Article(id=1271501635114181399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1271501633826530070, articleNumber=PA20260121_cTDfPKqn, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202509086, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758988800000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-28, revisedDate=1760284800000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-13, acceptedDate=1760457600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-10-15, onlineDate=1763308800000, onlineDateStr=2025-11-17, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781079213168, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781079213168, creator=admin, updateTime=1781079213168, updator=admin, issue=Issue{id=1271501633826530070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2026', volume='55', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='186', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781079212860, creator='ztmeta', updateTime=1786698917413, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1295072383149301815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1271501633826530070, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1295072383149301816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1271501633826530070, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=10, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1271501650633106206, articleId=1271501635114181399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Development status and prospects of waste photovoltaic module recycling technology, columnId=1295064621950464805, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Special topic on resource utilization of decommissioned wind and solar power equipment, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the expansion and continuous development of the photovoltaic power generation industry, photovoltaic modules will face large-scale decommissioning in the coming years, and the recycling of modules has become an important issue for global energy sustainability and the circular economy system. Decommissioned photovoltaic modules are rich in high-value precious metal elements such as silicon, silver, and aluminum, but also contain toxic substances such as lead and fluorides, which can cause significant harm to the environment and human health if not properly handled. The current development status and decommissioning status of the photovoltaic power generation industry, as well as the structure and main components and values of photovoltaic modules, are summarized. The principles, advantages, and disadvantages of recycling technologies such as physical methods, thermal treatment methods, and chemical methods are analyzed and compared. Moreover, the progress of recycling technologies in China is investigated. Finally, the recycling of waste photovoltaic modules is systematically summarized and prospected, providing a scientific basis and decision-making support for the low-carbon development and resource recycling of the photovoltaic power generation industry.

, authors=Jia LIU1, Tao LUO1, Xiaoxiao WU2, Gang ZHOU2, Qiang LI1, 3, authorsList=Jia LIU, Tao LUO, Xiaoxiao WU, Gang ZHOU, Qiang LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qiang LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1271501649760690973, articleId=1271501635114181399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=废弃光伏组件回收技术发展现状与展望, columnId=1295064622122431271, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=退役风光设备资源化利用专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着光伏发电行业规模扩张和持续发展,未来几年光伏组件将迎来大规模退役,组件回收利用已成为全球能源可持续发展和循环经济体系的重要议题。退役的光伏组件富含硅、银、铝等高价值的贵金属元素,也存在铅、氟化物等有毒物质,若处理不当将对环境和人类健康产生巨大的危害。总结了光伏发电行业发展现状和退役现状、光伏组件结构和主要构成材料及价值,分析比较了物理法、热处理法、化学法等回收技术的应用原理、优缺点,并调研了我国目前的回收技术进展;最后,对废弃光伏组件回收进行系统总结与展望,为光伏发电行业的低碳发展和资源循环利用提供科学依据与决策支持。

, authors=刘佳1, 罗涛1, 吴潇笑2, 周刚2, 李强1, 3, authorsList=刘佳, 罗涛, 吴潇笑, 周刚, 李强, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李强, authorNote=

刘佳(2002),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为光伏单晶炉热场设计,

, correspAuthorsNote=
李强(1988),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为传热强化和颗粒悬浮液,
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=TQ/PFd8QBfOb21W+nt86DA==, magXml=6UijjEBTjktQ52+3esoFkg==, pdfUrl=https://oss.bj-dx-dzqywjd-hlw-icp.inspurcloudoss.com:6063/cast-journal-prod/2061713640406351873/excel/pdfs/965c279e54754875a0a02520d88c00ec.pdf?response-content-disposition=attachment%3B%20filename%3D%22%E5%BA%9F%E5%BC%83%E5%85%89%E4%BC%8F%E7%BB%84%E4%BB%B6%E5%9B%9E%E6%94%B6%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E7%8E%B0%E7%8A%B6%E4%B8%8E%E5%B1%95%E6%9C%9B.pdf%22&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20260610T081248Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=604800&X-Amz-Credential=NjRlNmUzOGMtM2Y3OC00MDQ3LThkMmYtN2JkODRmYmI3MTgw%2F20260610%2Fbj-dx-dzqywjd-hlw-icp%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=0a95485e75243d54f908067b7077c207b2af44d39a5842202a7f25142ec88388, pdf=4lM7cpT2ndvcRxjG+kZPLg==, pdfFileSize=1251367, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=DY/14AEaKht8e10u0ho2Yg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=zePz2vGHLKIEE79rkrcUAg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1295064726107611963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=535954387@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1295064726183109437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, authorId=1295064726107611963, language=EN, stringName=Jia LIU, firstName=Jia, middleName=null, lastName=LIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.School of New Energy, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Jiangyin 214400, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1295064726258606910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, authorId=1295064726107611963, language=CN, stringName=刘佳, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.南京理工大学新能源学院,江苏 江阴 214400, bio={"content":"

刘佳(2002),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为光伏单晶炉热场设计,

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

刘佳(2002),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为光伏单晶炉热场设计,

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1295064725843370801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064725851759410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, companyId=1295064725843370801, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of New Energy, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Jiangyin 214400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064725860148019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, companyId=1295064725843370801, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.南京理工大学新能源学院,江苏 江阴 214400)])]), Author(id=1295064726342492992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1295064726434767682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, authorId=1295064726342492992, language=EN, stringName=Tao LUO, firstName=Tao, middleName=null, lastName=LUO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.School of New Energy, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Jiangyin 214400, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1295064726506070851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, authorId=1295064726342492992, language=CN, stringName=罗涛, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.南京理工大学新能源学院,江苏 江阴 214400, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1295064725843370801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064725851759410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, companyId=1295064725843370801, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of New Energy, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Jiangyin 214400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064725860148019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, companyId=1295064725843370801, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.南京理工大学新能源学院,江苏 江阴 214400)])]), Author(id=1295064726581568325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1295064726657065800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, authorId=1295064726581568325, language=EN, stringName=Xiaoxiao WU, firstName=Xiaoxiao, middleName=null, lastName=WU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.Jiangyin Qiuhao Testing Co., Ltd., Jiangyin 214400, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1295064726933889866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, authorId=1295064726581568325, language=CN, stringName=吴潇笑, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.江阴秋毫检测有限公司,江苏 江阴 214400, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1295064725939839796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064725948228405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, companyId=1295064725939839796, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Jiangyin Qiuhao Testing Co., Ltd., Jiangyin 214400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064725956617014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, companyId=1295064725939839796, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.江阴秋毫检测有限公司,江苏 江阴 214400)])]), Author(id=1295064727000998732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1295064727114244942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, authorId=1295064727000998732, language=EN, stringName=Gang ZHOU, firstName=Gang, middleName=null, lastName=ZHOU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.Jiangyin Qiuhao Testing Co., Ltd., Jiangyin 214400, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1295064727252656975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, authorId=1295064727000998732, language=CN, stringName=周刚, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.江阴秋毫检测有限公司,江苏 江阴 214400, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1295064725939839796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064725948228405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, companyId=1295064725939839796, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Jiangyin Qiuhao Testing Co., Ltd., Jiangyin 214400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064725956617014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, companyId=1295064725939839796, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.江阴秋毫检测有限公司,江苏 江阴 214400)])]), Author(id=1295064728947155793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=qli@njust.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1295064729093956436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, authorId=1295064728947155793, language=EN, stringName=Qiang LI, firstName=Qiang, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 3, address=1.School of New Energy, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Jiangyin 214400, China
3.Wuxi Research Institution of Applied Technologies, Tsinghua University, Wuxi 214062, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1295064729169453909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, authorId=1295064728947155793, language=CN, stringName=李强, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 3, address=1.南京理工大学新能源学院,江苏 江阴 214400
3.清华大学无锡应用技术研究院,江苏 无锡 214062, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1295064725843370801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064725851759410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, companyId=1295064725843370801, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of New Energy, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Jiangyin 214400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064725860148019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, companyId=1295064725843370801, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.南京理工大学新能源学院,江苏 江阴 214400)]), AuthorCompany(id=1295064726023725879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064726036308792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, companyId=1295064726023725879, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Wuxi Research Institution of Applied Technologies, Tsinghua University, Wuxi 214062, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064726044697401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, companyId=1295064726023725879, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.清华大学无锡应用技术研究院,江苏 无锡 214062)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1295064729337226070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=abandoned photovoltaic modules), Keyword(id=1295064729425306455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=recycling technology), Keyword(id=1295064729492415320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=cascaded utilization), Keyword(id=1295064729563718489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=resource cycle), Keyword(id=1295064729630827354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=废弃光伏组件), Keyword(id=1295064729697936219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=回收技术), Keyword(id=1295064729760850780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=梯次利用), Keyword(id=1295064729832153949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=资源循环)], refs=[Reference(id=1295064731623121774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=619, issue=7971, pageStart=761, pageEnd=767, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=WANG Y, WANG R, TANAKA K, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Y, WANG R, TANAKA K, et al. Accelerating the energy transition towards photovoltaic and wind in China[J]. Nature, 2023, 619(7971): 761-767., articleTitle=Accelerating the energy transition towards photovoltaic and wind in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064731698619247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=28, issue=5, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=WANG C, TIAN P, ZUO J, journalName=iScience, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG C, TIAN P, ZUO J, et al. Facilitating circularity of end-of-life photovoltaic in China by mid-century with environmental benefits and costs informed by a high-resolution waste map[J]. iScience, 2025, 28(5): 112332., articleTitle=Facilitating circularity of end-of-life photovoltaic in China by mid-century with environmental benefits and costs informed by a high-resolution waste map, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064731769922416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=273, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=SAH D, KUMAR S, journalName=Solar Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SAH D, KUMAR S. Experimental, cost and waste analysis of recycling process for crystalline silicon solar module[J]. Solar Energy, 2024, 273: 112534., articleTitle=Experimental, cost and waste analysis of recycling process for crystalline silicon solar module, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064733451838321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=187, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=DENG R, ZHUO Y, SHEN Y, journalName=Resources, Conservation and Recycling, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DENG R, ZHUO Y, SHEN Y. Recent progress in silicon photovoltaic module recycling processes[J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2022, 187: 106612., articleTitle=Recent progress in silicon photovoltaic module recycling processes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064733548307314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=299, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=DAS H J, SARMAH N, journalName=Solar Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DAS H J, SARMAH N. Photovoltaic module recycling: a review on material recovery methods and waste management approach[J]. Solar Energy, 2025, 299: 113708., articleTitle=Photovoltaic module recycling: a review on material recovery methods and waste management approach, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064733665747827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=null, issue=3, pageStart=431, pageEnd=438, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=许仁辞, journalName=上海节能, refType=null, unstructuredReference=许仁辞. 退役光伏组件回收利用技术方法分析[J]. 上海节能2025(3):431-438., articleTitle=退役光伏组件回收利用技术方法分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064733745439604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=null, issue=3, pageStart=431, pageEnd=438, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=6, authorNames=XU Renci, journalName=Shanghai Energy Conservation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU Renci. Analysis of technical methods for recycling retired photovoltaic modules[J]. Shanghai Energy Conservation, 2025(3): 431-438., articleTitle=Analysis of technical methods for recycling retired photovoltaic modules, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064733833519989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=7, authorNames=中国光伏行业协会, journalName=中国光伏产业发展路线图(2023—2024年), refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国光伏行业协会. 中国光伏产业发展路线图(2023—2024年)[R]. 北京:中国光伏行业协会,2024:1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064733913211766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=8, authorNames=China Photovoltaic Industry Association, journalName=China photovoltaic industry development roadmap (2023—2024), refType=null, unstructuredReference=China Photovoltaic Industry Association. China photovoltaic industry development roadmap (2023—2024)[R]. Beijing: China Photovoltaic Industry Association, 2024: 1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064733976126327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=9, authorNames=中国可再生能源学会, journalName=中国2050年光伏发展展望, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国可再生能源学会. 中国2050年光伏发展展望[R].北京:中国可再生能源学会,2023:1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064734034846584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=10, authorNames=China Renewable Energy Society, journalName=China photovoltaic development outlook 2050, refType=null, unstructuredReference=China Renewable Energy Society. China photovoltaic development outlook 2050[R]. Beijing: China Renewable Energy Society, 2023: 1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064734097761145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=11, authorNames=中国光伏行业协会, journalName=中国光伏组件回收与循环利用发展报告(2025), refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国光伏行业协会. 中国光伏组件回收与循环利用发展报告(2025)[R]. 北京:中国光伏行业协会,2025:1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064734173258618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=12, authorNames=China Photovoltaic Industry Association, journalName=China photovoltaic module recycling and recycling development report (2025), refType=null, unstructuredReference=China Photovoltaic Industry Association. China photovoltaic module recycling and recycling development report (2025)[R]. Beijing: China Photovoltaic Industry Association, 2025: 1., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064734231978875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=46, issue=3, pageStart=435, pageEnd=444, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=13, authorNames=白桦林, 王青, 江华, journalName=太阳能学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=白桦林,王青,江华. 中国光伏产业组件退役规模测算模型[J]. 太阳能学报202546(3):435-444., articleTitle=中国光伏产业组件退役规模测算模型, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064734311670652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=46, issue=3, pageStart=435, pageEnd=444, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=14, authorNames=BAI Hualin, WANG Qing, JIANG Hua, journalName=Solar Energy Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BAI Hualin, WANG Qing, JIANG Hua. Calculation model of retired scale of photovoltaic industry components in China[J]. Solar Energy Journal, 2025, 46(3): 435-444., articleTitle=Calculation model of retired scale of photovoltaic industry components in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064734378779517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=206, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=15, authorNames=CELEP O, DEVECI H, YAZICI E Y, journalName=Waste Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CELEP O, DEVECI H, YAZICI E Y. A comprehensive review on recycling end of life solar photovoltaic panels[J]. Waste Management, 2025, 206: 115092., articleTitle=A comprehensive review on recycling end of life solar photovoltaic panels, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064734487831422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=253, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=16, authorNames=DIVYA A, ADISH T, KAUSTUBH P, journalName=Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DIVYA A, ADISH T, KAUSTUBH P, et al. Review on recycling of solar modules/panels[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2023, 253: 112151., articleTitle=Review on recycling of solar modules/panels, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064734546551679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=201, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=17, authorNames=MILLER D C, OWEN-BELLINI M, HACKE P L, journalName=Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MILLER D C, OWEN-BELLINI M, HACKE P L. Use of indentation to study the degradation of photovoltaic backsheets[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2019, 201: 110082., articleTitle=Use of indentation to study the degradation of photovoltaic backsheets, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064734613660544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=270, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=18, authorNames=WANG J, FENG Y, HE Y, journalName=Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG J, FENG Y, HE Y. The research progress on recycling and resource utilization of waste crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2024, 270: 112804., articleTitle=The research progress on recycling and resource utilization of waste crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064734680769409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=7, issue=7, pageStart=920, pageEnd=930, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=19, authorNames=GAO S, CHEN X, QU J, journalName=Nature Sustainability, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GAO S, CHEN X, QU J, et al. Recycling of silicon solar panels through a salt-etching approach[J]. Nature Sustainability, 2024, 7(7): 920-930., articleTitle=Recycling of silicon solar panels through a salt-etching approach, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064734764655490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=3, issue=2, pageStart=94, pageEnd=108, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=20, authorNames=庞昇, 钱国余, 王东, journalName=绿色矿山, refType=null, unstructuredReference=庞昇,钱国余,王东,. 废弃光伏组件循环利用综述[J]. 绿色矿山20253(2):94-108., articleTitle=废弃光伏组件循环利用综述, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064734827570051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=3, issue=2, pageStart=94, pageEnd=108, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=21, authorNames=PANG Sheng, QIAN Guoyu, WANG Dong, journalName=Green Mine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PANG Sheng, QIAN Guoyu, WANG Dong, et al. Review of recycling of waste photovoltaic modules[J]. Green Mine, 2025, 3(2): 94-108., articleTitle=Review of recycling of waste photovoltaic modules, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064734911456132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=210, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=22, authorNames=YU H F, HASANUZZAMAN M, RAHIM N A, journalName=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YU H F, HASANUZZAMAN M, RAHIM N A. Environmental impact of photovoltaic modules in Malaysia: recycling versus landfilling[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2025, 210: 115177., articleTitle=Environmental impact of photovoltaic modules in Malaysia: recycling versus landfilling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064735003730821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=87, issue=null, pageStart=97, pageEnd=107, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=23, authorNames=FIANDRA V, SANNINO L, ANDREOZZI C, journalName=Waste Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FIANDRA V, SANNINO L, ANDREOZZI C, et al. Silicon photovoltaic modules at end-of-life: removal of polymeric layers and separation of materials[J]. Waste Management, 2019, 87: 97-107., articleTitle=Silicon photovoltaic modules at end-of-life: removal of polymeric layers and separation of materials, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064735066645382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=123, issue=null, pageStart=239, pageEnd=248, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=24, authorNames=GRANATA G, PAGNANELLI F, MOSCARDINI E, journalName=Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GRANATA G, PAGNANELLI F, MOSCARDINI E, et al. Recycling of photovoltaic panels by physical operations[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2014, 123: 239-248., articleTitle=Recycling of photovoltaic panels by physical operations, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064735133754247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=44, issue=22, pageStart=3437, pageEnd=3445, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=25, authorNames=DOBRA T, THAJER F, WIESINGER G, journalName=Environmental Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DOBRA T, THAJER F, WIESINGER G, et al. Selective delamination by milling as a first step in the recycling of photovoltaic modules[J]. Environmental Technology, 2023, 44(22): 3437-3445., articleTitle=Selective delamination by milling as a first step in the recycling of photovoltaic modules, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064735226028936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=234, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=26, authorNames=SETA F T, AN X, LIU L, journalName=Carbohydrate Polymers, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SETA F T, AN X, LIU L, et al. Preparation and characterization of high yield cellulose nanocrystals(CNC) derived from ball mill pretreatment and maleic acid hydrolysis[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2020, 234:115942., articleTitle=Preparation and characterization of high yield cellulose nanocrystals(CNC) derived from ball mill pretreatment and maleic acid hydrolysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064735293137801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=14, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=27, authorNames=ISHERWOOD P J M, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ISHERWOOD P J M. Reshaping the Module: the path to comprehensive photovoltaic panel recycling: sustainability[Z]. 2022: 14., articleTitle=Reshaping the Module: the path to comprehensive photovoltaic panel recycling: sustainability, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064735364440970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=40, issue=1, pageStart=96, pageEnd=103, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=28, authorNames=DOBRA T, VOLLPRECHT D, POMBERGER R, journalName=Waste Management & Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DOBRA T, VOLLPRECHT D, POMBERGER R. Thermal delamination of end-of-life crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules[J]. Waste Management & Research, 2022, 40(1): 96-103., articleTitle=Thermal delamination of end-of-life crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064735435744139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=null, issue=15, pageStart=115, pageEnd=117, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=29, authorNames=秦文明, 陈震, journalName=中国新技术新产品, refType=null, unstructuredReference=秦文明,陈震. 废旧晶硅光伏组件回收再利用技术研究[J]. 中国新技术新产品2025(15):115-117., articleTitle=废旧晶硅光伏组件回收再利用技术研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064735502853004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=null, issue=15, pageStart=115, pageEnd=117, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=30, authorNames=QIN Wenming, CHEN Zhen, journalName=China New Technology and New Products, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QIN Wenming, CHEN Zhen. Research on recycling and reuse technology of waste crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules[J]. China New Technology and New Products, 2025(15): 115-117., articleTitle=Research on recycling and reuse technology of waste crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064735599321997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=177, issue=null, pageStart=196, pageEnd=202, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=31, authorNames=KHAYYAM N R, MAROUFI S, SAHAJWALLA V, journalName=Waste Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KHAYYAM N R, MAROUFI S, SAHAJWALLA V. Innovative hydrothermal technique in efficient disengagement of waste solar panels[J]. Waste Management, 2024, 177: 196-202., articleTitle=Innovative hydrothermal technique in efficient disengagement of waste solar panels, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064735679013774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=68, issue=1, pageStart=70, pageEnd=74, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=32, authorNames=WU Y, CHEN Y, journalName=Separation and Purification Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WU Y, CHEN Y. Separation of silicon and silicon carbide using an electrical field[J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2009, 68(1): 70-74., articleTitle=Separation of silicon and silicon carbide using an electrical field, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064735741928335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=320, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=33, authorNames=MIETTUNEN K, SANTASALO-AARNIO A, journalName=Journal of Cleaner Production, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MIETTUNEN K, SANTASALO-AARNIO A. Eco-design for dye solar cells: from hazardous waste to profitable recovery[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 320: 128743., articleTitle=Eco-design for dye solar cells: from hazardous waste to profitable recovery, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064735825814416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=81, issue=null, pageStart=103, pageEnd=112, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=34, authorNames=TAMMARO M, RIMAURO J, FIANDRA V, journalName=Renewable Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TAMMARO M, RIMAURO J, FIANDRA V, et al. Thermal treatment of waste photovoltaic module for recovery and recycling: experimental assessment of the presence of metals in the gas emissions and in the ashes[J]. Renewable Energy, 2015, 81: 103-112., articleTitle=Thermal treatment of waste photovoltaic module for recovery and recycling: experimental assessment of the presence of metals in the gas emissions and in the ashes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064735909700497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=11, issue=11, pageStart=3078, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=35, authorNames=VANĚK J, JANDOVÁ K, VANYSEK P, journalName=Processes, refType=null, unstructuredReference=VANĚK J, JANDOVÁ K, VANYSEK P, et al. Chemical delamination applicable to a low-energy recycling process of photovoltaic modules[J]. Processes, 2023, 11(11):3078., articleTitle=Chemical delamination applicable to a low-energy recycling process of photovoltaic modules, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064735989392274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=36, authorNames=GOLAN G, AZOULAY M, ORR G, journalName=A Bulgarian Chemical Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GOLAN G, AZOULAY M, ORR G. Recycling rejected silicon wafers and dies for high grade PV cells[J/OL]. A Bulgarian Chemical Communications, 2021. (2021-01-01) [2025-05-30]. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2107.00706., articleTitle=Recycling rejected silicon wafers and dies for high grade PV cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064736073278355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=418, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=37, authorNames=XU X, LAI D, WANG G, journalName=Chemical Engineering Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU X, LAI D, WANG G, et al. Nondestructive silicon wafer recovery by a novel method of solvothermal swelling coupled with thermal decomposition[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021, 418: 129457., articleTitle=Nondestructive silicon wafer recovery by a novel method of solvothermal swelling coupled with thermal decomposition, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064736136192916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=499, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=38, authorNames=YU Y, LI S, LU J, journalName=Chemical Engineering Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YU Y, LI S, LU J, et al. Green recycling of end-of-life photovoltaic modules via deep-Eutectic solvents[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 499: 155933., articleTitle=Green recycling of end-of-life photovoltaic modules via deep-Eutectic solvents, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064736207496085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=179, issue=null, pageStart=144, pageEnd=153, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=39, authorNames=SU P, HE Y, WANG J, journalName=Waste Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SU P, HE Y, WANG J, et al. Green separation and decomposition of crystalline silicon photovoltaic module’s backsheet by using ethanol[J]. Waste Management, 2024, 179: 144-153., articleTitle=Green separation and decomposition of crystalline silicon photovoltaic module’s backsheet by using ethanol, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064737893606294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=112, issue=null, pageStart=73, pageEnd=76, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=40, authorNames=KUMAR T H, MESHRAM A, GUPTA R, journalName=Materials Today: Proceedings, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KUMAR T H, MESHRAM A, GUPTA R. Removal of encapsulant Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) from solar cells of photovoltaic modules (PVMs)[J]. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2024, 112: 73-76., articleTitle=Removal of encapsulant Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) from solar cells of photovoltaic modules (PVMs), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064737977492375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=244, issue=null, pageStart=31, pageEnd=39, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=41, authorNames=SAH D, SAINI P, KUMAR S, journalName=Solar Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SAH D, SAINI P, KUMAR S. Recovery and analysis of polymeric layers from waste solar modules by chemical route[J]. Solar Energy, 2022, 244: 31-39., articleTitle=Recovery and analysis of polymeric layers from waste solar modules by chemical route, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064738073961368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=59, issue=null, pageStart=422, pageEnd=431, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=42, authorNames=PAGNANELLI F, MOSCARDINI E, GRANATA G, journalName=Waste Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PAGNANELLI F, MOSCARDINI E, GRANATA G, et al. Physical and chemical treatment of end of life panels: an integrated automatic approach viable for different photovoltaic technologies[J]. Waste Management, 2017, 59: 422-431., articleTitle=Physical and chemical treatment of end of life panels: an integrated automatic approach viable for different photovoltaic technologies, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064738174624665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=339, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=43, authorNames=LI X, MA B, HU D, journalName=Journal of Cleaner Production, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI X, MA B, HU D, et al. Efficient separation and purification of indium and gallium in spent Copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS)[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 339: 130658., articleTitle=Efficient separation and purification of indium and gallium in spent Copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064738271093658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=48, issue=22, pageStart=13412, pageEnd=13418, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=44, authorNames=ZIMMERMANN Y S, NIEWERSCH C, LENZ M, journalName=Environmental Science & Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZIMMERMANN Y S, NIEWERSCH C, LENZ M, et al. Recycling of indium from CIGS photovoltaic cells: potential of combining acid-resistant nanofiltration with liquid-liquid extraction[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2014, 48(22): 13412-13418., articleTitle=Recycling of indium from CIGS photovoltaic cells: potential of combining acid-resistant nanofiltration with liquid-liquid extraction, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064738359174043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=185, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=45, authorNames=KHODAEI H, FATMEHSARI H D, FIROOZI S, journalName=Minerals Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KHODAEI H, FATMEHSARI H D, FIROOZI S. Selective leaching of zinc from carbonate source using glycine as an ecofriendly lixiviant[J]. Minerals Engineering, 2022, 185: 107680., articleTitle=Selective leaching of zinc from carbonate source using glycine as an ecofriendly lixiviant, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064738443060124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=13, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=46, authorNames=KAVOUSI M, ALAMDARI E K, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KAVOUSI M, ALAMDARI E K. A comprehensive and sustainable recycling process for different types of blended end-of-life solar panels: leaching and recovery of valuable base and precious metals and/or elements: metals[Z]. 2023: 13., articleTitle=A comprehensive and sustainable recycling process for different types of blended end-of-life solar panels: leaching and recovery of valuable base and precious metals and/or elements: metals, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064738522751901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=35, issue=8, pageStart=1751, pageEnd=1759, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=47, authorNames=KLUGMANN-RADZIEMSKA E, OSTROWSKI P, journalName=Renewable Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KLUGMANN-RADZIEMSKA E, OSTROWSKI P. Chemical treatment of crystalline silicon solar cells as a method of recovering pure silicon from photovoltaic modules[J]. Renewable Energy, 2010, 35(8): 1751-1759., articleTitle=Chemical treatment of crystalline silicon solar cells as a method of recovering pure silicon from photovoltaic modules, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064738615026590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=135, issue=null, pageStart=182, pageEnd=189, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=48, authorNames=ZHANG C, MA Q, CAI M, journalName=Waste Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG C, MA Q, CAI M, et al. Recovery of porous silicon from waste crystalline silicon solar panels for high-performance lithium-ion battery anodes[J]. Waste Management, 2021, 135: 182-189., articleTitle=Recovery of porous silicon from waste crystalline silicon solar panels for high-performance lithium-ion battery anodes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064738698912671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=215, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=49, authorNames=SAHA R, NEH A, THUKRAL A, journalName=Resources, Conservation and Recycling, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SAHA R, NEH A, THUKRAL A, et al. A facile waste-to-wealth approach for synthesis of functionalized silica nanoparticles from end-of-life solar panel waste for technological applications[J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2025, 215: 108059., articleTitle=A facile waste-to-wealth approach for synthesis of functionalized silica nanoparticles from end-of-life solar panel waste for technological applications, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064738774410144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=54, issue=10, pageStart=711, pageEnd=718, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=50, authorNames=BERGER W, SIMON F, WEIMANN K, journalName=Resources, Conservation and Recycling, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BERGER W, SIMON F, WEIMANN K, et al. A novel approach for the recycling of thin film photovoltaic modules[J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2010, 54(10): 711-718., articleTitle=A novel approach for the recycling of thin film photovoltaic modules, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064738900239265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=26, pageEnd=30, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=51, authorNames=GEBHARDT P, HOFFMANN S, WENZEL T, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GEBHARDT P, HOFFMANN S, WENZEL T, et al. Lead-free PV modules: industrial realization and evaluation of environmental impact[C]// Proceedings of the 8th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, WCPEC, 2022: 26-30., articleTitle=Lead-free PV modules: industrial realization and evaluation of environmental impact, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064738963153826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=9, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=52, authorNames=MALANDRINO O, SICA D, TESTA M, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MALANDRINO O, SICA D, TESTA M, et al. Policies and measures for sustainable management of solar panel end-of-life in Italy: sustainability[Z]. 2017: 9., articleTitle=Policies and measures for sustainable management of solar panel end-of-life in Italy: sustainability, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064739034456995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=14, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=53, authorNames=ROMEO A, ARTEGIANI E, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ROMEO A ARTEGIANI E. CdTe-based thin film solar cells: past, present and future: energies[Z]. 2021: 14., articleTitle=CdTe-based thin film solar cells: past, present and future: energies, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064739101565860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=241, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=54, authorNames=LIU F, CHENG T, CHEN Y, journalName=Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU F, CHENG T, CHEN Y, et al. High-yield recycling and recovery of Copper, indium, and gallium from waste Copper indium gallium selenide thin-film solar panels[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2022, 241: 111691., articleTitle=High-yield recycling and recovery of Copper, indium, and gallium from waste Copper indium gallium selenide thin-film solar panels, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064739181257637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1998, volume=48, issue=3, pageStart=253, pageEnd=263, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=55, authorNames=ZIELINSKI S, BUCA M, FAMULSKI M, journalName=Hydrometallurgy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZIELINSKI S, BUCA M, FAMULSKI M. Precipitation-stripping processes for heavy metals[J]. Hydrometallurgy, 1998, 48(3): 253-263., articleTitle=Precipitation-stripping processes for heavy metals, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064739252560806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=165, pageEnd=187, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=56, authorNames=ESPINOSA D C R, DE OLIVEIRA R P, MARTINS T A G, HOLUSZKO M E, KUMAR A, ESPINOSA D C R, journalName=Electronic Waste, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ESPINOSA D C R, DE OLIVEIRA R P, MARTINS T A G, et al. Recycling technologies: hydrometallurgy[C]//HOLUSZKO M E, KUMAR A, ESPINOSA D C R, eds. Electronic Waste. Weinheim: Wiley, 2022: 165-187., articleTitle=Recycling technologies: hydrometallurgy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064739688768424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=13, issue=9, pageStart=4027, pageEnd=4041, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=57, authorNames=THEOCHARIS M, PAVLOPOULOS C, KOUSI P, journalName=Waste and Biomass Valorization, refType=null, unstructuredReference=THEOCHARIS M, PAVLOPOULOS C, KOUSI P, et al. An integrated thermal and hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of Silicon and Silver from end-of-life crystalline Si photovoltaic panels[J]. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 2022, 13(9): 4027-4041., articleTitle=An integrated thermal and hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of Silicon and Silver from end-of-life crystalline Si photovoltaic panels, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064739927843753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=17, issue=23, pageStart=6015, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=58, authorNames=DIEZ-SUAREZ A M, MARTÍNEZ-BENAVIDES M, MANTECA DONADO C, journalName=Energies, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DIEZ-SUAREZ A M, MARTÍNEZ-BENAVIDES M, MANTECA DONADO C, et al. Recycling of silicon-based photovoltaic modules: mediterranean region insight[J]. Energies, 2024, 17(23): 6015., articleTitle=Recycling of silicon-based photovoltaic modules: mediterranean region insight, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1295064740024312746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=214, issue=null, pageStart=39, pageEnd=54, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=59, authorNames=WANG X, XUE J, HOU X, journalName=Renewable Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG X, XUE J, HOU X. Barriers analysis to Chinese waste photovoltaic module recycling under the background of “double carbon”[J]. Renewable Energy, 2023, 214: 39-54., articleTitle=Barriers analysis to Chinese waste photovoltaic module recycling under the background of “double carbon”, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1295064731010753384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, awardId=22308165, language=EN, fundingSource=Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation(22308165), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1295064731094639465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, awardId=22308165, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(22308165), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1295064731224662890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, awardId=BK20230944, language=EN, fundingSource=Youth Science Foundation Project of the Natural Science Research Program of Jiangsu Province(BK20230944), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1295064731342103403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, awardId=BK20230944, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省基础研究计划自然科学基金—青年基金项目(BK20230944), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1295064731417600876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, awardId=SJCX25_0236, language=EN, fundingSource=Jiangsu Province Graduate Research and Practice Innovation Program(SJCX25_0236), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1295064731488904045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, awardId=SJCX25_0236, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划项目(SJCX25_0236), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1295064725843370801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064725851759410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, companyId=1295064725843370801, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of New Energy, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Jiangyin 214400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064725860148019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, companyId=1295064725843370801, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.南京理工大学新能源学院,江苏 江阴 214400)]), AuthorCompany(id=1295064725939839796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064725948228405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, companyId=1295064725939839796, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Jiangyin Qiuhao Testing Co., Ltd., Jiangyin 214400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064725956617014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, companyId=1295064725939839796, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.江阴秋毫检测有限公司,江苏 江阴 214400)]), AuthorCompany(id=1295064726023725879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064726036308792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, companyId=1295064726023725879, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Wuxi Research Institution of Applied Technologies, Tsinghua University, Wuxi 214062, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064726044697401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, companyId=1295064726023725879, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.清华大学无锡应用技术研究院,江苏 无锡 214062)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1295064729962177374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Statistics of newly installed photovoltaic capacity in China from 2011 to 2024, figureFileSmall=Grh+cumsN/5G7n4sAnlv3g==, figureFileBig=DY/14AEaKht8e10u0ho2Yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064730050257759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2011—2024年中国光伏历年新增装机量统计, figureFileSmall=Grh+cumsN/5G7n4sAnlv3g==, figureFileBig=DY/14AEaKht8e10u0ho2Yg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064730356441952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Retirement quality of China’s photovoltaic module concept theory, figureFileSmall=1JL6WR+1vrvc9HodMY0WIQ==, figureFileBig=BuDNYBRQSVdHeE8P/I4caw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064730431939425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, language=CN, label=图2, caption=中国光伏组件理念理论退役质量, figureFileSmall=1JL6WR+1vrvc9HodMY0WIQ==, figureFileBig=BuDNYBRQSVdHeE8P/I4caw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064730507436898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Structural diagram of crystalline silicon photovoltaic module, figureFileSmall=Md5T1M8EiXHcutdiX86lIA==, figureFileBig=6LCYE1cMwuvbZmXyHRXjDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064730570351459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, language=CN, label=图3, caption=晶硅光伏组件结构示意, figureFileSmall=Md5T1M8EiXHcutdiX86lIA==, figureFileBig=6LCYE1cMwuvbZmXyHRXjDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064730633266020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=The quality proportions of crystalline silicon photovoltaic module material compositions, figureFileSmall=lK5FBtytjTX3Mmyy4Ax/oA==, figureFileBig=o1Pw7o9eKCu1on7faPINKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064730700374885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, language=CN, label=图4, caption=晶硅光伏组件材料组成质量比, figureFileSmall=lK5FBtytjTX3Mmyy4Ax/oA==, figureFileBig=o1Pw7o9eKCu1on7faPINKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064730775872358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Pyrolysis stratification process flow chart, figureFileSmall=nZLe8iFu9hv/a6sHXoWPNg==, figureFileBig=SzV+Oz8tQhWTh2JrhCM8UQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1295064730859758439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, language=CN, label=图5, caption=热解分层工艺流程, figureFileSmall=nZLe8iFu9hv/a6sHXoWPNg==, figureFileBig=SzV+Oz8tQhWTh2JrhCM8UQ==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1210938006006558725, delFlag=0, nameCn=热力发电, nameEn=Thermal Power Generation, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1002-3364, eissn=null, cn=61-1111/TM, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=IcKGK23kpfWlBK6GqYtS5g==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Thermal Power Generation, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1766639718774, updatedTime=1784018130043, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13041195026, firstLetterCn=R, firstLetterEn=R, subjectCode=Engineering, subjectName=Engineering, subjectCodeEn=Engineering, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=IcKGK23kpfWlBK6GqYtS5g==, picEn=UzifuamzuAk3uXMVSOtdyA==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1283828346035356554, language=CN, name=热力发电, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1784018130072, updatedTime=1784018130072, createdBy=13041195026, updatedBy=13041195026, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://rlfdauthor.cast.org.cn/webm, submissionEditorUrl=https://rlfdeditor.cast.org.cn/webm, submissionReviewUrl=https://rlfdauthor.cast.org.cn/webm, submissionCeEditorUrl=https://rlfdeditor.cast.org.cn/webm, submissionAeEditorUrl=https://rlfdeditor.cast.org.cn/webm, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1283828346094076811, language=EN, name=Thermal Power Generation, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1784018130086, updatedTime=1784018130086, createdBy=13041195026, updatedBy=13041195026, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://rlfdauthor.cast.org.cn/webm, submissionEditorUrl=https://rlfdeditor.cast.org.cn/webm, submissionReviewUrl=https://rlfdauthor.cast.org.cn/webm, submissionCeEditorUrl=https://rlfdeditor.cast.org.cn/webm, submissionAeEditorUrl=https://rlfdeditor.cast.org.cn/webm, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1210938733613449225, websiteList=[Website(id=1210941118787744741, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1210938733613449225, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN, language=CN, createTime=1766640460918, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1766640511525, updateBy=18614031015, name=热力发电-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=热力发电, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1307280923934876518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1789609660371, updateTime=1789609660371, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1307280923905516387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1789609660364, updateTime=1789609660364, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1307280923960042345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1789609660377, updateTime=1789609660377, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1307280923880350562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/file/pic?fileId=ToFA0Lu4b/CNocENDvNjHA==, createTime=1789609660358, updateTime=1789609660358, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1307280923976819563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1789609660381, updateTime=1789609660381, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1307280923926487909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/file/pic, createTime=1789609660369, updateTime=1789609660369, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1307280923968430954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1789609660379, updateTime=1789609660379, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1307280923913904996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1789609660366, updateTime=1789609660366, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1307280923943265127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1789609660373, updateTime=1789609660373, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1307280923951653736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=themeStyle, value=.style-1 .main-menu ul>li { margin-right: 18px; }, createTime=1789609660375, updateTime=1789609660375, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1210941118926156777, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1210938733613449225, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/EN, language=EN, createTime=1766640460950, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1766640598724, updateBy=18614031015, name=热力发电-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Thermal Power Generation, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1218204520857915865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1768372190918, updateTime=1768372190918, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1218204520841138646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1768372190914, updateTime=1768372190914, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1218204520874693084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1768372190922, updateTime=1768372190922, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1218204520828555733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/file/pic?fileId=ToFA0Lu4b/CNocENDvNjHA==, createTime=1768372190911, updateTime=1768372190911, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1218204520887275998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1768372190925, updateTime=1768372190925, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1218204520853721560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/EN/file/pic, createTime=1768372190917, updateTime=1768372190917, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1218204520883081693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1768372190924, updateTime=1768372190924, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1218204520845332951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1768372190915, updateTime=1768372190915, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1218204520866304474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1768372190920, updateTime=1768372190920, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1218204520870498779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=themeStyle, value=.style-1 .main-menu ul>li { margin-right: 15px; }, createTime=1768372190921, updateTime=1768372190921, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=热力发电, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=null, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Thermal Power Generation, journalPhotoCn=IcKGK23kpfWlBK6GqYtS5g==, journalPhotoEn=UzifuamzuAk3uXMVSOtdyA==, journalFirstLetter=R, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false, interPubPlatform=, interPubPlatformUrl=null), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/10.19666/j.rlfd.202509086, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/EN/10.19666/j.rlfd.202509086, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/PDF/10.19666/j.rlfd.202509086, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/EN/PDF/10.19666/j.rlfd.202509086, aliStartDate=0, aliEndDate=0, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, previewStatus=0, delFlag=0, hasFullText=1, orderTime=1769270400000, fullTextJson=null, articleText=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
废弃光伏组件回收技术发展现状与展望
收藏切换
PDF下载
刘佳 1 , 罗涛 1 , 吴潇笑 2 , 周刚 2 , 李强 1, 3
热力发电 | 退役风光设备资源化利用专题 2026,55(1): 1-10
收起
收藏切换
热力发电 |退役风光设备资源化利用专题 2026 , 55 (1) : 1 -10
废弃光伏组件回收技术发展现状与展望
全屏
[Author(id=1295064726107611963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=535954387@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1295064726183109437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, authorId=1295064726107611963, language=EN, stringName=Jia LIU, firstName=Jia, middleName=null, lastName=LIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.School of New Energy, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Jiangyin 214400, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1295064726258606910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, authorId=1295064726107611963, language=CN, stringName=刘佳, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.南京理工大学新能源学院,江苏 江阴 214400, bio={"content":"

刘佳(2002),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为光伏单晶炉热场设计,

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

刘佳(2002),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为光伏单晶炉热场设计,

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1295064725843370801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064725851759410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, companyId=1295064725843370801, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of New Energy, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Jiangyin 214400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064725860148019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, companyId=1295064725843370801, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.南京理工大学新能源学院,江苏 江阴 214400)])]), Author(id=1295064726342492992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1295064726434767682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, authorId=1295064726342492992, language=EN, stringName=Tao LUO, firstName=Tao, middleName=null, lastName=LUO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.School of New Energy, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Jiangyin 214400, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1295064726506070851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, authorId=1295064726342492992, language=CN, stringName=罗涛, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.南京理工大学新能源学院,江苏 江阴 214400, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1295064725843370801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064725851759410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, companyId=1295064725843370801, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of New Energy, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Jiangyin 214400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064725860148019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, companyId=1295064725843370801, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.南京理工大学新能源学院,江苏 江阴 214400)])]), Author(id=1295064726581568325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1295064726657065800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, authorId=1295064726581568325, language=EN, stringName=Xiaoxiao WU, firstName=Xiaoxiao, middleName=null, lastName=WU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.Jiangyin Qiuhao Testing Co., Ltd., Jiangyin 214400, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1295064726933889866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, authorId=1295064726581568325, language=CN, stringName=吴潇笑, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.江阴秋毫检测有限公司,江苏 江阴 214400, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1295064725939839796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064725948228405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, companyId=1295064725939839796, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Jiangyin Qiuhao Testing Co., Ltd., Jiangyin 214400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064725956617014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, companyId=1295064725939839796, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.江阴秋毫检测有限公司,江苏 江阴 214400)])]), Author(id=1295064727000998732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1295064727114244942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, authorId=1295064727000998732, language=EN, stringName=Gang ZHOU, firstName=Gang, middleName=null, lastName=ZHOU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.Jiangyin Qiuhao Testing Co., Ltd., Jiangyin 214400, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1295064727252656975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, authorId=1295064727000998732, language=CN, stringName=周刚, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.江阴秋毫检测有限公司,江苏 江阴 214400, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1295064725939839796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064725948228405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, companyId=1295064725939839796, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Jiangyin Qiuhao Testing Co., Ltd., Jiangyin 214400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064725956617014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, companyId=1295064725939839796, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.江阴秋毫检测有限公司,江苏 江阴 214400)])]), Author(id=1295064728947155793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=qli@njust.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1295064729093956436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, authorId=1295064728947155793, language=EN, stringName=Qiang LI, firstName=Qiang, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 3, address=1.School of New Energy, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Jiangyin 214400, China
3.Wuxi Research Institution of Applied Technologies, Tsinghua University, Wuxi 214062, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1295064729169453909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, authorId=1295064728947155793, language=CN, stringName=李强, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 3, address=1.南京理工大学新能源学院,江苏 江阴 214400
3.清华大学无锡应用技术研究院,江苏 无锡 214062, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1295064725843370801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064725851759410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, companyId=1295064725843370801, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of New Energy, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Jiangyin 214400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064725860148019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, companyId=1295064725843370801, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.南京理工大学新能源学院,江苏 江阴 214400)]), AuthorCompany(id=1295064726023725879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064726036308792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, companyId=1295064726023725879, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Wuxi Research Institution of Applied Technologies, Tsinghua University, Wuxi 214062, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1295064726044697401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1271501635114181399, companyId=1295064726023725879, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.清华大学无锡应用技术研究院,江苏 无锡 214062)])])]
刘佳1 , 罗涛1, 吴潇笑2, 周刚2, 李强1, 3
作者信息
  • 1.南京理工大学新能源学院,江苏 江阴 214400
  • 2.江阴秋毫检测有限公司,江苏 江阴 214400
  • 3.清华大学无锡应用技术研究院,江苏 无锡 214062
通讯作者:
李强(1988),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为传热强化和颗粒悬浮液,
作者简介:

刘佳(2002),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为光伏单晶炉热场设计,

Development status and prospects of waste photovoltaic module recycling technology
Jia LIU1 , Tao LUO1, Xiaoxiao WU2, Gang ZHOU2, Qiang LI1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of New Energy, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Jiangyin 214400, China
  • 2.Jiangyin Qiuhao Testing Co., Ltd., Jiangyin 214400, China
  • 3.Wuxi Research Institution of Applied Technologies, Tsinghua University, Wuxi 214062, China
出版时间: 2026-01-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202509086
文章导航
收藏切换

随着光伏发电行业规模扩张和持续发展,未来几年光伏组件将迎来大规模退役,组件回收利用已成为全球能源可持续发展和循环经济体系的重要议题。退役的光伏组件富含硅、银、铝等高价值的贵金属元素,也存在铅、氟化物等有毒物质,若处理不当将对环境和人类健康产生巨大的危害。总结了光伏发电行业发展现状和退役现状、光伏组件结构和主要构成材料及价值,分析比较了物理法、热处理法、化学法等回收技术的应用原理、优缺点,并调研了我国目前的回收技术进展;最后,对废弃光伏组件回收进行系统总结与展望,为光伏发电行业的低碳发展和资源循环利用提供科学依据与决策支持。

废弃光伏组件  /  回收技术  /  梯次利用  /  资源循环

With the expansion and continuous development of the photovoltaic power generation industry, photovoltaic modules will face large-scale decommissioning in the coming years, and the recycling of modules has become an important issue for global energy sustainability and the circular economy system. Decommissioned photovoltaic modules are rich in high-value precious metal elements such as silicon, silver, and aluminum, but also contain toxic substances such as lead and fluorides, which can cause significant harm to the environment and human health if not properly handled. The current development status and decommissioning status of the photovoltaic power generation industry, as well as the structure and main components and values of photovoltaic modules, are summarized. The principles, advantages, and disadvantages of recycling technologies such as physical methods, thermal treatment methods, and chemical methods are analyzed and compared. Moreover, the progress of recycling technologies in China is investigated. Finally, the recycling of waste photovoltaic modules is systematically summarized and prospected, providing a scientific basis and decision-making support for the low-carbon development and resource recycling of the photovoltaic power generation industry.

abandoned photovoltaic modules  /  recycling technology  /  cascaded utilization  /  resource cycle
刘佳, 罗涛, 吴潇笑, 周刚, 李强. 废弃光伏组件回收技术发展现状与展望. 热力发电, 2026 , 55 (1) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202509086
Jia LIU, Tao LUO, Xiaoxiao WU, Gang ZHOU, Qiang LI. Development status and prospects of waste photovoltaic module recycling technology[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2026 , 55 (1) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202509086
随着经济社会的发展,人们对能源的需求量日益增大,对环境保护的认识也逐渐增强,传统化石能源资源面临枯竭和环境污染问题。光伏发电行业正是适应了这一趋势,并凭借其独特的优势发展起来。目前,面对能源格局的巨大变革,光伏发电行业作为可再生能源领域的重要力量,发挥着越来越关键的作用[1]
太阳能光伏组件使用寿命为25~30年[2],但随着光伏发电行业的蓬勃发展,特别是我国和亚洲一些国家和地区,出现了大规模光伏组件退役的现象。中国作为最大的光伏应用市场,预计到2030年将达到140万吨光伏组件报废,到2040年将增长到最高的2 000万吨。逐年暴增的报废光伏组件将会给人类生活带来一系列影响。一方面,废弃光伏组件含有铅、铬等重金属及一些有机溶剂及化学品,处置不当将会对土壤、水及生态系统造成极大破坏[3];另一方面,废弃光伏组件中也含有硅、铝、银等高附加值成分,能产生巨大的经济效益[4]。所以,光伏组件报废量的增加,使得报废光伏组件的高效回收处理成为光伏行业面临的重大问题。
早期,简单机械法是处理废弃光伏组件的主要方法,通过破碎、筛分等方式回收玻璃、铝边框等低附加值材料。含有贵金属的残余物往往被简单焚烧或无序堆放,导致银、硅等高价值元素大量流失,造成土壤、水质污染。由于光伏发电行业的发展和世界范围内对可持续发展理念的逐步重视,废旧组件回收工艺逐步完善[5]。目前,在光伏组件回收领域,回收处理技术主要有物理法和化学法,其中物理法又分为机械法和热解法。热解法又分为低温热解法和高温热解法。经上述工艺再生处理的回收材料可进一步应用于光伏产业或其他相关领域,实现资源循环利用。
本文首先系统分析了光伏发电行业现状及政策发展;随后介绍了光伏组件的基础材料、制作工艺及组成结构,量化重要成分的价值分布,评估不同材料的回收潜力;同时,分析不同回收方法的特点,研究各国光伏组件回收的相关政策。
我国光伏行业的探索阶段始于20世纪70年代,自2010年首批“金太阳”示范项目顺利实施后,该产业开始向规模化生产转型。2010—2013年期间,世界经济的深度调整以及欧美地区施加的限制性措施,使得光伏发电行业的扩张速度明显减慢。2014—2018年,国务院发布《关于促进光伏产业健康发展的若干意见》这一重要政策文本及后续配套措施,为行业注入了新的活力,推动产业步入高速增长通道,2015年装机容量达到43 GW,一跃成为全球领先者。2018年,随着光伏技术持续进步和成本明显降低,国家出台“531新政”调控新增装机规模,导致当年光伏装机同比增长速度有所放缓。2020年,国家“双碳”目标的提出和大型风光大基地项目的快速实施,让光伏发电产业迎来新一轮增长[6]图1为我国2011—2024年光伏历年新增装机量统计[7]。由此分析可得,近十余年来,中国光伏累计装机规模持续扩大,年增速稳定在20%以上,尤其在“十三五”时期,达到25%左右[7]。国家发改委能源所发布的《中国2050年光伏发展展望》中提到,到2050年,光伏发电将成为中国的第一大电源,光伏发电总装机规模达50亿千瓦,占全国总装机的59%[8]
影响光伏组件寿命的因素有功率衰减、热斑、内部隐裂、焊接脱焊等,寿命一般为20~25年。中国光伏行业协会预计,2025年,我国将开始产生大批量退役光伏组件,此后10多年间,退役组件规模将以每年增加30%左右的速度快速增长[9]图2数据为中国光伏行业协会的白桦林等[10]预测的中国光伏组件理念理论退役质量。图2显示:中国光伏电站组件大规模的退役潮预计将于2035年开始,当年退役组件约29.63万吨,累计组件退役质量约合112.81万吨;2050年,当年退役组件规模预计约1 162.32万吨,累计约7 423.15万吨[11-20]
中国光伏发电行业近年来呈现高速增长态势,其中政府主导的政策支持体系发挥了关键性推动作用。特别是在“十四五”发展规划纲要实施期间,针对退役光伏模组的循环利用问题,已被纳入多项国家级战略规划的重点任务范畴,相关配套政策措施正在加速制定与完善。
2017年12月,为推动环保产业升级,我国工信部与科技部共同颁布了《国家鼓励发展的重大环保技术装备目录(2017年版)》,其中首次收录了“废晶体硅太阳能电池板资源回收成套装备”,促进了光伏回收产业装备制造能力的提升,并加速了环保产业的可持续发展步伐。2018年7月,科技部发布了《“可再生能源与氢能技术”重点专项2018年度项目申报指南》,明确将“晶硅光伏组件回收处理成套技术和装备”列为重点扶持方向,集中资源研制光伏组件环保处置的核心技术与装备。2020年6月,国家能源局发布的《国家能源局2020年度能源软科学研究选题指南》将“光伏电站设备回收利用技术”纳入研究范畴,以此鼓励社会各界加大相关技术的研究投入。2021年10月,国务院推出了《2030年前碳达峰行动方案》,将“大力推进光伏组件等新兴废弃物资源化利用”确立为重要任务;同期,中国标准体系迎来了突破性进展,首个光伏组件回收领域国家标准《光伏组件回收再利用通用技术要求》(GB/T 39753—2021)经批准发布,明确分类、拆解、运输、贮存及资源化利用要求,为行业提供了统一的技术基准。2022年8月1日,工信部等部门发布《工业领域碳达峰实施方案》,其中强调加强再生资源循环利用,研究退役光伏组件等资源化利用的技术路线和实施路径,通过资源高效循环利用降低工业领域碳排放。2023年1月,工信部等六部门公布《关于推动能源电子产业发展的指导意见》,明确了加速光伏组件回收技术研发及产业化推广的迫切任务。2023年8月,国家发展与改革委等六部门推出《关于促进退役风电、光伏设备循环利用的指导意见》,设定阶段性目标:至2025年构建光伏发电站退役设备处理的责任体系,确保设备处置与资源化利用的规范性;并规划在2030年实现光伏设备全生命周期循环利用技术的初步成熟。2024年8月21日,国家发改委与国家能源局印发《能源重点领域大规模设备更新实施方案》(简称《方案》),提出做好光伏设备更新与回收利用,鼓励光伏电站开展构网型发展,提升电站发电能力和水平;鼓励利用新能源组件、逆变器等光伏设备,提升光伏电站单位用地面积发电效率及光伏电站土地综合能效。多项政策、标准的接连出台共同助力光伏发电行业可持续发展。
光伏组件作为太阳能系统的最核心部分,根据基础材料、制作工艺及组件结构等因素的不同,可将其分为4代:1)晶硅光伏组件包括基于晶圆的高度纯化晶体硅(c-Si和p-Si,也称为x-Si);2)薄膜光伏组件包括非晶硅(a-Si)、硒化铜铟镓(CIGS)和碲化镉(CdTe)等薄膜技术;3)新兴光伏组件包括量子点太阳能电池(QDSC)、钙钛矿太阳能电池(PSC)、有机光伏(OPV)和染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSC);4)新概念电池包含多结、热载流子和等离子体太阳能电池等[11]。相较于其他类型电池,晶硅太阳能电池凭借其稳定性高、寿命长、环境抗逆性好、转化效率高等优点,一直在太阳能电池中占据主流地位,同时由于具有低成本、产业链成熟等优势,其市场占有率超过95%[12]。依据不同组件的发展时间,晶硅光伏组件将率先进入规模化退役阶段。
晶硅光伏组件是一种层状复合结构设计,其构造包括盖板玻璃、有机封装层(通常为乙烯−醋酸乙烯共聚物,EVA)、太阳电池、背板、外框和接线盒等关键元件,结构示意如图3所示[11]。其中,光伏玻璃在材料选择上常采用低铁钢化玻璃或半钢化玻璃,该材料兼具高透光率、优异机械强度和抗冲击性等优势,可支撑和保护光伏电池组件。透光率是光伏玻璃性能的关键衡量标准,玻璃表层涂覆减反射薄膜可有效减少300~1 200 nm波段的光反射,在技术创新的推动下,光伏玻璃正向更薄的形态、轻质的构造以及双层镀膜的技术演进。
光伏封装胶膜是光伏组件的重要组成部分,布置在电池片上下两侧,通常采用乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯(EVA)材料,具有抗震、防潮、隔热、无毒、柔韧性好、透光率高、耐腐蚀性、不吸水、价格低等特点,能够有效粘接电池片与玻璃和背板,起到封装防护作用。
光伏背板主要分为氟基聚合物背板与非氟基背板,其功能核心在于阻隔水汽渗透并抑制湿热老化效应,减缓电池片材料的腐蚀速率,最终提升组件服役寿命。
组件边框普遍采用铝合金材质,通过有机硅密封剂与层压件粘接固化提高组件整体机械强度,便于组件运输和安装。
硅电池片由多种精密组件构成,包括高纯硅晶片、精细银栅线正面电极、特殊减反射膜以及背面的电极层。为改善光电转换效率,将特殊减反射膜涂覆于含P-N结的硅晶片正面,采用丝网印刷技术精确印制导电银浆形成正电极,并在硅基电池片背面交替涂覆铝浆与银浆,形成背部电极,构成硅基电池片。
对于晶硅光伏组件,玻璃质量分数约70.0%、铝元素质量分数约18.0%、EVA约5.1%,除此之外,硅元素质量分数约3.7%、背板质量分数约1.5%,金属(铝、铜、银、锡等极具回收价值的金属和铅、镉等重金属)元素质量分数约1.7%[4]。各成分如图4所示。
回收价值主要来自玻璃和银。玻璃是占比最大的材料,虽然单看回收价值不高,但因其巨大的数量,整体回收价值不可小视。银元素质量分数虽低,但凭借稀缺性、功能不可替代性、高单价及成熟的回收工艺等优势,也成为价值回收的核心驱动力。另外,虽然硅元素质量分数约为银的800倍,但银的单价是硅的140~390倍,且提纯成本远低于硅,故银在回收价值上具有绝对优势[14]。另外,采用恰当的回收工艺从废旧光伏组件中回收无损电池硅片,将极大地提升硅的回收价值,因此推动硅回收技术的开发,对于高价值的硅片回收再利用,减少潜在的环境危害和生产成本,实现光伏的可持续发展具有重大价值。
随着光伏发电行业规模的急剧扩张,预计到2050年,我国废旧光伏板将累计产生20万吨铜、140万吨铝、60万吨硅及640吨银的废弃资源,极具开发前景[15]。同时,玻璃、铜、银、铝、硅等关键材料的回收显著减少了对原材料的需求,提取所有报废太阳能光伏组件的有价组分,可以满足2031—2040年国际能源署净零排放情景下太阳能光伏行业对铝、铜、玻璃、硅和银需求的3%∼7%,并在2041—2050年满足20%以上的需求[16]。光伏组件回收利用将在中长期内满足材料供应链多样化需求,实现更可持续的资源利用。
而在环境方面,退役晶硅光伏组件中除了含有大量有价组分外,还含有机氟、重金属等毒害物质,处理方法不当易造成环境污染[3]。其中,污染物主要分两大类:一类为有机污染物,以光伏组件中常见的TPT背板(即聚氟乙烯-聚酯-聚氟乙烯复合背板)为例,其中含有的聚氟乙烯(PVF)和聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)等有机氯在不当的热解条件下,会释放出氟化氢及氟代烃等有毒物质;另一类为重金属污染物[3]。所以,光伏组件中的有机封装材料和重金属铅对环境有潜在威胁。如果光伏设备被随意填埋,其内部的有机物和铅会逐渐渗入土壤,破坏农作物生长并最终威胁人类健康;同时,若光伏组件在长时间强光照射下发生物理损伤,其内部累积的聚氟乙烯(PVF)、聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)等有毒成分也可能泄漏,加剧环境污染问题。回收这些组件并进行安全处置可以减少这种风险,但回收技术也要考虑污染物特征,以确保光伏组件退役时的环境无害化及资源循环利用。
二十余年来,国内外对于废旧光伏组件的回收进行了大量研究。回收路线主要涵盖机械法、热处理与化学处理3类。回收路线根据目标产物的附加值高低,可依次分为“高值组分优先回收工艺”“中值机械富集工艺”及“低值残渣利用工艺”3档。后两档主要以机械处理为主,如锤击、粉碎和研磨。而高值组分优先回收工艺则集成3种方法提取,以回收具有较高价值的组分,如玻璃、硅片、铝、银、铜等。
物理回收法通过施加机械力来拆解、破碎和分离组件各部分,是目前工业化最常用的一种方式。该方法主要应用于主体材料的回收,如玻璃、铝边框等,成本相对较低、易于规模化。
组件初步拆解是物理回收流程的第一工序,将铝框、接线盒等外部部件分离,可采用人工拆解或自动化拆解。人工拆解属于劳动密集型工艺,小批量处理可采用此工艺,但易破坏内部元件[18]。自动化拆解是指采用特定的专用设备如机械臂、抓取器和先进视觉系统进行搬运、定位、分拣等,准确高效地完成拆卸,避免损坏零部件,自动化拆卸适用于大规模回收场景。
层压板的机械分离过程是移除边框和接线盒后的核心任务,目标是分离紧密黏合的玻璃、EVA胶膜、电池片和背板。常用的机械分层工艺包括破碎/研磨、铣削、热刀技术和旋转刀片等。破碎法中,将组件层压件送入链式破碎机或锤磨机中,粉碎成数毫米的细小碎片,再通过机械分离器与筛网按尺寸分级。此过程会破坏层压结构,使EVA薄膜与玻璃脱离,光谱分析显示破碎样品中主要存在硅酸盐玻璃、硅、二氧化硅和铝。Granata等人[19]提出采用双转子电机粉碎后实施锤磨,将直径大于0.08 mm的玻璃归类为可回收物,更小颗粒的玻璃(直径小于0.08 mm)则包含需经火法或湿法冶金处理的硅与金属,不能被视为可回收玻璃,需单独收集。
Dobra等人[20]采用铣切作为分层技术,将玻璃层中非玻璃部分分离出来。相对于破碎法以回收碎片混合物中的玻璃为主要目标,该工艺以硅、塑料和金属等材料的分离并提取背板碎片为目的,减少了后序处理流程。
破碎物后续分选是材料回收的重要步骤,重力分选(浮选分离)利用各组份(玻璃、金属、聚合物)不同的密度进行有效分离。此外,机械研磨中的球磨技术成本低、环境友好,目前广泛应用于多个领域[21]
热回收法是将组件中的特定材料利用高温分解或熔化,以实现组分分离与回收,主要包括热解分层、水热处理和火法冶金3种方式。
热解分层通过在空气或惰性气氛中将组件加热至聚合物(主要是EVA)分解的温度(通常为500~600 ℃),使封装材料气化或燃烧,将玻璃与电池片分离[22-23],工艺流程如图5所示[24]。Dobra等人[23]建立了处理时间和温度的关系模型,发现更高温度下处理时间较短,例如在500 ℃下需要65 min,而在600 ℃下仅需33 min。
水热处理工艺是针对热解过程产生有害气体的问题研发的一种工艺。Khayyam等人[25]通过设定温度200~250 ℃,压力3 MPa左右,处理时长20~180 min的水热处理过程,得到无聚合物及金属的玻璃,且过程无需添加额外化学品,不产生有害气体,能耗较低。Wu等人[26]研究了低温(20~140 ℃)处理工艺以减少光伏组件回收过程中产生的有害气体。
火法冶金法主要是将废弃光伏元件装入高温熔炉内,在还原气氛的作用下还原金属氧化物或硫化物成熔融金属,杂质则被转移至氧化物炉渣中从而分离除去[27]。然而,Tammaro等人[28]研究发现,当热处理温度升至600 ℃时,在气相中检测出了铬和铅等有毒元素,存在重金属大气逸散的潜在环境风险,需在熔炼炉尾气端进行急冷、吸附、除尘等净化措施以控制其对环境的影响。
化学回收法即通过化学溶剂或者试剂对材料中有价值的元素进行选择性的溶解或者反应回收,以实现高纯度、高附加值回收利用,尤其对金属选择性分离、回收整片电池的潜力巨大。
溶剂方法分层是将EVA胶膜溶解,获取可修复再利用的完整太阳能电池薄片的一种方法,也是高附加值回收的有效方法。有机溶剂应用最广泛,目前主要的分层溶剂有己烷类、邻二氯苯、氢氧化钠溶液、氢氧化钾溶液等,使用超临界CO2和甲苯可实现玻璃、箔材、稀有金属96%左右的回收和EVA、太阳能电池85%的回收。溶剂的分层效果主要取决于溶剂的组成部分、温度和处理时间等条件的控制。然而,化学分层法常导致电池片破裂,主要是由于EVA封装胶接触溶剂溶胀,溶胀产生的机械应力造成电池片裂纹。Vaněk等人[29]研究表明甲苯等溶剂虽然可以有效溶解EVA胶膜,但是溶胀量比较大,会导致电池片开裂。此外,光伏组件在报废前已长期暴露在应力下,因此,更易发生分层破坏。尽管存在上述问题,然而由于化学分层具有高材料回收率、低环境负荷、可扩展性强等优势,仍是研究重点。
从报废太阳能电池板中回收硅片正逐渐成为构建太阳能技术可持续未来的重要环节。研究者已开发出使用氢氟酸等酸性物质回收硅片的方法,通过对基础材料进行表征、适量掺杂及再加工,可将其制成新的太阳能电池。初步实验结果表明,采用简单低成本的工业方法回收硅片具备可行性[30]。Xu等人[31]开发了一种溶剂热溶胀-热分解方法以回收完整太阳能电池,最终36片光伏组件的硅电池回收率达86.11%,并且经化学蚀刻处理的回收硅片表现出与新硅片相当的耐久性。
在聚合物组分回收方面,Yu等人[32]开发了由氯化胆碱(ChCl)和草酸(Oxa)构成的可生物降解低共熔溶剂(DES),用于分离光伏组件各层间的EVA胶膜。Su等人[33]利用乙醇(CH3CH2OH)分离光伏组件背板,研究发现将组件浸泡于质量分数75%的乙醇-水溶液、在70 ℃下处理20 min,可实现背板最外层PVF的100%分离。Kumar等人[34]研究了有机溶剂去除EVA的效果,发现三氯乙烯、四氯化碳和氯仿等氯化烃类溶剂具有较高效率。Sah等人[35]比较了丙酮、环己烷、甲醇、氯仿、三氯乙烯和甲苯六种溶剂对EVA的溶解性,其中甲苯表现最佳。
化学法提纯是利用酸、碱等水溶液对材料进行浸出、萃取、沉淀和电解,以分离和纯化高价值金属和硅材料。采用多种化学蚀刻技术对金属进行分离,例如使用硝酸(HNO3)、磷酸(H3PO4)和氢氟酸(HF)混合液,或硝酸(HNO₃)、氢氧化钾(KOH)和氢氟酸(HF)混合液进行蚀刻。其中,HNO3-H3PO4-HF混合体系在高品质硅片回收方面表现优异,回收硅片厚度可控制在(175±10)μm,接近商业新硅片的(200±10)μm标准,其电阻率范围为1.6~10.0 Ω·cm,平均载流子寿命为1.785 μs[36]
浸出法也是金属回收的常用工艺,根据待处理物料特性及目标回收率可选择酸浸或碱浸。该方法常以金属回收率、选择性、环境影响和工艺可扩展性为评价指标[37]。Li等人[37]研究表明,采用H2SO4可从薄膜太阳能组件中回收铟、铜和镓。Das等人[5]利用7 mol/L NaOH溶液,在60 ℃、液固比10 mL/g的条件下浸出3 h,可实现镓的浸出率97.26%,残留物中氧化铟纯度达96.04%;进一步经pH值调节纯化得到纯度为99.83%的氧化镓。与高能耗的热法及危险性强酸提取工艺相比,该法更高效、环保且经济。在环保型浸出剂方面,甘氨酸被证明可有效溶解某些金属[38-39]。Kavousi和Alamdari研究发现[40],使用0.5 M甘氨酸溶液,在25 ℃、固液比10 g/L、添加1%质量分数过氧化氢的条件下,可从处理后的光伏废物中回收近100%的铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)和镉(Cd)。从回收太阳能电池中提纯硅的技术近年来显著进步。Klugmann-Radziemska等人[41]采用氢氟酸(HF)、硝酸(HNO3)、乙酸(CH3COOH)和过氧化氢(H2O2)等组成的蚀刻液处理报废晶硅组件中的电池片,成功提取高纯硅。Zhang等人[42]利用湿法浸出和纳米金属催化蚀刻技术从废弃光伏组件中回收纯度达99.86%的硅,并用于制备锂离子电池多孔硅/碳复合电极,但其纯度仍低于太阳能电池级硅所需的6N标准。Saha等人[43]则通过湿化学法从报废光伏组件中回收纯度超过99.9%(3N+)的硅,并进一步升级再造成二氧化硅纳米颗粒(SNPs),用于制备防腐涂层,其防护效率达99.5%,腐蚀速率降低200倍。Berger等人[44]采用机械法处理破碎组件,并结合热力与化学方法回收材料,在实验室规模实现了碲化镉(CdTe)和铜铟硒(CIS)组件的回收。
晶硅组件焊料中含有铅(Pb),焊料中Pb的典型质量浓度为8~10 g/m3[45],但实际Pb质量浓度(单个组件1.64~11.4 g)甚至比CdTe薄膜组件的镉质量浓度[46](单个组件0.32~11.40 g)更高。光伏组件中的重金属主要存在于电池片、连线和其他电气部件,以锡铅(Sn-Pb)合金形式存在[45];CdTe薄膜组件则以镉为主要成分;CIGS薄膜太阳能电池含有铜、铟、镓和硒等重金属,可以通过各种方法回收,常用方法包括溶剂萃取,使金属离子从水相转入有机相,再经反萃和分步沉淀实现分离与纯化。通过醋酸浸出和电积可以实现硅组件Pb的回收[47]。Liu等人[48]研究设计了从废弃CIGS薄膜组件中萃取及反萃铜、铟和镓的流程,对萃取剂浓度、pH值、油水比、反萃剂和反应时间等条件进行了系统的优化。湿法冶金是一种先进的材料纯化技术,有助于降低能耗和气体排放,并实现金属回收与选择性分离[49-50]。Theocharis等人[51]提出了一种联合工艺流程,先对报废硅组件进行热处理,再通过湿法冶金操作回收高纯晶体硅和银。
材料分离回收纯化技术是将硅、银、铜、铟、镓及其他有价金属从废弃的太阳能组件中回收。不同技术的效果因组件类型和所用方法而不同。湿法冶金对CIGS薄膜组件中的铜、铟、镓的回收率可达95%以上[36];火法冶金能有效回收铜等贱金属,但会由于高温使得银、铅等贵金属挥发损失;热回收过程有利于回收硅、铜和玻璃[52],热解可回收91%、粒径小于1 mm的玻璃片。
机械研磨将玻璃与金属分离开,但需综合热力、化学的方法去除含氟聚合物的封装材料、背板[52]。当前技术瓶颈是,高耗能、有毒副产物[53]、回收材质纯度往往无法满足光伏制造再利用等问题。
湿法回收率较高,但回收过程会使用强酸,存在化学品安全问题;火法工艺可扩展性强,但银和铅易挥发丢失。对于晶硅组件,机械、热法回收铜、铝和玻璃更具经济性[37],目前已经商业化,但金属分离纯化能力差,不适用于薄膜组件;化学法(如浸出和低共熔溶剂(DES)回收)回收潜力表现良好,但仍需优化。因此,目前尚无单一技术可实现在所有情况下回收效果最优。选择材料分离回收纯化方法需考虑目标材料、组件类型、回收效率、环境影响和经济可行性。光伏对资源、温室气体和经济收益的巨大价值能证明发展混合工艺的重要性,应结合热、化学与机械方法,以实现回收效率最大化,环境和经济成本最小化。未来研究应首先开发规模经济型回收技术,开发报废组件中的PFAS、微塑料等新污染物污染环境的回收技术,开发标准测试体系,使用生物浸出等新技术提高可持续能力等。
对于退役光伏组件,很多传统回收模式着眼于低层次材料如玻璃、铝合金等的回收利用,不但成本高、耗量大,而且经济性较差。近几年,已经有越来越多的专家学者聚焦于“梯次利用”,延长组件寿命从而形成可持续性回收模式。
退役光伏组件中相当一部分仍具有较高的电性能,尤其是在功率衰减未超过一定阈值的情况下,这些组件依旧具备发电能力。通过检测、分选和再认证后,可用于大棚、路灯供电系统、边远地区微电网及配套储能系统等用电水平要求较低或供电需求不高的用电场景。这种梯次利用的方案可有效延长使用寿命,避免使用寿命不足而过早损坏带来的浪费。目前梯次利用尚存在缺少可靠检测方法、检测分选成本高、梯次利用市场体系不健全等问题。
近年来,相关企业积极开展废旧组件回收利用相关工作,比如废旧组件处理、利用技术及装备、处置产线研发建设等,并取得一定成效。目前,物理、化学、热解等主流回收方法已具备一定的技术和经济可行性,开始进入实用阶段,已形成一定的回收处置产能。
中国光伏组件回收产业虽较国际先进水平尚存差距,但是自《国家“十二五”规划纲要》系统部署以来,行业呈现加速追赶态势。中国科学院、中南大学等顶尖科研机构联合国家电投、英利集团、晶科能源等领军企业,围绕废弃光伏组件资源化利用开展深度协同创新,在回收处理效率提升、前沿利用技术开发及专用装备研制等维度取得显著进展,并积极探索先进处置工艺产线的工程化建设。为强化关键核心技术突破,2019年在国家重点研发计划专项支持下,“晶硅光伏组件回收处理成套技术和装备”重大课题正式启动;项目团队经系统研发,成功构建符合环保标准的物理法处理产线,并建立集热解处置与化学修复技术于一体的一体化示范量产体系,为我国光伏组件循环利用提供标杆范式。2021年,国家电投黄河水电公司投运规模为年处理量30 MW的试验生产线,该产线集成物理拆解、热切割及湿法提纯等先进工艺,充分彰显企业在光伏组件再利用领域的核心创新竞争力。同年,晶科能源在江西上饶建成国内首条热解化学法示范产线,实现该领域技术的重大跨越;英利集团亦在河北保定启动基于物理法的示范项目,显著加速我国光伏发电行业资源循环体系建设[11]。2023年,瑞赛环保于常州建成年处理量3 000 t报废光伏组件高压射流研磨法拆解示范线,该产线已完成高度自动化改造,配备自动拆解单元与分类系统,日均处理能力达30 t,材料综合回收率达95%,材料利用率逾90%,成效卓著。此外,南通日弈新环保科技有限公司废弃光伏组件资源综合利用升级项目于2023年8月竣工,项目年处理光伏组件能力达1.5万吨,年回收废旧光伏组件等再生资源逾1.5万吨,综合回收率突破95%,为我国光伏组件回收行业树立新的标杆。2023年,中国光伏行业协会组建光伏组件回收工作组,旨在进一步推动技术革新与规模化应用,助力我国光伏产业高质量发展。
目前,光伏组件回收行业仍处于回收技术的探索与研发初期,产业规模与完整产业链尚未成型,市场规模比较小,很多旧光伏组件回收流程不规范,部分企业面临废旧光伏组件原材料供应不足的问题,严重制约了其产能的充分发挥,导致生产线时常处于不饱和状态,进而影响了后续的工艺改进和设备升级。此外,市场上一些小企业在回收过程中完全忽视环保要求,仅仅挑选出具有较高经济价值的铝合金等部件进行售卖,剩余的材料则随意丢弃、填埋或焚烧,这不仅对环境造成了极大的破坏,也严重扰乱了市场秩序。
本文阐述了报废光伏产品的回收行业、处理工艺、潜在风险及政策框架。中国是全球第一光伏大国,组件进入退役期,到2050年将达到7 000多万吨,其中硅、银、铝等高附加值材料较多,回收率高,可替代今后光伏产业的大部分材料,同时不对土地、水、环境产生重金属(铅)、有机(氟化物)等污染。回收方法从简单的机械法逐步发展到物理、热和化学回收法相结合的方法,物理法可回收大量玻璃、铝等,热法可对大量封装材料进行分解,化学法可回收金属等。尽管回收率已达85%~95%,但仍存在能耗高、污染物排放和技术经济性不足等问题。政策层面,国家多项指导意见(如2023年《关于促进退役风电、光伏设备循环利用的指导意见》)为产业化提供了支撑,国内示范线初步验证了技术可行性。
未来,光伏组件废弃回收方面要着力推进以下方面的创新:开发低碳高比例混合回收技术和工艺,实现硅和银回收率超过95%,并解决全氟和多氟烷基物质(PFAS)等新生污染物;构建合理评价体系、再利用市场,逐步实现梯级利用;推动国际合作,构建更为多元化的供应体系;引入生物浸出等新技术方法,减少环保压力。从技术创新、政策引导方面推动光伏发电行业发展由“线性”向“循环”转变,实现能源安全和可持续发展。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(22308165)
  • 江苏省基础研究计划自然科学基金—青年基金项目(BK20230944)
  • 江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划项目(SJCX25_0236)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
WANG Y, WANG R, TANAKA K, et al. Accelerating the energy transition towards photovoltaic and wind in China[J]. Nature, 2023, 619(7971): 761-767.
[2]
WANG C, TIAN P, ZUO J, et al. Facilitating circularity of end-of-life photovoltaic in China by mid-century with environmental benefits and costs informed by a high-resolution waste map[J]. iScience, 2025, 28(5): 112332.
[3]
SAH D, KUMAR S. Experimental, cost and waste analysis of recycling process for crystalline silicon solar module[J]. Solar Energy, 2024, 273: 112534.
[4]
DENG R, ZHUO Y, SHEN Y. Recent progress in silicon photovoltaic module recycling processes[J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2022, 187: 106612.
[5]
DAS H J, SARMAH N. Photovoltaic module recycling: a review on material recovery methods and waste management approach[J]. Solar Energy, 2025, 299: 113708.
[6]
许仁辞. 退役光伏组件回收利用技术方法分析[J]. 上海节能2025(3):431-438.
XU Renci. Analysis of technical methods for recycling retired photovoltaic modules[J]. Shanghai Energy Conservation, 2025(3): 431-438.
[7]
中国光伏行业协会. 中国光伏产业发展路线图(2023—2024年)[R]. 北京:中国光伏行业协会,2024:1.
China Photovoltaic Industry Association. China photovoltaic industry development roadmap (2023—2024)[R]. Beijing: China Photovoltaic Industry Association, 2024: 1.
[8]
中国可再生能源学会. 中国2050年光伏发展展望[R].北京:中国可再生能源学会,2023:1.
China Renewable Energy Society. China photovoltaic development outlook 2050[R]. Beijing: China Renewable Energy Society, 2023: 1.
[9]
中国光伏行业协会. 中国光伏组件回收与循环利用发展报告(2025)[R]. 北京:中国光伏行业协会,2025:1.
China Photovoltaic Industry Association. China photovoltaic module recycling and recycling development report (2025)[R]. Beijing: China Photovoltaic Industry Association, 2025: 1.
[10]
白桦林,王青,江华. 中国光伏产业组件退役规模测算模型[J]. 太阳能学报202546(3):435-444.
BAI Hualin, WANG Qing, JIANG Hua. Calculation model of retired scale of photovoltaic industry components in China[J]. Solar Energy Journal, 2025, 46(3): 435-444.
[11]
CELEP O, DEVECI H, YAZICI E Y. A comprehensive review on recycling end of life solar photovoltaic panels[J]. Waste Management, 2025, 206: 115092.
[12]
DIVYA A, ADISH T, KAUSTUBH P, et al. Review on recycling of solar modules/panels[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2023, 253: 112151.
[13]
MILLER D C, OWEN-BELLINI M, HACKE P L. Use of indentation to study the degradation of photovoltaic backsheets[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2019, 201: 110082.
[14]
WANG J, FENG Y, HE Y. The research progress on recycling and resource utilization of waste crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2024, 270: 112804.
[15]
GAO S, CHEN X, QU J, et al. Recycling of silicon solar panels through a salt-etching approach[J]. Nature Sustainability, 2024, 7(7): 920-930.
[16]
庞昇,钱国余,王东,. 废弃光伏组件循环利用综述[J]. 绿色矿山20253(2):94-108.
PANG Sheng, QIAN Guoyu, WANG Dong, et al. Review of recycling of waste photovoltaic modules[J]. Green Mine, 2025, 3(2): 94-108.
[17]
YU H F, HASANUZZAMAN M, RAHIM N A. Environmental impact of photovoltaic modules in Malaysia: recycling versus landfilling[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2025, 210: 115177.
[18]
FIANDRA V, SANNINO L, ANDREOZZI C, et al. Silicon photovoltaic modules at end-of-life: removal of polymeric layers and separation of materials[J]. Waste Management, 2019, 87: 97-107.
[19]
GRANATA G, PAGNANELLI F, MOSCARDINI E, et al. Recycling of photovoltaic panels by physical operations[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2014, 123: 239-248.
[20]
DOBRA T, THAJER F, WIESINGER G, et al. Selective delamination by milling as a first step in the recycling of photovoltaic modules[J]. Environmental Technology, 2023, 44(22): 3437-3445.
[21]
SETA F T, AN X, LIU L, et al. Preparation and characterization of high yield cellulose nanocrystals(CNC) derived from ball mill pretreatment and maleic acid hydrolysis[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2020, 234:115942.
[22]
ISHERWOOD P J M. Reshaping the Module: the path to comprehensive photovoltaic panel recycling: sustainability[Z]. 2022: 14.
[23]
DOBRA T, VOLLPRECHT D, POMBERGER R. Thermal delamination of end-of-life crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules[J]. Waste Management & Research, 2022, 40(1): 96-103.
[24]
秦文明,陈震. 废旧晶硅光伏组件回收再利用技术研究[J]. 中国新技术新产品2025(15):115-117.
QIN Wenming, CHEN Zhen. Research on recycling and reuse technology of waste crystalline silicon photovoltaic modules[J]. China New Technology and New Products, 2025(15): 115-117.
[25]
KHAYYAM N R, MAROUFI S, SAHAJWALLA V. Innovative hydrothermal technique in efficient disengagement of waste solar panels[J]. Waste Management, 2024, 177: 196-202.
[26]
WU Y, CHEN Y. Separation of silicon and silicon carbide using an electrical field[J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2009, 68(1): 70-74.
[27]
MIETTUNEN K, SANTASALO-AARNIO A. Eco-design for dye solar cells: from hazardous waste to profitable recovery[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 320: 128743.
[28]
TAMMARO M, RIMAURO J, FIANDRA V, et al. Thermal treatment of waste photovoltaic module for recovery and recycling: experimental assessment of the presence of metals in the gas emissions and in the ashes[J]. Renewable Energy, 2015, 81: 103-112.
[29]
VANĚK J, JANDOVÁ K, VANYSEK P, et al. Chemical delamination applicable to a low-energy recycling process of photovoltaic modules[J]. Processes, 2023, 11(11):3078.
[30]
GOLAN G, AZOULAY M, ORR G. Recycling rejected silicon wafers and dies for high grade PV cells[J/OL]. A Bulgarian Chemical Communications, 2021. (2021-01-01) [2025-05-30]. https://arxiv.org/pdf/2107.00706.
[31]
XU X, LAI D, WANG G, et al. Nondestructive silicon wafer recovery by a novel method of solvothermal swelling coupled with thermal decomposition[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021, 418: 129457.
[32]
YU Y, LI S, LU J, et al. Green recycling of end-of-life photovoltaic modules via deep-Eutectic solvents[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 499: 155933.
[33]
SU P, HE Y, WANG J, et al. Green separation and decomposition of crystalline silicon photovoltaic module’s backsheet by using ethanol[J]. Waste Management, 2024, 179: 144-153.
[34]
KUMAR T H, MESHRAM A, GUPTA R. Removal of encapsulant Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) from solar cells of photovoltaic modules (PVMs)[J]. Materials Today: Proceedings, 2024, 112: 73-76.
[35]
SAH D, SAINI P, KUMAR S. Recovery and analysis of polymeric layers from waste solar modules by chemical route[J]. Solar Energy, 2022, 244: 31-39.
[36]
PAGNANELLI F, MOSCARDINI E, GRANATA G, et al. Physical and chemical treatment of end of life panels: an integrated automatic approach viable for different photovoltaic technologies[J]. Waste Management, 2017, 59: 422-431.
[37]
LI X, MA B, HU D, et al. Efficient separation and purification of indium and gallium in spent Copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS)[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 339: 130658.
[38]
ZIMMERMANN Y S, NIEWERSCH C, LENZ M, et al. Recycling of indium from CIGS photovoltaic cells: potential of combining acid-resistant nanofiltration with liquid-liquid extraction[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2014, 48(22): 13412-13418.
[39]
KHODAEI H, FATMEHSARI H D, FIROOZI S. Selective leaching of zinc from carbonate source using glycine as an ecofriendly lixiviant[J]. Minerals Engineering, 2022, 185: 107680.
[40]
KAVOUSI M, ALAMDARI E K. A comprehensive and sustainable recycling process for different types of blended end-of-life solar panels: leaching and recovery of valuable base and precious metals and/or elements: metals[Z]. 2023: 13.
[41]
KLUGMANN-RADZIEMSKA E, OSTROWSKI P. Chemical treatment of crystalline silicon solar cells as a method of recovering pure silicon from photovoltaic modules[J]. Renewable Energy, 2010, 35(8): 1751-1759.
[42]
ZHANG C, MA Q, CAI M, et al. Recovery of porous silicon from waste crystalline silicon solar panels for high-performance lithium-ion battery anodes[J]. Waste Management, 2021, 135: 182-189.
[43]
SAHA R, NEH A, THUKRAL A, et al. A facile waste-to-wealth approach for synthesis of functionalized silica nanoparticles from end-of-life solar panel waste for technological applications[J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2025, 215: 108059.
[44]
BERGER W, SIMON F, WEIMANN K, et al. A novel approach for the recycling of thin film photovoltaic modules[J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2010, 54(10): 711-718.
[45]
GEBHARDT P, HOFFMANN S, WENZEL T, et al. Lead-free PV modules: industrial realization and evaluation of environmental impact[C]// Proceedings of the 8th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, WCPEC, 2022: 26-30.
[46]
MALANDRINO O, SICA D, TESTA M, et al. Policies and measures for sustainable management of solar panel end-of-life in Italy: sustainability[Z]. 2017: 9.
[47]
ROMEO A ARTEGIANI E. CdTe-based thin film solar cells: past, present and future: energies[Z]. 2021: 14.
[48]
LIU F, CHENG T, CHEN Y, et al. High-yield recycling and recovery of Copper, indium, and gallium from waste Copper indium gallium selenide thin-film solar panels[J]. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2022, 241: 111691.
[49]
ZIELINSKI S, BUCA M, FAMULSKI M. Precipitation-stripping processes for heavy metals[J]. Hydrometallurgy, 1998, 48(3): 253-263.
[50]
ESPINOSA D C R, DE OLIVEIRA R P, MARTINS T A G, et al. Recycling technologies: hydrometallurgy[C]//HOLUSZKO M E, KUMAR A, ESPINOSA D C R, eds. Electronic Waste. Weinheim: Wiley, 2022: 165-187.
[51]
THEOCHARIS M, PAVLOPOULOS C, KOUSI P, et al. An integrated thermal and hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of Silicon and Silver from end-of-life crystalline Si photovoltaic panels[J]. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 2022, 13(9): 4027-4041.
[52]
DIEZ-SUAREZ A M, MARTÍNEZ-BENAVIDES M, MANTECA DONADO C, et al. Recycling of silicon-based photovoltaic modules: mediterranean region insight[J]. Energies, 2024, 17(23): 6015.
[53]
WANG X, XUE J, HOU X. Barriers analysis to Chinese waste photovoltaic module recycling under the background of “double carbon”[J]. Renewable Energy, 2023, 214: 39-54.
2026年第55卷第1期
PDF下载
837
549
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202509086
  • 接收时间:2025-09-28
  • 首发时间:2025-11-17
  • 出版时间:2026-01-25
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2025-09-28
  • 修回日期:2025-10-13
  • 录用日期:2025-10-15
基金
Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation(22308165)
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(22308165)
Youth Science Foundation Project of the Natural Science Research Program of Jiangsu Province(BK20230944)
江苏省基础研究计划自然科学基金—青年基金项目(BK20230944)
Jiangsu Province Graduate Research and Practice Innovation Program(SJCX25_0236)
江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划项目(SJCX25_0236)
作者信息
    1.南京理工大学新能源学院,江苏 江阴 214400
    2.江阴秋毫检测有限公司,江苏 江阴 214400
    3.清华大学无锡应用技术研究院,江苏 无锡 214062

通讯作者:

李强(1988),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为传热强化和颗粒悬浮液,
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/10.19666/j.rlfd.202509086
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏