Article(id=1295064622625742929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1271501633826530070, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202507127, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753200000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-23, revisedDate=1755532800000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-19, acceptedDate=1756051200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-08-25, onlineDate=1786697067170, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697067170, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697067170, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697067170, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1271501633826530070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='186', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781079212860, creator='ztmeta', updateTime=1786698917413, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072383149301815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1271501633826530070, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072383149301816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1271501633826530070, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=20, endPage=29, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295064625238794327, articleId=1295064622625742929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Research on the pyrolysis and gasification scheme of coal-fired boilers coupled with wind turbine blades, columnId=1295064621950464805, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on resource utilization of decommissioned wind and solar power equipment, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The “retirement wave” of wind turbines is approaching, and the harmless treatment of a large number of decommissioned wind turbine blades is an important bottleneck for the wind power industry to achieve a complete green closed loop. Under the background of the country’s active implementation of energy conservation and carbon reduction renovations in coal-fired power plants, the co-processing of decommissioned wind turbine blades by coal-fired boilers can achieve the reduction, resource utilization and harmless treatment of solid waste. In response to the demand for large-scale continuous heat treatment of decommissioned wind turbine blades, a process route of coupling coal-fired boilers with pyrolysis-gasification of wind turbine blades is proposed. By extracting the flue gas from the boiler as the heat source for pyrolysis-gasification, the combustible oil and gas produced by pyrolysis-gasification are sent into the furnace for combustion, simplifying the processing procedure of wind turbine blades and reducing the initial investment. The process was simulated and verified by using Aspen Plus software. The results indicate that when the processing rate of wind turbine blades was 1 t/h, the proportion of flue gas extracted did not exceed 0.6%, thereby meeting the energy requirements for pyrolysis-gasification. A pilot-scale experimental study was conducted based on a 7 MW chain grate boiler, and it was found that when the oxygen volume fraction in the flue gas was 5%~10%, clean glass fibers could be obtained through “one-step pyrolysis-gasification”. Based on both simulation results and experimental data, a flue gas conditioning-based integrated treatment process was proposed: control the flue gas temperature at 600~700 ℃ and the oxygen volume fraction at 5%~10% by blending flue gas from the economizer outlet and adding air, so as to enhance the strength of the recovered fibers and further simplify the wind turbine blade treatment process, providing a reference for the large-scale treatment of wind turbine blades.

, authors=Dongwang ZHANG1, 2, Da TENG3, Tuo ZHOU2, Hairui YANG2, Bo XU4, Rushan BIE1, Man ZHANG2, authorsList=Dongwang ZHANG, Da TENG, Tuo ZHOU, Hairui YANG, Bo XU, Rushan BIE, Man ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Rushan BIE, Man ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295064630242599031, articleId=1295064622625742929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=燃煤锅炉耦合风电叶片热解气化方案研究, columnId=1295064622122431271, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=退役风光设备资源化利用专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

风电机组“退役潮”临近,大量退役风电叶片的无害化处理是风电产业实现完整绿色闭环的重要瓶颈。在国家积极实施煤电节能降碳改造的背景下,燃煤锅炉协同处理退役风电叶片可以实现固废的减量化、资源化、无害化。针对退役风电叶片规模化连续热处理的需求,提出一种燃煤锅炉耦合风电叶片热解气化的工艺路线;通过抽取锅炉烟气作为热解气化的热源,热解气化产生的可燃油气送入炉膛燃烧,简化了风电叶片处理流程,减少了初投资。采用ASPEN Plus软件对该工艺进行了模拟和验证,结果表明:当风电叶片的处理速度为1 t/h时,抽取总烟气的比例不超过0.6%,即可满足热解气化的能量需求;基于7 MW的链条炉进行中试试验研究,发现烟气中含氧量为5%~10%时,可以通过“一步热解气化”得到干净的玻璃纤维;基于模拟结果和试验数据,提出一种带有烟气调质协同处理工艺,即通过掺混省煤器出口烟气、加入空气的方式,控制烟气温度为600~700 ℃、含氧量为5%~10%,以提高回收纤维的强度,并进一步简化风电叶片处理流程,为风电叶片的规模化处理提供参考。

, authors=张东旺1, 2, 滕达3, 周托2, 杨海瑞2, 徐波4, 别如山1, 张缦2, authorsList=张东旺, 滕达, 周托, 杨海瑞, 徐波, 别如山, 张缦, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=别如山, 张缦, authorNote=

张东旺(1996),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为退役风电叶片处理技术,

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张缦(1971),女,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为循环流化床燃烧技术,
别如山(1965),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为循环流化床燃煤锅炉技术,
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Design parameters for a 350 MW boiler

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项目BMCR工况额定负荷BRL工况
燃烧方式对冲燃烧
过热蒸汽流量/(t·h–11 2211 130
过热蒸汽压力/MPa25.40025.220
过热蒸汽温度/℃571571
给水温度/℃287281
再热蒸汽流量/(t·h–11 031953
再热蒸汽进口压力/MPa4.9154.531
再热蒸汽出口压力/MPa4.7354.365
再热蒸汽进口温度/℃331323
再热蒸汽出口温度/℃569569
), ArticleFig(id=1295064635519033550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064622625742929, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

350 MW锅炉设计参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目BMCR工况额定负荷BRL工况
燃烧方式对冲燃烧
过热蒸汽流量/(t·h–11 2211 130
过热蒸汽压力/MPa25.40025.220
过热蒸汽温度/℃571571
给水温度/℃287281
再热蒸汽流量/(t·h–11 031953
再热蒸汽进口压力/MPa4.9154.531
再热蒸汽出口压力/MPa4.7354.365
再热蒸汽进口温度/℃331323
再热蒸汽出口温度/℃569569
), ArticleFig(id=1295064635594531023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064622625742929, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Flue gas temperatures at different loads and locations

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负荷低过进口低再进口高再出口高再进口末过进口
100%7137988509381 010
75%618704761832897
50%549636685733784
30%533599643679717
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不同负荷与不同位置处烟气温度

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负荷低过进口低再进口高再出口高再进口末过进口
100%7137988509381 010
75%618704761832897
50%549636685733784
30%533599643679717
), ArticleFig(id=1295064635741331665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064622625742929, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Proximate and ultimate analysis of wind turbine blades

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工业分析/%元素分析/%低位热值
MarAarVarFCarCarHarOarNarSarQnet.ar/(kJ·kg–1
0.2376.4022.251.1215.732.174.740.710.027 050.3
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风电叶片的工业分析和元素分析

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工业分析/%元素分析/%低位热值
MarAarVarFCarCarHarOarNarSarQnet.ar/(kJ·kg–1
0.2376.4022.251.1215.732.174.740.710.027 050.3
), ArticleFig(id=1295064635867160787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064622625742929, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

XRF analysis of wind turbine blades

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项目SiO2CaOAl2O3MgOTiO2ClFe2O3K2O
质量分数56.2815.5114.628.781.911.040.700.60
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风电叶片XRF分析

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项目SiO2CaOAl2O3MgOTiO2ClFe2O3K2O
质量分数56.2815.5114.628.781.911.040.700.60
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燃煤锅炉耦合风电叶片热解气化方案研究
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张东旺 1, 2 , 滕达 3 , 周托 2 , 杨海瑞 2 , 徐波 4 , 别如山 1 , 张缦 2
热力发电 | 退役风光设备资源化利用专题 2026,55(1): 20-29
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热力发电 |退役风光设备资源化利用专题 2026 , 55 (1) : 20 -29
燃煤锅炉耦合风电叶片热解气化方案研究
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张东旺1, 2 , 滕达3, 周托2, 杨海瑞2, 徐波4, 别如山1 , 张缦2
作者信息
  • 1.哈尔滨工业大学能源科学与工程学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150001
  • 2.清华大学能源与动力工程系,北京 100084
  • 3.国能龙源环保有限公司,北京 100039
  • 4.北京巴布科克·威尔科克斯有限公司,北京 100043
通讯作者:
张缦(1971),女,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为循环流化床燃烧技术,
别如山(1965),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为循环流化床燃煤锅炉技术,
作者简介:

张东旺(1996),男,博士研究生,主要研究方向为退役风电叶片处理技术,

Research on the pyrolysis and gasification scheme of coal-fired boilers coupled with wind turbine blades
Dongwang ZHANG1, 2 , Da TENG3, Tuo ZHOU2, Hairui YANG2, Bo XU4, Rushan BIE1 , Man ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
  • 2.Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 3.China Energy Longyuan Environmental Protection Co., Ltd., Beijing 100039, China
  • 4.Babcock & Wilcox Beijing Co., Ltd., Beijing 100043, China
出版时间: 2026-01-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507127
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风电机组“退役潮”临近,大量退役风电叶片的无害化处理是风电产业实现完整绿色闭环的重要瓶颈。在国家积极实施煤电节能降碳改造的背景下,燃煤锅炉协同处理退役风电叶片可以实现固废的减量化、资源化、无害化。针对退役风电叶片规模化连续热处理的需求,提出一种燃煤锅炉耦合风电叶片热解气化的工艺路线;通过抽取锅炉烟气作为热解气化的热源,热解气化产生的可燃油气送入炉膛燃烧,简化了风电叶片处理流程,减少了初投资。采用ASPEN Plus软件对该工艺进行了模拟和验证,结果表明:当风电叶片的处理速度为1 t/h时,抽取总烟气的比例不超过0.6%,即可满足热解气化的能量需求;基于7 MW的链条炉进行中试试验研究,发现烟气中含氧量为5%~10%时,可以通过“一步热解气化”得到干净的玻璃纤维;基于模拟结果和试验数据,提出一种带有烟气调质协同处理工艺,即通过掺混省煤器出口烟气、加入空气的方式,控制烟气温度为600~700 ℃、含氧量为5%~10%,以提高回收纤维的强度,并进一步简化风电叶片处理流程,为风电叶片的规模化处理提供参考。

退役风电叶片  /  热解气化  /  耦合锅炉  /  ASPEN Plus软件  /  烟气再循环

The “retirement wave” of wind turbines is approaching, and the harmless treatment of a large number of decommissioned wind turbine blades is an important bottleneck for the wind power industry to achieve a complete green closed loop. Under the background of the country’s active implementation of energy conservation and carbon reduction renovations in coal-fired power plants, the co-processing of decommissioned wind turbine blades by coal-fired boilers can achieve the reduction, resource utilization and harmless treatment of solid waste. In response to the demand for large-scale continuous heat treatment of decommissioned wind turbine blades, a process route of coupling coal-fired boilers with pyrolysis-gasification of wind turbine blades is proposed. By extracting the flue gas from the boiler as the heat source for pyrolysis-gasification, the combustible oil and gas produced by pyrolysis-gasification are sent into the furnace for combustion, simplifying the processing procedure of wind turbine blades and reducing the initial investment. The process was simulated and verified by using Aspen Plus software. The results indicate that when the processing rate of wind turbine blades was 1 t/h, the proportion of flue gas extracted did not exceed 0.6%, thereby meeting the energy requirements for pyrolysis-gasification. A pilot-scale experimental study was conducted based on a 7 MW chain grate boiler, and it was found that when the oxygen volume fraction in the flue gas was 5%~10%, clean glass fibers could be obtained through “one-step pyrolysis-gasification”. Based on both simulation results and experimental data, a flue gas conditioning-based integrated treatment process was proposed: control the flue gas temperature at 600~700 ℃ and the oxygen volume fraction at 5%~10% by blending flue gas from the economizer outlet and adding air, so as to enhance the strength of the recovered fibers and further simplify the wind turbine blade treatment process, providing a reference for the large-scale treatment of wind turbine blades.

decommissioned wind turbine blades  /  pyrolysis-gasification  /  coupled with boiler  /  ASPEN Plus  /  flue gas recirculation
张东旺, 滕达, 周托, 杨海瑞, 徐波, 别如山, 张缦. 燃煤锅炉耦合风电叶片热解气化方案研究. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (1) : 20 -29 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507127
Dongwang ZHANG, Da TENG, Tuo ZHOU, Hairui YANG, Bo XU, Rushan BIE, Man ZHANG. Research on the pyrolysis and gasification scheme of coal-fired boilers coupled with wind turbine blades[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (1) : 20 -29 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507127
风能由于其经济、高效、可持续、近零排放等优势,在过去几十年得到快速发展,中国风电装机容量已连续15年居全球第一[1-3]。然而,风力机组的设计寿命通常为20~25年[4],“以大代小”等技术改造方案的实施导致部分机组提前退役。2025年是第1波大规模风电机组“退役潮”,退役机组达1 800多台,退役规模超1.2 GW[5]。风电机组退役将产生大量固废,其中叶片是最难回收处理的部分,每千瓦的风电机组需要10 kg的叶片材料[6]。以3 MW风电机组为例,每个叶片质量达8~15 t。叶片的主要成分为玻璃纤维增强树脂热固性复合材料,有着轻质高强、耐腐蚀的特性,自然降解需数百年。因此,规模化处理退役风电叶片成为电力行业固废处理的重大挑战之一,受到国内外学者的广泛关注。
热解法[7-9]在退役风电叶片处置领域展现出显著的综合效益,其不仅能实现树脂基体的可控裂解与玻璃纤维/碳纤维的回收,更以全流程近零排放特性规避了填埋法的土地占用风险与机械破碎法的粉尘污染问题,尤其适合作为高值化回收与能源再生协同的优选技术路径。
与此同时,我国积极实施煤电节能降碳改造,严控煤炭消费总量。近年来,对于燃煤锅炉协同处理固废的需求日益旺盛,这一模式不仅能有效减少煤耗,还能有效解决固废处理难题[10-13]。风电叶片热解产生的油气可以直接送入锅炉进行掺烧发电,同时锅炉充足的高温烟气可以作为风电叶片热解的热源。这样,既实现了燃煤锅炉协同处理退役风电叶片,又避免了直接燃烧产生二噁英的风险,油气的掺烧又降低了煤耗。
在热解和气化工艺过程的建模与分析中,ASPEN Plus作为一款功能强大且应用成熟的化工流程模拟平台,其强大的单元操作模型库能够准确描述热解气化中的热化学转化行为。杨毅梅等[14]结合RGibbs和RYield模块,研究了温度、当量比对稻壳气化过程的影响。刘根等[15]利用RGibbs和RStoic模块模拟了生物质热解过程,考察了热解温度、蒸汽与生物质质量比(S/B)的影响。赵坤等[16]利用差减法得到了热解焦油的C、H、O元素质量比,将其定义为CxHyOz。Peters等人[17]提出一种动力学反应模型,基于ASPEN Plus预测了热解产物的元素组成。Gao等人[18]采用10个串联的RCSTR模块取代RGibbs模块,可以更准确地表示生物质气化过程。刘亮等[19]选择C20H42作为焦油的组分,将试验结果代入RYield模块得到热解产物的组成。上述研究表明,该ASPEN Plus软件可以精确预测合成气组分与热值、焦油及焦炭产率以及整个系统的能量效率和碳转化效率等,进而指导试验设计和工艺改进。
本文提出了燃煤锅炉耦合风电叶片热解气化方案,利用ASPEN Plus软件搭建了工艺流程,基于玻璃纤维回收利用需保持一定强度的目标,设定了热解边界条件,模拟分析了锅炉与热解气化装置的能质匹配特性,阐明含氧烟气作为热解热源“一步法”(即热解气化在单一反应器内一步完成)回收玻璃纤维工艺的可行性,并在7 MW燃煤锅炉上开展了中试验证。
目前,固废与燃煤机组耦合处置方式包括:直接耦合、间接耦合和并联耦合[20]。其中,直接耦合是将退役叶片直接送入锅炉与煤掺烧,需将高强度风电叶片破碎,预处理环节成本显著高于常规废弃物,这是制约叶片回收经济性的主要瓶颈,此外,叶片中的玻璃纤维在炉内高温下会熔融,与飞灰粘附在一起,造成锅炉积灰结渣。并联耦合是建立单独的叶片燃烧装置,该装置产生的蒸汽和烟气分别与燃煤锅炉的蒸汽和烟气耦合,可以大幅提高耦合比例,但投资成本很高,且面临和直接耦合同样的破碎成本高以及锅炉积灰结渣等问题。间接耦合是将叶片气化或热解产生的可燃气体送入锅炉,这样可以降低预处理成本,同时避免燃烧带来的积灰结渣问题。
考虑到叶片中纤维资源化回收利用需求,本文在传统固废与锅炉间接耦合的基础上,提出一种退役风电叶片热解气化耦合燃煤锅炉的工艺路线。退役风电叶片热解气化耦合燃煤锅炉协同处理工艺流程如图1所示。该工艺根据后续回收纤维的应用场景,将叶片切割成所需尺寸,通过连续进料装置送入热解气化装置内。热解气化装置为移动炉排,可根据叶片尺寸调整炉排转速,进而控制炉内反应速度。热解气化产生的热解油气送入炉膛燃烧,根据分散控制系统(DCS)数据调整空气量。考虑到热解油气中可能含有少量卤素气体(如HCl),热解油气管路需要选择合适的耐腐蚀材料。从锅炉烟道适当位置抽取高温烟气,直接送入热解气化装置中作为热源。与传统热解介质不同,烟气中含有一定的氧,不但可以加速环氧树脂的一次分解,还可以使树脂的氧化温度降低[21],同时,考虑到纤维的回收利用,热解后纤维表面的残碳会被烟气中的氧气氧化去除,省去了传统工艺的二级氧化环节。
本处理工艺具有以下优势:
1)简化风电叶片处理流程,降低投资成本,在原有锅炉的基础上,仅需增加热解装置、气体输送装置等;
2)区别于传统热解气化工艺常用的电加热、燃气或惰性气体加热方式,本处理工艺利用锅炉烟气作为热解热源,热解气化产生的油气送入锅炉燃烧,不需要额外供能,处理能耗、煤耗均较低;
3)利用锅炉烟气量大,对可燃成分兼容性强的特性,可以实现风电叶片连续处理,对锅炉的出力影响较小;
4)省略了传统热解后需要氧化脱碳的环节,处理得到的玻璃纤维完整性较好,有较高的强度保留率,可用于混凝土、催化剂等加强材料,应用前景广泛;
5)相较于大容量电站锅炉而言,热解气化产生的可燃油气占烟气比例极低,且在还原性气氛下,叶片几乎不产生二噁英等有毒、有害气体,依然可以满足火电厂污染物控制标准。
为进一步判断该工艺的可行性,以1台350 MW超临界燃煤机组锅炉耦合叶片处理量为1 t/h的热解气化装置为例,采用ASPEN Plus软件对耦合系统开展能质平衡模拟计算。锅炉的性能参数如表1所示。BMCR工况下,锅炉的过热蒸汽流量为1 221 t/h,过热蒸汽温度为571 ℃,压力为25.4 MPa,总烟气量为1.27×106 m3/h(标准状况下)。
为确定工程设计中烟气的抽取位置,本文沿着锅炉烟气流程,选取了5个不同位置,同时考虑到在当前能源结构转型背景下,火电机组普遍处于低负荷工况运行,故本研究计算了锅炉不同负荷的耦合工况。选取的锅炉负荷30%、50%、75%、100%,选取5个换热器位置在不同负荷下的烟气作为热解热源,通过调节烟气流量调节热解气化平衡温度,使热解温度控制在550 ℃。锅炉负荷和抽气位置如表2所示。表2中,低过为低温过热器,低再为低温再热器,高再为高温再热器,末过为末级过热器。值得注意的是,不同负荷下,烟气含氧量存在差异,30%、50%、75%、100%负荷下的烟气含氧量分别为7.64%、5.10%、3.65%、2.52%。
风电叶片取自国家能源集团某风电厂,经去除金属成分后切割为合适的尺寸。样品密度为1.99×103 kg/m3,主要成分为无碱玻璃纤维(质量分数76.4%)和环氧树脂等(质量分数23.6%)。样品工业分析和元素分析如表3,其灰分质量分数高达76.40%,主要源自高熔点的玻璃纤维,这也是导致其热值偏低的原因。表4为风电叶片X射线荧光光谱(XRF)分析,结果表明,SiO2、CaO、Al2O3和MgO占比较高,与玻璃纤维的化学组成特性一致。
风电叶片在不同升温速率下的TG曲线和DTG曲线见图2。由图2可知:最低加热速率下,风电叶片质量从约260 ℃开始下降,在522 ℃时基本不变,此时热解反应完成,失重率约17.5%;最高加热速率下,从约278 ℃开始发生热解反应,在530 ℃基本完成,失重率约18.0%。不同升温速率下对应DTG峰值分别为356、363、380、385 ℃。TG和DTG曲线变化规律相同,不同升温速率下,DTG曲线均有1个峰,这表明风电叶片的热解只经历1次快速失重过程。随升温速率提高,TG和DTG曲线往温度升高方向移动,这是由热重试验中有限的热传递引起的,在较高升温速率下,材料表面温度迅速上升,而内部温度较低,出现热延迟现象[22]
试验中发现,经过热解气化处理得到的玻璃纤维强度有明显损失。为了研究纤维强度损失的机理和原因,采用全自动单纤维万能测试仪测试不同纤维的抗拉强度,测试中拉伸速率设置为10 mm/min。由于玻璃纤维是典型的脆性材料,拉伸强度分布范围较宽,单次测试容易造成误差偏高。因此,每组工况得到的纤维重复测试50次,并用双参数WEIBULL统计分析法计算纤维的抗拉强度[22-24]。首先,对原生玻璃纤维(即用于生产风电叶片的玻璃纤维原材料)进行了200~700 ℃不同温度下的热处理试验,经过1 h的热处理,冷却至室温进行强度测试,测试结果如图3所示。看到随着热处理温度的升高,纤维强度有明显的降低趋势,在700 ℃下纤维强度只有初始值的20%。综合考虑热解速率与纤维强度变化特性,本研究将热解温度设置为550 ℃。
在模型中,使用PR-BM方法计算物质的物理性质,使用HCOALGEN和DCOALIGT模型计算风电叶片的焓值和密度。由于风电叶片热解是复杂的物理化学变化,同时ASPEN Plus软件存在一定的局限性,无法完全模拟实际反应情况,因此,在建模时需要进行相应的简化和假设。
1)选取风电叶片中的主要成分——玻璃纤维增强复合材料作为研究对象,其主要由玻璃纤维和热固性树脂组成。
2)假设风电叶片中的玻璃纤维为惰性组分,认为其在热解气化过程中不与其他成分发生反应,也没有催化作用。
3)假设热解气化过程是稳态过程,各反应器内的压力相同,不考虑反应装置及管路中的热损失和压力损失。
4)假设热解气化产生的焦油与气体温度相同,高于焦油的沸点,油气在工艺温度下保持气态。
5)不考虑风电叶片尺寸对于反应的影响,认为各组分在反应器内均匀混合,反应器内部温度分布均匀。
图4为ASPEN Plus软件模拟的风电叶片气化热解耦合锅炉工艺流程。该工艺由热解、气化、分离、除碳、燃烧5部分构成。热解模块与气化模块中的反应均由RGibbs反应器实现,热解模块将风电叶片材料转化为C、H、O、N、S、灰分和水分,其产物与烟气在气化模块发生重整反应,生成可燃成分和焦炭。分离模块实现焦炭和气体分离后,焦炭在除碳模块发生氧化反应进行除碳,得到烟气和玻璃纤维。可燃油气进入燃烧模块发生燃烧反应,通过该模块可以计算油气的燃烧放热量。
模拟设置的叶片流量为1 t/h,从风电叶片的热失重曲线发现,热解温度为550 ℃时有较快的热解速率,同时能避免纤维强度发生严重损失。由于烟气温度低于550 ℃时无法满足热解能量需求,因此只选取表2中温度高于550 ℃的工况进行模拟计算。
计算表2中不同参数下叶片热解气化的烟气需求量,具体结果如图5所示。可以看出,在相同负荷下,不同抽气位置的烟气需求量随着烟气温度的升高而降低;而对于同一位置的烟气,总体趋势是随着锅炉负荷的降低,烟气的需求量也随之减少。这主要是因为在低负荷条件下,烟气中含氧量更高,促进了树脂的氧化,为热解气化反应提供额外的能量,弥补了烟气温度低的劣势。因此,烟气需求量受烟气温度和含氧量共同影响,实际工业化应用中,应严格控制烟气含氧量与温度。可以通过掺混氮气等惰性气体作为调节烟气温度和含氧量的控制手段,从而避免烟气温度过高或含氧量过高对纤维的损伤。
图6展示了不同负荷及抽气位置烟气需求量占总烟气量体积分数。可以看到,风电叶片处理量为1 t/h时,抽取烟气量占锅炉总烟气量的比例不超过0.6%,占比极低,对锅炉出力几乎没有影响。对于1 t/h的风电叶片处理量,油气燃烧后产生的烟气同样在总烟气量中的占比很小。因此,油气燃烧产生的污染物质量浓度对锅炉污染物排放的影响可以忽略不计。
计算了不同抽气工况下叶片热解产生热解气的热值,结果如图7所示。由于烟气的稀释作用,热解气热值低于1 860.90 kJ/m3(标准工况,下同),不同负荷下,热值最高值分别为1 860.54、1 604.98、1 669.46、1 801.25 kJ/m3。在同一负荷下,热解气的热值随着烟气温度的升高而升高。这是因为烟气温度越高,对烟气的需求量更低,烟气的稀释效应更弱,导致热解气热值更高。而对于同一位置的烟气,在不同负荷工况下得到的热解气热值没有一致的规律,热解气的热值是烟气温度与含氧量相博弈的结果。随着负荷的提升,烟气温度升高有利于热解气热值升高;而烟气含氧量降低导致烟气需求量升高,又会导致热解气热值降低。当烟气温度过高时,烟气输送成本会大幅升高,因此,综合考虑,选取热负荷75%的低再进口或高再出口烟气作为热解热源,75%负荷下的烟气含氧量为3.65%,可以有效减少烟气需求量,同时避免热解室内发生燃烧反应。而低再进口或高再出口的烟气温度适中,可以减少烟气需求量,并降低烟气输送成本。
从热解气化装置中抽出的可燃油气送入锅炉进行燃烧,在锅炉总出力基本不变的情况下,可以减少煤耗。采用ASPEN软件计算了油气完全燃烧的放热量对应的省煤量,结果如图8所示。在满负荷时不同抽取烟气位置,可以减少煤耗量191.5~ 229.0 kg/h(标准煤),且随着负荷的升高及烟气温度的升高,节煤量也会相应增加。这主要是因为更高的负荷下,烟气含氧量越低,油气被氧化的更少,油气品质提升。而抽取烟气温度越高,烟气需求量越少,油气被稀释效应减弱,油气热值升高。锅炉满负荷下的煤耗为118.4 t/h(标准煤),节煤量占比仅为0.16%~ 0.19%,节煤量虽然占总煤耗量不高,但实现了固废减量化及煤电节能降碳的效果。此外,可燃油气还可以用于其他场景,如锅炉调峰及提升变负荷速率等。
从退役叶片处理全周期看,切割和运输能耗占比较高。1 t叶片的切割能耗平均为31.6 kW·h[25],以本研究中热解油气的放热量来看,切割能耗仅占总放热量的2%。中小型分散式风场缺乏专业回收场地,导致预处理成本激增。为此,可以采用分布式预处理中心布局的方式进一步降低成本,建设小型预处理点,对叶片进行初步切割、分段,降低单件体积,便于后续运输。采用多场站联合的方式,集中收集和运输,实现批量化,提升运输效率、分摊成本。
为验证烟气作为热解热源一步法(无需热解后二次氧化)回收玻璃纤维工艺的可行性,选用1台7 MW燃煤炉排炉的沉降室作为热解气化反应空间,开展中试验证。该链条炉排是自动加煤燃烧、垂直列管式换热器间接换热型燃煤热风炉,主要由机械燃烧机、列管式换热器、除尘及电控装置组成。炉膛内设有前、中、后拱共3个拱,炉体与换热器之间设有烟尘沉降室。沉降室温度维持在500~600 ℃,同时,通过调节现场的给煤量改变烟气温度。叶片首先被切割成20.0 cm×2.5 cm×2.0 cm,固定在底座上后送入沉降室。实时监测沉降室内的温度及气体成分变化,每隔3 min取出叶片进行拍照记录。图9为风电叶片在不同时间下的热解效果,可以看出,叶片热解过程中经历了颜色变黄→变黑的过程,主要热解反应在9 min左右基本完成。
在现场试验中发现,当含氧量为15%时,反应6 min后取出的固体为白色纤维,没有焦炭附着,然而热解完成后得到的纤维变得脆弱易碎,抗拉强度仅为328 MPa,丧失了原有的高强度特性。试验中通过适当增加给风量,增加烟气中的含氧量。多次试验发现,含氧量为5%时,热解反应速度较高,同时热解后得到的纤维强度损失相对较小。值得注意的是,烟气含氧量为5%时,热解过程中,挥发分脱除与焦炭氧化同时进行。图10为放入沉降室15 min后取出的热解固体,固体表面基本为纯白色,并有玻璃纤维的光泽,表明焦炭基本脱除干净。含氧量为10%工况下得到的玻璃纤维抗拉强度为597 MPa,仍可用于水泥等建材行业,而含氧量高于10%工况下得到的玻璃纤维再利用价值较低。因此,建议含氧量控制在5%~10%,通过“一步法”即可得到干净的玻璃纤维,既可简化风电叶片处理流程,回收得到的玻璃纤维又有较高的再利用价值。
风电叶片产生的油气总热值远低于锅炉燃煤,油气的输入对于锅炉性能和排烟系统的影响很小。当抽取的烟气温度过高时,容易形成局部高温,对纤维强度造成严重损伤。在原工艺(图1)的基础上,提出带有烟气调质的风电叶片热解气化耦合燃煤锅炉协同处理工艺流程,流程示意如图11所示。抽取一股省煤器出口的烟气,将其与受热面出口的烟气混合,使得混合烟气温度为600~700 ℃。还可以在烟气中掺混空气,调节烟气中的含氧量,试验发现含氧量应控制在5%~10%,可加快热解速度,通过“一步热解气化”即可得到干净的玻璃纤维。
热解气化产生的可燃油气会在锅炉炉膛内完全燃烧,生成CO2、H2O及少量NOx等污染物[26-27],这些污染物可以在锅炉的污染物净化装置中去除。以本文研究的锅炉为例,满负荷烟气流量约为1.27×106 m3/h(标准工况下),热解气化抽取的烟气比例不超过0.6%,风电叶片处理量为1 t/h时,NOx释放速率约为225 mol/h[28],导致烟气中的初始NOx体积分数增加约4×10–6,未超过锅炉脱硝装置的裕量。因此,风电叶片热解气化工艺对锅炉污染物排放的影响可以忽略不计。
本文提出一种燃煤锅炉耦合风电叶片热解气化“一步法”回收纤维的工艺路线,通过抽取锅炉烟气作为热解气化的热源,将热解产生的可燃油气送入炉膛燃烧,从而简化了风电叶片处理流程,减少了初投资。通过风电叶片热失重分析,及玻璃纤维抗拉强度的影响特性试验;并基于试验测试数据及锅炉参数搭建ASPEN Plus模型,通过7 MW实炉验证了方案的可行性,进一步通过烟气调质的方式优化工艺路线。
1)风电叶片的低位发热量为7 050.3 kJ/kg,在不同升温速率下,失重规律类似,在550 ℃时基本完全反应。高温会导致玻璃纤维的强度产生严重损失,应控制热解气化温度,以提高回收玻璃纤维的再利用价值。
2)燃煤锅炉耦合风电叶片热解气化的工艺路线,通过抽取锅炉受热面位置的烟气作为热解气化的热源,将热解产生的可燃油气送入炉膛燃烧。该工艺简化了风电叶片的处理流程,并利用锅炉烟气量大的特性,实现风电叶片连续大规模处理。处理过程中的污染物排放量甚微,可以忽略不计,油气的燃烧对于锅炉效率提升有积极影响。
3)模拟计算结果表明,当风电叶片的处理速度为1 t/h时,抽取总烟气的比例不超过0.6%时,即可满足热解气化的能量需求。
4)7 MW中试试验发现,当含氧量为5%~10%时,反应所需时间低于15 min,并可以实现“一步热解气化”,省略了后续的除碳环节。
5)对已提出的工艺路线进行优化,在受热面抽取的烟气中掺混空气及省煤器出口的烟气,对烟气进行调质。控制烟气温度为600~700 ℃,含氧量为5%~10%工况下,可提高回收纤维的强度,并进一步简化风电叶片处理流程。
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发计划项目(2024B03031)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202507127
  • 接收时间:2025-07-23
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-23
  • 修回日期:2025-08-19
  • 录用日期:2025-08-25
基金
Key Research and Development Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2024B03031)
新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发计划项目(2024B03031)
作者信息
    1.哈尔滨工业大学能源科学与工程学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150001
    2.清华大学能源与动力工程系,北京 100084
    3.国能龙源环保有限公司,北京 100039
    4.北京巴布科克·威尔科克斯有限公司,北京 100043

通讯作者:

张缦(1971),女,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为循环流化床燃烧技术,
别如山(1965),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为循环流化床燃煤锅炉技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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