Article(id=1271501757701104078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1271501633826530070, articleNumber=PA20260121_JytgtuwJ, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202504094, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745078400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-20, revisedDate=1751212800000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-30, acceptedDate=1751385600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-02, onlineDate=1762963200000, onlineDateStr=2025-11-13, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781079242395, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781079242395, creator=admin, updateTime=1781079242395, updator=admin, issue=Issue{id=1271501633826530070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='186', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781079212860, creator='ztmeta', updateTime=1786698917413, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072383149301815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1271501633826530070, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072383149301816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1271501633826530070, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=142, endPage=151, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1271501759345271249, articleId=1271501757701104078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Research on online monitoring of flame temperature field in power plant boilers by integrating radiation imaging and convolutional neural networks, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The existing flame radiation image temperature measurement technology has measurement errors due to the coking problem of the detector lens. There is an urgent need for an online monitoring method that can intelligently eliminate the coking interference. An online monitoring method for the temperature field of power station boilers that integrates flame radiation images and convolutional neural network (CNN) is proposed. Firstly, the detector is calibrated via a blackbody furnace, and the relationship between the monochromatic radiation intensity of the detector and the image intensity is established. Secondly, a CNN model suitable for flame image processing is designed, and the training set is constructed by using the non-coking flame radiation intensity images of the boiler collected on-site to establish the flame radiation intensity image restoration model. Finally, the measurement accuracy of this method is verified by using the simulated coking flame images. The results show that the temperature measurement accuracy decreases with the reduction of the number of training sets. When the number of flame images in the learning set is 3 000, the relative error of temperature measurement is 1.4%. The temperature measurement accuracy decreases as the coking area increases. When the coking area is 30%, the maximum relative error of temperature measurement is 0.7%. Furthermore, studies show that when the model of the detector trained by the learning set calculates the coked images of other detectors, the temperature measurement error will increase, with the maximum relative error reaching 34.6%. This indicates that when applying this method, the detectors of each burner need to be trained separately. The proposed method can intelligently eliminate the interference of coking on the flame radiation image, achieve high-precision online monitoring of the temperature field, and provide reliable technical support for the safe operation and combustion optimization of power station boilers.

, authors=Ke ZHOU1, Jian WANG2, Yannan REN2, Yue ZHANG3, Xuan DAI2, Chuanlong LIANG2, Quan JIN2, Weijie YAN3, authorsList=Ke ZHOU, Jian WANG, Yannan REN, Yue ZHANG, Xuan DAI, Chuanlong LIANG, Quan JIN, Weijie YAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Weijie YAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1271501759278162384, articleId=1271501757701104078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=融合火焰辐射图像和CNN的电站锅炉温度场在线监测研究, columnId=1211002405437706993, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=热能科学研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

现有火焰辐射图像测温技术因探测器镜头结焦问题导致测量误差,亟需一种能够智能消除结焦干扰的在线监测方法。提出一种融合火焰辐射图像和卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)的电站锅炉温度场在线监测方法。首先,通过黑体炉标定探测器,建立探测器单色辐射强度与图像强度的关系;然后,设计适合火焰图像处理的CNN模型,并利用现场采集锅炉的未结焦火焰辐射强度图像构建学习集,建立火焰辐射强度图像还原模型;最后,利用模拟结焦火焰图像验证该方法的测量精度。研究结果表明:测温精度随着学习集数量的减少而降低,学习集火焰图像数量为3 000张时,测温相对误差为1.4%;测温精度随着结焦面积的增大而降低,结焦面积为30%时,测量温度的最大相对误差为0.7%。此外,研究表明学习集训练探测器的模型计算其他探测器结焦图像时,测温误差会增大,最大相对误差达34.6%。这表明应用该方法时需对每个燃烧器的探测器单独训练。研究方法能够智能消除结焦对火焰辐射图像的干扰,实现高精度温度场在线监测,为电站锅炉的安全运行和燃烧优化提供了可靠的技术支持。

, authors=周科1, 王健2, 任延南2, 张越3, 戴轩2, 梁传龙2, 金全2, 闫伟杰3, authorsList=周科, 王健, 任延南, 张越, 戴轩, 梁传龙, 金全, 闫伟杰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=闫伟杰, authorNote=

周科(1985),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为燃烧监测、储能,

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闫伟杰(1985),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为燃烧测试技术,
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Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 2014: 1., articleTitle=Measurement of flame temperature and radiative properties based on spectral analysis and image processing, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064702833422775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501757701104078, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=58, pageEnd=63, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=22, authorNames=闫乐乐, 李辉, 邱聚能, journalName=应用光学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=闫乐乐,李辉,邱聚能,. 基于区域对比度和SSIM的图像质量评价方法[J]. 应用光学2015(1):58-63., articleTitle=基于区域对比度和SSIM的图像质量评价方法, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064702925697464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501757701104078, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=58, pageEnd=63, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=23, authorNames=YAN Lele, LI Hui, QIU Juneng, journalName=Journal of Applied Optics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YAN Lele, LI Hui, QIU Juneng, et al. 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064695208178073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501757701104078, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Design parameters of the camera

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目数值
分辨率808×608
传感器ON PYTHON 480 global shutter CMOS
靶面尺寸25.4/91.44 cm(1/3.6 inch)
像元尺寸4.8 μm×4.8 μm
像素深度8 bit,10 bit
工作温度0~45 ℃
工作湿度10%~80%
供电要求12-24VDC或PoE供电(IEEE802.3af)
质量75 g
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相机设计参数

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项目数值
分辨率808×608
传感器ON PYTHON 480 global shutter CMOS
靶面尺寸25.4/91.44 cm(1/3.6 inch)
像元尺寸4.8 μm×4.8 μm
像素深度8 bit,10 bit
工作温度0~45 ℃
工作湿度10%~80%
供电要求12-24VDC或PoE供电(IEEE802.3af)
质量75 g
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Configuration parameters of the server

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硬件型号
CPUIntel Xeon E5-2650v4×2
显卡NVIDIA Tesla P100-16GB
内存Hynix DDR4 16GB×6
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服务器配置参数

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硬件型号
CPUIntel Xeon E5-2650v4×2
显卡NVIDIA Tesla P100-16GB
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融合火焰辐射图像和CNN的电站锅炉温度场在线监测研究
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周科 1 , 王健 2 , 任延南 2 , 张越 3 , 戴轩 2 , 梁传龙 2 , 金全 2 , 闫伟杰 3
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2026,55(1): 142-151
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热力发电 |热能科学研究 2026 , 55 (1) : 142 -151
融合火焰辐射图像和CNN的电站锅炉温度场在线监测研究
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周科1 , 王健2, 任延南2, 张越3, 戴轩2, 梁传龙2, 金全2, 闫伟杰3
作者信息
  • 1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2.华能国际电力股份有限公司丹东电厂,辽宁 丹东 118300
  • 3.南京理工大学能源与动力工程学院,江苏 南京 210094
通讯作者:
闫伟杰(1985),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为燃烧测试技术,
作者简介:

周科(1985),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为燃烧监测、储能,

Research on online monitoring of flame temperature field in power plant boilers by integrating radiation imaging and convolutional neural networks
Ke ZHOU1 , Jian WANG2, Yannan REN2, Yue ZHANG3, Xuan DAI2, Chuanlong LIANG2, Quan JIN2, Weijie YAN3
Affiliations
  • 1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2.Huaneng International Power Co., Ltd., Dandong Power Plant, Dandong 118300, China
  • 3.School of Energy Power and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
出版时间: 2026-01-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202504094
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现有火焰辐射图像测温技术因探测器镜头结焦问题导致测量误差,亟需一种能够智能消除结焦干扰的在线监测方法。提出一种融合火焰辐射图像和卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)的电站锅炉温度场在线监测方法。首先,通过黑体炉标定探测器,建立探测器单色辐射强度与图像强度的关系;然后,设计适合火焰图像处理的CNN模型,并利用现场采集锅炉的未结焦火焰辐射强度图像构建学习集,建立火焰辐射强度图像还原模型;最后,利用模拟结焦火焰图像验证该方法的测量精度。研究结果表明:测温精度随着学习集数量的减少而降低,学习集火焰图像数量为3 000张时,测温相对误差为1.4%;测温精度随着结焦面积的增大而降低,结焦面积为30%时,测量温度的最大相对误差为0.7%。此外,研究表明学习集训练探测器的模型计算其他探测器结焦图像时,测温误差会增大,最大相对误差达34.6%。这表明应用该方法时需对每个燃烧器的探测器单独训练。研究方法能够智能消除结焦对火焰辐射图像的干扰,实现高精度温度场在线监测,为电站锅炉的安全运行和燃烧优化提供了可靠的技术支持。

辐射测温  /  温度场  /  煤粉火焰图像  /  电站锅炉  /  卷积神经网络

The existing flame radiation image temperature measurement technology has measurement errors due to the coking problem of the detector lens. There is an urgent need for an online monitoring method that can intelligently eliminate the coking interference. An online monitoring method for the temperature field of power station boilers that integrates flame radiation images and convolutional neural network (CNN) is proposed. Firstly, the detector is calibrated via a blackbody furnace, and the relationship between the monochromatic radiation intensity of the detector and the image intensity is established. Secondly, a CNN model suitable for flame image processing is designed, and the training set is constructed by using the non-coking flame radiation intensity images of the boiler collected on-site to establish the flame radiation intensity image restoration model. Finally, the measurement accuracy of this method is verified by using the simulated coking flame images. The results show that the temperature measurement accuracy decreases with the reduction of the number of training sets. When the number of flame images in the learning set is 3 000, the relative error of temperature measurement is 1.4%. The temperature measurement accuracy decreases as the coking area increases. When the coking area is 30%, the maximum relative error of temperature measurement is 0.7%. Furthermore, studies show that when the model of the detector trained by the learning set calculates the coked images of other detectors, the temperature measurement error will increase, with the maximum relative error reaching 34.6%. This indicates that when applying this method, the detectors of each burner need to be trained separately. The proposed method can intelligently eliminate the interference of coking on the flame radiation image, achieve high-precision online monitoring of the temperature field, and provide reliable technical support for the safe operation and combustion optimization of power station boilers.

radiation thermometry  /  temperature field  /  pulverized coal flame images  /  power plant boiler  /  convolutional neural network
周科, 王健, 任延南, 张越, 戴轩, 梁传龙, 金全, 闫伟杰. 融合火焰辐射图像和CNN的电站锅炉温度场在线监测研究. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (1) : 142 -151 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202504094
Ke ZHOU, Jian WANG, Yannan REN, Yue ZHANG, Xuan DAI, Chuanlong LIANG, Quan JIN, Weijie YAN. Research on online monitoring of flame temperature field in power plant boilers by integrating radiation imaging and convolutional neural networks[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (1) : 142 -151 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202504094
温度场监测是确保燃煤电站锅炉高效、安全运行的关键环节。在深度调峰、低负荷等运行条件下,锅炉的温度场分布对其热效率和排放情况有着直接影响。有效的温度场监测不仅能够及时发现锅炉内部的温度异常,避免设备损坏,还能优化燃烧过程,维持燃烧稳定。因此,研究和应用先进的温度监测技术,对于提升燃煤电站的运行效率和燃烧稳定性具有重要意义。
目前,电站煤粉锅炉的温度监测手段主要包括热电偶、声波法、可调谐半导体激光器吸收光谱(tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy,TDLAS)以及火焰辐射图像法测温等。热电偶成本低廉,但单点测量的局限性使其难以实现全炉膛温度场监测;声波法受锅炉振动和吹灰噪声干扰,实际应用受限;TDLAS虽适用于气体温度测量,但其精密设备难以在锅炉恶劣环境中稳定工作[1]。火焰辐射图像法兼具高空间分辨率和实时性优势。该方法通过标定相机建立图像强度与辐射强度的关系,进而计算温度场分布。亚云启[2]的研究表明,燃煤火焰在600~900 nm波段满足灰体特性,基于此,闫伟杰、李框宇、胡智超等[13-4]学者们通过探测器采集火焰图像,成功重建了电站锅炉温度场,并分析了负荷与温度场的关联性[4]
卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)作为深度学习领域的重要架构,近年来在跨学科视觉检测任务中展现出强大的特征提取与模式识别能力,其应用已广泛渗透到工业检测、农业智能化及医学影像分析等关键领域。在工业领域,Akram等人[5]利用轻量化CNN实现光伏缺陷检测(准确率93.02%);Zhao等人[6]结合CNN、双向长短时记忆(Bi-directional long short-term memory,BiLSTM)神经网络和注意力机制(attention mechanism,AM)提升轴承故障诊断精度0.81%~1.29%。农业应用中,Zhang等人[7]基于CNN的杂草定位准确率达99%;Gao团队[8]在复杂环境下实现稳定识别(准确率0.761~0.897);Kalbande等人[9]及Gill、Lu等人[10-11]分别针对作物病害和水果分类开发了CNN模型。医学领域,Yadav等人[12]和Han等人[13]分别实现白血病细胞识别和三叉神经痛诊断(准确率87.2%);Kassubek J等[14]的下丘脑定量方法提升了分析鲁棒性;Khairandish等人[15]的卷积神经网络-支持向量机(convolutional neural network-support vector machine,CNN-SVM)混合模型在脑肿瘤检测中达到98.495 9%准确率。
然而,现阶段电站煤粉锅炉火焰辐射图像测温法在应用中仍面临一些挑战。若镜头视野范围内存在结焦或飞灰,则该处辐射强度偏低,计算后的温度场无法反应真实火焰燃烧状况,且现阶段的研究都无法消除探测器镜头表面结渣对测量结果带来的影响。鉴于上述问题,本文提出了一种融合火焰辐射图像和CNN的电站锅炉温度场在线监测方法消除结渣对计算温度场的不良影响,实现电站锅炉温度场的精确检测。
首先,通过黑体炉标定探测器,建立探测器单色辐射强度与图像强度的关系;其次,设计适合火焰图像处理的CNN模型(包含卷积层、激活函数层、池化层和全连接层),并利用现场采集锅炉的未结焦火焰辐射强度图像构建学习集,建立火焰辐射强度图像还原模型;最后,利用模拟结焦火焰图像验证该方法的测量精度。
卷积神经网络是一种专为处理图像等网格结构数据的深度学习模型。与常规经验公式的特征提取方式相比,CNN可以在无需专家知识的情况下直接提取图像中的关键信息,即深层特征。深层特征是CNN从火焰图像中获取的底层信息,这些信息通常不具有实际物理意义,由一些数字或符号组成[16]。CNN通常由卷积层、激活函数层、池化层和全连接层组成,具体如图1所示。
卷积层由若干个卷积核组成。特征映射是通过在输入特征映射上滑动卷积核来生成的,该过程可表示为:
hj=iwijxi+bj
式中:hj为第j个输出映射;xi为第i个输入映射;bj为第j个输出映射的偏置参数;wij为第i个输入映射连接到第j个输出映射的权重;⊗为卷积运算,可以看作是一种特殊的线性变换。
卷积运算完成后,常使用激活函数。常用的激活函数包括sigmoid函数、tanh函数和Relu函数[17],分别为:
sigmoid(h)=11+eh
tanh(h)=eheheh+eh
Relu(h)=max(0,h)
常用的池化运算包括最大池化和平均池化[18],分别为:
MaxPool(R)=maxi,jRxi,j
AvgPool(R)=1|R|i,jRxi,j
全连接层用于建立图像特征与图像标签的非线性映射关系,全连接运算可以表示为:
y=Wx+b
式中:xRm为输入向量;yRn为输出向量;WRm×n为权重参数;bRn为偏置参数;mn分别为向量的行数和列数。
互补金属氧化物半导体(complementary metal oxide semiconductor,CMOS)相机是一种利用CMOS传感器捕捉图像的数字相机。CMOS传感器是一种光电传感器,能够通过每个像素独立的光电转换电路将光信号转换为电信号,图像中的每一个像素可直接输出或经片上处理生成R、G、B 3个通道的信号,均为相对强度。因此必须对CMOS相机输出进行绝对强度标定[18],标定过程在黑体炉上进行。
对于实际物体,R通道和G通道的辐射强度为:
IR(λr,T)=εrC1λr5eC2λrT
IG(λg,T)=εgC1λg5eC2λgT
式中:ε为实际物体的发射率;C1为第一辐射常数,取3.742×10–16C2为第二辐射常数,取1.438 8×10–2λr为R通道特征波长,取650×10–9 m;λg为G通道特征波长,取550×10–9 m。
本文在相机CMOS传感器的前端设置了双带通滤色片,响应波长分别为550 nm和650 nm,半带宽为10 nm。双带通滤色片的2个响应波长较近,根据灰体假设[2],则εrεg
由式(8)、式(9)可得实际物体温度为:
T=C21λr1λgln(IRIGλr5λg5)
在测温过程中,实际物体R通道和G通道辐射强度由标定曲线得到。
结构相似度(structural similarity,SSIM)[19]是一种表征两幅图像相似度的方法,该方法从亮度、对比度、结构3个方面对两幅图像进行比较。其定义式为:
δSSIM(x,y)=(2μxμy+C1)(2σxy+C2)(μx2+μy2+C1)(σx2+σy2+C2)
δSSIM的取值范围为[–1,1],δSSIM越接近1,表明两幅图像的相似性越强。当两幅图完全相同即x=y时,δSSIMxy)=1。
峰值信噪比δPSNR(peak signal-to-noise ratio,PSNR)评价方法是应用最广的图像质量评价方法[20]。分辨率为M×N的图像δPSNR表达式如下:
δPSNR=10×lgfmax21M×Nx=0M1y=0N1[f(x,y)f0(x,y)]2
式中:fxy)为待评价的图像;f0xy)为原始图像;fmax2为图像的最大灰度值。
δPSNR(dB)值越大,代表重建图像与原始图像差异越小,图像质量相对越高。一般来说,当δPSNR大于28 dB时,两图像差异就已不明显;当δPSNR大于35 dB时,人眼几乎看不出两图像的差别。
在标定过程中,设定黑体炉温度为800~1 440 ℃。标定曲线建立了单色辐射强度、图像强度(rg)和曝光时间τ之间的关系,具体如图2所示。使用黑体炉校准火焰探测器后,对标定曲线进行温度测量验证,验证结果表明测温的最大相对误差小于2%,最大绝对误差为18 K,此测温误差满足电站锅炉燃烧监测需求。
现场试验在华能丹东电厂1号锅炉进行。试验所用锅炉为亚临界一次中间再热单炉膛固态排渣平衡通风自然循环汽包锅炉,制造厂家为英国B&W锅炉厂,额定功率300 MW。
研究过程在锅炉旋流燃烧器的二次风通道内安装了火焰图像探测器(图3)。高精度火焰图像探测器由火检冷却风进行冷却,长期运行温度在45 ℃以下,保证系统的安全。探测器所用CMOS相机为大恒图像的MER2-052-120GC-P,设计参数见表1
燃烧监测系统示意如图4所示。该燃烧检测系统由6个高精度探测器、交换机、电子间控制器及服务器、冷却风机及冷却风管路和相关信号传输线组成。火焰图像探测器采集火焰图像数据保存至工控机中。
1号探测器对应的高精度探测器采集得到的典型火焰图像如图5所示。其中,图5a)—图5d)采集曝光时间分别为28、39、33、34 us。由典型火焰图像得到单色辐射强度场如图6图9所示。由双色法测温原理可知,辐射强度越高的区域其图像的相对强度(即R、G值)越高。若探测器镜头被结渣遮挡,会使遮挡处图像强度偏低,计算出的单色辐射强度也会偏低。
本文将典型火焰图像通过算法在火焰核心区域即图像强度较高的区域添加覆盖物,模拟实际探测器镜头被结渣遮挡所拍摄下来的火焰图像,具体如图10所示。根据添加遮挡物后火焰图像(图11a)—图11d))计算火焰单色辐射强度场分别如图11图14所示。可以看出火焰核心区域辐射强度存在突变,遮挡处的辐射强度明显低于火焰其他区域,计算得到的温度场存在异常区域,异常区域的温度场明显低于周边火焰区域。
计算结果错误可能会使运行人员对锅炉运行状态造成误判,对运行参数进行错误的调整,严重影响电厂运行安全稳定。为解决该问题,本文利用卷积神经网络对现场采集的大量火焰图像和模拟结渣图像进行比对学习,使模型能够处理结渣火焰图像输出未结渣的火焰图像。
服务器配置参数见表2。为了研究不同学习集数量对模型学习效果的影响,试验设置了不同学习集数量,模型学习完毕后得到每个模型的SSIM来表征模型学习效果的优劣,同时记录下每个模型的学习时间。模型训练所用的学习集图像由1号探测器进行采集。每张火焰图像像素为300×403,卷积层设置3×3卷积核,64个滤波器;训练设置使用Adam优化器、最大训练轮数20、每次训练批量大小32,初始学习率0.000 1。将得到的结果绘制折线图(图15)。由图15可以看出:学习集图像数量较少时(小于1 000张),随着数量提升,δSSIM提升较快,即模型学习效果提升较快;但在学习集图像数量大于1 000后,δSSIM提升放缓,逐渐趋近于1,在学习集图像数量3 000时达到峰值0.998 9,说明该模型学习效果最佳;当学习集图像数量为4 000和6 000张时,δSSIM相较于3 000略有降低,但仍在0.99~1.00;学习时间随着学习集图像数量的增加近似线性增加。由此可得出学习集图像数量为3 000张的模型学习效果最佳,其δSSIM为0.998 9,符合工程要求。在后续计算中,将选用学习效果最佳模型还原存在结渣的火焰图像。
接下来选取一个模拟结渣的火焰图像,使用已训练好的模型进行还原,得到修复后的图像如图16所示。将修复后的图像与原始图像对比,得到修复后图像δSSIM=0.997 5≈1、δPSNR=50.55 dB>45 dB,结果表明修复后的图像与原始图像已非常相似。
由修复后的图像得到R通道和G通道的火焰辐射图像如图17所示。由图17可知:火焰辐射强度分布呈火焰明亮区域高,较黑暗区域低;在火焰中心区域650 nm波长下的最高达到2.58 × 109 (W/m3·sr),550 nm波长下的辐射强度最高达到5.6×108 (W/m3·sr)。
结渣火焰图像、原始火焰图像、修复后火焰图像的温度场如图18所示。由图18可以看出:结渣火焰温度场在火焰中心区域存在突变,结渣遮挡部位温度为1 000 K,与实际不符,且火焰中心最高温度达2 525 K,由原始火焰温度场可知火焰中心最高温度为1 566 K,误差达61.2%,与实际火焰温度场存在巨大出入,这表明若有结渣遮挡火焰图像计算出来的温度场无法反映真实情况;对于修复后的火焰图像得到的温度场,温度分布与实际几乎一致,且火焰中心最高温度为1 588 K,误差为1.4%,符合工程需求,计算结果表明修复后的火焰图像能较好地还原出实际的温度场。
为了探究结渣面积(结渣所占像素/火焰所占像素)对还原效果的影响规律,将原始火焰图像添加不同面积的遮挡物,利用模型进行还原,将还原后的图像与原始图像进行对比得到每组图像的δSSIMδPSNR。结渣面积对测温精度的影响如图19所示。由图19可知,随着结渣面积的增加,δSSIM降低,表明模型修复效果变差,但δSSIM仍处于较高水平。当遮挡物面积为30%时,温度测量最大相对误差为0.7%,δSSIM=0.978 9,δPSNR=39.32 dB。
为了探究1号探测器采集的图像作为学习集训练模型对其他探测器图像结焦的修复效果,将2号、3号、4号、5号探测器采集的图像添加上模拟结焦。设置添加的结焦数均为2个,遮挡面积在5%左右。将这4张结焦图像使用已训练好的模型进行还原,得到的修复图像与原始图像、结焦图像进行对比,结果如图20所示。由图20可知,3号和4号修复图像在原结焦处有明显的结焦轮廓,存在明显的突变。计算4张图像的δSSIMδPSNR,结果如图21所示。由图21可知,2号图像的δSSIMδPSNR分别为0.987和39.64 dB,3号图像的δSSIMδPSNR分别为0.975和30.47 dB,4号图像的δSSIMδPSNR分别为0.981和35.59 dB,5号图像的δSSIMδPSNR分别为0.989和40.17 dB。3号和4号图像的还原效果较差,2号和5号图像的还原效果较好。表明修复图像来源必须与模型所用学习集来源一致,若不一致会导致修复效果较差。
1)本文提出的融合火焰辐射图像和CNN的温度场在线监测方法,通过黑体炉标定和灰体假设,实现了高精度的火焰温度场计算,最大相对误差小于2%,满足工程需求。
2)设计的CNN模型能够有效学习火焰图像特征,消除结焦遮挡干扰,修复后图像的δSSIM接近1,δPSNR超过45 dB,测量温度相对误差1.4%,修复准确性高。
3)试验表明,模型性能受学习集大小和结焦面积影响。当学习集图像数量较少时增加学习集图像数量能使修复效果显著提升;但学习集图像数量大于3 000后,修复效果提升不再显著。随着结焦面积增大,模型修复效果降低。最佳学习效果模型对结焦面积30%的图像仍能保持较高修复精度(δSSIM=0.978 9),测量温度最大误差0.7%。
4)用1号探测器采集的图像作为学习集训练的模型修复3号、4号探测器的结焦图像,δPSNR分别为30.47和35.59,修复效果较差。在后续实际应用中,修复图像来源必须与模型所用学习集来源一致。
该方法解决了火焰辐射图像测温中因探测器结焦导致的温度场失真问题,为电站锅炉的燃烧状态实时监测和运行优化提供了可靠的技术手段,具有重要的工程应用价值。然而,本研究仍存在以下局限性:一方面,模型目前仅针对特定燃烧负荷和锅炉工况进行了验证,其对不同运行条件的适应性需进一步研究;另一方面,结渣形状对修复效果的影响尚未量化,未来需通过实验设计深入分析这些因素的作用机制。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52176144)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202504094
  • 接收时间:2025-04-20
  • 首发时间:2025-11-13
  • 出版时间:2026-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-20
  • 修回日期:2025-06-30
  • 录用日期:2025-07-02
基金
General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(52176144)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52176144)
作者信息
    1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    2.华能国际电力股份有限公司丹东电厂,辽宁 丹东 118300
    3.南京理工大学能源与动力工程学院,江苏 南京 210094

通讯作者:

闫伟杰(1985),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为燃烧测试技术,
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多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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