Article(id=1295064621749138212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1271501633826530070, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202508069, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756569600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-31, revisedDate=1757088000000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-06, acceptedDate=1757952000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-16, onlineDate=1786697066962, onlineDateStr=2026-08-14, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1786697066962, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1786697066962, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1786697066962, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1271501633826530070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='186', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781079212860, creator='ztmeta', updateTime=1786698917413, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072383149301815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1271501633826530070, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072383149301816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1271501633826530070, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=30, endPage=38, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1295064622030156582, articleId=1295064621749138212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Discussions on clean regeneration of waste lubricating oil for wind turbine gearboxes, columnId=1295064621950464805, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on resource utilization of decommissioned wind and solar power equipment, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The rapid expansion of the cumulative installed capacity of wind power in recent years has driven the continuous growth of market demand for wind power operation and maintenance (O&M). Lubricating oil for wind turbine gearboxes is an indispensable and crucial component in O&M. The waste lubricating oil for wind turbine gearboxes is classified as hazardous waste due to its harmful components such as heavy metals and degraded additives. Its efficient recycling and harmless treatment are crucial for achieving clean development in the wind power industry. Firstly, based on the characteristics and composition of waste lubricating oil, the variation laws and underlying causes of typical performance indicators during operating are expounded, including kinematic viscosity, pour point, moisture content, particle contamination level, acid value, and elements (e.g. Fe, P, and S). These variations are primarily induced by factors such as external contamination, oxidation at high temperatures and pressures, and additive degradation. On this basis, the latest research progress in current waste mineral oil regeneration processes is systematically summarized, covering mainstream technical routes such as pretreatment, molecular distillation, solvent extraction, and hydrofining. Furthermore, the feasibility and limitations of the aforementioned methods in extending the service life of waste lubricating oil and realizing its recovery and regeneration are analyzed. The identified limitations include issues such as low treatment efficiency, insufficient processing depth, and restricted application. Finally, the future development directions of high-value waste oils represented by synthetic lubricating oil for wind turbine gearboxes are discussed from the perspectives of industrial development, technological advancement and life management. It emphasizes that establishing a classified recycling system, developing green and efficient regeneration processes, and implementing life management will be the key pathways to realizing a circular economy in the wind power industry.

, authors=Jing ZHAO, Hongliang WANG, Bo HOU, Xianghui LIU, Zhan LIU, Sisuo ZHANG, Yuwei BU, Chenyu ZHAN, Zihan LI, Faquan HE, authorsList=Jing ZHAO, Hongliang WANG, Bo HOU, Xianghui LIU, Zhan LIU, Sisuo ZHANG, Yuwei BU, Chenyu ZHAN, Zihan LI, Faquan HE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Faquan HE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1295064624827757362, articleId=1295064621749138212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=清洁化发展下废风电齿轮油回收方式探讨, columnId=1295064622122431271, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=退役风光设备资源化利用专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近年来,风电累计装机容量的快速扩增带动了风电运维市场需求持续攀升,风电齿轮油是运维中不可或缺的重要组成部分。因废风电齿轮油含有重金属、降解添加剂等有害成分,被归类为危险废物,其高效资源化与无害化处理对实现风电行业清洁化发展至关重要。首先,基于风电齿轮油的特性与组成,阐述了其在运行过程中因外来污染、高温高压氧化及添加剂降解等原因导致的运动黏度、倾点、水分、颗粒污染度、酸值及元素(Fe、P、S等)等典型性能指标变化规律和原因;系统梳理了当前废矿物油再生工艺的最新研究进展,涵盖预处理及分子蒸馏、溶剂萃取、加氢精制等主流技术路线,并分析了上述方法在延长废风电齿轮油寿命及回收再生上的可行性及局限性,如处理效率低、深度不足以及规模化应用受限等问题;最后,从产业层面、技术层面、全链条管理方面探讨了以合成型风电齿轮油为代表的高价值废油未来的发展方向,强调构建分级分类回收体系、开发绿色高效再生工艺与全生命周期管理将是实现风电行业循环经济的关键路径。

, authors=赵晶, 王洪亮, 侯波, 刘向辉, 刘展, 张思索, 布雨薇, 湛晨宇, 李子菡, 何发泉, authorsList=赵晶, 王洪亮, 侯波, 刘向辉, 刘展, 张思索, 布雨薇, 湛晨宇, 李子菡, 何发泉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=何发泉, authorNote=

赵晶(1994),女,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为风电润滑油配方研发及废油再生技术,

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何发泉(1970),男,博士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为新能源固废无害化处置资源化回收,
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赵晶(1994),女,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为风电润滑油配方研发及废油再生技术,

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Hydrotreating catalyst for waste wind turbine lubricating oil and application in regenerating base oil: ZL202420413364.6[P]. 2024-06-28 [2025-08-29]., articleTitle=Hydrotreating catalyst for waste wind turbine lubricating oil and application in regenerating base oil, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1295064630867555198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064621749138212, awardId=GJNY-24-27-2, language=EN, fundingSource=Science and Technology Innovation Program of CHN ENERGY(GJNY-24-27-2), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1295064631005967231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064621749138212, awardId=GJNY-24-27-2, language=CN, fundingSource=国家能源集团科技创新项目(GJNY-24-27-2), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1295064625058444083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064621749138212, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064625066832692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064621749138212, companyId=1295064625058444083, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=China Energy Longyuan Environmental Protection Co., Ltd., Beijing 100039, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064625075221301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064621749138212, companyId=1295064625058444083, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=国能龙源环保有限公司,北京 100039)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1295064629328245614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064621749138212, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Lubrication locations for wind turbine gear oil, figureFileSmall=kfKzpMpzrCl5HKzQ4240kA==, figureFileBig=GTG5JQicRFopiqWlRdJxRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064629391160175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064621749138212, language=CN, label=图1, caption=风电齿轮油润滑部位, figureFileSmall=kfKzpMpzrCl5HKzQ4240kA==, figureFileBig=GTG5JQicRFopiqWlRdJxRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064629605069680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064621749138212, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Typical NMP solvent extraction process, figureFileSmall=ktTdl3+WURSQytrykElIVw==, figureFileBig=SQlbK/1WkAtCh3VGjsAn9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064629684761457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064621749138212, language=CN, label=图2, caption=典型NMP溶剂萃取工艺, figureFileSmall=ktTdl3+WURSQytrykElIVw==, figureFileBig=SQlbK/1WkAtCh3VGjsAn9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064629777036146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064621749138212, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=HyLube process flow, figureFileSmall=WK7P1uCEeNwQizmav0abSg==, figureFileBig=VPEmOFdl+3UNWW7fNY1Kmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064629869310835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064621749138212, language=CN, label=图3, caption=HyLube工艺流程, figureFileSmall=WK7P1uCEeNwQizmav0abSg==, figureFileBig=VPEmOFdl+3UNWW7fNY1Kmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064629944808308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064621749138212, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Process flow of the on-line recycling system, figureFileSmall=wPaNb6iUQJBDsMACEQGEzA==, figureFileBig=FN8QphgTgsKR5pRszBrxuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064630032888693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064621749138212, language=CN, label=图4, caption=在线回收系统工艺流程, figureFileSmall=wPaNb6iUQJBDsMACEQGEzA==, figureFileBig=FN8QphgTgsKR5pRszBrxuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064630104191862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064621749138212, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=The pretreatment-molecular distillation-hydrorefining process flow, figureFileSmall=gLlHC/iwsnGb6/TnhASPgQ==, figureFileBig=OCKTuNeYvdCG5RAjWzxHYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064630192272247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064621749138212, language=CN, label=图5, caption=预处理-分子蒸馏-加氢精制工艺, figureFileSmall=gLlHC/iwsnGb6/TnhASPgQ==, figureFileBig=OCKTuNeYvdCG5RAjWzxHYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064630276158328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064621749138212, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Statistics of lubricating oil consumption for a wind turbine system

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机组负荷/MW部件名称油品型号设备容量/L清洗用量/L
1.5主齿轮箱320号260.0200
偏航、变桨减速器150号、220号61.015
液压站32号20.05
2.0主齿轮箱320号400.0300
偏航、变桨减速器150号、220号61.015
液压站32号20.05
3.0主齿轮箱320号650.0500
偏航、变桨减速器150号、220号61.015
液压站32号20.05
6.0主齿轮箱320号720.0720
偏航、变桨减速器150号、220号145.230
液压站32号20.05
), ArticleFig(id=1295064630360044409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064621749138212, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

某风电场机组润滑油用量统计

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机组负荷/MW部件名称油品型号设备容量/L清洗用量/L
1.5主齿轮箱320号260.0200
偏航、变桨减速器150号、220号61.015
液压站32号20.05
2.0主齿轮箱320号400.0300
偏航、变桨减速器150号、220号61.015
液压站32号20.05
3.0主齿轮箱320号650.0500
偏航、变桨减速器150号、220号61.015
液压站32号20.05
6.0主齿轮箱320号720.0720
偏航、变桨减速器150号、220号145.230
液压站32号20.05
), ArticleFig(id=1295064630431347578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064621749138212, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Analysis of physicochemical indicators of waste wind turbine gear oil

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序号检测指标变化趋势原因影响
1运动黏度↑或↓因设备异常磨损产生的剪切作用、水分稀释、不同黏度的油品混用、油品使用时间较长后劣化等黏度下降会导致油膜变薄,摩擦副直接接触后发生异常磨损;黏度上升会导致油膜变厚,散热困难
2倾点油品氧化、降解后生成的复杂产物低温启动时无足够润滑油膜保护,导致设备磨损
3水分油品未储存在阴凉干燥处,齿轮箱呼吸孔、干燥剂和旁路过滤器未更换(若安装)等易造成油品乳化,影响油膜形成,降低油膜强度;加速齿面锈蚀和油品氧化;润滑油添加剂水解失效
4颗粒污染度齿面磨损、胶合、点蚀、断齿等磨损颗粒(4~6 μm),外来沙尘等污染物(Si元素异常)磨损颗粒存在时,一方面是良好催化剂,会加速油品氧化速度,继而生成油泥、漆膜和酸性物质;另一方面,对齿面造成异常磨损,降低齿轮平稳性和寿命
5酸值运行过程中,长期受高温、极压、空气、水分等影响,形成的降解(如氧化物)产物中存在酸性组分反映油品氧化变质程度,对摩擦副表面造成腐蚀
6元素含量磨损元素(Fe、Cu)↑添加剂元素(P、S)↓磨损元素高,油膜变薄、酸值组分腐蚀金属表面等导致齿轮箱齿面、轴承出现点蚀、疲劳剥落等异常磨损现象磨损元素高会加速磨损、齿轮箱故障;添加剂含量低,失去极压性、抗磨性,加速齿轮箱磨损
7泡沫特性抗泡剂被大量消耗或被风机过滤系统截留齿轮油泡沫多,溢流、油位信号不准,润滑不良
), ArticleFig(id=1295064630506845051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064621749138212, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

废风电齿轮油理化指标分析

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序号检测指标变化趋势原因影响
1运动黏度↑或↓因设备异常磨损产生的剪切作用、水分稀释、不同黏度的油品混用、油品使用时间较长后劣化等黏度下降会导致油膜变薄,摩擦副直接接触后发生异常磨损;黏度上升会导致油膜变厚,散热困难
2倾点油品氧化、降解后生成的复杂产物低温启动时无足够润滑油膜保护,导致设备磨损
3水分油品未储存在阴凉干燥处,齿轮箱呼吸孔、干燥剂和旁路过滤器未更换(若安装)等易造成油品乳化,影响油膜形成,降低油膜强度;加速齿面锈蚀和油品氧化;润滑油添加剂水解失效
4颗粒污染度齿面磨损、胶合、点蚀、断齿等磨损颗粒(4~6 μm),外来沙尘等污染物(Si元素异常)磨损颗粒存在时,一方面是良好催化剂,会加速油品氧化速度,继而生成油泥、漆膜和酸性物质;另一方面,对齿面造成异常磨损,降低齿轮平稳性和寿命
5酸值运行过程中,长期受高温、极压、空气、水分等影响,形成的降解(如氧化物)产物中存在酸性组分反映油品氧化变质程度,对摩擦副表面造成腐蚀
6元素含量磨损元素(Fe、Cu)↑添加剂元素(P、S)↓磨损元素高,油膜变薄、酸值组分腐蚀金属表面等导致齿轮箱齿面、轴承出现点蚀、疲劳剥落等异常磨损现象磨损元素高会加速磨损、齿轮箱故障;添加剂含量低,失去极压性、抗磨性,加速齿轮箱磨损
7泡沫特性抗泡剂被大量消耗或被风机过滤系统截留齿轮油泡沫多,溢流、油位信号不准,润滑不良
), ArticleFig(id=1295064630649451388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064621749138212, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Performance comparison of furfural and NMP extractant

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项目糠醛NMP
原料适应性较好一般
原料选择性较好一般
与水共沸
溶解能力一般较好
剂油比偏大偏小
操作温度偏高偏低
化学稳定性一般较好
生物毒性偏大偏小
腐蚀性偏大偏小
回收能耗偏高偏低
价格较低较高
), ArticleFig(id=1295064630745920381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1295064621749138212, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

糠醛和NMP萃取剂性能比较

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项目糠醛NMP
原料适应性较好一般
原料选择性较好一般
与水共沸
溶解能力一般较好
剂油比偏大偏小
操作温度偏高偏低
化学稳定性一般较好
生物毒性偏大偏小
腐蚀性偏大偏小
回收能耗偏高偏低
价格较低较高
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清洁化发展下废风电齿轮油回收方式探讨
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赵晶 , 王洪亮 , 侯波 , 刘向辉 , 刘展 , 张思索 , 布雨薇 , 湛晨宇 , 李子菡 , 何发泉
热力发电 | 退役风光设备资源化利用专题 2026,55(1): 30-38
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热力发电 |退役风光设备资源化利用专题 2026 , 55 (1) : 30 -38
清洁化发展下废风电齿轮油回收方式探讨
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赵晶 , 王洪亮, 侯波, 刘向辉, 刘展, 张思索, 布雨薇, 湛晨宇, 李子菡, 何发泉
作者信息
  • 国能龙源环保有限公司,北京 100039
通讯作者:
何发泉(1970),男,博士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为新能源固废无害化处置资源化回收,
作者简介:

赵晶(1994),女,硕士,工程师,主要研究方向为风电润滑油配方研发及废油再生技术,

Discussions on clean regeneration of waste lubricating oil for wind turbine gearboxes
Jing ZHAO , Hongliang WANG, Bo HOU, Xianghui LIU, Zhan LIU, Sisuo ZHANG, Yuwei BU, Chenyu ZHAN, Zihan LI, Faquan HE
Affiliations
  • China Energy Longyuan Environmental Protection Co., Ltd., Beijing 100039, China
出版时间: 2026-01-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202508069
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近年来,风电累计装机容量的快速扩增带动了风电运维市场需求持续攀升,风电齿轮油是运维中不可或缺的重要组成部分。因废风电齿轮油含有重金属、降解添加剂等有害成分,被归类为危险废物,其高效资源化与无害化处理对实现风电行业清洁化发展至关重要。首先,基于风电齿轮油的特性与组成,阐述了其在运行过程中因外来污染、高温高压氧化及添加剂降解等原因导致的运动黏度、倾点、水分、颗粒污染度、酸值及元素(Fe、P、S等)等典型性能指标变化规律和原因;系统梳理了当前废矿物油再生工艺的最新研究进展,涵盖预处理及分子蒸馏、溶剂萃取、加氢精制等主流技术路线,并分析了上述方法在延长废风电齿轮油寿命及回收再生上的可行性及局限性,如处理效率低、深度不足以及规模化应用受限等问题;最后,从产业层面、技术层面、全链条管理方面探讨了以合成型风电齿轮油为代表的高价值废油未来的发展方向,强调构建分级分类回收体系、开发绿色高效再生工艺与全生命周期管理将是实现风电行业循环经济的关键路径。

风电运维  /  齿轮油  /  废油再生

The rapid expansion of the cumulative installed capacity of wind power in recent years has driven the continuous growth of market demand for wind power operation and maintenance (O&M). Lubricating oil for wind turbine gearboxes is an indispensable and crucial component in O&M. The waste lubricating oil for wind turbine gearboxes is classified as hazardous waste due to its harmful components such as heavy metals and degraded additives. Its efficient recycling and harmless treatment are crucial for achieving clean development in the wind power industry. Firstly, based on the characteristics and composition of waste lubricating oil, the variation laws and underlying causes of typical performance indicators during operating are expounded, including kinematic viscosity, pour point, moisture content, particle contamination level, acid value, and elements (e.g. Fe, P, and S). These variations are primarily induced by factors such as external contamination, oxidation at high temperatures and pressures, and additive degradation. On this basis, the latest research progress in current waste mineral oil regeneration processes is systematically summarized, covering mainstream technical routes such as pretreatment, molecular distillation, solvent extraction, and hydrofining. Furthermore, the feasibility and limitations of the aforementioned methods in extending the service life of waste lubricating oil and realizing its recovery and regeneration are analyzed. The identified limitations include issues such as low treatment efficiency, insufficient processing depth, and restricted application. Finally, the future development directions of high-value waste oils represented by synthetic lubricating oil for wind turbine gearboxes are discussed from the perspectives of industrial development, technological advancement and life management. It emphasizes that establishing a classified recycling system, developing green and efficient regeneration processes, and implementing life management will be the key pathways to realizing a circular economy in the wind power industry.

wind power operation and maintenance  /  gear oil  /  waste oil regeneration
赵晶, 王洪亮, 侯波, 刘向辉, 刘展, 张思索, 布雨薇, 湛晨宇, 李子菡, 何发泉. 清洁化发展下废风电齿轮油回收方式探讨. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (1) : 30 -38 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202508069
Jing ZHAO, Hongliang WANG, Bo HOU, Xianghui LIU, Zhan LIU, Sisuo ZHANG, Yuwei BU, Chenyu ZHAN, Zihan LI, Faquan HE. Discussions on clean regeneration of waste lubricating oil for wind turbine gearboxes[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (1) : 30 -38 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202508069
近十余年来,中国新能源产业平稳快速增长。经过40多年发展,我国已形成相对完整的风电产业链,截至2025年6月,全国风电累计装机容量5.73亿千瓦,同比增长22.7%,占全国发电装机容量比重15.7%,稳居全球第一[1]。风电累计装机容量的快速扩增带动了风电运维市场需求持续攀升。风电润滑油以在接触界面形成油膜的方式减少风电机组各部件间的摩擦,同时还兼具冷却、清洁、密封等辅助功能,是运维中不可或缺的重要组成部分。风电齿轮油润滑部位如图1所示。风机实际运行过程中,由于润滑不良引起的风机故障占比近1/3,风电润滑油品质好坏及润滑系统维护和保养对风机在极端环境下长期稳定运行至关重要。
双馈风机润滑油的主要润滑部位包括主齿轮箱(增速器)、偏航和变桨驱动减速器、液压系统等。其中,主齿轮箱、偏航和变桨驱动减速器是风电机组的主要部件,使用齿轮油进行润滑(图1);液压系统进行液压制动和变桨控制,使用液压油进行润滑。某风电场机组润滑油用量统计如表1所示。主齿轮箱是风电机组的关键部件,用于将低风轮转速增速至原先的几十倍后传动给发电机,一旦出现问题将导致长时间停机。主齿轮箱的齿轮油用量约占整个风机用油的3/4以上,是用量最大的风电润滑油[2]
风机造价高且风电场大多处于野外偏远地区,设备易受极热、极寒、沙尘和盐碱地等环境影响,维护成本极高。为确保风机长期稳定运行,对风电润滑油尤其是风电齿轮油的品质要求极高:1)抗微点蚀性能强,在机组低速高负荷运行条件下可有效预防齿轮啮合面产生微小疲劳裂纹及材料转移,延长齿轮箱寿命;2)具备极压抗磨保护,可应对重载荷和无规律变相载荷工况,保障轴承和齿轮在频繁启停的工况下不发生擦伤胶合;3)高低温性能优异,可适应风电场极端温差环境(–40~50 ℃),确保低温流动性和高温稳定性;4)使用寿命长,降低机组维护频次,保障运维人员生命安全[3]
为满足上述要求,风电齿轮油一般选用以合成基础油和高性能添加剂为原料的润滑油产品[4]。其中,合成基础油一般为聚α-烯烃(PAO),相比矿物油,具有更好的黏温性能、更高的化学稳定性和极压性能,是生产高档润滑油脂的重要原料,可以替代传统的石化炼制基础油,延长润滑油的使用寿命3~5倍,提高燃料经济性,大幅降低石油产品消耗被广泛应用,被美国石油协会单独列为Ⅳ类基础油[5]。传统PAO由长链α-烯烃在BF3或AlCl3等强路易斯酸催化剂催化下进行齐聚,并经过蒸馏、加氢等工艺获得氢化α-烯烃低聚体,被称为cPAO[6-7]。但BF3生产工艺对装置的防腐性能、安全性和密封性等要求较高,尤其对后处理及排放要求极其严苛,且聚合产物链结构的规整性存在欠缺。通过茂金属催化体系合成不同黏度等级的PAO是近些年来PAO合成的发展方向之一,为区别于传统cPAO,这种新的PAO被称为mPAO,其在催化反应活性、工艺条件等方面都优于cPAO,使用环境更加广泛[8-9]
但是,生产PAO基础油的主要核心技术被国外垄断,无论是高性能催化剂,还是聚合工艺及关键设备,均缺乏同等质量的国产替代产品,主要依赖进口。因此,风电齿轮油成为风电产业链中唯一没有完全实现国产化的环节,属于典型的高端垄断细分产业。目前,市场上通常以美孚、壳牌、嘉实多等进口润滑油品牌为主要采购对象,成品油产品售价在8万~10万元/t。一般1台1.5 MW风电机组单次采购及更换主齿轮箱润滑油的费用约在3万~4万元,占到总换油费用的70%以上[10]。随着风电产业的蓬勃发展,国内润滑油企业开始重视国产风电齿轮油产品开发,中石化长城润滑油、中石油昆仑润滑油等少数供应商开始生产风电齿轮油,但国内市场占有率不到5%。
齿轮油在长期运行过程中通常会因为污染和老化而发生变质,严重影响油品的物理和化学性质,进而影响齿轮箱的使用寿命而带来安全隐患。一般4~7年风电主齿轮箱润滑油就会进行1次更换。通过监测及分析油品指标,如酸值、黏度、颗粒污染度等(表2)关键指标的动态变化,以确定是否达到换油条件,从而保障设备安全运行,减少不必要停机[11]。《风力发电机组润滑剂运行检测规程》(NB/T 10111—2018)详细规定了在运行风电机组油品取样、检测的技术要求及警戒值,主齿轮箱运行油常规指标包括:运动黏度、颗粒污染度、酸值、水分含量、元素含量等,为每年必检项目,风电运营商也会依据实际情况调整监测频次。
风电齿轮油劣化的原因主要有两方面:1)物理因素,外来水分、灰尘的进入及齿面轴承磨损产生的金属微颗粒,会引起油液清洁度降低及油品乳化现象发生,是造成风电齿轮油失效的主要原因;2)化学反应,一方面因油品中的添加剂分解或失效,生成含S、含P的腐蚀性盐,使油品性能下降,另一方面在高温、极压、空气、水分等影响下,磨损产生的Fe、Cu离子催化效应使油品中的烃类物质氧化速率提高2~3倍,无抗氧剂保护的基础油开始出现自身的氧化裂解反应,具体表现为先形成醛、酮、醇及羧酸等初级氧化产物,接着产物之间发生缩聚、交联反应继而形成大分子不溶物油泥、漆膜和胶质等,最终导致油品颜色变暗,黏度增加,酸值增大[12-14]
为延长风电齿轮油的寿命,降低换油频次和废油处置成本,一些风电机组上加装了在线精过滤系统。在线精过滤系统由高效玻璃纤维预过滤系统及脱水膜等组件构成,精度通常为10~50 μm,可二次过滤颗粒污染物、大分子降解产物及部分游离水、乳化水及溶解水,且过滤效果显著,水分降比达到80%以上,粒径大于4、6、12 μm的颗粒物降比均达到90%,将换油周期由3~5年延长至5~7年[15]
石油资源在我国属于战略稀缺性资源,废润滑油作为一种兼具环境风险与资源价值的危险废物,其中75%~90%为可回收的基础油组分,通过再生技术可转化为Ⅰ类/Ⅱ类基础油或燃料油,其能耗比原油炼制节约50%~80%,碳排放可减少58%以上[16]。此外,1 t废润滑油再生可节省约2~3 t原油,但再生基础油价格较原油炼制低30%,因此其回收利用一直是实现“双碳”目标与循环经济的重要环节。
国内废润滑油回收成规模的主要以废矿物油为主,相比风电齿轮油,其再生处置路线较为成熟。《废矿物油类润滑油处理处置方法》(GB/T 41961—2022)明确规定了废矿物油再生处理的工艺流程和技术方法。2024年《废矿物油回收与再生利用导则》(GB/T 17145—2024)在《废润滑油回收与再生利用技术导则》(GB/T 17145—1997)的基础上将废润滑油扩充为废矿物油,具体为废机油、废液压油、废齿轮油、废变压器油、废溶剂油等10余种矿物油[17],进一步将预处理工艺后的精制工艺限定为蒸馏、溶剂精制、加氢精制等几种工艺或组合形式[18-21],此外还支持分子蒸馏等新型连续操作技术。
预处理工艺包括沉降、过滤、离心和絮凝等常见的分离工艺,利用废油中杂质密度存在一定差异除去废油中大颗粒、水分和稳定存在的胶体微粒,适用于使用时间不长、变质程度不明显的废油或作为精制工艺的前处理步骤,可提高后续的再生工艺及设备的处理效率[22]
分子蒸馏又称短程蒸馏技术,主要利用不同物质分子运动平均自由程的差异实现分离,具体实施时一般为多级分子蒸馏器串联进行馏分切割,从而得到不同黏度的润滑油基础油、汽柴油,并将废润滑油中的劣化轻组分和重组分分离出来[23-24]。相比传统常减压蒸馏,分子蒸馏可以实现高效传质传热,具有条件温和、蒸馏时间短、分离效率高的优点,避免了长沸程下局部过热导致的油品炭化、聚合、裂解问题。
周松锐等[25]采用一级薄膜蒸发加二级分子蒸馏再生废润滑油工艺,可将柴轻油组分及润滑油馏分分别蒸馏出来,同时脱除含胶质、沥青质和重质芳烃等物质,工艺流程简单,再生后的润滑油可达到新油基础油的技术指标。尹英遂等[26]开发的分子蒸馏窄分技术,为370~450 ℃、450~500 ℃、500~540 ℃3级分子蒸馏器串联,在真空度≤5 Pa条件下,产品达到MVI 100、MVI 250、MVI 350基础油指标,回收率高达92.1%。目前,分子蒸馏窄分技术已在3万t/a废油再生厂成功进行了工业化应用。
但单纯的分子蒸馏技术存在很难脱除极性氧化组分,改善色度、酸值等问题,常与白土吸附、溶剂萃取、加氢精制等深度净化工艺一起使用,才能得到符合指标的润滑油基础油。
溶剂萃取工艺通过溶剂选择性溶解废油中的非理想组分(如胶质、沥青、氧化产物等),实现基础油再生,具有操作条件温和、能耗较低的特点,回收率在70%左右,再生产品为Ⅰ类润滑油基础油100 SN、150 SN、250 SN,是目前工业化应用最广泛的再炼制工艺之一[27]。为了降低硫酸-白土工艺中的硫酸用量,最早选用丙烷为溶剂萃取剂,但考虑到易燃易爆性,目前工业上应用最广泛的是糠醛和N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)[28],两者的性能参数对比见表3
糠醛对原料有很好的适应性、价格低廉且工业上易获得。韩忠义等[29]提出了以糠醛为溶剂的精制工艺,通过单因素实验和正交实验优化得到最佳工艺参数为:剂油比2:1,精制温度85 ℃,此时再生油回收率达85.3%,黏度指数提升至126,残炭量降至0.083%,各项指标均接近新油标准。此外,他们通过气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术分析发现:糠醛通过缔合作用吸附极性杂质,在溶剂回收阶段通过温度调控实现溶剂与杂质的高效分离,溶剂循环利用率达92%;但糠醛溶解度小、剂油比大、溶剂回收能耗高、劣化容易导致设备管道结焦堵塞问题,阻碍其进一步应用[30]。宋威等[31]提出了轻质烃和糠醛复配的方法,选用环氧氯丙烷-糠醛复合溶剂体系,在复配体积比1:1的情况下,可以在15~35 ℃进行精制,且溶剂选择性好于单纯的糠醛精制,再生油品质更好且回收率提高了3%。郭大光等[32-33]为了验证复合溶剂的效果,比较了糠醛与N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、正丁醇复配后的精制效果,发现回收率达到91.7%、88.5%,且颜色、黏温性能均高于单一溶剂糠醛。
NMP毒性低、挥发性小、稳定性好,是一种常见的绿色溶剂[27],且NMP在后续溶剂回收过程中不会与水形成共沸物,因此回收工艺相对简单[34-35],具体回收工艺流程如图2[27]所示。苏佩汝等[36]选用了NMP作萃取溶剂发现,溶剂与废润滑油比为1.8:1.0,精制温度为95 ℃时,再生油的回收率可以达到64.9%。韩丽君等[37]针对工业废润滑油,开发出NMP和乙醇胺双溶剂体系,在复配体积比为95:5,精制温度为70 ℃时,精制油品回收率可达到89%,满足API Ⅱ类基础油和工业润滑油指标,且乙醇胺的价格要远低于NMP,有效地降低了操作成本。侯文贵等[38]开发的NMP混合溶剂精制工艺,总产品回收率高达85%,但溶剂消耗仅为每吨废油0.5 kg,该技术已在山西5万t/a废润滑油再生装置和唐山1万t/a废润滑油再生装置成功投产。
但溶剂萃取工艺始终存在环境污染和安全问题,因此很多研究人员开展了超临界CO2抽提废润滑油工艺的探索,CO2溶解性好且不易燃,在常温下就能操作,对热敏性废油友好。杨鑫等[16]控制萃取温度在35 ℃,压力16 MPa,萃取时间3 h,助溶剂正己烷质量分数10%时,可得到API Ⅱ类基础油HVI 150,金属元素及添加剂含量均显著减低,但目前回收率还没达到相对满意的结果。
加氢精制通过催化加氢反应脱除S、N、O等杂原子及金属杂质,同时饱和芳烃、修复基础油分子结构,是目前国际上主流的清洁再生技术,回收率在80%~90%,再生产品为Ⅱ类基础油100 N、150 N、250 N及柴油等。但我国废润滑油源头分级不足,导致废油成分复杂,Fe、Cu、Ca等金属和氯化物含量偏高,会沉积在加氢催化剂表面导致失活,因此直接套用国外加氢工艺会面临加氢单元负荷过高的问题,需采用一定的手段进行脱除。
常见蒸馏-加氢精制工艺,是通过真空蒸馏得到的理想馏分在催化剂作用下进行加氢处理。如KTI工艺,采用常压蒸馏、薄膜蒸馏手段脱去水、轻油、气体油和含金属、杂质的塔底油组分(一般用于生产沥青),其余组分直接进加氢反应器,经分馏后得到轻油及基础油,液体回收率为83%,但该工艺反应条件和原料苛刻,不适合大规模废油处置[39]。HyLube工艺是一种改进的临氢状态下的蒸馏-加氢工艺,工艺流程如图3所示。在蒸馏前将热氢气和废油进行充分混合,再进入闪蒸-蒸馏塔,不仅解决了减压蒸馏工艺易导致管路结焦、堵塞问题,而且通过后置保护反应器的方式脱除金属,省去了预处理过程,适合杂质成分复杂的废矿物油,再生基础油品质能达到API Ⅱ类基础油要求,且回收率能达到70%左右,已由德国Elsteraue/Zeitz的Puralube GmbH成功商业化。
预处理脱金属-加氢精制工艺也是一种主要的处理手段。美国菲利普石油公司开发的PROP工艺引入磷酸氢二胺水溶液的化学脱金属方式代替蒸馏操作,在脱金属的同时完成了脱水、脱轻操作,简化了工艺流程。柴永明等[40]开发的“浆态床临氢预处理-固定床加氢精制”组合加氢工艺,在预处理阶段采用自硫化油溶性过渡金属催化剂(Ni/Mo/Co/Fe),在反应温度390 ℃,氢分压8 MPa条件下,实现金属和非金属杂原子去除率99.4%,氯脱除率99.3%,液体回收率高于98%,基础油回收率78%。此外,杨海玉等[41-42]从分子结构层面揭示了热解脱金属的机理,分别以十二烷基苯磺酸钙、二烷基二硫代磷酸锌为模型化合物,通过一系列的亲核取代反应和分子内消除反应使得Ca、Zn、P元素以多焦磷酸锌和ZnO、CaO和CaSO4的形式从油中脱除,基于此开发的连续热解脱金属工艺,金属去除率达99.2%,为后续加氢提供了优质原料。
风机齿轮油为合成型润滑油,结构单一,具有良好的化学稳定性,即使经长期使用后劣化程度仍较低。蒲宸光等[43]对5年期满齿轮油的指标监测表明:黏度变化率最大仅为0.97%,远低于警戒值±10%;酸值增加趋势较小,未有明显的氧化变质指征;水分含量及Fe元素含量均在指标范围内。若以表1所述单台风电机组单周期耗齿轮油新油和清洗油量为基准,5年为1次更换周期进行计算,预计到2025年底全国将产生2.7万吨废风电润滑油。针对废风电齿轮油,目前面临现状包括:1)风电润滑市场长期被国外品牌垄断,国内风电运营企业面临新油采购成本高与废油处置费用上升的双重压力;2)废合成油与废矿物油掺混处置,降低了合成油价值;3)针对废风电齿轮油的专用再生技术研究仍处于起步阶段,国内尚处于技术开发初期,国外亦未见成熟技术报道,难以满足风电行业对废油资源化、清洁化处置的需求。但无论是原料端提升新油品质,还是使用端加强过程润滑管理,废油再生都是收效最为直观的手段,也是近年风电厂商、运营商关注的重点。废油多为清洁度、Fe含量及水分异常,因此国内现阶段的再生工艺多为预处理及物理再生工艺。
现场延寿工艺通过简单预处理工艺进行现场废油处置,延长废风电齿轮油的使用寿命,避免废油运输过程中的环境风险。
王娟等[44-45]开发了一种现场再生处理系统,包括真空脱水系统、磁性过滤系统、再生系统、过滤系统、添加剂自动补加系统、油质在线监测系统等,其中再生系统装有强极性介孔吸附剂,可有效除去油品中溶解性老化产物及添加剂组分,降低油品酸值,改善油品的泡沫特性,提高油品性能。
杨东翔等[46]开发了一套“多级过滤-蒸馏”在线回收系统(图4),该系统首先通过初级过滤器去除废润滑油中的大颗粒固体杂质;随后将油液加热至70~160 ℃并投入化学药剂以去除氧化物;再经中间过滤器和树脂过滤器脱除金属离子,接着采用合金超滤膜精滤;最后通过真空蒸馏塔以脱除水分和轻组分;再生后的油品经补充添加剂调和后,直接回输至风机齿轮箱润滑油箱,实现在线循环使用。
王可可等[47]创新性地发明“絮凝破乳-颗粒过滤-油水分离”3段式工艺,废齿轮油先进入絮凝破乳化过滤池进行反应,再经特殊处理后的过滤网拦截团聚大颗粒,然后借助自身重力,通过多级组件实现油水分相,完成净化再生,最终水分质量分数由处理前的97.3×10–6降低至24.7×10–6
施仲扬等[48]开发了“热沉降-絮凝-吸附”物理组合再生工艺,先通过热沉降去除风电废润滑油中的水分和大颗粒机械杂质,再采用壳聚糖-Na2CO3二次絮凝脱除胶体微粒与酸性物质,最后经硅胶接触吸附脱色,处理后再生油的回收率约为60%,酸值由0.258 mgKOH/g降低至0.006 mgKOH/g,机械杂质由3.625%降至0.032%,透光率由7.31%提升至59.76%,油品外观显著改善,接近新油标准。
物理再生技术也得到相关企业实践验证,明阳集团华阳长青公司采用连续化絮凝-沉降-蒸馏集成工艺,在沉降罐内增设分隔板推动油液连续沉降分离,于蒸馏塔内布置加热管破坏油膜并强化传热均匀性,实现再生流程连续化运行,预计再生油使用寿命可达5年,无需化学反应,进一步降低能耗及污染物排放[49]
龚海峰等[50]开发了“预处理-分子蒸馏-加氢精制”组合再生工艺(图5),先热沉降(20~30 ℃、48~96 h)与减压蒸馏(60~80 ℃、0.02~0.55 MPa)脱水、脱轻和杂质,再经单级分子蒸馏(180~250 ℃、20~40 Pa)获得粗基础油,最后采用Ni基加氢催化剂在氢气氛围下进行加氢提质(250~450 ℃、2.5~8.0 MPa、3~12 h)处理后再生基础油性能显著提升,酸值由0.58 mgKOH/g降至0.005 6~0.006 4 mgKOH/g,40 ℃,运动黏度由43.48 mm2/s降至14.23~15.16 mm2/s,色度与S、N含量也大幅降低,再生油各项指标接近新油标准。
目前,国内合成型废油的规模有限,国家尚未出台针对性的回收标准与政策,具体实施过程中主要依照HW 08类危险废物进行统一处置。此外,废风电齿轮油回收领域的技术重点集中于物理再生与延寿工艺,该类方法对废风电齿轮油的处理效率有限,处理深度不足,制约了其大规模工程推广及应用。未来,随着合成型润滑油使用量的增长,政策构建、产业布局与核心技术研发仍是需要深入探索的关键方向。
产业层面,以合成风电齿轮油为代表的高价值废油未来5年可按“分级再生”产业生态布局。针对劣化程度较低的废油,经物理再生后回用至风机,可实现现场延寿;中等劣化程度的废油通过蒸馏-溶剂精制/加氢工艺工艺改善,用于生产高端再生基础油;低值废油经脱金属处理后可转为清洁燃料使用。
技术层面,建议重点关注清洁化的绿色再生工艺,如超临界萃取、膜分离及加氢精制工艺,获得高质量的再生基础油产品;同步开发便携的在线再生装置,用于劣化程度较低的油品延寿,从而适应风场散点分布的特点,降低运输成本。
全链条管理方面,从原料端提升新油品质(如推广使用性能更好的mPAO基础油,延长质保期)或开发可降解的风机齿轮油产品。使用端要强化油液监测并安装旁路过滤系统,延缓物理因素导致的油品变质。回收端推进物理-化学协同再生工艺,改善再生油品质,从而构建“新油-使用-再生”全生命周期模式。
  • 国家能源集团科技创新项目(GJNY-24-27-2)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202508069
  • 接收时间:2025-08-31
  • 首发时间:2026-08-14
  • 出版时间:2026-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-31
  • 修回日期:2025-09-06
  • 录用日期:2025-09-16
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Science and Technology Innovation Program of CHN ENERGY(GJNY-24-27-2)
国家能源集团科技创新项目(GJNY-24-27-2)
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    国能龙源环保有限公司,北京 100039

通讯作者:

何发泉(1970),男,博士,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为新能源固废无害化处置资源化回收,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
Number of
species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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