Article(id=1271501723949539429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1271501633826530070, articleNumber=PA20260121_gBmu6l49, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202503016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741017600000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1742832000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-03-25, onlineDate=1781079234349, onlineDateStr=2026-06-10, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781079234348, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781079234348, creator=admin, updateTime=1781079234348, updator=admin, issue=Issue{id=1271501633826530070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='186', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781079212860, creator='ztmeta', updateTime=1786698917413, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072383149301815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1271501633826530070, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072383149301816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1271501633826530070, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=92, endPage=101, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1271501726529036393, articleId=1271501723949539429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Research progress on electrochemical synthesis of urea from carbon dioxide and nitrogen in coal-fired flue gas, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The efficient valorization of CO2 and N2 from power plant flue gas represents a critical pathway toward advancing the low-carbon transition of energy systems. Electrochemical synthesis of urea by directly coupling CO2 and N2 in flue gas under ambient conditions offers dual benefits: converting greenhouse gases into high-value fertilizers while achieving carbon mitigation and resource recycling. This review systematically summarizes recent advancements in this field, highlighting optimized reaction pathways through novel catalyst designs such as heterojunction catalysts and conductive MOFs, which enhance the synergistic activation of N2 and CO2 and improve C-N coupling efficiency, achieving a record Faradaic efficiency of 48% for urea production. Future breakthroughs should focus on developing bioinspired catalytic materials, integrating photo-electrocatalytic systems, and innovating renewable-powered integrated processes for carbon capture-conversion-product separation. By analyzing technical principles, engineering challenges, and industrial linkages, this work underscores the pivotal role of electrocatalytic urea synthesis in coordinated carbon-nitrogen management for coal-fired power plants, providing a forward-looking strategic thinking for scaling up this transformative technology.

, authors=Xiaowei FANG1, Yu SUN2, Guangjin ZHANG2, Xuehua ZHANG2, Xinghua LI1, Jie ZHANG3, Shujian ZHU4, authorsList=Xiaowei FANG, Yu SUN, Guangjin ZHANG, Xuehua ZHANG, Xinghua LI, Jie ZHANG, Shujian ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xuehua ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1271501726466121832, articleId=1271501723949539429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=电化学耦合燃煤烟气中二氧化碳与氮气合成尿素研究进展, columnId=1211002405437706993, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=热能科学研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

燃煤烟气中CO2与N2的高效资源化利用是推动能源系统低碳转型的重要途径。电化学法耦合烟气中CO2与N2直接合成尿素,可在温和条件下将温室气体转化为高附加值化肥,兼具碳减排与资源循环双重效益。系统综述了该领域近期进展,通过异质结、导电MOF等新型催化剂设计优化反应路径,实现N2与CO2协同活化及C-N偶联效率提升,最高尿素法拉第效率达48%;未来突破需聚焦仿生催化材料开发、光-电耦合系统集成以及绿电驱动下碳捕集-转化-产物分离一体化工艺创新;从技术原理、工程挑战及产业衔接层面,论证了电催化尿素合成在煤电碳氮协同治理中的关键作用,为推进其规模化应用提供前瞻性策略思考。

, authors=房孝维1, 孙瑜2, 张光晋2, 张雪华2, 李兴华1, 张杰3, 朱树健4, authorsList=房孝维, 孙瑜, 张光晋, 张雪华, 李兴华, 张杰, 朱树健, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张雪华, authorNote=

房孝维(1992),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为大气污染物治理、二氧化碳捕集与利用等,

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张雪华(1980),女,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为光/电催化,如CO2和N2的催化转化、催化剂设计与合成、催化剂表/界面修饰、光/电催化小分子合成等,
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电化学耦合燃煤烟气中二氧化碳与氮气合成尿素研究进展
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房孝维 1 , 孙瑜 2 , 张光晋 2 , 张雪华 2 , 李兴华 1 , 张杰 3 , 朱树健 4
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2026,55(1): 92-101
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热力发电 |热能科学研究 2026 , 55 (1) : 92 -101
电化学耦合燃煤烟气中二氧化碳与氮气合成尿素研究进展
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房孝维1 , 孙瑜2, 张光晋2, 张雪华2 , 李兴华1, 张杰3, 朱树健4
作者信息
  • 1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2.中国科学院过程工程研究所,北京 100190
  • 3.国家能源费县发电有限公司,山东 临沂 273425
  • 4.国家能源集团华北电力有限公司廊坊热电厂,河北 廊坊 065000
通讯作者:
张雪华(1980),女,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为光/电催化,如CO2和N2的催化转化、催化剂设计与合成、催化剂表/界面修饰、光/电催化小分子合成等,
作者简介:

房孝维(1992),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为大气污染物治理、二氧化碳捕集与利用等,

Research progress on electrochemical synthesis of urea from carbon dioxide and nitrogen in coal-fired flue gas
Xiaowei FANG1 , Yu SUN2, Guangjin ZHANG2, Xuehua ZHANG2 , Xinghua LI1, Jie ZHANG3, Shujian ZHU4
Affiliations
  • 1.Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute Co., Ltd., Xi’an 710054, China
  • 2.Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Beijing 100190, China
  • 3.National Energy Feixian Power Generation Co., Ltd., Linyi 273425, China
  • 4.Langfang Thermal Power Plant of National Energy Group North China Electric Power Co., Ltd., Langfang 065000, China
出版时间: 2026-01-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503016
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燃煤烟气中CO2与N2的高效资源化利用是推动能源系统低碳转型的重要途径。电化学法耦合烟气中CO2与N2直接合成尿素,可在温和条件下将温室气体转化为高附加值化肥,兼具碳减排与资源循环双重效益。系统综述了该领域近期进展,通过异质结、导电MOF等新型催化剂设计优化反应路径,实现N2与CO2协同活化及C-N偶联效率提升,最高尿素法拉第效率达48%;未来突破需聚焦仿生催化材料开发、光-电耦合系统集成以及绿电驱动下碳捕集-转化-产物分离一体化工艺创新;从技术原理、工程挑战及产业衔接层面,论证了电催化尿素合成在煤电碳氮协同治理中的关键作用,为推进其规模化应用提供前瞻性策略思考。

燃煤烟气  /  电催化  /  尿素合成  /  CO2利用  /  固氮

The efficient valorization of CO2 and N2 from power plant flue gas represents a critical pathway toward advancing the low-carbon transition of energy systems. Electrochemical synthesis of urea by directly coupling CO2 and N2 in flue gas under ambient conditions offers dual benefits: converting greenhouse gases into high-value fertilizers while achieving carbon mitigation and resource recycling. This review systematically summarizes recent advancements in this field, highlighting optimized reaction pathways through novel catalyst designs such as heterojunction catalysts and conductive MOFs, which enhance the synergistic activation of N2 and CO2 and improve C-N coupling efficiency, achieving a record Faradaic efficiency of 48% for urea production. Future breakthroughs should focus on developing bioinspired catalytic materials, integrating photo-electrocatalytic systems, and innovating renewable-powered integrated processes for carbon capture-conversion-product separation. By analyzing technical principles, engineering challenges, and industrial linkages, this work underscores the pivotal role of electrocatalytic urea synthesis in coordinated carbon-nitrogen management for coal-fired power plants, providing a forward-looking strategic thinking for scaling up this transformative technology.

coal-fired flue gas  /  electrocatalysis  /  urea synthesis  /  carbon dioxide utilizaiton  /  nitrogen fixation
房孝维, 孙瑜, 张光晋, 张雪华, 李兴华, 张杰, 朱树健. 电化学耦合燃煤烟气中二氧化碳与氮气合成尿素研究进展. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (1) : 92 -101 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503016
Xiaowei FANG, Yu SUN, Guangjin ZHANG, Xuehua ZHANG, Xinghua LI, Jie ZHANG, Shujian ZHU. Research progress on electrochemical synthesis of urea from carbon dioxide and nitrogen in coal-fired flue gas[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (1) : 92 -101 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503016
化石燃料在人类文明发展中发挥了至关重要的作用,但工业革命以来化石燃料的过量燃烧导致每年超过35亿吨的二氧化碳(CO2)排放量,逐渐扰乱了自然界的碳循环并造成严重的气候问题,如气候变化、海平面上升和粮食安全性下降[1-4]。在燃煤电厂排放的烟气中主要包括CO2、氮气(N2)、水蒸气(H2O)、氧气(O2),以及少量硫氧化物(SOx)、氮氧化物(NOx)和颗粒物等污染物。其中,CO2和N2作为主要温室气体和惰性气体,其传统处理方式难以实现高效资源化利用,尤其是CO2的大量排放,已成为一个亟待解决的问题[5-7]。而利用电化学法将烟气中的CO2与N2直接耦合合成尿素,是近年来解决这一问题的全新思路[8-10]。该路线一方面以废气为原料,在温和条件下通过电催化反应将CO2和N2转化为高附加值的尿素(NH2CONH2),不仅大幅降低碳排放,还减少了对传统尿素生产中化石燃料和氨合成工艺的依赖;另一方面,对于煤电企业而言,相对低廉的用电成本及较为优质的末端烟气条件可显著降低本技术的应用成本,产生的尿素还可应用于烟气脱硝工艺。此外,这一过程可耦合可再生能源供电,充分利用离网绿电推动煤电的低碳化发展,为解决温室气体减排、资源高效利用及清洁能源存储提供了创新路径,对实现“双碳”目标和可持续发展具有重要价值。
尿素是全球使用最广泛的氮肥,占氮肥总消费量的50%以上。它能为作物提供高浓度氮元素(含氮量约46%),促进植物生长并提高粮食产量,是保障全球粮食安全的核心物质。据估计,约40%的世界人口依赖尿素支撑的农业系统获取食物[11-12]。同时,尿素还是化工产业链的关键中间体,可用于生产树脂(如脲醛树脂)、塑料、胶黏剂、医药(如镇静剂)等[13]。此外,它还被用于柴油车尾气处理(SCR技术中作为“车用尿素”),减少NOx排放,助力大气污染治理。目前,全球尿素年产量超1.8亿吨,支撑农业与化工产业的发展。
传统尿素的合成依赖于高温高压哈伯-博世法(400~500 ℃,15.2~25.3 MPa)合成氨过程,严重制约了其进一步发展[14]。本文总结了近年来在电化学耦合CO2与N2合成尿素领域催化剂设计、反应机制方面主要研究进展,并对其存在的主要挑战和前景进行展望。
2018年湖南大学王双印教授团队率先报道了使用负载在TiO2纳米片上的PdCu合金纳米颗粒电催化剂通过共还原CO2和N2实现尿素电合成[15]。这种PdCu/TiO2催化剂同时提升了N2还原为NH3和CO2还原为CO的活性。在优化的流通池中,–0.4 V电位下实现了9.43%的尿素法拉第效率(FE)和3.76 mmol/(g·h)(对应于0.11 mA/ cm2的电流密度)的尿素产率。
尽管上述Pd基催化剂可以实现尿素电合成,但是相应的电催化活性仍需要提高;此外,价格高昂且储量稀缺的Pd基催化剂也限制了其大规模应用。因此,设计开发储量丰富的替代催化剂,以及进一步提升尿素电合成性能备受期待。事实上,尿素电合成中的电催化C-N偶联反应与催化剂的表面电子态密切相关。通过电催化剂的合理设计以增强惰性气体分子的吸附和活化是促进C-N偶联反应和产生尿素的关键策略[16]。基于此,Mott-Schottky或p-n异质结可为增强尿素电合成活性提供新的可能性[17]。原因归结于异质结中形成的相界面可促进自发的电子转移,并产生独特的空间电荷区域来驱动表面化学反应。相界面处的能带弯曲会加速电荷重排直至电催化体系达到热力学平衡。随后,异质界面两侧会产生不同带电性的区域并导致界面附近电荷密度的改变。这有利于CO2和N2等小分子的特异性吸附及随后的质子化过程[18]
中国科学院过程工程研究所的张光晋研究员团队基于此开展了一系列的利用丰度元素合成尿素高性能催化剂,合成了具有Bi/BiVO4的Mott-Schottky异质结以及BiFeO3/BiVO4的p-n异质结[19]图1),由于CO2与N2表面静电势不同,而在2种异质结界面形成内建电场会在催化剂表面形成局部亲电区域和亲核区域,促进了CO2与N2分子分别在2个区域的吸附与活化。研究表明,制备的Bi-BiVO4复合物在–0.4 V vs. RHE电位下实现了5.91 mmol/(h·g)的最大尿素产率和12.55%的法拉第效率;同时,制备的钙钛矿结构的BiFeO3-BiVO4对合成尿素的C-N偶联反应显示出高电催化活性,并且在–0.4 V vs. RHE电位条件下,在0.1 mol/L的KHCO3溶液中表现出17.18%的法拉第效率,尿素产率可达4.94 mmol/(h·g)。由于自驱动电荷转移在异质界面处产生了空间电荷区域,其促进了惰性N2和CO2分子在生成的局部亲电和亲核区域上的特异性吸附和活化。此外,设计的空间电荷区域还促进了电催化动力学并增强了活性位点的完全暴露,这有助于热力学可行的C-N键耦合并产生所需的*NCON*中间体。
尽管异质结催化剂在N2与CO2的吸附和活化方面展现出潜力,但其对尿素电合成中关键的C-N偶联反应的调控能力仍显不足。针对这一局限,有研究提出了基于受阻路易斯酸碱对(Frustrated Lewis Pairs,FLPs)的新型催化策略。FLPs由空间位阻的路易斯酸与路易斯碱组成,其独特结构能够同时实现气体分子的化学吸附、键裂解及偶联反应。例如,FLPs中的不饱和金属位点(路易斯酸)与界面羟基(路易斯碱)可分别通过空轨道和富余电子协同活化N2与CO2分子,甚至解离CO2和H2[20-24]。理论计算与实验研究进一步表明,此类双活性位点的协同作用可显著降低C-N偶联的能垒[25-27]。因此,通过合理设计FLPs电催化剂,将N2、CO2的捕获、键断裂与C-N偶联功能整合于同一活性界面,有望突破现有尿素电合成体系的性能瓶颈。尽管该策略仍需克服催化稳定性与选择性等挑战,但其为高效、低能耗的尿素绿色合成提供了全新的研究方向。首先,通过两步法可以构建富含受阻路易斯酸碱对活性位点的花状Ni3(BO32纳米晶,采用湿化学策略制备前驱体,其水相合成过程中形成的Ni-OH键为后续结构调控提供了基础;随后,通过精准退火处理裂解Ni-OH键,诱导不饱和Ni位点的形成。结构表征结合理论计算表明:低eg轨道占据的Ni位点与邻近表面羟基协同构成了FLPs活性中心,二者分别通过电子供体(羟基)和受体(不饱和Ni)的协同作用,实现了对反应物的特异性吸附与活化(图2[28]。如图2所示,性能对比实验证实,富含FLPs位点的Ni3(BO32-150样品在–0.5 V vs. RHE条件下展现出最优催化性能,其尿素产率达9.70 mmol/(h·g),法拉第效率高达20.36%,显著优于强路易斯酸性的Ni3(BO32-250和强路易斯碱性的原始样品。这种性能差异印证了FLPs位点的“酸碱协同”机制相较于单一酸/碱位点的优势,为理性设计高效C-N偶联催化剂提供了新思路。
由于Ni3(BO32中还存在BO33-,可能对结果产生干扰。另一类基于纯相InOOH的受阻路易斯酸碱对也被用于尿素的电合成。图3为InOOH催化剂催化特性。通过简单的表面热处理,可获得兼具金属In位点的路易斯酸和-OH位点的路易斯碱形成的受阻路易斯酸碱对。研究表明,这一受阻路易斯酸碱对的形成可有效促进CO2与N2的C-N偶联过程,尿素产率可达6.85 mmol/(h·g),法拉第效率达到20.97%。
当前尿素电合成催化剂的设计普遍存在关键科学问题:其优化策略过度聚焦于界面/表面结构调控与电子态修饰,重在强化反应物分子(如N2和CO2)的化学吸附与活化能力,却忽视了催化循环中决定性的C-N偶联步骤。这种对中间体耦合机制的认知缺失,直接导致催化体系的活性和选择性难以突破理论极限。因此,揭示电催化C-N键偶联的微观机理成为该领域的瓶颈。基于杂化轨道理论(图4),参与C-N偶联的N2与CO中间体具有对称匹配的σ分子轨道,但其完全填充的电子态导致轨道间排斥占主导,严重阻碍自发耦合。这一发现指出,有效降低中间体σ轨道电子占据度是实现C-N键构筑的前提条件[29],而这亟需通过催化剂电子结构的精准设计加以调控。针对上述挑战,导电金属有机骨架材料(c-MOFs)因其可定制的电子传递通道和配位微环境,展现出独特的调控优势。设计并合成了新型钴基均苯四酸酐导电MOF (Co-PMDA-2mbIM),它通过引入含孤对电子的2-甲基苯并咪唑(2mbIM)作为功能配体,利用主-客体电子相互作用加速体系内电荷转移;同时,诱导的自发电子重排不仅增强N2/CO2的吸附与活化,更通过重构CoO6八面体中心的d轨道占据态(降低σ*反键轨道填充率),为C-N偶联创造低能垒路径。图4为导电MOF的特性。利用这一导电MOF,其法拉第效率达到了最高的48.97%,产率为14.47 mmol/(h·g)。该催化剂设计策略为破解尿素电合成中的选择性难题提供了新范式[30]
为阐明异质结催化剂中空间电荷区对惰性气体分子吸附与活化机制的贡献,采用密度泛函理论(DFT)系统分析了Bi-BiVO4复合物的电子结构特性。通过Bader电荷分析发现,BiVO₄向Bi的自发电子转移(1.21 e)在界面处形成显著的空间电荷区,该现象与XPS和Raman光谱表征结果一致,导致界面区域呈现局部亲核(Bi)与亲电(BiVO4)特性。DFT计算证实通过静电相互作用显著增强了N2和CO2的特异性吸附能力,复合物的气体吸附能较纯BiVO4显著降低,这与TPD实验数据高度吻合。进一步的TPD动力学分析发现,N2分子在复合物上的优先吸附(更高温度、更强吸附峰)为后续活化提供了序列优势。而吸附构型模拟表明,局部亲电的BiVO4区域通过能量更优的side-on构型而非传统end-on模式稳定N2分子。更重要的是,活化机制解析揭示:VO4四面体中V位点的空e_g轨道首先接受N2的σ电子,随后V的满填充e_g轨道向N2反键π*轨道注入电子,这种“电子给-受”协同作用有效削弱N≡N键能。对比有和没有N2参与的CO2RR的吉布斯自由能(ΔG)时发现,吸附的N2分子有助于将CO2还原为CO。由于*N=N*与释放的CO具有匹配的分子轨道,相应的ΔG也表明二者偶联形成*NCON*中间体是放热的。多步质子耦合电子转移过程遵循2种不同的路径,即远端路径和交替路径。
上述研究多从电子结构调控、吸附序列优化到活化路径设计,系统揭示了空间电荷区在催化反应中的多维促进作用[31]。通常,配位的不饱和金属位点作为路易斯酸位点,金属羟基作为路易斯碱位点。受阻路易斯酸碱对(FLPs)通过活性位点协同作用驱动催化反应:1)吸附阶段,FLPs的酸碱位点协同捕获N2和CO2分子;2)活化阶段,通过电子供体(路易斯碱)与受体(路易斯酸)的协同作用削弱N≡N和C=O键;3)C-N偶联阶段,活化中间体在FLPs界面发生定向偶联,形成尿素前驱体;4)Ni3(BO32受阻Lewis酸碱对的尿素电合成机理。
正如表面静电势分析揭示的一样,CO2分子中的C原子和N2分子中的N原子分别是缺电子和富电子的。之后,N2中N原子的孤对电子可以转移给耦合有空轨道的路易斯酸位点,CO2中的C原子可以很容易地从富含多余电子的路易斯碱位点获得电子。因此,FLPs可以通过独特的轨道相互作用实现N2和CO2分子的特异性化学吸附。结合反应物分子的轨道组成,FLPs对CO2活化的关键作用可以概括为:CO2占据的p轨道首先将它们的电子转移至路易斯酸位点的空d轨道中心;然后CO2的空σ*轨道接受来自富电子路易斯碱位点的电子。在N2活化过程中也可以观察到类似的步骤,除了特定的电子转移途径是σ轨道(N2)-空d轨道(路易斯酸位点),然后是孤对电子(路易斯碱位点)-π*轨道(N2)。换句话说,当惰性N2和CO2分子接近FLPs时,路易斯酸位点的未占据轨道和Lewis碱位点的非键轨道将分别与反应物分子的成键和反键轨道相互作用,从而导致气体分子的极化并拉伸化学键直至断裂,产生协同活化作用[32]。一旦形成了所需的*CO和*N2中间体,后续步骤将由电催化C-N偶联反应主导。轨道成分分析表明,*CO和*N2都包含占据态的σ轨道电子,强静电排斥作用使它们难以自发耦合,此外,金属位点(路易斯酸位点)的满占据的eg轨道不利于理想的C-N偶联反应。然而,当低eg轨道占据的金属位点参与反应时,优先吸附的*N≡N*首先将σ轨道电子提供给金属位点的空eg轨道,然后卡宾特征的*CO直接与*N≡N*通过σ轨道电子转移从而耦合生成*NCON*尿素前体[33]。因此,可以发现FLPs与低eg轨道占据的金属位点耦合可以协同作用,实现惰性N2和CO2分子的吸附、活化和C-N键偶联,这将提供一条理论上可行的途径从而实现所需的尿素电合成过程[28]
针对Ni3(BO32形成的FLPs,其催化过程为:1)退火处理会破坏Ni3(BO32纳米晶体固有的Ni-O键并产生配位的不饱和Ni位点,而FLPs则是由不饱和Ni位点和相邻羟基组成;2)FLPs通过轨道相互作用促进反应物分子有效的化学吸附,可通过在路易斯碱性的羟基位点上捕获CO2的C原子来实现;3)FLPs中的路易斯酸和路易斯碱位点协同作用将优先吸附的CO2活化为*CO中间体;4)随后,当N2的N原子被FLPs位点特异性吸附时,热力学最优的side-on构型进一步将N2活化为*N=N*;5)不饱和Ni位点的空eg轨道参与的“σ轨道羰基化”策略,有效地将活化的*N=N*与释放的CO耦合,生成所需的*NCON*中间体;6)然后,完成后续的氢化步骤;7)尿素分子最终从FLPs位点上释放出来并再生出催化活性位点。为系统解析导电MOF体系中主客体相互作用对尿素电合成性能的增强机制,通过DFT计算构建了“电子结构-吸附活化-反应路径”的多层次分析框架。
图5为Co-PMDA-2-mbIM催化剂在尿素电合成过程。首先,态密度(DOS)对比表明(图5b)、c)),Co-PMDA-2-mbIM在费米能级附近具有更高的电子态密度与连续性,这归因于2-mbIM客体分子引发的电子迁移优化,使其本征电导率较原始Co-PMDA提升约3倍。进一步通过电子密度差分析(图5a))揭示:主客体相互作用驱动CoO6八面体(电子耗尽区,青色)向2-mbIM分子(电子富集区,黄色)转移0.33 e,导致Co位点电子态从高自旋(HS,t2g4e_g2)向中间自旋(IS,t2 g4e_g¹)演变,形成关键的空e_g轨道。这一轨道调控作用直接关联N2活化机制(图5d)):IS态Co的空e_g轨道优先接受N2σ轨道电子,随后其填充的e_g轨道电子反向注入N2反键π*轨道,双通道电子转移使N≡N键能降低达42%,实现高效活化[30]
更重要的是,主客体相互作用诱导的局域电子重排触发协同催化效应:当N2吸附于CoO6位点时,相邻2-mbIM上的CO2还原自由能(ΔG)从0.60 eV降至0.52 eV(图5e)),证实N2预吸附可加速CO2向CO中间体转化。反应路径对比揭示选择性调控规律:NCON中间体形成后,远端机制中NCONH→NCONH2的ΔG(0.94 eV)显著高于交替机制NCONH→*NHCONH的ΔG(0.58 eV),表明体系更倾向于通过交替路径完成尿素合成(图5f))。该发现从热力学角度证实,主客体相互作用不仅优化单分子活化,更能通过空间邻近效应协调多中间体耦合,为理性设计高效C-N偶联催化剂提供了理论范式。
尽管近年来,利用CO2与N2通过电化学合成尿素取得了长足的进展,但距离真正的产业化应用仍然存在较大差距。这主要体现在以下几个方面:首先,竞争反应的干扰严重,由于反应采用的均为水相电解质溶液体系,在电催化体系中,H+/H2O还原为H2的过电位通常低于N2/CO2还原,导致超过大量的电子被消耗于副产H2,极大降低尿素法拉第效率;其次,CO2本身可被还原为CO(ΔG = –0.11 eV)、甲酸(ΔG= –0.25 eV)或乙烯(ΔG = –0.33 eV)等产物,其热力学优势压倒尿素合成(ΔG ≈ +0.5 eV),例如在Cu基催化剂上,乙烯选择性可达70%以上,而尿素几乎无法生成。因此,高选择性以及高稳定性催化剂的设计与合成仍然存在较大挑战。
另外,从反应机制上而言,目前研究通常是通过理论计算的方法来推断其反应机制,尚缺乏实验证据。现有原位光谱技术(如原位XAS、拉曼)的时间分辨率(大于1 ms)不足以追踪N2/CO2协同吸附的瞬态中间体(寿命小于1 μs),导致关键步骤(如*N2–*CO偶联)的分子级证据缺失。而常规XPS/EDS难以区分体相与表面物种,无法准确定位C-N键形成的活性界面(如金属-载体界面或缺陷位点)。同时,现有DFT计算多聚焦单一分子在理想晶面的吸附,而忽略实际催化剂的多孔结构、溶剂化效应(如H2O介电屏蔽)及电场梯度对反应路径的影响(误差可达0.3 eV)。C-N偶联涉及多质子-电子转移步骤(如*N2+*CO→NCON需4e/4H+),但各步骤的活化能(Ea)与速率常数(k)尚未定量关联,导致机理推测与实验数据存在偏差。
从经济层面来看,还存在着电流密度与能耗矛盾。实验室级电解池的电流密度普遍小于10 mA/cm²(对应尿素产率小于1 mmol/(h·g)),而工业电解槽需大于200 mA/cm²以满足吨级产能,但提升电流密度会导致过电位剧增(η大于1 V),能耗成本(大于50 (kW·h)/kg)远超哈伯-博施工艺(~30 (kW·h)/kg)。
此外,虽然我国燃煤烟气污染物以达超低排放水平,但烟气中的低含量的SO2仍可能与金属位点形成硫酸盐(如NiSO4,溶度积常数Ksp=3.2×10–7),而NOx会生成硝酸盐中间体(*NO3),均可能干扰C-N偶联路径。
最后,为抑制副反应需使用Nafion膜隔离阴极/阳极室,其成本占电解槽总成本的40%,长期运行易发生溶胀失效。而生成的尿素水溶液浓度通常小于0.1 mol/L,后续浓缩-结晶工序的能耗将占全流程的60%以上。
未来催化剂设计将深度融合高通量计算与人工智能,突破传统试错法的效率瓶颈。基于密度泛函理论的自动化筛选平台可快速评估数千种材料的吸附能、轨道占据态及反应路径能垒,结合机器学习对晶体结构、电子特性与催化性能的构效关系建模,有望在数月内锁定高活性候选材料(如双原子位点催化剂或缺陷型过渡金属硫化物)。例如,谷歌DeepMind的“材料探索图谱”项目已成功预测了2.2万种稳定材料,其中包含潜在C-N偶联活性中心。仿生催化体系的突破则聚焦于模拟固氮酶的多核金属簇(如Fe-Mo-S簇)和动态质子-电子传递网络,通过构建类似Fe6MoS9的仿生结构,可在温和条件下实现N≡N键的断裂(活化能降低至40 kJ/mol,接近酶催化水平),并协同活化CO2生成NCON中间体。
光-电耦合系统可通过光伏-电解池一体化设计,将太阳能直接转化为化学能。例如,加州理工学院开发的钙钛矿-电催化杂化装置,利用宽光谱吸收(效率大于28%)驱动CO2/N2共还原,系统能耗较传统电解降低60%(至15 (kW·h)/kg尿素)。CO2捕获-转化一体化技术则依托碳捕集技术与电催化模块的级联耦合,实时转化捕集的CO2(转化率大于90%),避免压缩运输的高成本。瑞士Climeworks公司已建成全球首个直接空气捕集(DAC)-尿素示范工厂,年产能500 t,每1 kg尿素可以减少1.2 kg CO2的排放,实现负碳排放。此外,脉冲电位策略、微流体反应器等工程创新可将电流密度提升至工业级目标(大于200 mA/cm²),同时抑制析氢副反应(法拉第效率大于90%)。
电力行业与尿素产业协同融合发展,共同推进“双碳”目标的实现。绿电与尿素合成的协同将重塑化肥产业链。利用原本弃光、弃风的绿电作为电催化的能量供给,一方面可构建“弃风弃光绿电一步法直接电催化合成尿素”的全新路径,显著提升技术经济性;另一方面,可以通过“尿素储能”的方式在新型电力系统中承担灵活调解作用,缓解调峰压力。此外,还可有效降低碳排放,实现燃煤电厂末端烟气的废气高值化利用。
电化学耦合CO₂与N₂合成尿素为燃煤电厂烟气处理以及传统化工工艺的绿色转型提供了革命性思路。尽管在催化剂设计、反应机理与系统集成方面仍面临挑战,但随着材料科学、原位表征技术与人工智能的深度融合,这一领域有望未来实现技术突破,为“碳中和”目标与可持续农业发展提供有力支撑。
  • 西安热工研究院有限公司院研发基金项目(TD-24-TYK04)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202503016
  • 接收时间:2025-03-04
  • 首发时间:2026-06-10
  • 出版时间:2026-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-04
  • 录用日期:2025-03-25
基金
Research and Development Fund Project of Xi'an Thermal Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd.(TD-24-TYK04)
西安热工研究院有限公司院研发基金项目(TD-24-TYK04)
作者信息
    1.西安热工研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710054
    2.中国科学院过程工程研究所,北京 100190
    3.国家能源费县发电有限公司,山东 临沂 273425
    4.国家能源集团华北电力有限公司廊坊热电厂,河北 廊坊 065000

通讯作者:

张雪华(1980),女,博士,副研究员,主要研究方向为光/电催化,如CO2和N2的催化转化、催化剂设计与合成、催化剂表/界面修饰、光/电催化小分子合成等,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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