Article(id=1271501733713879252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1271501633826530070, articleNumber=PA20260121_9nxFtqfP, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202504083, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1744041600000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-08, revisedDate=1750262400000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-19, acceptedDate=1750780800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-06-25, onlineDate=1781079236677, onlineDateStr=2026-06-10, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781079236676, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781079236676, creator=admin, updateTime=1781079236676, updator=admin, issue=Issue{id=1271501633826530070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='186', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781079212860, creator='ztmeta', updateTime=1786698917413, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072383149301815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1271501633826530070, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072383149301816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1271501633826530070, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=102, endPage=112, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1271501734951198935, articleId=1271501733713879252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Optimization of equipment capacity in renewable energy hydrogen production park based on electrolyzer efficiency and cost model, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the intermittent and unstable power output issues in hydrogen production from renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power, it is crucial to achieve the optimal configuration of green power hydrogen production equipment. The discrete combinatorial optimization algorithms and multi-objective shuffled frog leaping algorithms are study introduced to conduct optimization research on the planning of parks with pure photovoltaic, pure wind power, and photovoltaic-wind power hybrid systems for renewable energy generation. Models of electrolyzer system efficiency, operating power, cost, and capacity are constructed. The results show that in a hybrid system with a photovoltaic capacity of 2.60 MW and a wind power capacity of 3.80 MW, the lowest hydrogen levelized cost is 17.83 yuan/kg, and the full-load operating hours of the electrolyzer are approximately 3 400 hours. After optimization by the multi-objective shuffled frog leaping algorithm, the optimal configuration is a photovoltaic capacity of 1.50 MW and a wind power capacity of 0.55 MW, with a maximum hydrogen production of 2 949.62 kg. The photovoltaic-wind power hybrid system can not only reduce the hydrogen levelized cost but also increase the full-load operating time, providing a theoretical reference for the scientific planning of hydrogen production from renewable energy in the future.

, authors=Yu LIU, Yudong MAO, Kaimin YANG, Jiying LIU, authorsList=Yu LIU, Yudong MAO, Kaimin YANG, Jiying LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jiying LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1271501734875701462, articleId=1271501733713879252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=基于电解槽效率和成本模型的可再生能源制氢园区设备容量优化, columnId=1211002405437706993, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=热能科学研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了解决风、光等可再生能源发电制氢中电力输出的间歇性与不稳定性问题,实现绿电制氢设备的最优配置非常重要。研究引入离散组合优化算法与多目标蛙跳优化算法,针对纯光伏、纯风电和光伏-风电混合系统可再生能源发电的园区规划展开优化,构建电解槽系统效率与运行功率、成本与容量的模型。结果显示:在光伏容量2.60 MW和风电容量3.80 MW的混合系统中,氢平准化成本最低为17.83元/kg,电解槽满负荷小时数约3 400 h;经多目标蛙跳优化算法优化后,最优配置为光伏容量1.50 MW、风电容量0.55 MW,其最大制氢量2 949.62 kg。光伏-风电混合系统既能降低氢平准化成本,又能增加满负荷运行时间,可为未来可再生能源制氢的科学规划提供理论参考。

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刘宇(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为可再生能源制氢等,

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Guangdong Electric Power, 2024, 37(7): 22-31., articleTitle=Levelized cost optimization space analysis for wind-solar electrolytic water electrolyzing hydrogen generation, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1295064671350976728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501733713879252, awardId=2024YFE0106800, language=EN, fundingSource=National Key Research and Development Program(2024YFE0106800), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1295064671430668505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501733713879252, awardId=2024YFE0106800, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFE0106800), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1295064662245142679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501733713879252, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064662253531288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501733713879252, 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of MOSFLA optimization, figureFileSmall=wn2vkOPIznBKq1epoFPrIg==, figureFileBig=51VCJfV9k0bL+2HBb3cqnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064670788939985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501733713879252, language=CN, label=图11, caption=MOSFLA优化的帕累托前沿, figureFileSmall=wn2vkOPIznBKq1epoFPrIg==, figureFileBig=51VCJfV9k0bL+2HBb3cqnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064670851854546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501733713879252, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Optimal LCOHs under pure PV system conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号LCOH/(元·kg–1满载小时数/h光伏容量/MW电解槽容量/MWPV-PEM比率能源出口/(MW·h·a–1能源进口/(MW·h·a–1
131.481 5905.04.21.195 407.211 943.64
231.501 5115.04.41.145 097.132 039.20
331.511 6735.04.01.255 733.001 848.31
431.541 4405.04.61.094 801.392 135.26
531.571 7565.03.81.326 075.551 752.29
631.621 3595.04.81.044 521.622 231.33
731.671 5964.84.01.205 241.881 850.29
831.681 5184.84.21.144 929.611 945.73
931.691 8505.03.61.396 436.281 657.17
1031.701 6874.83.81.265 570.851 754.52
), ArticleFig(id=1295064670910574803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501733713879252, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

纯光伏系统条件下最优LCOH

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号LCOH/(元·kg–1满载小时数/h光伏容量/MW电解槽容量/MWPV-PEM比率能源出口/(MW·h·a–1能源进口/(MW·h·a–1
131.481 5905.04.21.195 407.211 943.64
231.501 5115.04.41.145 097.132 039.20
331.511 6735.04.01.255 733.001 848.31
431.541 4405.04.61.094 801.392 135.26
531.571 7565.03.81.326 075.551 752.29
631.621 3595.04.81.044 521.622 231.33
731.671 5964.84.01.205 241.881 850.29
831.681 5184.84.21.144 929.611 945.73
931.691 8505.03.61.396 436.281 657.17
1031.701 6874.83.81.265 570.851 754.52
), ArticleFig(id=1295064670960906452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501733713879252, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Optimal LCOHs under pure wind power system conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号LCOH/(元·kg–1满载小时数/h风电容量/MW电解槽容量/MWPV-PEM比率能源出口/(MW·h·a–1能源进口/(MW·h·a–1
122.303 1544.85.00.9622 016.061 833.00
222.413 1545.05.01.0023 590.481 833.00
322.533 1544.84.81.0022 646.861 759.68
422.571 5904.54.80.9420 459.771 759.68
522.603 1544.54.60.9820 916.031 686.36
622.653 1545.04.81.0424 221.281 759.68
722.711 5904.55.00.9020 141.771 833.00
822.731 5904.24.40.9519 222.991 613.04
922.793 1544.84.61.0423 277.661 686.36
1022.873 1544.54.41.0221 546.831 613.04
), ArticleFig(id=1295064671044792533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501733713879252, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

纯风电系统条件下最优LCOH

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号LCOH/(元·kg–1满载小时数/h风电容量/MW电解槽容量/MWPV-PEM比率能源出口/(MW·h·a–1能源进口/(MW·h·a–1
122.303 1544.85.00.9622 016.061 833.00
222.413 1545.05.01.0023 590.481 833.00
322.533 1544.84.81.0022 646.861 759.68
422.571 5904.54.80.9420 459.771 759.68
522.603 1544.54.60.9820 916.031 686.36
622.653 1545.04.81.0424 221.281 759.68
722.711 5904.55.00.9020 141.771 833.00
822.731 5904.24.40.9519 222.991 613.04
922.793 1544.84.61.0423 277.661 686.36
1022.873 1544.54.41.0221 546.831 613.04
), ArticleFig(id=1295064671116095702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501733713879252, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Optimal LCOHs under the conditions of photovoltaic wind power hybrid system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号LCOH/(元·kg–1满载小时数/h光伏容量/MW风电容量/MW电解槽容量/MW
117.833 3572.63.85
217.833 3782.83.55
317.833 3102.63.55
417.833 3762.64.05
517.833 4232.83.85
617.843 3612.83.35
717.843 2962.63.35
817.843 4452.84.05
917.843 4142.64.25
1017.853 3242.83.05
), ArticleFig(id=1295064671191593175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501733713879252, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

光伏-风电混合系统条件下最优的LCOH

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号LCOH/(元·kg–1满载小时数/h光伏容量/MW风电容量/MW电解槽容量/MW
117.833 3572.63.85
217.833 3782.83.55
317.833 3102.63.55
417.833 3762.64.05
517.833 4232.83.85
617.843 3612.83.35
717.843 2962.63.35
817.843 4452.84.05
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1017.853 3242.83.05
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基于电解槽效率和成本模型的可再生能源制氢园区设备容量优化
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刘宇 , 毛煜东 , 杨开敏 , 刘吉营
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2026,55(1): 102-112
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热力发电 |热能科学研究 2026 , 55 (1) : 102 -112
基于电解槽效率和成本模型的可再生能源制氢园区设备容量优化
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刘宇 , 毛煜东, 杨开敏, 刘吉营
作者信息
  • 山东建筑大学热能工程学院,山东 济南 250101
通讯作者:
刘吉营(1983),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为暖通空调系统与节能优化等,
作者简介:

刘宇(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为可再生能源制氢等,

Optimization of equipment capacity in renewable energy hydrogen production park based on electrolyzer efficiency and cost model
Yu LIU , Yudong MAO, Kaimin YANG, Jiying LIU
Affiliations
  • School of Thermal Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
出版时间: 2026-01-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202504083
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为了解决风、光等可再生能源发电制氢中电力输出的间歇性与不稳定性问题,实现绿电制氢设备的最优配置非常重要。研究引入离散组合优化算法与多目标蛙跳优化算法,针对纯光伏、纯风电和光伏-风电混合系统可再生能源发电的园区规划展开优化,构建电解槽系统效率与运行功率、成本与容量的模型。结果显示:在光伏容量2.60 MW和风电容量3.80 MW的混合系统中,氢平准化成本最低为17.83元/kg,电解槽满负荷小时数约3 400 h;经多目标蛙跳优化算法优化后,最优配置为光伏容量1.50 MW、风电容量0.55 MW,其最大制氢量2 949.62 kg。光伏-风电混合系统既能降低氢平准化成本,又能增加满负荷运行时间,可为未来可再生能源制氢的科学规划提供理论参考。

可再生能源  /  绿色制氢  /  电解槽  /  离散组合优化  /  多目标蛙跳优化算法

To address the intermittent and unstable power output issues in hydrogen production from renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power, it is crucial to achieve the optimal configuration of green power hydrogen production equipment. The discrete combinatorial optimization algorithms and multi-objective shuffled frog leaping algorithms are study introduced to conduct optimization research on the planning of parks with pure photovoltaic, pure wind power, and photovoltaic-wind power hybrid systems for renewable energy generation. Models of electrolyzer system efficiency, operating power, cost, and capacity are constructed. The results show that in a hybrid system with a photovoltaic capacity of 2.60 MW and a wind power capacity of 3.80 MW, the lowest hydrogen levelized cost is 17.83 yuan/kg, and the full-load operating hours of the electrolyzer are approximately 3 400 hours. After optimization by the multi-objective shuffled frog leaping algorithm, the optimal configuration is a photovoltaic capacity of 1.50 MW and a wind power capacity of 0.55 MW, with a maximum hydrogen production of 2 949.62 kg. The photovoltaic-wind power hybrid system can not only reduce the hydrogen levelized cost but also increase the full-load operating time, providing a theoretical reference for the scientific planning of hydrogen production from renewable energy in the future.

renewable energy  /  green hydrogen production  /  electrolyzer  /  discrete combinatorial optimization  /  multi-objective shuffled frog leaping optimization algorithm
刘宇, 毛煜东, 杨开敏, 刘吉营. 基于电解槽效率和成本模型的可再生能源制氢园区设备容量优化. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (1) : 102 -112 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202504083
Yu LIU, Yudong MAO, Kaimin YANG, Jiying LIU. Optimization of equipment capacity in renewable energy hydrogen production park based on electrolyzer efficiency and cost model[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (1) : 102 -112 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202504083
随着气候变化的加剧和全球化石燃料储量的枯竭[1],发展可再生能源技术对于实现“双碳”目标至关重要[2]。当前,全球正加速向可持续和零碳能源系统转型[3]。氢能作为一种清洁能源是目前发展势头强劲的可再生能源之一[4]。氢气的来源多种多样,主要分为灰氢、蓝氢和绿氢[5]。随着技术的进步和可再生能源的成本效益提高,预计未来绿氢的份额将显着增加[6],基于可再生能源的发电厂通过水电解制取绿氢有望在这一发展中发挥关键作用[7]。通过电解水制氢是充分利用剩余可再生能源的不错选择[8]。电解水制氢技术具有动态响应速度快、体积紧凑和环保无污染等优势[9],应用越来越广泛。可再生能源制氢技术主要有碱性水电解、质子交换膜(proton exchange membrane,PEM)水电解和固体氧化物水电解3种制氢技术路线[10]
可再生能源制氢领域的研究正日益深入。文献[11]以风电制氢为例,针对“风电+PEM电制氢”系统,提出了3种双层规划模型,对制氢系统全生命周期进行经济性分析。梁涛等[12]提出使用多目标金鹰算法对可再生能源制氢系统运行优化求解Pareto最优解集,结果表明该方法可以获得更优的优化结果。此外,为解决风能、太阳能的波动性、间歇性等问题,他还采用深度强化学习连续近端策略优化算法设计了适合解决可再生能源制氢系统调度问题的深度强化学习模型,并具有一定的可行性和有效性[13]
将不同的可再生能源发电厂合并在一个可再生能源园区,可以进一步提高其他可再生能源在不同时期占主导地位地区的氢气产量。Hussam等人[14]分析了科威特某发电厂利用可再生混合能源系统生产氢气的技术经济可行性,包括使用光伏、风力涡轮机和电池的离网,使用光伏和风力涡轮机并网,以及使用光伏、风力涡轮机和燃料电池的离网,可以最大限度降低能源成本、氢气成本和净现成本。在可再生能源的优化配置领域,Li等人[15]提出了一种含氢分布式能源供应系统和一种改进的随电负载策略,并设计了一种旨在提高其经济、环境和能源效益的最优配置模型,最终获得含氢分布式能源系统内部设备的最优容量。
文献[16]风能和太阳能的互补特性有助于更好地匹配用户负荷的波动,促进可再生能源的消纳,并保障系统运行的安全性和稳定性。针对风光互补发电系统中的风能、太阳能发电特性,通过实验对影响风能、太阳能系统达到最优功率工作点的基本参数风速、风轮半径、负载、温度、光照强度等进行了研究。文献[17]针对风力发电、光伏发电二者存在的随机性和波动性问题,研究了风电和光伏在时间上的互补性,建立了储能容量最小、运营成本最低的微电网优化配置模型。陈梦萍等[18]通过对风光互补发电系统与电解水制氢系统的输出、输入功率进行建模仿真,改善了风光发电电解水制氢系统与系统负荷之间的负荷不平衡问题。Zhang等人[19]建立了用于制氢的PEM电解槽系统,并推导出相应的效率表达式,论证了互补光伏-风能优化制氢具有良好的经济潜力。
尽管现有研究已证实混合光伏-风电系统在制氢领域具备优越性能[20],但对电解槽成本的精细化建模,尤其是考虑其容量变化影响的研究尚有不足。此外,电解槽效率无论是理论模型还是经验模型,都呈现出对运行功率的非线性响应。若忽略这一特性,将导致氢气产量计算产生偏差。部分研究基于经验数据提出了电解槽效率曲线[21]。综上所述,采用精确的电解槽效率模型对于提升制氢系统分析的准确性至关重要。考虑到可再生能源发电厂输出功率的波动性,采用恒定效率值可能导致电解槽负荷小时数的评估失真,故本研究采用非线性回归拟合方法构建电解槽成本与效率模型,并深入探讨光伏与风电在PEM电解槽制氢系统中的最优容量配置。研究开展2种规划优化案例。第一案例以最小化氢气平准化成本(levelized cost of hydrogen,LCOH)为目标函数,旨在确定光伏、风电与PEM电解槽的最优装机容量;第二案例侧重于确定光伏与风力发电容量之间的最优比例,以最大化氢气产量并最小化与电网之间的能量交换。考虑到LCOH在大规模应用中的关键作用,第一优化方案采用离散组合优化方法以确保全局最优解;为精准得到光伏与风力发电之间的容量比例,第二方案在更大搜索空间内引入多目标蛙跳优化算法(multi objective shuffled frog leaping algorithm,MOSFLA),以期在更大的搜索空间内获得更优的解集。
可再生能源园区是部署可再生能源利用的特定区域,园区内能源配置形式多样,既可是单一的可再生能源,也可是多种并存,研究将其与PEM电解槽集成,以实现绿氢生产。园区内所有发电设备均通过各自的电流转换器连接至交流母线。例如,光伏通过逆变器将直流电转换为交流电接入母线,另一方面,电解槽则需整流器将母线的交流电转换为直流电,将水电解产生氢气和氧气,在此过程中,水先经过水处理设备,且电解槽需一系列配套设备维持系统平衡。水电解会产生热量,需冷却,阴极侧产生的氢气经干燥器除湿后储存在氢罐中,需要压缩机进行压缩,阳极侧产生的氧气通常直接排入大气。这些平衡装置运行会消耗电能,导致电解槽整体系统效率降低。
由于可再生能源装置输出功率的不确定性,有时即使以最小运行功率运行,可再生能源装置的输出功率也不足以提供电解槽运行所需的功率。为确保电解槽能够持续稳定运行,该可再生能源园区接入外部电网,实现可再生能源园区与上游电网之间的能量传输,具体如图1所示。当园区电力不足或过剩时,有效平衡了园区内的电力供应,保障设备正常运行。
yh小时可再生能源总输出功率PRE,hy计算如式(1)。若PRE,hy小于电解槽的最小运行功率,则可再生能源园区将从上游引入电力Pimport,hy,如式(2);若PRE,hy高于电解槽的额定功率PEL,rated,可再生能源园区将其多余的功率Pexport,hy输出到电网中,如式(3)。
PRE,h,y=PPV,h,y+PWT,h,y
Pimport,h,y=PEL,rated×0.05+PRE,h,y
Pexport,h,y=PRE,h,y+PEL,rated
式中:PRE,hy为可再生能源总输出实时功率,MW;Pimport,hy为园区引入电网的实时功率,MW;Pexport,hy为园区输出到电网的实时功率,MW;PPV,hy为光伏实时功率,MW;PWT,hy为风电实时功率,MW;PEL,rated为电解槽额定功率,MW。
建立可再生能源园区各组成部分和电解槽成本的数学模型。建模时,为了确保绿色制氢不受削减,整个系统在不限制储氢的条件下展开,因此,储氢规模并非约束因素之一。基于该假设,计算LCOH时不考虑储氢成本。
光伏阵列的输出功率受到太阳辐射强度和光伏组件温度的影响,因此,光伏阵列采用稳态模型:
Ppv,out=PPV,ratedfdGTIGstc(1+kp(TpvTstc))Ploss
式中:PPV,rated为光伏组件的额定功率,MW;fd光伏组件的衰减系数;GTI为太阳辐照强度,kW/m2Gstc为在标准测试条件下的太阳辐射常数,kW/m2kp为影响光伏组件输出功率的温度系数;Tpv为光伏组件的温度,℃;Tstc标准测试条件下光伏组件的温度,℃;Ploss光伏组件的损失系数。
济南市光伏板的安装倾角为32°,太阳辐照强度要通过水平太阳辐射强度求得:
GTI=GHIsin(σ+θ)sinσ
式中:σ为仰俯角;θ为光伏组件的倾斜角,济南市为32°;GHI为水平太阳辐射强度,kW/m2
σ=90φ+δ
δ=23.4cos[360365(d+284)]
式中:φ为济南市的纬度,其值为36.7°;δ为济南市的赤纬角;d为日指数。
通过气象数据(环境温度、水平太阳辐射强度、风速等)对光伏组件温度按下式进行预测:
Tpv=GHIe(r1+r2×ν)+Ta
式中:Ta为环境温度,℃;v当地风速,m/s;r1r2均为常数,r1=–3.139,r2=–0.305。
风力发电机组的功率与风速有关,在理论上风电机组的输出功率为:
Pwt=0.5ηwtρAcp(λ,β)ν3
式中:ρ为空气密度,m3/kg;A为风力发电机的叶片扫过的面积,m2ηwt为风力发电机的机械效率;cp为风力发电机的功率系数,即叶尖速比λ和叶片浆距角β的函数。
建立风电机组的多项式模型,采用风力发电机组功率曲线表的数据进行拟合,得到风电机组的数学模型,绘制1 MW风力发电机功率曲线如图2所示。当风速较小未达到切入风速时,输出功率为零,当达到切入风速时,则开始产生电能(图2区域1);随着风速的越来越高到达额定风速时,按照额定功率运行,当达到切断风速时,停止运转(图2区域3)。风力发电机组的输出功率与风速的关系可以看作为分段函数,切入风速与额定风速之间(图2区域2)建立了输出功率与风速的多项式模型[22]
Pwt(ν)=kiνi+ki1νi1++k1ν+k0
式中:k1,…,ki为系数;k0为常数;i为多项式的次数。采用多项式回归的方法确定k0,…,ki的值。
计算了采用多项式模型拟合得出的功率与数据表中所给的功率之间的标准化均方根误差,多项式的次数越高,标准化均方根误差越小,为了简化模型,采用7次多项式对图2功率曲线中的区域2进行拟合。
由于每台风力机都会有不同的轮毂高度,通常较大的风力机轮毂高度较高;然而,只有部分特定轮毂高度的风速数据可以在网上获得,比如10、50、100 m。因此,为了计算风力机的输出功率,将根据式(11)用每个风力机的轮毂高度对风速数据进行调整。
ν(z1)ν(z2)=(z1z2)α
式中:z为轮毂距离地面的高度,m;α为风切变指数,取α=0.143。
在王尊博等[23]对电解槽建模的基础上对电解槽效率进行建模,得到电解槽系统的效率与其运行效率的关系曲线如图3所示。
根据仿真所得系统效率与运行效率的关系曲线,采用指数模型为:
ηel=b1+b2Pel+b3e(b4PelPel,rated)
拟合得到参数b1=76.578 5,b2=–0.016 2,b3=–87.945 0,b4=–47.371 8。
电解槽产生的氢气和用水量为:
mH2=ηelPelHHVH2
mH2O=30.3mH2
式中:HHVH2为氢气的高热值为38.9 (kW·h)/kg。
基于Reksten等人[24]对PEM电解槽未来成本的研究中给出的电解槽成本数据,使用非线性拟合模型拟合出电解槽成本曲线,拟合模型如下:
CEl=a×(1e(bPEl,rated))c
式中:PEl,rated为电解槽额定功率;abc为拟合参数;CEl为电解槽成本,元/kW。
得出参数a=7 934.734 32,b=0.116 99,c=–0.254 88,图4展示了通过使用非线性拟合模型拟合得出的PEM电解槽成本曲线。
整个可再生能源制氢园区的成本除了电解槽的成本以外还包含可再生能源设备(光伏和风电)的投资成本、运行及维护成本、电解槽的运行及维护成本、电解槽冷却用水和生产氢气的用水成本、从电网购电成本。根据政策风力发电的投资成本约为380万元/MW,光伏发电的投资成本约为345万元/MW,风电的运行及维护成本按照风电成本的3%计算,光伏的运行及维护成本按照光伏成本的2%计算。电解槽的运行及维护成本按照电解槽成本的2%计算。济南市非居民用水价格为6.05元/m3,从国家电网查得购电成本,电价采用两部制电价。
为了探寻以LCOH较低为目标的纯光伏制氢系统、纯风电制氢系统和混合制氢系统的最佳容量配置,将光伏和电解槽额定功率的变化范围设置为PPV,ratedPEL,rated=[1:0.25:5],风力发电额定功率设置为PWT,rated=[1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.3 2.5 .75 3 3.3 3.5 3.8 4 4.2 4.5 4.8 5]。
针对离散组合优化首先获取太阳辐照度、风速、干球温度等气象数据,然后纯光伏制氢系统、纯风电制氢系统和混合制氢系统分别生成了441、357和7 497种组合。针对每种组合,依次计算电力平衡、制氢量、水消耗量,以及投资成本、运行维护成本、电力成本、水消耗成本,再据此算出氢的平准化成本和满载小时数,最终分类找出最小氢的平准化成本及其对应的满载小时数。采用离散组合优化的流程(图5)。计算各组合氢的平准化成本LCOH和电解槽的满载小时数ELfulloadhour,对每种组合进行对比分析,其公式分别如下:
LCOH=y=1Y(Cinvesty+CO&My+Cwatery+CETy)/(1+r)yy=1YmH2y/(1+r)y
ELfullloadhour=h=1HYPEL,h,y/PEL,ratedHY
式中:Cinvesty为投资成本,元;C0&My为运维成本,元;Cwatery为用水成本,元;CETy为电力成本,元;mH2y为制氢量,kg。
在确定园区内光伏和风电制取绿色氢的最佳容量比时,无论电解槽的大小研究均采用较小规模的增量步长。由于该步长设置会增加计算量,为满足算力需求,研究采用一种元启发式多目标优化算法—多目标蛙跳算法,来获得近似最优解。图6展示了在特定电解槽容量下采用MOSFLA模型得到最佳光伏和风力发电容量比的流程。
优化流程首先确定初始输入数据,包括天气数据以及光伏和风力发电的额定功率阵列。阵列中的容量大小标幺值(p.u.)表示相对于电解槽容量的数值。将电解槽的标称容量定义为1来表示电解槽的任意容量。优化过程中,光伏和风电的容量变化设置在0~2的范围内,设置该约束主要考虑到风电可能一直存在,1个容量为2的风力涡轮机足以连续供应最大容量为1的电解槽。将步长设置为0.01,光伏和风电的容量变化范围设置为:
PPVMOSFLA,PWTMOSFLA=[0:0.01:2]
采用MOSFLA模型优化时首先进行参数初始化,随机生成100个蛙的种群,即随机生成光伏与风电的组合。对MOSFLA模型优化中与目标函数相关的各粒子进行适应度检查,采用非支配排序(pareto non-dominated sorting)评估个体适应度。优化中考虑最大化绿色制氢和最小化可再生能源发电厂部署成本2个目标函数。
OF1=maxh=1HmH2,h
OF2=minh=1HPexport,h
按青蛙适应度值排序,将其划分到20个族群中,每个族群5只青蛙。依次把适应度最优的青蛙分配到各族群,保证每个族群有较优个体引导搜索,保证族群的多样性。
确定各族群的最优蛙Pb和最差蛙PW,按式(21)更新蛙位置步长D,按式(22)更新最差蛙位置。所有子群体完成局部搜索后,重组为新的种群,重新评估个体适应度,更新Pareto前沿。达到最大迭代次数时输出最终的Pareto前沿解集。
D=rand×(PbPw)
Pw=Pw+D
与传统多目标遗传算法相比,MOSFLA模型通过“族群局部搜索-全局重组”机制提升了优化效率,一方面族群的划分确保了搜索空间的均匀覆盖,避免了传统遗传算法中“精英保留策略”导致的早熟收敛;另一方面蛙位置更新式(21)引入随机扰动因子rand,增强了对复杂非线性目标函数的适应性。仿真表明,MOSFLA模型的Pareto前沿解集在总容量2.05 MW的制氢量2 949.62 kg,MOSFLA模型的解集分布更为均匀,验证了该算法在处理风光互补系统多目标优化问题时的优越性。
针对电价和电解槽成本对LCOH的影响进行敏感性分析,光伏投资成本设定为345万元/MW,运维成本按照投资成本的2%设置[23-25],风电投资成本为380万/MW,运维成本按投资成本的3%设置[26],给定电解槽成本和电价一个基准值,电解槽投资成本的基准值是通过式(15)的成本模型计算得出,其运维成本按投资成本的2%设置,电价的基准值采用的是从国家电网获取的济南市工业两部制逐时电价数据,电价变化指对全年8 760 h的电价进行等比例的调整。电解槽水消耗量为0.89 kg/m3(以单位体积H2计,下同),制氢量为1 000 m3/h设置[27]。分析时,在基准值的基础上,将电价和电解槽成本分别在±15%的范围内,以5%为步长进行单因素调整变化,即调整一个变量时另一个变量保持基准值不变进行计算LCOH。图7为3个系统LCOH对电价和电解槽成本敏感性。图7分析表明,电价和电解槽成本与LCOH均呈现正相关的趋势,其中电价波动对3类系统的LCOH影响均较小。对于纯光伏系统,在给定的电价波动区间内LCOH为48.247~49.728元/kg(以单位体积H2计,下同),其变化范围较小,经计算其平均变化值约为0.004元/kg。这是由于光伏发电自供率较高,电网购电占比小,且购售电价同步变化削弱了净成本影响。而电解槽成本每降低10%,纯光伏系统LCOH下降约7.2%,印证了设备成本对该系统的核心影响。
对于纯风电系统,电价每变化5%,LCOH平均波动约0.005元/kg,尽管其波动在3类系统中相对最大,但整体成本依然较小,这可能归因于风电输出的间歇性导致电力调配对外部电价更为敏感。同时,电解槽成本变化对风电系统LCOH的影响也很大,但与光伏系统相比影响较小,当电解槽成本降低30%时,LCOH从57.346元/kg下降到48.143元/kg,电解槽成本每降低5%,LCOH随之下降约1.5元/kg,电解槽成本的敏感性比较高。
光伏风电混合系统在电价方面展现出比较好的抗扰动能力,当电价上下浮动15%时,LCOH从38.303元/kg变化到38.896元/kg,仅变化了0.593元/kg,说明混合系统能够降低电价波动引起的成本变化。在电解槽成本方面对于混合系统的LCOH的影响仍然很显著,当电解槽成本在基准值上下浮动15%时,LCOH从35.838元/kg变化到41.360元/kg,总波动幅度为5.522元/kg。这表明电解槽技术的成本优化对于降低混合系统制氢成本至关重要。
3类系统中LCOH随电价波动均很小,电解槽成本对系统经济性影响的差异显著。纯光伏系统对设备成本敏感性较高,纯风电系统受电价波动影响相对突出,光伏-风电混合系统中LCOH受影响较小,混合系统能源互补特性展现出对成本波动更好的适应性。这表明在降低LCOH的策略制定中,可以通过混合系统的优化能源配置来实现较小的成本波动,为制氢项目的经济性优化和风险规避提供了重要决策依据。
对于纯光伏可再生能源发电系统,式(4)中的fdkp分别为0.5%和–0.003 6,光伏组件倾斜角度θ为32°。根据如图5所示最佳LCOH的计算方法,通过迭代441个纯光伏系统条件下不同光伏-电解槽配置组合,选择其中10个最小的LCOH值见表1。光伏和PEM电解槽容量在1~5 MW内,纯光伏系统的LCOH的平均值为31.60元/kg,平均满载小时数为1 598 h。光伏和PEM电解槽容量分别为5.0、4.2 MW时,纯光伏系统LCOH最小(31.48元/kg),此时电解槽满负荷时长约为1 590 h,经济性较低。
此外,特定电解槽容量下光伏容量增量与LCOH的关系如图8所示。可以看出,LCOH不随光伏容量的变化而线性增加或减少。当光伏容量远小于电解槽的额定容量时,LCOH较高,因为系统需要更多的进口电力来运行电解槽最小运行容量。
LCOH随着光伏容量的增加而减小,并在某一时刻达到最优值;随着光伏容量继续增加,LCOH值逐渐增加。这是因为在达到最优值后,在较高的光伏容量下及高辐照强度下光伏发电系统的输出功率将大于电解槽额定功率;因此,这些能量将被输出到电网,而不是被转换成氢气。同时,光伏容量越大,光伏装置的投资成本越高,LCOH值也越高。光伏容量与电解槽容量的最佳容量比计算结果显示,在迭代达到仿真中最大光伏容量即5.0 MW之前,光伏容量与电解槽容量的最佳容量比约为2.2。
与纯光伏系统相比,风力发电具有全天可发电的优势,但其投资成本相对较高。仿真中使用的每台风力机都有自己的功率特性曲线和预期轮毂高度,因此每台风力机的容量因子均有所不同。按照风力机从小到大的容量顺序,每台风力机的容量因子为:
Cp=[0.24,0.23,0.21,0.22,0.29,0.31,0.34,0.29,0.43,0.44,0.43,0.45,0.41,0.52,0.56,0.45,0.50]
根据如图5最佳LCOH的计算方法,通过迭代357个纯风电系统条件下不同风电-电解槽配置组合,选择其中10个最小的LCOH值,具体如表2所示。纯风电系统LCOH的平均值为22.62元/kg。平均满载小时数为2 685 h。风电装机容量为4.8 MW,电解槽装机容量为5.0 MW时为最优组合,LCOH为22.3元/kg。可见,与光伏相比,选择风电为电解槽供电更经济。
图9为固定电解槽容量下风电容量与LCOH值的关系。可以看出,随着风电装机容量的增加,LCOH将增大,这可能是由于随着风电容量的增大初投资也增大。
风力发电机与PEM电解槽容量的最佳容量比计算结果表明,当电解槽容量在1.0~1.4 MW时,1.5 MW的风电功率较优,可以提供1.4 MW容量电解槽所需要的电力。
根据如图5最佳LCOH的计算方法,通过迭代7 497个光伏-风电混合系统条件下不同光伏-风电-电解槽配置组合,选择其中10个最小的LCOH值,具体如表3所示。可以看出,与纯风系统相比,光伏-风电混合系统将LCOH的平均值由22.62元/kg降低至17.84元/kg,降低了4.78元/kg。光伏-风电混合系统最优的LCOH为17.83元/kg,与邓振宇等[28]的研究相比LCOH降低了2.17元/kg。与表1表2对比可见,混合系统的平均LCOH较纯光伏降低43.54%,较纯风电降低21.13%;混合系统满负荷小时数较纯光伏提升1.1倍,较纯风电提升25.44%,从而验证了风光互补对设备利用率与经济性的双重优化。
采用MOSFLA模型对园区内可再生能源的容量配比进行优化,得到最大制氢量。以1表示电解槽容量,单位为p.u.,光伏和风电容量为电解槽容量的相对容量,对光伏-风电混合园区生产绿氢的规模进行优化模拟。模拟种群为100个,迭代50次。图10为采用MOSFLA进行10次模拟运算的结果。模拟得出最优配置为光伏容量1.50 MW,风电容量0.55 MW,总装机容量(风电与光伏)为2.05 MW时,可实现最大制氢量2 949.62 kg。从模拟结果可见,各次模拟所得的最优光伏容量、最优风电容量、最大制氢量以及最小总容量呈现出一定的离散性与规律性。光伏容量在整体系统配置中的占比相对重要且具有一定弹性,最优光伏容量在0.99~1.72 MW间波动,均值为1.50 MW。最优风电容量范围为0.04~0.96 MW,均值为0.55 MW,相较于光伏容量,其波动范围较大且整体均值相对较低。就最大制氢量而言,不同模拟次数下制氢量从2 587.44 kg至3 368.61 kg不等,平均值达到2 949.62 kg,反映出系统在不同的光伏、风电容量配比下,制氢能力存在差异,但整体的制氢水平较好。最小总容量方面,数值区间为1.52~2.66 MW,平均为2.05 MW,体现了系统在追求最大制氢量时,总容量在一定范围内变化。
图11为优化得到最大制氢量与最小总容量的帕累托前沿。整体来看,制氢量与总容量呈现正相关趋势,随着总容量的增加,制氢量随之上升,表明随着总容量的增加制氢量增加的幅度逐渐减小,同时成本也会随之增加。优化输出的最佳容量配置约为2.05 MW,此时制氢量约2 950 kg。
本研究针对光伏和风力发电为动力的水电解制氢系统进行了深入的规划与优化。考虑到可再生能源输出的间歇性对制氢经济性的影响,构建了电解槽系统效率与运行功率、投资成本与容量之间的详细数学模型,分别采用离散组合算法和多目标蛙跳优化算法,确定了使氢气平准化成本最小化的光伏、风电和电解槽的最优容量配置,优化光伏与风电最佳容量比,确定最大化氢气产量。主要研究结论如下。
1)在太阳能资源潜力较低的区域,纯光伏系统的LCOH高达每千克H2 31.48元;此外,纯光伏制氢系统中电解槽的满负荷运行小时数仅约1 590 h,表明其在经济性上存在较大劣势。
2)光伏与风电混合配置在电解槽满负荷运行小时数达到约3 400 h时,可实现最低LCOH,仅为每千克H2 17.83元。
3)随着光伏容量的增加,混合系统LCOH呈先下降后上升的趋势,表明存在一个最优容量配置。通过MOSFLA优化,最优配置为光伏容量1.50 MW、风电容量0.55 MW,总装机容量为2.05 MW时,可实现最大制氢量2 949.62 kg。在混合系统中风电相对于光伏具有更明显的优势。
4)与传统多目标遗传算法相比,MOSFLA通过“族群局部搜索-全局重组”机制提升了优化效率,在处理风光互补系统多目标优化问题时更具优越性。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFE0106800)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202504083
  • 接收时间:2025-04-08
  • 首发时间:2026-06-10
  • 出版时间:2026-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-08
  • 修回日期:2025-06-19
  • 录用日期:2025-06-25
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2024YFE0106800)
国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFE0106800)
作者信息
    山东建筑大学热能工程学院,山东 济南 250101

通讯作者:

刘吉营(1983),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为暖通空调系统与节能优化等,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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