Article(id=1295064766796559215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295064706872528996, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202510070, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1761580800000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-28, revisedDate=1764086400000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-26, acceptedDate=1764604800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-02, onlineDate=1786697101543, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697101543, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697101543, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697101543, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295064706872528996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697087257, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698896936, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072297266733103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295064706872528996, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072297266733104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295064706872528996, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=65, endPage=74, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295064767182435184, articleId=1295064766796559215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Study on energy release power generation efficiency of CAES systems considering injector performance, columnId=1295064707514257509, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Energy storage materials, devices, and systems, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
[Objective]

Against the source-load imbalance caused by daily-scale periodic fluctuations in grid loads, this study investigates performance optimization methods for ejectors within compressed air energy storage (CAES) systems. The aim is to improve the overall efficiency of CAES systems in terms of power generation during energy release, as well as enhance their operational control capabilities during actual operation. In CAES systems, the ejector performs the dual functions of regulating the state parameters of the working gas and introducing low-pressure exhaust gas. This critically affects the system efficiency.

[Methods]

By taking a 10 MW-class CAES demonstration system under construction as the research subject, this study combines response surface methodology with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation to analyze the ejector’s entrainment performance under varying working gas pressures, entrainment exhaust gas pressures, and outlet backpressure conditions. This determines the ejector’s efficient operating range. Subsequently, the volume of the storage tank is designed based on the entrainment performance results of the ejector and the variable pressure operating conditions during the energy release process of the CAES system. The power generation capacity of the CAES system is then predicted using a theoretical model.

[Results]

The entrainment performance of the ejector is sensitive to variations in the working gas pressure and the entrainment exhaust gas pressure. Optimal entrainment characteristics are achieved when the working gas pressure is between 10.0 and 11.75 MPa, and the entrainment exhaust gas pressure is 5.6 MPa. The outlet back pressure of the ejector significantly affects the structure of the internal flow field and the operational window of the CAES system. Higher back pressure results in a narrower operating pressure range, necessitating larger storage tank volumes and reducing energy release efficiency. When the back pressure is 8.0 MPa, the ejector operates efficiently within a working pressure range of 10.00~12.00 MPa, achieving an energy utilization efficiency rate of 10.46%. A CAES system with a 2.2×103 m3 storage tank can sustain continuous operation at design power for 4.0 hours under a back pressure of 8.0 MPa. Its energy conversion efficiency is 16.67%, with cumulative energy released for power generation reaching 5.01×104 kW·h. This represents a 2.04% improvement on systems without an ejector.

[Conclusion]

Defining the high-efficiency operating range of the ejector and rationally configuring the air storage tank volume can effectively enhance the power generation capabilities of the CAES system, providing a foundation for optimizing the system and formulating operational strategies in engineering practice.

, authors=Xiankui WEN1, Wei WANG2, Shihai ZHANG1, Ke ZHOU1, Dongping ZENG2, authorsList=Xiankui WEN, Wei WANG, Shihai ZHANG, Ke ZHOU, Dongping ZENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Dongping ZENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295064771062166412, articleId=1295064766796559215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=计及喷射器性能的压缩空气储能系统释能发电效益研究, columnId=1295064707795275879, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=储能材料、装置及系统, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
【目的】

针对日尺度电网负荷周期性波动导致的源-荷失衡问题,研究压缩空气储能(compressed air energy storage,CAES)系统中喷射器的性能优化方法,以提升系统整体能效与运行调控能力。在CAES系统中,喷射器兼具调节空气参数与引射低压乏气的双重功能,其工作性能对系统效率具有重要影响。

【方法】

以某在建10 MW级CAES示范系统为研究对象,结合响应面法与CFD软件数值模拟,分析喷射器在变压运行条件下的性能特性,确定其高效工作区间;进一步基于性能结果和释能变压力特性设计储气罐容积,并预测系统发电能力。

【结果】

喷射器的引射性能对工作气体压力与引射乏气压力变化敏感,在工作气体压力为10.00~11.75 MPa、引射乏气压力为5.6 MPa时,喷射器的引射性能表现最优。喷射器的出口背压对其内部的流场结构与CAES系统的运行工况影响显著。当背压为8.0 MPa时,喷射器在工作压力为12.00~10.00 MPa时高效运行,能量利用率最高达10.46%;配置2.2×103 m3储气罐的CAES系统在背压8.0 MPa条件下,能够以设计功率持续运行4.0 h,其能量转化率为16.67%,释能发电量累计达5.01×104 kW·h,较无喷射器系统提升2.04%。

【结论】

通过明确喷射器高效运行区间并合理配置储气罐容积,可有效提高CAES系统发电效益,为工程实际中的系统优化与运行策略制定提供依据。

, authors=文贤馗1, 王维2, 张世海1, 周科1, 曾栋坪2, authorsList=文贤馗, 王维, 张世海, 周科, 曾栋坪, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=曾栋坪, authorNote=

文贤馗(1972),男,教授级高级工程师,主要研究方向为储能及新能源,

, correspAuthorsNote=
曾栋坪(1994),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为流体机械内部流动机理,
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figureFileBig=NkcJ1fxlik9s2InyMwdnZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064775948530619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064766796559215, language=CN, label=图3, caption=喷射器出口处空气质量流量随网格数量变化特征, figureFileSmall=UD2lE6lmfY6uUg9NEHRUqg==, figureFileBig=NkcJ1fxlik9s2InyMwdnZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064776007250876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064766796559215, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Temperature sensitivity characteristic curve of the ejector’s entrainment performance, figureFileSmall=Xyh3X4V493zN60w7DfSsiw==, figureFileBig=l629V5A8CqVM1tMBHiP+AQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064776070165437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064766796559215, language=CN, label=图4, caption=喷射器引射性能的温度敏感性特征曲线, figureFileSmall=Xyh3X4V493zN60w7DfSsiw==, figureFileBig=l629V5A8CqVM1tMBHiP+AQ==, tableContent=null), 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caption=不同工况下配备的储气罐参数和计算发电量, figureFileSmall=OWdMjgEWk3RjDXlWwHFsJw==, figureFileBig=MPZmXF/arAYos4NsMdF9Mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064778532221896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064766796559215, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=The energy release power of the ejectors at different outlet back pressures, figureFileSmall=lo5hfr2AmVQrofvyRwooKg==, figureFileBig=7UnRspqcMiY/ECV9BBya9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064778628690889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064766796559215, language=CN, label=图10, caption=喷射器不同出口背压下的释能功率, figureFileSmall=lo5hfr2AmVQrofvyRwooKg==, figureFileBig=7UnRspqcMiY/ECV9BBya9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064778737742794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064766796559215, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=The ineffective energy of the air receiver and the system energy conversion rate, figureFileSmall=ai5CC27TW9ez5k65NcLEaw==, figureFileBig=ZRhnAUvmB7YVH5V9eFnmfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064778800657355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064766796559215, language=CN, label=图11, caption=储气罐的无效能量和释能能量转化率, figureFileSmall=ai5CC27TW9ez5k65NcLEaw==, figureFileBig=ZRhnAUvmB7YVH5V9eFnmfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064778859377612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064766796559215, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Factors affecting the ejector’s performance and their levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因子–101
A工作气体压力/MPa10.012.515.0
B引射乏气压力/MPa4.24.95.6
C出口背压/MPa7.08.09.0
), ArticleFig(id=1295064778922292173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064766796559215, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

喷射器性能影响因子及水平

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影响因子–101
A工作气体压力/MPa10.012.515.0
B引射乏气压力/MPa4.24.95.6
C出口背压/MPa7.08.09.0
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Detailed specification of variable operating conditions for ejectors

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序号工作压力/MPa乏气压力/MPa出口背压/MPa引射比/%
110.04.28.0–1.76
215.04.28.03.41
310.05.68.06.14
415.05.68.06.56
510.04.97.09.36
615.04.97.05.13
710.04.99.0–6.65
815.04.99.05.13
912.54.27.05.46
1012.55.67.08.44
1112.54.29.05.46
1212.55.69.08.44
1312.54.98.07.09
1412.54.98.07.09
1512.54.98.07.09
1612.54.98.07.08
1712.54.98.07.09
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喷射器变工况参数明细

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序号工作压力/MPa乏气压力/MPa出口背压/MPa引射比/%
110.04.28.0–1.76
215.04.28.03.41
310.05.68.06.14
415.05.68.06.56
510.04.97.09.36
615.04.97.05.13
710.04.99.0–6.65
815.04.99.05.13
912.54.27.05.46
1012.55.67.08.44
1112.54.29.05.46
1212.55.69.08.44
1312.54.98.07.09
1412.54.98.07.09
1512.54.98.07.09
1612.54.98.07.08
1712.54.98.07.09
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计及喷射器性能的压缩空气储能系统释能发电效益研究
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文贤馗 1 , 王维 2 , 张世海 1 , 周科 1 , 曾栋坪 2
热力发电 | 储能材料、装置及系统 2026,55(2): 65-74
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热力发电 |储能材料、装置及系统 2026 , 55 (2) : 65 -74
计及喷射器性能的压缩空气储能系统释能发电效益研究
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文贤馗1 , 王维2, 张世海1, 周科1, 曾栋坪2
作者信息
  • 1.贵州电网电力科学研究院,贵州 贵阳,550002
  • 2.长沙理工大学能源与动力工程学院,湖南 长沙,410114
通讯作者:
曾栋坪(1994),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为流体机械内部流动机理,
作者简介:

文贤馗(1972),男,教授级高级工程师,主要研究方向为储能及新能源,

Study on energy release power generation efficiency of CAES systems considering injector performance
Xiankui WEN1 , Wei WANG2, Shihai ZHANG1, Ke ZHOU1, Dongping ZENG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Electric Power Research Institute of Guizhou Power Grid Co., Guiyang 550002, China
  • 2.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202510070
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【目的】

针对日尺度电网负荷周期性波动导致的源-荷失衡问题,研究压缩空气储能(compressed air energy storage,CAES)系统中喷射器的性能优化方法,以提升系统整体能效与运行调控能力。在CAES系统中,喷射器兼具调节空气参数与引射低压乏气的双重功能,其工作性能对系统效率具有重要影响。

【方法】

以某在建10 MW级CAES示范系统为研究对象,结合响应面法与CFD软件数值模拟,分析喷射器在变压运行条件下的性能特性,确定其高效工作区间;进一步基于性能结果和释能变压力特性设计储气罐容积,并预测系统发电能力。

【结果】

喷射器的引射性能对工作气体压力与引射乏气压力变化敏感,在工作气体压力为10.00~11.75 MPa、引射乏气压力为5.6 MPa时,喷射器的引射性能表现最优。喷射器的出口背压对其内部的流场结构与CAES系统的运行工况影响显著。当背压为8.0 MPa时,喷射器在工作压力为12.00~10.00 MPa时高效运行,能量利用率最高达10.46%;配置2.2×103 m3储气罐的CAES系统在背压8.0 MPa条件下,能够以设计功率持续运行4.0 h,其能量转化率为16.67%,释能发电量累计达5.01×104 kW·h,较无喷射器系统提升2.04%。

【结论】

通过明确喷射器高效运行区间并合理配置储气罐容积,可有效提高CAES系统发电效益,为工程实际中的系统优化与运行策略制定提供依据。

压缩空气储能系统  /  喷射器  /  配气策略  /  容积设计  /  发电量预测
[Objective]

Against the source-load imbalance caused by daily-scale periodic fluctuations in grid loads, this study investigates performance optimization methods for ejectors within compressed air energy storage (CAES) systems. The aim is to improve the overall efficiency of CAES systems in terms of power generation during energy release, as well as enhance their operational control capabilities during actual operation. In CAES systems, the ejector performs the dual functions of regulating the state parameters of the working gas and introducing low-pressure exhaust gas. This critically affects the system efficiency.

[Methods]

By taking a 10 MW-class CAES demonstration system under construction as the research subject, this study combines response surface methodology with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation to analyze the ejector’s entrainment performance under varying working gas pressures, entrainment exhaust gas pressures, and outlet backpressure conditions. This determines the ejector’s efficient operating range. Subsequently, the volume of the storage tank is designed based on the entrainment performance results of the ejector and the variable pressure operating conditions during the energy release process of the CAES system. The power generation capacity of the CAES system is then predicted using a theoretical model.

[Results]

The entrainment performance of the ejector is sensitive to variations in the working gas pressure and the entrainment exhaust gas pressure. Optimal entrainment characteristics are achieved when the working gas pressure is between 10.0 and 11.75 MPa, and the entrainment exhaust gas pressure is 5.6 MPa. The outlet back pressure of the ejector significantly affects the structure of the internal flow field and the operational window of the CAES system. Higher back pressure results in a narrower operating pressure range, necessitating larger storage tank volumes and reducing energy release efficiency. When the back pressure is 8.0 MPa, the ejector operates efficiently within a working pressure range of 10.00~12.00 MPa, achieving an energy utilization efficiency rate of 10.46%. A CAES system with a 2.2×103 m3 storage tank can sustain continuous operation at design power for 4.0 hours under a back pressure of 8.0 MPa. Its energy conversion efficiency is 16.67%, with cumulative energy released for power generation reaching 5.01×104 kW·h. This represents a 2.04% improvement on systems without an ejector.

[Conclusion]

Defining the high-efficiency operating range of the ejector and rationally configuring the air storage tank volume can effectively enhance the power generation capabilities of the CAES system, providing a foundation for optimizing the system and formulating operational strategies in engineering practice.

compressed air energy storage systems  /  jet ejector  /  air distribution strategy  /  volume design  /  power generation forecast
文贤馗, 王维, 张世海, 周科, 曾栋坪. 计及喷射器性能的压缩空气储能系统释能发电效益研究. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (2) : 65 -74 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202510070
Xiankui WEN, Wei WANG, Shihai ZHANG, Ke ZHOU, Dongping ZENG. Study on energy release power generation efficiency of CAES systems considering injector performance[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (2) : 65 -74 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202510070
在“双碳”战略目标深入推进的关键时期,随着风光等新能源装机规模迅速扩大,电网源-荷平衡面临严峻挑战,亟需发展能够快速消纳盈余电力、并在用电高峰时段可靠供电的储能技术[1-3]。压缩空气储能(compressed air energy storage,CAES)系统因具备部署灵活、响应迅速、环境友好等优势,被广泛用于平滑电网负荷波动,即在用电低谷期储存剩余电能,在用电高峰期释放电能以满足持续用电需求[4-6]。然而,在实际运行中,CAES系统释能环节存在显著的节流损失,且储气设备容积与用电需求之间的匹配关系尚不明确,制约了其整体能效与运行经济性[7-9]。为降低节流损失,提升系统效率,有研究提出采用喷射器替代传统节流阀,利用工作气体引射乏气再次进入透平做功,从而增强能量利用率[10]。基于该思路,本文进一步设计多种运行工况,对CAES系统的发电能力进行预测,以支撑电网调峰。
CAES系统装机灵活、吐纳电量迅速,但其储气成本较大,运营效益有待提高[11-12]。目前,国内外学者针对CAES系统的能效提升与运行策略优化已展开广泛研究。在关键部件优化方面,部分研究聚焦于喷射器结构设计与流动特性,包括喷嘴收敛段型线优化[13],内流场激波结构影响分析[14]以及不同压力[15]与温度[16]条件下喷射器引射性能的评估,旨在降低其运行能耗、提高工作效率。在系统层面,郭祚刚等[17]通过引入喷射器引射乏气,提升了CAES系统恒压运行效率,但未涉及释能全过程的动态能效分析。另有研究表明,系统各组件的㶲损[18]、各过程的等熵效率[19]以及储气容积设计[20]对整体效率影响显著。陈泽兵等[21]通过调控总压与流量优化透平功率输出,延长发电时间并提升能量密度。此外,系统动态运行特性与控制策略亦受到关注[22]。赵峰等[23]采用分程控制策略,有效降低了系统气耗率;葛士宇等[24]通过光储协同运行,提升了整体发电效率。上述研究从不同角度揭示了喷射器在CAES系统中的增效潜力及调控策略对系统性能的改善效果。然而,在CAES系统实际变压释能过程中,喷射器的高效运行区间、适应不同背压条件的储气罐容积配置,以及系统在规定时段内的总发电量预测等问题,仍未得到系统性阐述。
为此,本文以某在建10.0 MW CAES示范系统为对象,提出采用喷射器引射乏气二次做功的运行策略,探索其在日尺度下的运行方案,并结合不同储气容积预测系统发电能力,以提升CAES系统的发电效益。首先,通过17组不同工况下的喷射器引射性能计算,结合响应面法分析关键变量对其性能的敏感性,识别制约引射效果的边界条件;其次,研究低背压、中背压、高背压及过背压条件下喷射器内流场特性与压能利用率,明确其高效运行区间;最后,基于科学原理设计储气罐容积并预测系统发电量,在满足负荷需求的前提下优选方案以提升系统能效。研究结果旨在为在建CAES系统的储气容积配置与运行能效优化提供理论依据与设计参考。
图1为CAES系统的释能流程及带调控针阀的喷射器模型。CAES系统由储气罐、换热器、喷射器、透平组及承担换热媒介的冷源和热源组成。图1a)中,系统在释能过程中从储气罐S流出的高压工作气体首先进入换热器E1,在进行充分加热以保证喷射器性能充足,然后进入喷射器引射一级透平的中间级乏气,喷射器出口的混合气体进入透平组做功发电。其中由上游高压透平排出的气体先进入级间换热器加热,然后进入下游低压透平再次做功。图1b)中,喷射器主要由中心喷嘴和调控开度的针阀结构组成,其中的工作气体通过喷射器引射下游低压乏气,并在充分混合后进入透平做功。在CAES系统释能过程中,喷射器在储气罐与透平之间承担工作介质参数的调控作用。
1)控制方程
针对喷射器内的可压缩空气流动选用Navier-Stokes方程进行数值仿真计算,综合考虑真实气体的状态方程和黏性耗散的能量方程,变密度空气流控制方程变式如下。
连续方程:
ρt+xi(ρui)=0
式中:ρ为介质密度,kg/m3t为流动时间,s;ui为介质速度,m/s。
动量方程:
t(ρui)+xj(ρuiuj)=Pxi+τijxj
式中:P为流场压力,Pa;τij为应力张量,N/m2
能量方程:
t(ρE)+xi[ui(ρE+P)]=[uj(τij)]
其中,
τij=αeff(uixj+ujxi)23μeffukxkσij
式中:E为介质总能量,kJ;αij为介质有效导热率,W/(m·K);μij为介质动力学黏度,Pa·s。
2)部件出力模型
在储气罐内根据质量守恒定律,其满载时空气的质量等于释能过程结束后储气罐的剩余空气与进入透平做功空气的质量之和,此过程储气罐恒温,有:
m=P1qmτTP1P2
式中:m为储气罐空气总质量,kg;P1P2分别为储气罐释能开始和结束时的压力,Pa;qm为流出储气罐的空气流量,kg/m3τT为释能时间,h。
换热器作为一个开口能量系统,其工作过程符合质量守恒和能量守恒基本方程。根据守恒定律,换热器内冷热流体的换热量Q为:
Q=qc,outhoutqc,inhin
式中:qc,inqc,out分别为空气充分加热前、后的质量流量,kg/s;hinhout分别为空气加热前、后的比焓,J/kg。
压缩空气通过透平向外做功,其膨胀过程简化为绝热,对于配备喷射器的CAES系统,在释能过程中总输出功率等于系统基础功率与喷射器增效功率之和,则有:
qm,z=q1+q2
Py=q1(hTi,inhTi,out)
Pz=q2(hTi,inhTi,out)
Pt=Pv+Pz
式中:qm,zq1q2分别为进入透平的空气流量、从储气罐流出空气的流量和引射乏气的流量,kg/s;PyPz分别为工作气体推动透平做功的基础功率和乏气二次做功的增效功率,MW;hTi,inhTi,out分别为透平进、出口处的气体比焓,J/kg;Pt为CAES系统释能过程总的输出功率,MW。
3)系统能效模型
喷射器利用工作气体的过余压能引射低压乏气,以提高其出口流量。在这个过程中,对于喷射器压能利用率α,有:
α=EsEe
式中:Es为乏气在被引射的过程中吸收的能量,J;Ee为工作气体在引射乏气时耗散的能量,J。
随着CAES系统持续释能发电,储气罐内压力降低,当储气罐的压力水平低于喷射器的失效压力后便不能推动透平发电,释能过程结束。对于CAES系统释能过程的能量转化率η,有:
η=1EwEf
式中:Ew为释能结束后,储气罐内滞留气体的能量,J;Ef为储气罐满载气体总的能量,J。
采用结构化网格划分方法将可调式喷射器模型划分为二维轴对称流场网格,并对其流道壁面和中心轴线附近进行网格加密。以喷射器中心轴线的吸入管出口处为原点,轴向为x方向(向右为正),沿径向为y方向(向上为正),如图2所示。网格模型由流体域和调控针阀两部分组成,其中,流体域可以根据结构和工作介质的状态细分为工作气体接收室、低压乏气吸入管、混合室及扩压室。
将网格导入Fluent软件后,选择基于压力-速度耦合的稳态求解器。由于CAES系统内喷射器出口背压较高,为了规避回流,需要大流量的工作气体进入喷射器引射乏气,故采用通过吸入管引射低压乏气的方案进行数值仿真的边界条件设置:接受室左端为工作气体入口;吸入管左端为低压乏气入口;扩压室右端为混合气体出口;环境温度统一设置为373 K,流道壁面为无滑移壁面,其他设置保持默认状态。
喷射器出口处的空气流量对下游透平的释能功率影响显著,故加密喷射器出口处网格,得到网格数为98 753、147 954、199 639、248 668、310 795的5种算例进行无关性验证。采用计算流体力学软件Fluent 2024 R2湍流模型Realizable k-ε对不同工况下喷射器内的气体交汇、引射过程进行数值模拟。保持工作气体压力为12.0 MPa,当射流流场计算收敛后,得到喷射器出口处空气质量流量随网格数量的变化特征,结果如图3所示。由图3可见,随网格数量的增加,空气质量流量也随之增大;当网格数量大于25万后,出口空气质量流量增幅渐缓,表明计算结果已不受网格尺寸影响。在满足计算精度的前提下,为提高计算效率,选择网格数为248 668的网格模型进行仿真分析。
喷射器的引射性能与工作气体的温度密切相关,图4为喷射器引射性能的温度敏感特性曲线。由图4可见,在工作气体压力为12.0 MPa、低压乏气压力为5.6 MPa、出口背压为8.0 MPa的边界条件下,喷射器的引射比随温度的增大呈现上升趋势,而喷射器出口总的质量流量却逐渐下降,当工作气体温度为373.0 K时,相对透平额定流量为1.01。为保证透平能够在设计工况运行,工作气体的温度不宜超过373.0 K。
为了提高系统能效,综合分析CAES系统释能过程中喷射器内工作气体压力、引射乏气压力及出口背压对其引射性能的影响。表1为求解喷射器最佳引射比所选取的3种影响因子及其水平值实验设计,采用Design Expert 13.0软件中的Box-Behnken模型开展响应面法分析。
表2为喷射器变工况参数明细,图5为按照表2的17组实验方案进行数值仿真,得到的压力耦合喷射器引射比响应曲面。由图5a)可见,当出口背压为常量时,喷射器的引射比随气体工作压力的增大先升高后降低,而随乏气压力的增大单调递增。图5b)可见,当乏气压力为常量时,喷射器的引射比随气体工作压力的变化呈现明显的抛物线趋势,其中气体工作压力值较小时,出口背压增大引射比增大,而气体工作压力值较大时,出口背压增大引射比降低。图5c)可见,当气体工作压力为常量时,引射比随乏气压力增大而升高,随出口背压增大而降低。因此,气体工作压力、乏气压力耦合影响显著,气体工作压力、出口背压耦合影响一般,乏气压力、出口背压影响不明显。在气源压力有限的条件下,为发挥喷射器的最佳性能,工作气体的压力区间为10.00~11.75 MPa,引射乏气的压力取5.60 MPa,而出口背压的取值对引射比的影响较小。
为了进一步探究出口背压对CAES系统喷射器效率的影响规律,依据响应面分析的结果,该部分采用11.75 MPa的工作气体引射5.60 MPa的低压乏气,开展在低、中、高背压及过背压工况下的喷射器内部流场特性研究。图6为不同背压工况下喷射器内的矢量速度曲线和压力分布云图。由图6可见:在喷射器出口背压分别为7.0、8.0 MPa的低、中背压工况下,进入喷射器的工作气体在完成引射乏气后,相较于11.75 MPa的工作气体压力,喷射器7.0、8.0 MPa工况下的出口背压较低,工作气体的过余压力进一步加速混合气体。同时,伴随着跨音速流动现象出现的激波在整个混合室内蔓延;在喷射器出口背压为9.0 MPa的高背压工况下,工作气体仅能诱发小范围激波,促使混合室的入口形成局部低压区域,增强引射乏气的能力。此时,喷射器内交汇后的混合气体迅速降低至亚音速,无大范围激波现象;在喷射器出口背压为10.0 MPa的过背压工况下,乏气吸入管内,喷射器内流场出现明显的回流,这是因为工作气体无法克服背压向出口流动,而是屈服于背压并向着乏气进口反向流动,此时喷射器失效。可见,喷射器出口背压水平直接影响喷射器内流场的流动特性,进而影响喷射器的引射性能及能量转化效率。
为节约气耗,提高能效,进一步开展不同背压工况下喷射器的最佳引射比和压能利用效率的研究,图7为不同背压下喷射器的引射性能曲线。
图7可见,在喷射器出口背压由7.0 MPa增加至9.0 MPa的过程中,喷射器的引射比维持在9.06%,而喷射器的压能利用率不断提升并在出口背压为9.0 MPa时达到极值11.16%;当喷射器的出口背压高于9.0 MPa时,喷射器的最佳引射比和压能利用骤降,这是由于出口背压过高,工作气体不再能克服背压引射乏气,而是向乏气进口方向逆流,导致的引射比剧减,同时,工作气体的过余压能无法传递给低压乏气,使压能利用率骤减,喷射器最终失效。可见,随着喷射器出口的预设背压增加,喷射器的引射比先不变后显著下降,而喷射器的压能利用率呈现先上升后下降的趋势,且在出口背压高于9.0 MPa时喷射器接近失效。
随着CAES系统的持续释能,储气罐内的气量减小,压力降低,这将直接影响喷射器的引射性能。图8为储气罐不同压力水平时喷射器的引射比和能量利用效率变化曲线。
图8a)可见:在气源压力充足时,不同背压下喷射器的引射比基本一致;随着气源压力降低,较高背压高工况下喷射器的引射比最先下降,导致其运行区间较窄,为12.0~11.0 MPa;较低背压工况下喷射器则有更宽泛的运行区间,出口背压分别为8.0、7.0 MPa时喷射器对应的运行压力区间分别为12.0~10.0 MPa和12.0~7.8 MPa。因此,喷射器可以正常工作的压力区间与喷射器出口的背压密切相关。
喷射器的出口背压在限制喷射器性能的同时也会影响喷射器的能量利用效率。由图8b)可见,喷射器的能量利用效率随着储气罐压力水平的下降呈现先增大后减小的趋势,且较高出口背压工况下喷射器具有更高能量利用率峰值。当出口背压分别为9.0、8.0、7.0 MPa时,喷射器能量利用率极值对应11.16%、10.46%和8.33%。同时,较高的出口背压会在一定程度上限制喷射器高效运行的压力区间。出口背压为7.0、8.0、9.0 MPa的喷射器在高效运行时,工作气体的压力范围分别为12.00~11.50 MPa、12.00~10.00 MPa和12.00~8.25 MPa。在气源压力有限的条件下,喷射器的出口背压与能量利用效率正相关,但较高的背压导致其高效运行区间较窄。
依据某地区居民用电高峰集于8:00—12:00和18:00—22:00的实际状况,为充分发挥CAES系统削峰填谷的优势,稳定电网的供需平衡,要求CAES系统能够实现在不低于4.0 h的时间段内不间断释能发电。
针对喷射器在不同工况下的高效运行区间偏差和CAES系统的工作时长限制,该部分对喷射器在不同背压工况下配备储气罐的设计参数和CAES系统的理论发电量进行预测。图9为不同工况下配备的储气罐参数和计算发电量。
图9可见,为了满足CAES系统释能时喷射器可以引射一级透平组出口5.6 MPa的低压乏气,配备满载压力12.0 MPa的储气罐,图9a)中,随着释能过程中工作气体流出,储气罐内压力水平逐渐降低。另外,为了适应用电高峰期的用电需求,出口背压分别为7.0、8.0、9.0 MPa工况下的喷射器,在释能结束时储气罐内的压力应不低于8.25、10.00、11.50 MPa。出口背压为7.0、8.0、9.0 MPa的喷射器配备储气罐的容积分别为1.2×103、2.2×103、8.9×103 m3,其计算的理论发电量分别为4.65×104、5.01×104、5.36×104 kW·h,较无喷射器的对照组发电量分别增加1.53%、2.04%和2.29%。
图10为喷射器在不同出口背压工况下的释能功率。根据推动透平做功的气体来源,CAES系统释能过程中的总功率,可以分为工作气体带动的基础功率和引射乏气引起的增效功率。由图9图10可见:在释能开始阶段,储气罐满载压力为12.0 MPa时,在3种不同喷射器出口背压下,系统的基础功率相同;在不同背压下,引射进入透平二次做功的乏气流量不同,喷射器的增效功率也存在差异。出口背压为9.0 MPa时增效功率最大,为132.85 kW;出口背压为7.0 MPa时增效功率最小,为72.52 kW。随着释能过程的持续进行,储气罐压力降低,工作气体流量减少,在透平组效率不变的工况下,机组的基础功率逐渐下降,对于出口背压较低的工况,由于配备的储气罐容积更小,基础功率下降更快;而由喷射器引射的低压乏气流量随工作气体流量的减小呈现先增大后减小的趋势,故增效功率呈现先升高后降低的趋势。出口背压为9.0、8.0、7.0 MPa时,CAES系统分别在释能持续2.0、4.0、3.0 h时达到增效功率极值132.86、108.03、73.34 kW。在设计释能时长4.0 h结束时,当出口背压为9.0、8.0 MPa时,透平总功率分别为10.50、9.90 MW,均满足额定功率10.0 MW的需求;而当出口背压为7.0 MPa时,透平总功率仅为8.46 MW,远小于设计功率。
图11为CAES系统在释能结束后储气罐内的无效能量和系统释能过程的能量转化率。由图11可见,当背压为9.0 MPa时,储罐内剩余压能达102.35×109 J,而系统在储存和释放能量的转化效率仅为4.7%。随着喷射器出口背压的升高,储气罐内的剩余压能逐渐增大,而系统的能量转化效率逐渐降低。综合系统释能时段内,总的发电量和系统的能量利用效率,当喷射器出口背压为8.0 MPa时,透平在满足4.0 h连续释能,10.0 MW功率输出的同时,兼顾系统运行效率,储能、释能的转化为率16.67%,具有最高的经济效益。
本文以在建的10.0 MW CAES示范系统为研究对象,通过响应面法分析了可调喷射器的引射性能,并评估了不同运行工况下系统的发电量、能量存储与释放效率,为提升CAES系统运行效益提供了理论依据,主要结论如下。
1)喷射器的引射性能对工作气体与引射乏气的压力变化较为敏感,而受出口背压影响相对较小。以引射比为优化目标时,在工作气体压力为10.00~11.75 MPa、引射乏气压力为5.60 MPa的工况下,喷射器可获得最佳引射性能。
2)出口背压通过改变喷射器内部流场结构影响其能量转化效率与运行区间宽度。在较高背压条件下,喷射器运行效率提升,但高效压力区间收窄。当出口背压8.0 MPa时,喷射器在12.00~10.00 MPa范围内保持高效运行,最大能量利用率达10.46%。
3)随着喷射器出口背压的提高,所需储气罐容积增大,系统发电量相应增加,但无效能量损失也显著上升,导致释能环节能效降低。在出口背压为8.0 MPa的系统中,配置2.2×103 m3储气罐即可满足发电需求,系统能量转化率为16.67%,发电量达5.01×104 kW·h,相较于无喷射器的系统提升2.04%,综合发电效益最优。
综上,针对10.0 MW级CAES系统,在喷射器出口背压为8.0 MPa,并匹配适当储气容积的运行条件下,系统可实现发电效益的最大化。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2024YFE0208100)
  • 贵州省科技创新人才团队(黔科合平台人才-CXTD[2022]008)
  • 南方电网公司重点科技项目(GZKJXM20222304)
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2026年第55卷第2期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202510070
  • 接收时间:2025-10-28
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-28
  • 修回日期:2025-11-26
  • 录用日期:2025-12-02
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2024YFE0208100)
国家重点研发计划(2024YFE0208100)
Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Talent Team(黔科合平台人才-CXTD[2022]008)
贵州省科技创新人才团队(黔科合平台人才-CXTD[2022]008)
Key Science and Technology Projects of China Southern Power Grid Company(GZKJXM20222304)
南方电网公司重点科技项目(GZKJXM20222304)
作者信息
    1.贵州电网电力科学研究院,贵州 贵阳,550002
    2.长沙理工大学能源与动力工程学院,湖南 长沙,410114

通讯作者:

曾栋坪(1994),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为流体机械内部流动机理,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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