization efficiency of the energy storage system and improves the economic viability of frequency regulation services.

[Conclusion]

This research thus provides a novel technical direction for the flexible transformation of thermal power plants, enabling them to play a more supportive and complementary role in future power systems dominated by renewable energy sources.

, authors=Xu HAN1, Xuanyu ZHONG1, Zhongwen LIU2, authorsList=Xu HAN, Xuanyu ZHONG, Zhongwen LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhongwen LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295064819061776836, articleId=1295064812359279013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=基于双层优化模型的火-储协同调频性能研究, columnId=1295064788145565702, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=储能系统耦合火电机组调峰调频技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
【目的】

为使火电机组更好地应对新型能源迅速发展下对原有电网结构带来的冲击,提升火电机组运行的稳定性与经济性,提出构建基于火电机组实时功率预测及储能功率模糊控制分配的火-储调频双层优化模型。

【方法】

该模型上层利用频率偏差分解与火电实时功率预测优化功率基准,有效克服了机组响应时延;下层引入模糊逻辑控制策略,实现功率的自适应精准分配。在此基础上,利用多目标遗传算法对储能容量配置方案进行寻优求解,并以系统频率波动程度等指标为依据,对不同控制策略下的调频性能进行量化评价。以600 MW火电机组为研究对象,通过算法求得最优储能配置为:飞轮储能功率8.5 MW、容量1.3 MW·h,锂电池储能功率3.6 MW、容量14.6 MW·h。该配置对应的总投资成本为2.027 7×105万元,可在400 s调频周期内实际收益850.95元。

【结果】

通过MATLAB/Simulink软件进行仿真验证后,得出在阶跃扰动下,火-储协同双层优化策略使系统频率波动程度降至4.826×10–2 Hz,较火电机组独立调频下降38.53%,功率波动平均绝对偏差降至4.224 MW,较独立运行降幅达32.57%;而在连续扰动下系统频率波动程度减小19.31%,功率波动平均绝对偏差下降78.71%,实际贡献电量增加0.527 MW·h。

【结论】

火-储协同双层优化控制策略既有效平抑了系统频率与功率波动,缓解了火电机组调频压力,又提升了储能系统利用效率与调频经济效益,为火电灵活性改造提供了新的技术升级方向。

, authors=韩旭1, 仲宣宇1, 刘仲稳2, authorsList=韩旭, 仲宣宇, 刘仲稳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘仲稳, authorNote=

韩旭(1991),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为灵活性改造与深度调峰,

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刘仲稳(2000),男,硕士,主要研究方向为灵活性改造与深度调峰,
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Changsha: Hunan University, 2018: 1., articleTitle=Research on capacity configuration method and control strategy of energy storage battery assisted grid frequency regulation, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1295064828469600776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064812359279013, awardId=BJ2025053, language=EN, fundingSource=Hebei Province Higher Education Science Research Project Youth Elite Project(BJ2025053), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1295064828561875465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064812359279013, awardId=BJ2025053, language=CN, fundingSource=河北省高等学校科学研究项目青年拔尖项目(BJ2025053), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1295064828633178634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064812359279013, awardId=E2023502025, language=EN, fundingSource=Hebei Natural Science Foundation(E2023502025), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1295064828691898891, 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Fuzzy control rules

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项目NBNSZOPSPB
NBPBPBNSNBNB
NSPBPBPSNSNB
ZOPBPBPBPBPB
PSNBNSPSPBPB
PBNBNBNSPBPB
), ArticleFig(id=1295064825911075329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064812359279013, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模糊控制规则

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项目NBNSZOPSPB
NBPBPBNSNBNB
NSPBPBPSNSNB
ZOPBPBPBPBPB
PSNBNSPSPBPB
PBNBNBNSPBPB
), ArticleFig(id=1295064825999155714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064812359279013, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Example parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型指数数值
电池单位功率成本/(万元·MW–1200
单位容量成本/(万元·(MW·h)–1150
单位功率运行维护成本/(万元·MW–140
单位容量运行维护成本/(元·(MW·h)–114
充放电效率/%85
SOC限制[0.25,0.8]
飞轮单位功率成本/(万元·MW–1600
单位容量成本/(万元·(MW·h)–11 000
单位功率运行维护成本/(万元·MW–120
单位容量运行维护成本/(元·(MW·h)–113
充放电效率/%96
SOC限制[0.15,0.9]
其他折现率/%5
损耗成本/(万元·MW–180
多元复合储能寿命/a20
容量申报价格/(元·(MW·h)–120
里程申报价格/(元·MW–19
), ArticleFig(id=1295064826087236099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064812359279013, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

算例参数

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类型指数数值
电池单位功率成本/(万元·MW–1200
单位容量成本/(万元·(MW·h)–1150
单位功率运行维护成本/(万元·MW–140
单位容量运行维护成本/(元·(MW·h)–114
充放电效率/%85
SOC限制[0.25,0.8]
飞轮单位功率成本/(万元·MW–1600
单位容量成本/(万元·(MW·h)–11 000
单位功率运行维护成本/(万元·MW–120
单位容量运行维护成本/(元·(MW·h)–113
充放电效率/%96
SOC限制[0.15,0.9]
其他折现率/%5
损耗成本/(万元·MW–180
多元复合储能寿命/a20
容量申报价格/(元·(MW·h)–120
里程申报价格/(元·MW–19
), ArticleFig(id=1295064826162733572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064812359279013, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Capacity configuration results of hybrid energy storage

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型功率/MW容量/(MW·h)
飞轮8.51.3
电池3.614.6
), ArticleFig(id=1295064826221453829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064812359279013, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

混合储能容量配置结果

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类型功率/MW容量/(MW·h)
飞轮8.51.3
电池3.614.6
), ArticleFig(id=1295064828016615942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064812359279013, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Simulation parameters of the thermal power unit

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项目数值项目数值
b0.2TSC0.271
FHP0.357Pres0.1
FIP0.272TCO0.391
FLP0.371TRH10
K21Tg0.08
KB12r13
KF8λ0.8
P00.01
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火电机组仿真参数

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项目数值项目数值
b0.2TSC0.271
FHP0.357Pres0.1
FIP0.272TCO0.391
FLP0.371TRH10
K21Tg0.08
KB12r13
KF8λ0.8
P00.01
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基于双层优化模型的火-储协同调频性能研究
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韩旭 1 , 仲宣宇 1 , 刘仲稳 2
热力发电 | 储能系统耦合火电机组调峰调频技术 2026,55(2): 75-85
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热力发电 |储能系统耦合火电机组调峰调频技术 2026 , 55 (2) : 75 -85
基于双层优化模型的火-储协同调频性能研究
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韩旭1 , 仲宣宇1, 刘仲稳2
作者信息
  • 1.华北电力大学河北省低碳高效发电技术重点实验室,河北 保定 071003
  • 2.中电华创电力技术研究有限公司,江苏 苏州 215009
通讯作者:
刘仲稳(2000),男,硕士,主要研究方向为灵活性改造与深度调峰,
作者简介:

韩旭(1991),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为灵活性改造与深度调峰,

Research on the performance of fire-storage coordinated frequency modulation based on a bi-level optimization model
Xu HAN1 , Xuanyu ZHONG1, Zhongwen LIU2
Affiliations
  • 1.Hebei Key Laboratory of Low Carbon and High Efficiency Power Generation Technology, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
  • 2.China Power Huachuang Electric Power Technology Research Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215009, China
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202511015
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【目的】

为使火电机组更好地应对新型能源迅速发展下对原有电网结构带来的冲击,提升火电机组运行的稳定性与经济性,提出构建基于火电机组实时功率预测及储能功率模糊控制分配的火-储调频双层优化模型。

【方法】

该模型上层利用频率偏差分解与火电实时功率预测优化功率基准,有效克服了机组响应时延;下层引入模糊逻辑控制策略,实现功率的自适应精准分配。在此基础上,利用多目标遗传算法对储能容量配置方案进行寻优求解,并以系统频率波动程度等指标为依据,对不同控制策略下的调频性能进行量化评价。以600 MW火电机组为研究对象,通过算法求得最优储能配置为:飞轮储能功率8.5 MW、容量1.3 MW·h,锂电池储能功率3.6 MW、容量14.6 MW·h。该配置对应的总投资成本为2.027 7×105万元,可在400 s调频周期内实际收益850.95元。

【结果】

通过MATLAB/Simulink软件进行仿真验证后,得出在阶跃扰动下,火-储协同双层优化策略使系统频率波动程度降至4.826×10–2 Hz,较火电机组独立调频下降38.53%,功率波动平均绝对偏差降至4.224 MW,较独立运行降幅达32.57%;而在连续扰动下系统频率波动程度减小19.31%,功率波动平均绝对偏差下降78.71%,实际贡献电量增加0.527 MW·h。

【结论】

火-储协同双层优化控制策略既有效平抑了系统频率与功率波动,缓解了火电机组调频压力,又提升了储能系统利用效率与调频经济效益,为火电灵活性改造提供了新的技术升级方向。

预测控制  /  多元复合储能  /  双层优化控制  /  火电一次调频  /  评价指标
[Objective]

In order to better cope with the impact of the rapid development of new energy on the existing power grid structure and improve the stability and economy of thermal power unit operation, this paper proposes to construct a dual-layer optimization model of fire storage frequency regulation based on real-time power prediction of thermal power units and fuzzy control allocation of energy storage power.

[Methods]

The upper layer of the model utilizes frequency deviation decomposition and real-time power prediction of thermal power to optimize the power benchmark, effectively overcoming the response delay of the unit. The lower layer introduces a fuzzy logic control strategy to achieve adaptive and precise power allocation between the thermal unit and the energy storage system. On this basis, multi-objective genetic algorithm is used to optimize the energy storage capacity configuration scheme, and the frequency modulation performance under different control strategies is quantitatively evaluated based on indicators such as system frequency fluctuation. Taking a 600 MW thermal power unit as the research object, the optimal energy storage configuration was obtained through algorithm as follows: flywheel energy storage power of 8.5 MW and capacity of 1.3 MW·h, and lithium battery energy storage power of 3.6 MW and capacity of 14.6 MW·h. The total investment cost corresponding to this configuration is 2.027 7×109 yuan, and the actual income during the 400 s frequency modulation cycle is 850.95 yuan.

[Results]

After simulation verification using MATLAB/Simulink, it was found that under step disturbance, the dual layer optimization strategy of fire storage coordination reduces the frequency fluctuation of the system to 4.826×10–2 Hz, which is 38.53% lower than the independent frequency regulation of the fire power unit. The average absolute deviation of power fluctuation is reduced to 4.224 MW, which is 32.57% lower than the independent operation. Under continuous disturbance, the frequency fluctuation of the system decreased by 19.31%, the average absolute deviation of power fluctuation decreased by 78.71%, and the actual contribution of electricity increased by 0.527 MW·h. The results show that the thermal-storage coordinated dual layer optimization control strategy presented in this paper effectively mitigates system frequency and power fluctuations, thereby alleviating the frequency regulation pressure on thermal power units. Concurrently, it enhances the utilization efficiency of the energy storage system and improves the economic viability of frequency regulation services.

[Conclusion]

This research thus provides a novel technical direction for the flexible transformation of thermal power plants, enabling them to play a more supportive and complementary role in future power systems dominated by renewable energy sources.

predictive control  /  multivariate composite energy storage  /  dual-layer optimization control  /  thermal power primary frequency regulation  /  evaluation index
韩旭, 仲宣宇, 刘仲稳. 基于双层优化模型的火-储协同调频性能研究. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (2) : 75 -85 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202511015
Xu HAN, Xuanyu ZHONG, Zhongwen LIU. Research on the performance of fire-storage coordinated frequency modulation based on a bi-level optimization model[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (2) : 75 -85 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202511015
火电机组作为我国电力系统的基石,提升其灵活性是适应新型电力系统建设的关键挑战[1]。相较于单一储能,多元混合储能通过介质协同可实现优势互补,利用电池的大容量特性与飞轮的高频响优势进行耦合,可兼顾储能系统调频的速率与容量。基于此,本文聚焦飞轮-电池混合储能系统,旨在通过优化协同控制策略提升火电机组调频质量。
在储能系统容量优化配置方面,Amirreza等人[2]使用粒子群算法,以调频性能、运行成本为目标,实现了储能系统灵活性与经济性的优化平衡。在一次调频控制策略方面,现有研究多集中于机组下垂特性模拟的虚拟下垂控制。李欣然等[3]根据储能荷电状态调控出力,优先保证荷电状态在安全范围以防过充过放;Ma等人[4]提出基于模糊预测控制和自适应调整因子的策略,使电池寿命延长了24.38%。在火储联合调频的传统研究中,控制策略多采取单一层级的固定逻辑或简单的分频滤波控制,往往存在响应时延大、精度低等问题。Yu等人[5]构建了包含功率调整层与系数分配层的双层控制架构,使稳态频差减小21.8%;魏乐等[6]基于负荷预测提出飞轮辅助火电调节策略,有效改善了机组调频性能。
综上所述,储能辅助火电参与一次调频虽已得到广泛验证,但针对火电机组耦合多元混合储能的调频效果及控制策略研究仍显不足。为解决多时间尺度与多目标冲突同时提升精准度与响应速度,本文采用分层分级、集中控制的方案。
1)基于双重一阶低通滤波对调频信号进行线性分解,上层以火电实时功率预测进行分配,下层构造储能系统模糊逻辑控制功率分配策略,并搭建储能辅助火电一次调频的动态仿真模型。
2)以飞轮及电池储能为研究对象,以多目标遗传算法求解最佳容量配置,通过频率波动程度、功率平均绝对偏差等评价指标,验证外界扰动下不同控制策略对火电机组耦合多元复合储能系统调频效果的影响。
含多元复合储能的火电机组一次调频控制动态模型架构如图1所示。图1中:Δf为系统频率偏移量,Hz;ΔfH、ΔfL分别为高、低频段频率偏移分量,Hz;KFKB分别为飞轮储能单元、锂电池储能单元的下垂调节系数;KG为火电机组功率-频率特性系数;PtPtref分别为火电机组理论应发功率与火电机组分配给储能系统应发功率,MW;PftPbt分别为将火电机组功率经模糊控制分解后分配给飞轮储能系统与锂电池储能系统应发功率,MW;PFrefPBref分别为经过对频率偏差分解后飞轮与锂电池应发功率,MW;PFPB分别为飞轮、锂电池实际输出功率,MW;SOC,bessSOC,fess分别为锂电池、飞轮的荷电状态;ΔPL为外界负荷扰动,MW。
考虑火电机组锅炉动态特性,采用曾德良等[7]建立的600 MW汽包炉机组简化非线性模型,具体模型如下所示。
磨煤机及水冷壁动态传递函数模型:
Gb(s)=1(30s+1)(5s+1)e40s
锅炉核心状态空间模型:
{p·b=0.0389(pbpt)0.5+0.0463Dqp·t=0.7(pbpt)0.50.0476ptutDt=60ptut
汽轮机动态传递函数模型:
Gt(s)=1(3s+1)(7s+1)
式中:Dt为主蒸汽流量,t/h;Dq为锅炉有效吸热量的标幺值;pb为汽包压力,MPa;pt为主蒸汽压力,MPa。
飞轮储能系统的模型可通过永磁同步电机(PMSM)进行等效描述,表达式见文献[8]
在建模过程中,考虑到计算精度与复杂度的平衡,对电池储能系统采用一阶惯性等效模型进行表征,其传递函数表达式为:
G(s)=11+sTb
式中:Tb为锂电池储能系统调速器时间常数,值为0.03。
此外,多元复合储能系统荷电状态计算式为:
SOC=SOC,00t(PB/PF)dtE
式中:SOC,0为储能系统初始荷电状态;PFPB分别为飞轮、锂电池实际输出功率,MW;E为储能总储电量,MW·h;t为一次调频动作时长,s。
在储能辅助火电机组调频时,通常将储能调频死区与传统机组保持一致。但这种设置可能导致火电机组频繁动作参与一次调频。为减少机组的磨损,利用储能优先承担小幅波动,需设置储能的调频死区(Δfeta)小于传统机组的调频死区(Δfgen),并通过荷电状态划分调频区域,如图2所示。
图2中,SOC,maxSOC,min分别为储能系统越限区域的上、下边界。在储能调频死区内,火电机组和储能系统均不运作;频率波动在Δfetafgen区间内,储能系统单独调频以避免火电机组因调频扰动小而频繁动作;当频率波动超过Δfgen时,火电机组、储能系统协同出力。
针对火电机组与储能系统在调频特性上的显著差异,本研究提出了一种基于频率偏差线性分解的协同控制方法。使用双层滤波技术将系统频率偏差信号分解为高、低频分量,其中高频分量由响应迅速的储能系统承担,低频分量则由具有较大惯量的火电机组处理。
ΔfL=(11+Ts11+Ts)Δf
ΔfH=ΔfΔfL
式中:T为低通滤波时间常数;ΔfL为低频段频率偏移分量,Hz;ΔfH为高频段频率偏移分量,Hz。
由于机组出力与主蒸汽流量直接相关,可通过预测流量变化来推算出力增量。而锅炉动态非线性特性表现为主蒸汽流量Dt与汽轮机调节阀开度um、主蒸汽压力pm的乘积成正比。
鉴于本研究的场景为短时快速调频,主蒸汽流量主要受阀门开度和锅炉燃料输入影响。而燃料侧响应存在延迟,其在短时调频中贡献极小,因此分析时可忽略燃料波动。主蒸汽流量模型为:
dΔDt=umdpm+pmdum
主蒸汽流量变化预测模型为:
ΔDt=umdpm+pmdum=(umdpmdt+pmdumdt)dt
主蒸汽流量进入汽轮机做功,可得汽轮机输出功率变化ΔNp预测模型:
ΔNp=(FHP(1+sTSC)+sλTRHFHP+FIP(1+sTSC)(1+sTRH)+FLP(1+sTSC)(1+sTRH)(1+sTCO))ΔDt
式中:FHPFIPFLP分别为高、中、低压缸功率占比系数;TCOTSCTRH分别为低压蒸汽、高压蒸汽、再热蒸汽管路时间常数;λ为过调系数。
分配给多元复合储能系统的协同功率Pco为:
Pco=KGΔfHΔNP
式中:KG为火电机组功率-频率特性系数;ΔNp为汽轮机输出功率变化值,MW。
本研究采用模糊控制算法优化,在模糊控制器的设计中,选取2个关键变量作为输入参数:X1t)为储能系统实时荷电状态SOC,F/Bt);X2t)为储能单元的瞬时输出功率PF/Bt)。通过模糊推理逻辑控制,得到功率分配系数At),实现储能系统内部功率分配。其中模糊逻辑控制过程如图3所示。
为满足多元复合储能控制需求,采用{NB,NS,ZO,PS,PB}5个模糊子集定义模糊变量SOC,F/BPF/B图4为隶属度函数。设定飞轮SOC,F有效工作域为[0.1,0.9],如图4a)所示。图4b)为飞轮储能系统功率,0<PFt)<1时为储能状态;–1<PFt)<0时为释能状态。图4c)是飞轮分配系数AFt)隶属度函数。电池储能系统SOC,Bt)的工作区间如图4d)所示,0<PBt)<1时为储能状态;–1<PBt)<0为释能状态。隶属度函数如图4e)所示。图4f)为模糊控制输出ABt)隶属度函数。
通过设定输入变量的隶属度函数、建立模糊推理规则并采用合适的解模糊化方法,可获得多元复合储能系统的模糊控制器输出特性,其变化规律如图5所示。
本文解模糊化的数学过程计算公式为:
A(t)=ijλ1i[X1(t)]λ2j[X2(t)]Aijijλ1i[X1(t)]λ2j[X2(t)]
式中:λ1i[X1t)]为t时刻输入变量X1t)在第i个模糊子集的隶属度;λ2j[X2t)]为t时刻输入变量X2t)在第j个模糊子集的隶属度;Aij为对应模糊规则输出值。
表1为模糊控制规则,表1中的网格内容代表输出控制变量。为了覆盖系统的控制范围,将输入与输出变量的模糊子集统一划分为5个语言等级,分别为{负大(NB),负小(NS),零(ZO),正小(PS),正大(PB)},模糊规则库能根据输入的变化,调整输出的模糊量级。
根据以上方法求得飞轮储能系统分配系数AFt)与锂电池储能系统分配系数ABt),从而可知飞轮与锂电池分配功率为:
Pft(t)=[PcoPbt]AF(t)
Pbt(t)=AB(t)Pco(t)
通过本文提出的双层优化模型,不仅能够在上层通过频率偏差的分解优化所预测功率基准,而且能够在下层通过模糊控制逻辑处理储能内部差异,输出精准的内部分配系数。上下层通过协同工作,缓解了现有分层控制的时延和分配不均问题。
本文构建了一种基于自适应变系数的下垂控制策略,通过利用系统指令与荷电状态的实时反馈动态调整下垂系数,实现了混合储能系统的功率精准分配及单元运行状态的全局优化。图6为储能系统基于自身荷电状态自适应变系数虚拟下垂控制策略。
图6中:PfrefPbref分别为飞轮与锂电池在该策略下的应发功率,MW;PftPbt分别为火电机组功率经模糊控制分解后分配给飞轮储能系统与锂电池储能系统应发功率,MW;PFrefPBref分别为经过对频率偏差分解后飞轮与锂电池应发功率,MW。
Pf/refPbref在接收到火电机组模糊控制分解所分配的功率后完成向PFrefPBref的转变。其中自适应变系数调整函数为:
K(B/F)={KP0×er×(SOCSOC,min)bK+P0×er×(SOCSOC,min)b,Δf<0KP0×er×(SOC,maxSOC)bK+P0×er×(SOC,maxSOC)b,Δf0
式中:K为最大虚拟下垂控制系数;P0rb均为Logistic函数的内部系数。其中,r用来衡量曲线变化快慢,b则影响荷电状态对出力影响的“变化平缓度”,为了兼顾储能的调频效果和荷电状态的维持效果,b取0.2,r取13;为了防止储能电池的过充电和过放电,P0取0.01。
储能系统耦合火电机组调频指令如下。
1)Δf≤|Δfeta|,储能系统保持闭锁状态,不参与调频。
PFref=0,PBref=0
2)-|Δfgen|< Δf<-|Δfeta|,储能系统进入放电模式,其实际输出功率为:
PFref=min(Pfref+Pft,Pfm)PBref=min(Pbref+Pbt,Pbm)
式中:PfmPbm分别为飞轮、锂电池储能系统额定功率,MW。
3)Δf<-|Δfgen|,储能系统实际输出功率为:
PFref=min(Pfref+Pft,Pfm)+PgenPBref=min(Pbref+Pbt,Pbm)+Pgen
式中:Pgen为机组功率,MW。
4)|Δfeta|< Δf <|Δfgen|,储能系统切换至充电模式,实际储能功率为:
PFref=min(|Pfref+Pft|,Pfm)PBref=min(|Pbref+Pbt|,Pbm)
5)|Δfgen|<Δf,储能系统实际储能功率为:
PFref=min(|Pfref+Pft|,Pfm)+PgenPBref=min(|Pbref+Pbt|,Pbm)+Pgen
本文提出评价指标如下。
1)连续负荷扰动,采用频率峰值差Δf、频率波动程度fcd、频率均值的绝对偏差fD评价调频性能,Δf反映频率稳定性,fcd表征频率偏离基准值的离散程度。fcd值越小表明储能调频效果越显著。
Δf=fmaxfmin
fcd=1ni=1n(fif)2
fD=1ni=1n|fif¯|
式中:fmaxfmin分别为频率极值;n为总采样点数;fi为第i个采样点的频率标幺值,Hz;f为频率采样平均值标幺值,Hz。
2)外界扰动下,采用功率峰值差ΔP、功率波动标准差Psd以及功率波动平均值绝对偏差PD评价对应控制策略下调频性能。Psd越小,表明储能调频效果越突出,机组运行稳定性和安全性越高。
ΔP=PmaxPmin
Psd=1ni=1n(PiP)2
PD=1ni=1n|PiP¯|
以经济效益最大为目标,多元复合储能系统只考虑投资成本、维护成本、损耗成本、更换成本。故多元复合储能系统效益可表示为:
C=CECinvCwhCshCgh
式中:储能成本计算的参数说明及公式见文献[9],而储能调频期间收益计算的详细公式见文献[10]与文献[11]。系统调频容量需求为负荷的1%,并乘以系统历史调频里程—容量比(本文中此系数取10)作为系统调频里程需求,独立储能总中标里程在系统调频需求中的占比分别不超过30%且不低于20%。
储能设备存在两处约束条件,分别为储能设备的功率约束以及荷电状态水平约束。
1)储能设备的功率约束 储能系统的充放电功率通常存在上限与下限约束,若超出允许的功率范围,将对设备使用寿命产生不利影响,即:
Pmin<P(t)<Pmax
式中:Pt)为t时刻储能设备的功率,MW;PminPmax分别为储能设备最小与最大充放电功率,MW。
2)储能设备的荷电状态水平约束 鉴于储能系统的充放电循环次数存在上限且禁止出现过充过放情况,需通过设定荷电状态水平约束条件来保障系统稳定运行:
SOC,min<SOC(t)<SOC,max
式中:SOCt)为t时刻储能设备的荷电状态值,而SOC,minSOC,max分别为储能设备最小与最大的荷电状态值。
多目标优化遗传算法(non dominated sorting genetic algorithm-Ⅱ,NSGA-Ⅱ)的核心思想是维护非支配排序和拥挤度距离,以在搜索空间中寻找高质量的多目标解,同时保持多样性。在其中嵌入以本文飞轮、锂电池额定功率与额定容量为变量的目标函数进行求解,算法原理如图7所示。
表2为算例参数,根据表2信息,采用NSGA-Ⅱ对飞轮和锂电池多元复合储能的容量进行配置,取迭代次数为2 000,粒子种群规模为200,权重系数为0.2。计算得出在调频周期400 s内可得调频收益与总投资成本最优解集,如图8所示(为方便观察计算将调频收益扩大至106个调频周期)。
选取投资成本与106次调频周期内调频收益差值最小的一组作为本文的最优解,计算得出对应投资成本2.027 7×105万元,调频收益8.51×104万元(400 s内实际调频收益为850.95元),对应飞轮与锂电池容量配置如表3所示。
本文基于MATLAB/Simulink仿真平台构建了多元复合储能系统协同火电机组的一次调频动态模型。模型参数设置如表4所示。以600 MW额定容量、50 Hz系统频率作为基准工况,通过模拟电网典型扰动场景,重点分析复合储能系统对火电机组一次调频性能的改善效果。其中,仿真中所采用的储能系统容量参数是经过优化计算得到的最优配置方案,飞轮容量(Efrat)1.3 MW·h、单位功率(Pfrat)8.5 MW;锂电池容量(Ebrat)14.6 MW·h、单位功率(Pbrat)3.6 MW。考虑到多元复合储能系统工作状态,设置系统初始荷电状态为0.5。
为验证混合储能模型,在Simulink中搭建混合储能系统模型并设置总模拟时间为3 800 s,于200 s时输入±40 MW的扰动信号,图9为混合储能系统验证结果。由图9可见,受到防止过充过放控制策略约束,飞轮与锂电池分别在以最大功率运行约700 s和1 600 s后出现功率衰减,表明两者荷电状态已逼近阈值。结合功率与荷电状态曲线特征分析,飞轮荷电状态曲线斜率大,呈现出响应极快但持续时间短的功率型特性;而锂电池荷电状态变化平缓,表现出能量型特性。该混合储能策略利用飞轮承担高频短时功率波动,发挥其“滤波”效应,有效避免了锂电池因频繁响应微小波动而陷入“浅充浅放”的震荡状态,从而显著降低锂电池有效循环次数,延长其使用寿命。
为验证所提控制策略的有效性,本文引入典型负荷扰动工况进行仿真测试,图10展示了系统在扰动条件下的功率波动特性与动态响应曲线,其中实际数据来自于2020年福建省内某600 MW火电机组400 s内的实际运行数据。
图10a)和图10b)可见,主蒸汽流量和汽轮机调频出力增量的预测值与实际值的变化趋势具有良好的一致性。具体而言,流量与出力增量的最大相对误差分别为额定值的0.67%和0.44%,均方根误差低至7.39×10–4和1.11×10–3。这些偏差主要出现在调频指令切换的瞬态过程,而这种小幅度瞬态偏差不会导致下层控制失稳或超调,下层控制的反馈校正逻辑可快速补偿该偏差。鉴于该误差仅存在于瞬态,且均方根误差极小,既不会拖慢调频响应速度,也不会降低稳态调频精度,能满足电网调频的出力要求,充分验证了预测模型的可靠性。
图10c)则直接体现了储能系统在火电机组调节延迟时快速跟踪负荷变化,其中飞轮储能曲线会在负荷突变瞬间升降,锂电池曲线则会以平缓的斜率持续响应。储能系统通过二者的协同,实现了对负荷变化的快速跟踪,说明了本文所研究的控制策略的优越性。
在1 s时突增0.047p.u.阶跃负荷扰动,仿真对比相同容量配置下不同控制策略(包括无储能策略以及都采用自适应变系数下垂控制的无协同控制策略、火储协同策略、单一飞轮储能策略、单一电池储能策略)对火电机组耦合多元复合储能调频效果。不同控制策略下火电机组参与一次调频功率、频率偏差波动曲线如图11图12所示。
图11a)图12a)可见,相较于火电机组单独调频,本文提出的火-储协同控制策略显著提升了系统的动稳态性能。在频率指标方面,该策略下机组调频极差减小16.82%;频率波动程度降至4.826×10–2 Hz,较独立调频下降38.53%;频率平均绝对偏差fD由7.450×10–2 Hz降至4.223×10–2Hz,降幅达43.32%。相较于单纯耦合储能系统,火-储协同控制的调频效果进一步提升约7.95%。
分析图11b)图12b)可知,本文控制策略下最大输出功率极差ΔP为12.054 MW,较独立运行时的15.408 MW降低21.77%。相较于机组单独动作时,耦合电池或飞轮单体储能时机组出力波动下降分别为6.39%与13.45%,在本文火储协同控制策略下出力波动减少33.36%。此外,在本文策略下机组输出功率平均绝对偏差仅为4.224 MW,较耦合多元储能(4.896 MW)和独立运行(6.240 MW)分别下降13.73%和32.57%,这说明本文策略增强了对机组的保护作用。
为模拟实际电网负荷的随机性特征,本文设置范围在[–0.035,0.035]p.u.的连续扰动工况(时长为60 s,采样0.15 s),不同调频策略机组出力对比及调频指标如图13图14所示。
图13a)图14a)可见,在连续扰动下,本文策略的频率波动极差Δf为2.265×10–1Hz,较独立调频(2.68×10–1Hz)降低15.30%,较单纯耦合多元储能(2.595×10–1Hz)性能提升12.53%。3种策略下的频率波动程度fsd分别为5.3×10–2、5.05×10–2、4.265×10–2Hz,表明本文策略调频性能提高19.31%。频率平均绝对偏差优化至3.414 5×10–2 Hz,较独立调频其性能提升19.73%。因此,采用火-储协同双层优化控制策略在抑制频率波动及优化功率分配方面具有最佳调节效果。
图13b)图14b)展示了不同策略下的机组出力特性。分析可知,本文策略下的输出功率极差ΔP优化至9.36 MW,较独立调频(19.5 MW)及多元储能耦合(11.34 MW)显著降低,最大性能提升达52%。在输出功率波动程度Psd方面,本文策略将波动量由独立运行时的3.060 MW降至0.906 MW,调频效果提升70.39%。此外,输出增量功率平均绝对偏差PD较独立调频与多元储能配置分别降低78.71%和32.02%,平抑效果显著。
图13c)对比了系统总体调频出力。在火-储协同双层优化策略下,实际贡献电量达1.549 MW·h。相较于独立调频时贡献电量1.022 MW·h,该策略在将机组功率波动降低70.39%的同时,使调频实际贡献电量增加0.527 MW·h,上升了51.57%。
结果显示,配置多元混合储能并应用火-储协同双层优化策略,在一次调频中表现最优。该方案通过强化频差调节与快速恢复特性,有效缓解了火电机组出力压力,显著增强了运行稳定性。
1)基于上层线性分解频差与火电机组实时功率预测、下层模糊控制火-储功率分配的控制策略,通过上下层分级协同,从根本上缓解了传统分层控制中存在的响应滞后与功率分配不均问题,可有效减少调频时段机组主蒸汽压力、流量波动程度,火电机组输出功率各项调频指标均降低约50%,汽轮机出力下降,但是系统实际贡献电量增加了0.527 MW·h,上升51.57%。调频效果提升明显,火电机组调频压力减轻。
2)本文的控制策略不仅能有效平抑频率波动、缓解电网低惯量难题并促进新能源消纳,还能协同提升火电机组的运行稳定性与经济性,从而为火电灵活性改造提供了新的技术升级方向。
  • 河北省高等学校科学研究项目青年拔尖项目(BJ2025053)
  • 河北省自然科学基金(E2023502025)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202511015
  • 接收时间:2025-11-06
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-06
  • 修回日期:2025-12-03
  • 录用日期:2025-12-08
基金
Hebei Province Higher Education Science Research Project Youth Elite Project(BJ2025053)
河北省高等学校科学研究项目青年拔尖项目(BJ2025053)
Hebei Natural Science Foundation(E2023502025)
河北省自然科学基金(E2023502025)
作者信息
    1.华北电力大学河北省低碳高效发电技术重点实验室,河北 保定 071003
    2.中电华创电力技术研究有限公司,江苏 苏州 215009

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刘仲稳(2000),男,硕士,主要研究方向为灵活性改造与深度调峰,
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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