Article(id=1295064741089665965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295064706872528996, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202507130, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751990400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-09, revisedDate=1755792000000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-22, acceptedDate=1756656000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-01, onlineDate=1786697095414, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697095414, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697095414, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697095414, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1295064706872528996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1786697087257, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1786698896936, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072297266733103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295064706872528996, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072297266733104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1295064706872528996, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=12, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295064742557672366, articleId=1295064741089665965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Preparation and property analysis of carbide slag mixed with carbonized corn fiber composite phase change thermal storage materials, columnId=1295064707514257509, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Energy storage materials, devices, and systems, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
[Objective]

To fully dig the enormous potential of carbide slag and corn cob in resource utilization, thus to meet the demands of colid waste recycling and low-carbon energy storage.

[Methods]

A novel composite phasechange thermal energy storage material was prepared using industrial solid waste carbide slag and agricultural solid waste carbonized corn fiber as the binary skeleton material, and with paraffin as the phase-change medium. The composites were synthesized via vacuum impregnation, and process parameters were optimized.

[Results]

The results showed that the material exhibited optimal encapsulation performance at a carbide slag-to-carbonized corn fiber mass ratio of 5:5, maintaining structural stability after 600 thermal cycles. The optimal sample SC-5 achieved melting and solidification latent heats of 34.90 and 36.35 J/g, respectively, with a thermal conductivity of 0.484 W/(m·K), indicating good thermal stability and chemical compatibility. Microstructural analysis revealed that the skeleton materials formed a dense microporous structure, effectively mitigating paraffin leakage. Post-cycling material analysis indicated no new chemical bonds and maintained elemental homogeneity.

[Conclusion]

This work provides a novel pathway for synergistic valorization of industrial and agricultural solid wastes, demonstrating significant application potential in building energy conservation, industrial waste heat recovery, and thermal management of electronics.

, authors=Meng LI1, Yaxuan XIONG1, Jing YAN2, Meichao YIN1, Yanan SU1, Yuting WU3, Yulong DING4, authorsList=Meng LI, Yaxuan XIONG, Jing YAN, Meichao YIN, Yanan SU, Yuting WU, Yulong DING, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yaxuan XIONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295064747523728329, articleId=1295064741089665965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=电石渣混合碳化玉米纤维复合相变储热材料制备与性能研究, columnId=1295064707795275879, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=储能材料、装置及系统, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
【目的】

为充分挖掘电石渣和玉米芯在资源化利用方面的巨大潜力,以满足固废资源化与低碳储能需求。

【方法】

以工业固废电石渣与农业固废碳化玉米纤维为二元骨架材料,石蜡为相变介质,采用真空浸渍工艺制备复合相变储热材料并优化工艺参数。

【结果】

结果发现:该材料在电石渣/碳化玉米纤维质量比5:5时封装性能最佳,经600次热循环后仍保持结构稳定;样品SC-5的熔融与凝固潜热可达34.90、36.35 J/g,导热系数0.484 W/(m·K),表明其兼具良好的热稳定性与化学相容性;微观分析发现骨架材料形成致密多孔结构,可有效抑制石蜡渗漏;循环后的材料无新化学键生成,元素分布均匀。

【结论】

该研究为工农固废协同资源化提供了新路径,在建筑节能、工业余热回收及电子温控领域具有应用潜力。

, authors=李萌1, 熊亚选1, 闫京2, 尹美超1, 苏娅楠1, 吴玉庭3, 丁玉龙4, authorsList=李萌, 熊亚选, 闫京, 尹美超, 苏娅楠, 吴玉庭, 丁玉龙, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=熊亚选, authorNote=

李萌(2001),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为固废储热利用,

, correspAuthorsNote=
熊亚选(1977),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为低碳储用能研究,
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Chicago: University of Illinois, 2010: 12-19., articleTitle=Feature based costing of extruded parts, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064765634732138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064741089665965, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=303, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=63, authorNames=JIANG Z, NAVARRO RIVERO M E, LIU X, journalName=Applied Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JIANG Z, NAVARRO RIVERO M E, LIU X, et al. A novel composite phase change material for medium temperature thermal energy storage manufactured with a scalable continuous hot-melt extrusion method[J]. 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Composition of the carbide slag

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化合物CaOSiO2Fe2O3Al2O3MgO其他
质量分数/%94.423.050.171.350.280.73
), ArticleFig(id=1295064756210130974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064741089665965, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

电石渣成分组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
化合物CaOSiO2Fe2O3Al2O3MgO其他
质量分数/%94.423.050.171.350.280.73
), ArticleFig(id=1295064756302405663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064741089665965, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The preset quality ratio of each material

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项目SC-0SC-4SC-5SC-6SC-10
电石渣与碳化玉米纤维质量比10:06:45:54:60:10
石蜡质量分数/%3030303030
电石渣质量分数/%704235280
碳化玉米芯质量分数/%028354270
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各材料预设质量配比

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项目SC-0SC-4SC-5SC-6SC-10
电石渣与碳化玉米纤维质量比10:06:45:54:60:10
石蜡质量分数/%3030303030
电石渣质量分数/%704235280
碳化玉米芯质量分数/%028354270
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Loss of mass for different proportions of samples

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样品初始质量W0/g加热后质量W1/g质量损失率L/%宏观泄漏情况
11.002 21.000 40.18
SC-421.003 81.002 00.18微量渗出
30.998 40.996 70.17
11.003 21.001 40.18
SC-521.002 81.000 60.22
31.002 41.000 60.18
11.003 31.000 50.28
SC-621.002 80.999 50.33
31.001 20.997 80.34
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不同比例样品的质量损失情况

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样品初始质量W0/g加热后质量W1/g质量损失率L/%宏观泄漏情况
11.002 21.000 40.18
SC-421.003 81.002 00.18微量渗出
30.998 40.996 70.17
11.003 21.001 40.18
SC-521.002 81.000 60.22
31.002 41.000 60.18
11.003 31.000 50.28
SC-621.002 80.999 50.33
31.001 20.997 80.34
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Mass changes of the SC-5 samples before and after multiple heating/cooling cycles

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样品循环前质量W0/g循环后质量W1/g质量损失率L/%
11.002 41.001 10.13
SC-521.002 91.002 20.07
31.026 01.001 40.12
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SC-5样品经加热/冷却循环前、后的质量变化情况

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样品循环前质量W0/g循环后质量W1/g质量损失率L/%
11.002 41.001 10.13
SC-521.002 91.002 20.07
31.026 01.001 40.12
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Phase change characteristics of the materials and samples

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样品熔融起始温度T0/°C熔融终止温度Tm/°C凝固起始温度T0′/°C凝固终止温度Ts′/°C测量熔融潜热ΔHm/(J·g–1测量凝固潜热ΔHs/(J·g–1
石蜡26. 9235. 4529. 6623. 70169. 49138. 71
SC-426. 9633. 2928. 9125. 2334. 4131. 92
SC-527. 1030. 9828. 5424. 4034. 9036. 35
SC-626. 9730. 7528. 5224. 7827. 7326. 39
SC-5-60026. 9332. 6728. 5824. 6740. 3240. 37
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材料与样品的相变特征

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样品熔融起始温度T0/°C熔融终止温度Tm/°C凝固起始温度T0′/°C凝固终止温度Ts′/°C测量熔融潜热ΔHm/(J·g–1测量凝固潜热ΔHs/(J·g–1
石蜡26. 9235. 4529. 6623. 70169. 49138. 71
SC-426. 9633. 2928. 9125. 2334. 4131. 92
SC-527. 1030. 9828. 5424. 4034. 9036. 35
SC-626. 9730. 7528. 5224. 7827. 7326. 39
SC-5-60026. 9332. 6728. 5824. 6740. 3240. 37
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电石渣混合碳化玉米纤维复合相变储热材料制备与性能研究
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李萌 1 , 熊亚选 1 , 闫京 2 , 尹美超 1 , 苏娅楠 1 , 吴玉庭 3 , 丁玉龙 4
热力发电 | 储能材料、装置及系统 2026,55(2): 1-12
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热力发电 |储能材料、装置及系统 2026 , 55 (2) : 1 -12
电石渣混合碳化玉米纤维复合相变储热材料制备与性能研究
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李萌1 , 熊亚选1 , 闫京2, 尹美超1, 苏娅楠1, 吴玉庭3, 丁玉龙4
作者信息
  • 1.北京建筑大学供热供燃气通风及空调工程北京市重点实验室,北京 100044
  • 2.北京天岳恒房屋经营管理有限公司,北京 100032
  • 3.北京工业大学传热与能源利用北京市重点实验室,北京 100124
  • 4.伯明翰大学伯明翰储能中心,英国 伯明翰 B15 2TT
通讯作者:
熊亚选(1977),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为低碳储用能研究,
作者简介:

李萌(2001),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为固废储热利用,

Preparation and property analysis of carbide slag mixed with carbonized corn fiber composite phase change thermal storage materials
Meng LI1 , Yaxuan XIONG1 , Jing YAN2, Meichao YIN1, Yanan SU1, Yuting WU3, Yulong DING4
Affiliations
  • 1.Beijing Key Lab of Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
  • 2.Beijing Tianyueheng Housing Management & Administration Co., Ltd., Beijing 100032, China
  • 3.Beijing Key Laboratory of Heat Transfer and Energy Conservation, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
  • 4.Birmingham Center for Energy Storage, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507130
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【目的】

为充分挖掘电石渣和玉米芯在资源化利用方面的巨大潜力,以满足固废资源化与低碳储能需求。

【方法】

以工业固废电石渣与农业固废碳化玉米纤维为二元骨架材料,石蜡为相变介质,采用真空浸渍工艺制备复合相变储热材料并优化工艺参数。

【结果】

结果发现:该材料在电石渣/碳化玉米纤维质量比5:5时封装性能最佳,经600次热循环后仍保持结构稳定;样品SC-5的熔融与凝固潜热可达34.90、36.35 J/g,导热系数0.484 W/(m·K),表明其兼具良好的热稳定性与化学相容性;微观分析发现骨架材料形成致密多孔结构,可有效抑制石蜡渗漏;循环后的材料无新化学键生成,元素分布均匀。

【结论】

该研究为工农固废协同资源化提供了新路径,在建筑节能、工业余热回收及电子温控领域具有应用潜力。

电石渣  /  碳化玉米纤维  /  复合相变储热材料  /  热性能  /  化学相容性
[Objective]

To fully dig the enormous potential of carbide slag and corn cob in resource utilization, thus to meet the demands of colid waste recycling and low-carbon energy storage.

[Methods]

A novel composite phasechange thermal energy storage material was prepared using industrial solid waste carbide slag and agricultural solid waste carbonized corn fiber as the binary skeleton material, and with paraffin as the phase-change medium. The composites were synthesized via vacuum impregnation, and process parameters were optimized.

[Results]

The results showed that the material exhibited optimal encapsulation performance at a carbide slag-to-carbonized corn fiber mass ratio of 5:5, maintaining structural stability after 600 thermal cycles. The optimal sample SC-5 achieved melting and solidification latent heats of 34.90 and 36.35 J/g, respectively, with a thermal conductivity of 0.484 W/(m·K), indicating good thermal stability and chemical compatibility. Microstructural analysis revealed that the skeleton materials formed a dense microporous structure, effectively mitigating paraffin leakage. Post-cycling material analysis indicated no new chemical bonds and maintained elemental homogeneity.

[Conclusion]

This work provides a novel pathway for synergistic valorization of industrial and agricultural solid wastes, demonstrating significant application potential in building energy conservation, industrial waste heat recovery, and thermal management of electronics.

carbide slag  /  carbonized corn fiber  /  composite phase change thermal storage material  /  thermal property  /  chemical compatibility
李萌, 熊亚选, 闫京, 尹美超, 苏娅楠, 吴玉庭, 丁玉龙. 电石渣混合碳化玉米纤维复合相变储热材料制备与性能研究. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (2) : 1 -12 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507130
Meng LI, Yaxuan XIONG, Jing YAN, Meichao YIN, Yanan SU, Yuting WU, Yulong DING. Preparation and property analysis of carbide slag mixed with carbonized corn fiber composite phase change thermal storage materials[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (2) : 1 -12 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507130
在全球能源格局演变与环境挑战加剧的背景下,可再生能源的高效利用及低碳化、多元化发展至关重要[1]。然而,能源生产与消费产生的大宗固废,不仅占用土地,更危害生态环境,成为可持续发展的瓶颈[2-4]
相变储热材料(phase change materials,PCMs)凭借高储能密度和良好调控性能,在太阳能利用、余热回收、建筑节能等领域应用潜力巨大[5-7]。在众多相变材料中,石蜡作为一种典型的有机类PCM,因相变温度适中(20~70 ℃可调)、潜热高、热/化学稳定性强、无腐蚀性、低毒、价格低廉等优点,在低温储热领域应用广泛,尤其适用于建筑、电子、工业余热等场景。此外,石蜡熔融过程可逆、无相分离,与多数骨架材料具备良好相容性,是复合型相变材料研究中最常用的参比材料之一。
传统PCM骨架材料如高岭石[8-9]、石墨[10-11]等成本高、资源受限[12],近年来,国内外已有研究分别尝试将工业固废或农业固废作为骨架材料。固废资源化技术的进步促使学者探索利用兰炭灰[13-14]、污泥[15]、粉煤灰[16-18]、木材[19]和秸秆[20]等固废制备高性能储能材料。然而,工业固废与农业固废协同用于复合PCMs的研究仍显不足。
电石渣是乙炔生产的主要废弃物,富含CaO等成分,但利用率低,堆存造成资源浪费和环境二次污染[21-23]。电石渣具有高密度、高硬度等物理特性,是PCMs的理想骨架材料[24],其含有的金属氧化物(如CaO)在相变过程中可能起异质成核作用,影响晶体结构和热性能[25]。农业废弃物如玉米芯,同样利用率不高,常被遗弃或低值利用[26]。玉米芯经过碳化后形成多孔结构的玉米纤维,可提供大比表面积和孔隙[27],增强与相变材料的接触面积、表面亲和性和吸附能力[28],有效防止泄漏,提高PCMs的稳定性和耐用性[29]
本研究聚焦于如何实现工农固废对石蜡等有机相变材料的高效封装与长效稳定性控制,避免渗漏,保证形状稳定,并兼顾储热性能与成本控制。鉴于电石渣和玉米芯在资源化利用方面的巨大潜力,提出一种创新的固废资源化利用策略——将工业废弃电石渣与农业废弃玉米芯经处理后混合作为二元固废骨架材料,用于制备复合PCM。选用工业级石蜡作为相变介质,以验证所构建固废骨架对其封装与稳定性的调控能力。与已有文献[1925]中采用单一电石渣或生物炭骨架材料的研究不同,本文通过构建致密-多孔复合支撑体系,实现对PCMs更强的封装约束能力,同时提高形状稳定性。通过优化制备工艺和参数,深入探究不同比例下两者对复合PCMs性能的影响机制,并评估其热效率、循环稳定性和经济性。本研究旨在为低成本、高性能复合PCMs的制备提供新思路,推动固废资源化利用与能源技术创新,助力能源绿色转型及碳中和目标的达成。
实验采用相变温度为30 ℃的石蜡(工业级)为相变材料,购自东莞市樟木头盛邦塑料原料经营部。实验所用石蜡的关键热物性参数如下:熔点为26.92 ℃,凝固点为29.66 ℃,熔融潜热为169.49 J/g,凝固潜热为138.71 J/g。上述参数均通过差示扫描量热仪(differential scanning calorimetry,DSC)测试获得。骨架原材料为电石渣和玉米芯,电石渣采自山东省乙炔气厂,玉米芯采自河南省庆华家农产品。为提高复合相变材料的成型效果,采用聚乙烯醇(polyvinyl alcohol,PVA)溶液作为黏结剂,该溶液由10.0%(质量分数)的PVA(纯度≥99%)和90%的去离子水制成。PVA由山东优索化工科技有限公司提供,去离子水购自温州市迂周贸易有限公司。
处理前的电石渣主要成分为Ca(OH)2和CaCO3,根据其分解特性,利用马弗炉将电石渣在900 ℃下充分煅烧8 h,自然冷却后研磨至48 μm[21]。煅烧后电石渣的微观形貌如图1所示。由图1可见,煅烧后的电石渣颗粒表面较为致密,形貌规整,具备作为相变材料骨架结构的基本条件。电石渣的主要成分通过X射线荧光光谱仪(X-ray fluorescence,XRF)测试获得。将粉碎至48 μm后的煅烧电石渣样品置于XRF设备中,采用标准程序进行分析,得出其主要氧化物成分及质量分数,如表1所示。煅烧后的电石渣主要成分是CaO,质量分数为94.42%,另外含有少量的Al2O3、SiO2、Fe2O3、MgO和少量杂质等。
玉米芯含大量有机物,长期储存易分解失效;碳化可去除有机质并提升热稳定性[30]。将玉米芯切成2~5 cm的小块,干燥至恒重;随后在Ar气氛管式炉中进行碳化处理,10 ℃/min升温至500 ℃,保温60 min,冷却后研磨至48 μm粉末。分析碳化玉米纤维的微观形貌(图2)可知,碳化后玉米纤维为蜂窝状多孔结构(图2a)),研磨后呈现松散颗粒形态(图2b)),此结构具有丰富的微孔通道和较大的比表面积,有助于吸附和均匀分散石蜡,提高其填充效率并减少宏观渗漏。
按预设质量比(表2)称取碳化玉米纤维和电石渣,混合研磨20 min使组分均匀分散,获得电石渣-碳化玉米纤维二元复合骨架材料。电石渣经900 ℃高温煅烧后,其主要成分Ca(OH)2和CaCO3分解为CaO,同时排除了残余水分和其他挥发性杂质,显著提升了骨架材料的热稳定性,避免在热循环过程中释放气体造成结构扰动。此外,CaO表面活性增强,在后续与石蜡结合中表现出良好的润湿性和物理吸附能力,封装均匀性提高。煅烧过程可减少易与石蜡发生副反应的杂质,提高骨架整体的惰性,有利于形成稳定界面。玉米纤维碳化后形成多孔蜂窝结构,进一步协同增强了封装能力与界面稳定性,二者结合构成热稳定与石蜡封装性能优良的复合骨架材料。碳化玉米纤维的多孔结构包覆于电石渣之间,形成复合孔隙网络,有效锁定熔融石蜡,且两者均表现出良好的化学惰性,协同保持复合材料的热稳定性与化学相容性。通过结构-界面双重协同机制,共同优化了复合骨架的封装性能与长期循环可靠性。
在探索骨架配比的前提下,探究不同石蜡负载量对封装性能、储热密度及长期稳定性的综合影响,是优化复合材料性能的关键步骤。
采用真空浸渍法分别制备电石渣/石蜡复合PCM和碳化玉米纤维/石蜡复合PCM。石蜡质量分数分别为40%、35%、30%。将样品置于设定的50 ℃环境中进行加热处理10 min,观察石蜡的泄漏情况,如图3所示。
图3可见,当石蜡负载量为40%和35%时,电石渣样品出现明显的液体石蜡渗出(宏观可见泄漏),表明35%以上的石蜡负载量已超出了电石渣有效的物理封装能力极限。过量的石蜡无法被骨架完全吸附和束缚,导致在相变熔化时发生渗漏。30%的石蜡负载量在电石渣和碳化玉米纤维中均表现良好,因此,后续实验在确定30%石蜡负载量的前提下,主要探索电石渣和碳化玉米纤维的最优比。
为评估电石渣和碳化玉米纤维制备骨架材料的最佳比例关系,以30%的石蜡吸附量为基础,调控电石渣和碳化玉米纤维的比例,采用真空浸渍法制备电石渣-碳化玉米纤维/石蜡复合PCM[12],具体流程如图4所示。
工农固体废弃物结合的复合相变储热材料详细制备工艺如下:
1)将固体废弃物和石蜡按表2所示的质量配比称重放入烧杯中,总质量为1.0 g,并通过50 ℃水浴使用玻璃棒混合均匀。
2)石蜡完全熔化后,向烧杯中的混合物加入20 μL PVA溶液,然后使用玻璃棒均匀混合3 min。
3)将烧杯与相对均匀的混合物放入真空干燥箱中,在负压(0.1 MPa)下于50 ℃干燥1 h,使熔化的石蜡与骨架材料充分混合,冷却至室温,得到混合的定型复合相变材料粉末。
4)将约1.0 g定型复合相变材料粉末放入内径为13 mm的圆柱形模具中,使用压力机(MSY-50)以2 MPa压力压制3 min,制得圆柱形样品。
按照上述步骤制备电石渣-碳化玉米纤维/石蜡定型复合PCM,编号为SC-0~SC-10。
采用文献[1531]所述方法,对复合PCM的热物性、热循环稳定性、化学相容性以及微观形貌进行表征。各项参数测量的不确定度依据文献[32]的方法计算,实验测量不确定度按照文献中的方法进行计算,得到熔点、潜热和导热系数的测量不确定度分别为0.144 ℃、0.638 J/g和0.035 W/(m·K)。
按照表2配比制备了5种电石渣-碳化玉米纤维/石蜡定型复合PCM,将样品置于设定的50 ℃环境中加热处理30 min,模拟实际相变储热过程中可能发生的工况。加热温度根据相变材料的熔点和实验要求设定,通常选取略高于相变温度的条件(如相变温度加10~20 ℃),以确保相变过程的完整性。
称量每个制备好的样品的初始质量,确保称量精度达到0.000 1 g。在完成加热处理后,待样品冷却至室温,再次进行精确称量,记录加热后样品的质量。通过式(1)计算加热前、后样品的质量损失率:
L=W0W1W0×100%
式中:L为质量损失率,%;W0为样品加热前的初始质量,g;W1为样品加热后的质量,g。
样品在50 ℃下的泄漏测试结果如图5所示。由图5可以看出:纯电石渣SC-0泄漏严重,在50 ℃下石蜡严重渗出,样品底部滤纸上有大量液态残留,无法形成稳定结构,严重偏离定型储热材料的基本要求;SC-4样品表面存在细微湿润痕迹(红色圆圈标注);纯碳化玉米纤维SC-10虽能吸附部分石蜡,但因颗粒疏松、强度差,在压片成型过程中即发生粉化现象(黄圈标注以示区别),无法维持压制形态,同样不具备结构完整性与封装能力;SC-10粉化后的颗粒结构易破坏骨架对石蜡的吸附封装能力,长期使用中可能加剧石蜡渗漏风险,降低材料的结构稳定性和使用寿命。SC-0和SC-10样品均无法满足相变储热材料结构定型与稳定封装的基本要求,不具备进行后续DSC、导热率等热性能测试的前提条件。相比之下,SC-5样品经压片后结构致密、石蜡保持良好,外观稳定无泄漏,质量损失率显著低于对照组,达到定型复合PCM应用的基本性能要求。
表3对比了3种比例样品的质量损失率。结合宏观泄漏测试和对质量损失率的分析,精确筛选出泄漏最小、质量损失率最低的样品SC-5,作为复合相变储热材料的最优选择。
选取SC-5进行加热/冷却循环测试,以探究其热稳定性。加热/冷却循环测试使用实验室自制的自控电加热炉装置进行。在空气气氛中,样品在室温和电加热炉内温度之间循环,滑行间隔时间设定为272 s,在室温至50 ℃范围内,确保样品充分受热完成熔化过程,达到目标次数,停止程序并记录加热/冷却循环次数。SC-5-600为样品SC-5经历600次熔化/凝固过程后的样品,其循环前、后的宏观形貌如图6所示。很明显,600次加热/冷却循环后,样品SC-5-600具有完整的外观形貌,循环前、后无明显差异。在连续的加热/冷却循环过程中,样品的质量变化是一个重要指标。表4对比了3个SC-5样品循环前、后的质量变化情况,其质量损失率均小于0.15%。因此,在宏观层面分析中,600次的连续加热/冷却循环不会对样品SC-5产生明显影响。
为了从微观角度观察复合PCMs,将样品SC-5和SC-5-600沿中部剪开,拍摄内部横截面的扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)图像,如图7所示。由图7可以看出,样品SC-5呈较致密结构,石蜡与骨架材料结合紧密,分布均匀。在样品SC-5表面可明显观察到局部电石渣聚集于大孔隙中,增加了材料间的紧密性。经600次加热/冷却循环后,样品SC-5-600的微观形貌相比SC-5变化不大,骨架材料颗粒和相变材料发生正常的微流动现象。
采用能量色散谱(energy dispersive spectrometer,EDS)分析材料中元素的分布规律,样品SC-5经600次加热/冷却循环前、后的元素分布如图8所示。图8a)和图8b)的C元素代表碳化玉米纤维和石蜡2种物质。忽略横向和纵向裂纹产生的凹坑,循环前、后样品SC-5和SC-5-600的元素分布均较为均匀。连续加热/冷却循环不会对相变材料产生明显的影响。
材料间的化学相容性是影响复合相变储热材料稳定性的关键因素,若组分混合时生成新物质,可能对相变温度及潜热产生不利影响。本研究通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FT-IR)和X射线衍射分析(X-ray diffractometer,XRD),对骨架材料、石蜡及SC-5的化学相容性进行分析,结果如图9所示。从图9a)FT-IR光谱分析来看,石蜡在红外光谱的官能团区和指纹区(1 300~ 400 cm–1)呈现1 740 cm–1、1 170 cm–1、876 cm–1和719 cm–1 4个吸收峰,反映石蜡的不同长度的碳链及支链结构等精细结构特征。样品SC-5和SC-5-600出现了与石蜡相匹配的特征峰。同时,骨架材料的红外光谱在3 642 cm–1处有OH⁻键的吸收峰,在1 408 cm–1处存在CO32–键伸缩振动的吸收峰,这些吸收峰在SC-5和SC-5-600的光谱中也均有体现。这表明,经600次加热/冷却循环后,样品并未形成新的化学键和官能团,各组分间保持了良好的化学稳定性。
为了进一步证实材料的化学相容性,还进行了X射线衍射分析,结果如图9b)和图9c)所示。电石渣和碳化玉米纤维的主要成分为CaO和C8,当二者按比例混合后,骨架材料的XRD图谱中出现新物质Ca(OH)2和CaCO3的衍射峰。这是由于电石渣中的CaO在混合及存储过程中与空气中的水蒸气反应生成Ca(OH)2,部分Ca(OH)2又与空气中的CO2反应生成CaCO3。反应过程可以用以下化学方程式表示:
CaO+H2OCa(OH)2
Ca(OH)2+CO2+CaCO3+H2O
对于样品SC-5和SC-5-600,其XRD图谱中出现了C34H70的特征峰,这可能是由于石蜡中存在未被完全识别的微量杂质,在混合过程中这些杂质的存在状态发生变化,或与其他成分相互作用,从而在XRD图谱中表现出来。值得注意的是,SC-5-600与SC-5的XRD图谱完全一致,充分说明经过600次热循环后,材料的晶体结构未发生明显变化,各组分间没有发生化学反应。
FT-IR和XRD分析结果均表明,骨架材料各组分与石蜡之间未发生化学反应,且经连续加热/冷却循环后,仍具有良好的组分兼容性。这种出色的化学相容性确保了复合PCM在制备及后续应用过程中的稳定性与可靠性,为储热材料的高效性能和长期耐用性奠定了坚实基础。
采用DSC对石蜡、不同配比样品(SC-4、SC-5、SC-6)及热循环后样品(SC-5-600)的储热性能进行测试,探究其在20~40 ℃内的相变温度及潜热特性,其中升温速率设定为5 ℃/min,为材料的实际应用提供数据支撑。3次重复实验测试计算得到熔点和潜热的标准差以确定其测量不确定度分别为± 0.144 ℃和± 0.638 J/g。实验结果如图10表5所示。
DSC测试结果显示,纯石蜡的熔融温度为26.92 ℃,凝固温度为29.66 ℃,熔融潜热与凝固潜热分别达到169.49、138.71 J/g,展现出优异的低温储热潜力。当与电石渣-碳化玉米纤维骨架复合后,SC-4、SC-5、SC-6的熔融温度略有升高,而熔融潜热显著下降;凝固温度略有下降,凝固潜热显著下降。这是由于骨架材料中的电石渣与碳化玉米纤维具有高热稳定性和晶体结构,与石蜡复合时产生异质成核作用,石蜡分子加热时需克服骨架颗粒表面能垒及分子间作用力,导致熔融温度微升[33-35];而骨架提供的成核位点加速了石蜡凝固过程,使其在更低温度下完成相变[36]。此外,复合样品中石蜡含量仅25%,参与相变的物质量减少,直接导致潜热量大幅下降[37]
经过600次加热/冷却循环后,样品SC-5-600的熔融潜热与凝固潜热分别升至40.32、40.37 J/g,较循环前提升约15.5%,而相变温度仅略有波动,显示出优异的热稳定性。该现象源于循环过程中石蜡与骨架材料的相互作用强化,石蜡分子逐渐均匀浸润骨架表面,减少团聚并增加有效接触面积[38]。局部区域的晶体结构趋于有序,使相变过程中吸热/放热过程更稳定,从而提高了潜热性能[39]。复合PCM虽因石蜡含量降低导致潜热下降,但其通过骨架材料的异质成核作用优化了相变温度稳定性,且经热循环后储热性能进一步提升。本研究选择质量分数30%石蜡负载量是基于当前骨架材料特性,在保证卓越封装稳定性(600次循环无泄漏)前提下取得的平衡结果,相较于纯石蜡,其熔化潜热有所降低,但经过600次热循环后,熔融潜热和凝固潜热均保持稳定,符合固废基复合PCM领域的普遍实践,并在特定的大规模、长寿命、低成本应用中具有可行性。
20~40 ℃是低温储热关键区间,在建筑节能领域,该区间覆盖了冬季供暖(18~25 ℃)与夏季制冷(26~30 ℃)的舒适温度范围,材料可通过相变吸收或释放热量,平抑室温波动;在电子设备热管理中,适配核心部件30~40 ℃的工作温度,能有效吸收热量以控制设备温度。此区间可精准表征核心相变特性,覆盖相变全过程,确保相变温度和潜热数据的准确性,避免非相变区间的无效信息干扰。实际工作区间扩展至25~50 ℃,为验证极端工况稳定性、加速老化测试及化学相容性,二者协同保障评估全面性。
导热系数可以描述复合PCM传递热量的能力。测量加热/冷却循环前、后样品SC-5的热扩散系数,其密度计算结果为2.05 g/cm³,利用式(4)计算SC-5和SC-5-600的导热系数[40]
λ=α(T)ρ(T)cp(T)
式中:λ为样品的导热系数,W/(m∙K);α为样品的热扩散系数,mm2/s;ρ为样品的密度,g/cm3cp为样品的比热容,J/(g∙K);T为采点温度,℃。
经过600次加热/冷却循环前、后的SC-5样品在25 ℃时的热扩散系数和导热系数如图11所示。由图11可以看出,未经循环SC-5样品的热扩散系数和导热系数分别为0.063 mm2/s和0.484 W/(m∙K),而SC-5-600的热扩散系数和导热系数分别为0.055 mm2/s和0.329 W/(m∙K),比SC-5均略有降低。这是因为经过600次连续的加热/冷却循环后,材料内分子连续的振动阻碍了热量传递,这种振动运动改变了原有的热传导通道,使导热效率降低[41]。此外,相变材料与骨架之间界面热阻的累积也会影响导热性能[42-43]
除上述物性外,复合PCM生产过程中的经济效益也对其推广具有非常重要的影响[44]。本文使用由Jose Torre Nieto编写的成本模型估算了复合PCM的产出成本[45]。在工业生产中,复合PCM将被制成砖块形状,模型及制备工艺简单,材料成本占复合PCM生产成本的比例最高,本文按材料成本占生产成本的84%来估算生产成本(图12)。
电石渣和玉米纤维作为固体废弃物来源广,价格可忽略不计。石蜡价格为778美元/t。根据材料成本及其比例,通过计算得到SC-5的材料成本和制造成本分别为233.40、277.86美元/t。已有研究[46]中,膨胀石墨/PE-HDPE复合PCM的最低成本为307.02美元/t,对比之下,本实验利用固体废弃物作为骨架材料的成本降低了78.74%,在工程应用中更经济。对于未来的研究,如果使用更复杂的模型过程,应考虑最低的材料比例(76%),计算后样品SC-5的总成本为307.11美元/t。
结合样品SC-5的制备成本和潜热(图10),通过式(5)计算样品SC-5的储热成本。
Y=PQ
式中:Y是复合PCM的蓄热成本,美元/MJ;P是每吨复合PCM的制备成本,美元/t;Q是单位质量复合PCM的相变潜热,MJ/t。
经过计算获得样品SC-5的储热成本为7.96美元/MJ(28.66美元/(kW∙h)),远低于Business,Energy & Industrial Strategy(BEIS,UK)部署的PCM储热成本(58.8美元/(kW∙h))。因此,本文制备的复合PCM在能量存储的成本方面具有很高的竞争力。
本实验制备的复合PCM以其卓越的形状稳定性、出众的潜热存储能力以及高效的光热转换特性,在工业余热回收、建筑节能优化以及电子设备温度精准调控等领域展现了极为广阔的应用前景。基于材料的相变温度及各项性能测试条件,所制复合PCM适用于25~50 ℃的低温热能存储工况。
将复合PCM融入电子设备温度控制装置[47]图13),该材料凭借其在相变过程中的独特热力学行为(能够有效吸收或释放大量热量),可实现对电子设备温度的精确调控,有效避免电子元件因过热而引发的潜在损害。传统散热手段,如金属翅片散热器,虽然导热性能优异,但在热能储存方面差强人意;而多孔材料虽然在导电性能上表现良好,但同样在热能存储上存在明显短板。为解决这一技术难题,该装置创造性地将多孔材料与PCM进行了深度融合。多孔材料以其优异的导热性能有效提升了热量的传递效率,而PCM则凭借其巨大的潜热储存能力,显著增强了系统的热能储备与释放能力。这一巧妙的设计,不仅确保了装置在高效散热方面的出色表现,更实现了对多余热量的有效储存与利用,从而在整体上实现了更高效、智能的温度管理策略。
后续研究将致力于提高骨架材料对石蜡的封装能力,以进一步提升储热密度。一方面考虑通过表面活化改性(如碱处理、表面能调节等)增强电石渣与碳化玉米纤维的比表面积与亲和性;另一方面将结合多尺度结构调控与石蜡种类选择,实现更高含蜡量下的封装稳定性与热性能协同提升。该方向将有助于拓展本材料在中高密度储热系统中的应用边界。
本研究通过创新性地结合工业废弃电石渣与农业废弃玉米芯,制备电石渣-碳化玉米纤维/石蜡复合PCM,并对其性能进行全面研究。实验结果表明,这种复合PCM不仅实现固废资源的有效利用,还展现出良好的储热性能。
1)电石渣与碳化玉米纤维质量比为5:5制备的复合PCM展现出最佳封装效果,在600次热循环后仍能保持良好的宏观形貌与微观结构,表现出优异的结构稳定性和化学相容性。电石渣的掺杂赋予材料致密的骨架结构,显著提高了封装能力和循环稳定性。
2)最优样品SC-5的熔融和凝固潜热值分别为34.90、36.35 J/g,导热率为0.484 W/(m⋅K)。相较于纯石蜡,其熔化潜热降低,但经过多次热循环后,熔化潜热和凝固潜热均有所增加,表明热性能逐渐优化。基于其相变特性和在50 ℃热循环下的优异稳定性,该材料适用于25~50 ℃低温储热环境。
3)复合PCM材料生产成本为277.86美元/t,储热成本仅为7.96美元/MJ。得益于固废原料的低成本与稳定供应,特别是电石渣的大宗规模和工业副产属性,所制材料在成本敏感型的建筑节能和工业储热领域具备显著的经济竞争优势,具备良好的工程应用前景。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB2405202)
  • 北京市教委科技一般项目(KM202210005016)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507130
  • 接收时间:2025-07-09
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-09
  • 修回日期:2025-08-22
  • 录用日期:2025-09-01
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFB2405202)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB2405202)
Science and Technology General Project of Beijing Municipal Education Commission(KM202210005016)
北京市教委科技一般项目(KM202210005016)
作者信息
    1.北京建筑大学供热供燃气通风及空调工程北京市重点实验室,北京 100044
    2.北京天岳恒房屋经营管理有限公司,北京 100032
    3.北京工业大学传热与能源利用北京市重点实验室,北京 100124
    4.伯明翰大学伯明翰储能中心,英国 伯明翰 B15 2TT

通讯作者:

熊亚选(1977),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为低碳储用能研究,
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/10.19666/j.rlfd.202507130
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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