Article(id=1236714920788676818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236714913599648374, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202407201, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721836800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772785414168, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772785414168, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772785414168, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772785414168, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236714913599648374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='166', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772785412454, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772785487409, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236715228050813334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236714913599648374, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236715228050813335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236714913599648374, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=69, endPage=78, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236714921208107243, articleId=1236714920788676818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Numerical simulation of condensation heat transfer outside low pressure CO2/H2O horizontal tube bundle, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Carbon capture and storage is an important way to achieve the “dual-carbon” goal. The exhaust gas of the supercritical water-coal to hydrogen coupled CO2/H2O mixed working medium thermal power generation system is low pressure and low-temperature CO2/H2O mixed gas. In order to achieve zero carbon emission and heat recovery, condensation separation of CO2/H2O is a necessary way. Fluent is used to simulate the condensing heat transfer characteristics of CO2/H2O mixture outside the horizontal bifurcation tube bundle. The volume of fluid (VOF) model, the component transport model, and the phase transition model written by the user-defined functions (UDF) are employed to load the mass, energy, and component source terms of the two-phase flow. The formation and development process of the liquid film on the wall surface, and the distribution of streamlines, velocity vectors, and liquid-phase volume fractions in the vicinity of droplets, as well as the effects of velocity, vapor superheat, and noncondensable gas content on the heat transfer coefficients and the thermal resistance of the diffusion layer, are investigated. The results show that, the simulation results are in agreement with the experimental data, and the liquid film thermal resistance hardly varies with the steam superheat but decreases with the increase of CO2 content, inlet flow rate and total pressure. The thermal resistance of the mixed gas diffusion layer increases with the CO2 content and steam superheat, and decreases with the increase of inlet flow rate. The total heat transfer coefficient increases with the steam superheat, inlet flow rate and pressure, and decreases with the CO2 content, and the local condensation heat transfer coefficient is negatively correlated with the liquid film thickness. A new dimensionless correlation formula for heat and mass transfer of condensation is proposed for low pressure CO2/H2O condensation process.

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碳捕集与封存是实现“双碳”目标的重要途径,超临界水煤制氢耦合CO2/H2O混合工质热力发电系统排气为低压、低温CO2/H2O混合气体,为实现零碳排放及热量回收,冷凝分离CO2/H2O是必要途径。采用Fluent软件模拟了CO2/H2O混合气水平叉排管束外的冷凝换热特性,运用VOF模型、组分输运模型以及利用UDF编写的相变模型加载两相流的质量、能量和组分源项,研究了壁面液膜的形成发展过程和液滴附近流线、速度矢量、液相体积分数的分布,以及速度、蒸汽过热度和不凝气体含量对传热系数和扩散层热阻的影响。结果表明:模拟结果与实验数据相吻合,液膜热阻不随蒸汽过热度变化,但随CO2摩尔分数、入口流速和总压力的升高而减小;混合气体扩散层热阻随CO2摩尔分数和过热度的升高而增大,随入口流速的增大而减小;总传热系数随蒸汽过热度、入口流速和压力的升高而增大,随CO2摩尔分数升高而减小,且局部冷凝传热系数与液膜厚度呈负相关,提出了一种适用于低压CO2/H2O冷凝传热、传质的无因次关联式。

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鲁军辉(1989),男,讲师,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为碳捕集与封存及利用中的传热传质,
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曹凤岩(2000),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为CO2/H2O冷凝吸附,

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Experimental study on condensing heat transfer of air-containing steam on the outer surface of a horizontal circular tube[J]. 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Grid division

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贴壁网格厚度/mm主体网格尺寸/mm网格
增长率
边界层数网格数热流量/
(W·m–2)
0.050.2001.2020201 9875 120
0.030.2001.1025432 3735 434
0.010.1601.0528862 9815 797
0.010.1351.05281 007 0235 855
0.010.1311.05281 208 1615 875
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网格划分情况

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贴壁网格厚度/mm主体网格尺寸/mm网格
增长率
边界层数网格数热流量/
(W·m–2)
0.050.2001.2020201 9875 120
0.030.2001.1025432 3735 434
0.010.1601.0528862 9815 797
0.010.1351.05281 007 0235 855
0.010.1311.05281 208 1615 875
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低压CO2/H2O管束外凝结换热数值模拟
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曹凤岩 1 , 鲁军辉 1 , 陈红兵 1 , 王岩 2 , 王随林 1
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025,54(3): 69-78
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025, 54(3): 69-78
低压CO2/H2O管束外凝结换热数值模拟
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曹凤岩1 , 鲁军辉1 , 陈红兵1, 王岩2, 王随林1
作者信息
  • 1.北京建筑大学环境与能源工程学院,北京 100044
  • 2.北京空间飞行器总体设计部航天器热控全国重点实验室,北京 100094
  • 曹凤岩(2000),女,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为CO2/H2O冷凝吸附,

通讯作者:

鲁军辉(1989),男,讲师,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为碳捕集与封存及利用中的传热传质,
Numerical simulation of condensation heat transfer outside low pressure CO2/H2O horizontal tube bundle
Fengyan CAO1 , Junhui LU1 , Hongbing CHEN1, Yan WANG2, Suilin WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
  • 2.National Key Laboratory of Spacecraft Thermal Control, General Design Department of Beijing Space Vehicle, Beijing 100094, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407201
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碳捕集与封存是实现“双碳”目标的重要途径,超临界水煤制氢耦合CO2/H2O混合工质热力发电系统排气为低压、低温CO2/H2O混合气体,为实现零碳排放及热量回收,冷凝分离CO2/H2O是必要途径。采用Fluent软件模拟了CO2/H2O混合气水平叉排管束外的冷凝换热特性,运用VOF模型、组分输运模型以及利用UDF编写的相变模型加载两相流的质量、能量和组分源项,研究了壁面液膜的形成发展过程和液滴附近流线、速度矢量、液相体积分数的分布,以及速度、蒸汽过热度和不凝气体含量对传热系数和扩散层热阻的影响。结果表明:模拟结果与实验数据相吻合,液膜热阻不随蒸汽过热度变化,但随CO2摩尔分数、入口流速和总压力的升高而减小;混合气体扩散层热阻随CO2摩尔分数和过热度的升高而增大,随入口流速的增大而减小;总传热系数随蒸汽过热度、入口流速和压力的升高而增大,随CO2摩尔分数升高而减小,且局部冷凝传热系数与液膜厚度呈负相关,提出了一种适用于低压CO2/H2O冷凝传热、传质的无因次关联式。

数值模拟  /  CO2/H2O混合气  /  低压  /  叉排管束  /  凝结换热

Carbon capture and storage is an important way to achieve the “dual-carbon” goal. The exhaust gas of the supercritical water-coal to hydrogen coupled CO2/H2O mixed working medium thermal power generation system is low pressure and low-temperature CO2/H2O mixed gas. In order to achieve zero carbon emission and heat recovery, condensation separation of CO2/H2O is a necessary way. Fluent is used to simulate the condensing heat transfer characteristics of CO2/H2O mixture outside the horizontal bifurcation tube bundle. The volume of fluid (VOF) model, the component transport model, and the phase transition model written by the user-defined functions (UDF) are employed to load the mass, energy, and component source terms of the two-phase flow. The formation and development process of the liquid film on the wall surface, and the distribution of streamlines, velocity vectors, and liquid-phase volume fractions in the vicinity of droplets, as well as the effects of velocity, vapor superheat, and noncondensable gas content on the heat transfer coefficients and the thermal resistance of the diffusion layer, are investigated. The results show that, the simulation results are in agreement with the experimental data, and the liquid film thermal resistance hardly varies with the steam superheat but decreases with the increase of CO2 content, inlet flow rate and total pressure. The thermal resistance of the mixed gas diffusion layer increases with the CO2 content and steam superheat, and decreases with the increase of inlet flow rate. The total heat transfer coefficient increases with the steam superheat, inlet flow rate and pressure, and decreases with the CO2 content, and the local condensation heat transfer coefficient is negatively correlated with the liquid film thickness. A new dimensionless correlation formula for heat and mass transfer of condensation is proposed for low pressure CO2/H2O condensation process.

numerical simulation  /  CO2/H2O mixture gas  /  low pressure  /  forklift tube bundle  /  condensation heat transfer
曹凤岩, 鲁军辉, 陈红兵, 王岩, 王随林. 低压CO2/H2O管束外凝结换热数值模拟. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (3) : 69 -78 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407201
Fengyan CAO, Junhui LU, Hongbing CHEN, Yan WANG, Suilin WANG. Numerical simulation of condensation heat transfer outside low pressure CO2/H2O horizontal tube bundle[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (3) : 69 -78 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407201
当前,中国CO2减排任务艰巨,2022年碳排放量为121亿吨[1],其中燃煤电厂CO2排放量约为57.12亿吨[2]。为降低燃煤电厂CO2排放,有学者提出新型超临界水煤制氢耦合H2O/CO2混合工质热力发电系统[3],系统燃烧后产物为低压(7~20 kPa)CO2/H2O,通过冷凝吸附分离可实现零碳排放。CO2/H2O的冷凝分离决定系统热效率、水资源回收及二氧化碳捕集效率,因此亟需开展CO2/H2O的冷凝换热相关研究。
目前,在CO2/H2O的冷凝换热研究中,通常将CO2作为不凝性气体处理。在冷凝数值模拟研究中,VOF模型[4]在跟踪气液界面时比其他模型更灵活有效,因此在不凝气蒸汽凝结换热中广泛引用。由于VOF方法的控制方程需添加冷凝源项,模拟的关键是冷凝模型的建立。凝结过程复杂多变,众多学者根据凝结过程作出相关假设,得到不同的冷凝模型[5-6]。Rattner[5]开发了一种基于第一性原理的冷凝模型,迫使包含网格单元的界面达到平衡态并对水平液膜凝结进行了验证,随着网格分辨率的提高,模型收敛于精确解。Badillo等人[6]评估了3种凝结模型的定量能力,包括数值迭代技术、热量平衡方程以及相场,得出相场模型与实验结果吻合最好。Dehbi[7]在不考虑液膜作用的前提下,研究了近壁面网格和求解方法对模拟结果的影响。Yin等人[8]基于VOF模型,建立了含不凝性气体蒸汽和纯蒸汽时水平管内层流膜状凝结三维稳态数值模型,得出导热系数小的不凝性气体对扩散层热阻的影响非常高。Liu等人[9]建立了汽液两相流,模拟水蒸气在不凝性气体中的冷凝过程,推导了基于气体分子动力学的相变系数模型,并通过定义函数(user-defined functions,UDF)将其加入到相应的方程中。Saleh等人[10]使用结构化的非正交网格建立两相模型求解Navier-Stokes方程,计算等温水平管上稳态层流膜状冷凝,得出水蒸气中存在少量空气,冷凝速率会显著降低。王效嘉等[11]采用组分运输模型和VOF模型,模拟空气-水蒸气混合物在等温竖直壁面上的凝结换热特性,得出不凝性气体浓度场、速度场及局部凝结表面传热系数的分布规律。目前,数值模拟研究主要集中在常压和高压条件[12-16]下不凝性气体的冷凝换热性能。Rauscher等人[13]研究了常压条件下壁面过冷度0~30 K、空气体积分数0~7%、蒸汽流速0.30~1.82 m/s水平管外强迫对流凝结,模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好。Adrian等人[14]研究了多管管束(叉排排列10排)流速范围4.4~10.4 m/s、空气体积分数0~15.2%的冷凝,结果表明冷凝液对下部管束的传热系数影响较小。房达[15]研究了空气质量分数30%、流速0.1~1.5 m/s层流和湍流的流动情况,以及换热器的管间蒸汽分布特点[16-17]、管束压降[18-19]、两相流动特性[20]、蒸汽凝结速率[21]、不凝性气体[22]的影响。在冷凝器出口低压(7~20 kPa)条件下的研究较少,因此本文研究了低压下管束不凝性气体冷凝换热,采用VOF模型、组分输运模型以及利用UDF编写相变模型模拟CO2/H2O的冷凝换热,分析液膜、混合气膜、凝结速率和传热系数沿管壁面的特性并得到其传热、传质规律,考察了速度、蒸汽过热度、CO2摩尔分数对冷凝换热的影响。
采用两相流VOF模型、组分输运模型建立冷凝模型,编写两相流各组分的质量、能量和组分源项的UDF,添加到控制方程中,模拟叉排管束外的冷凝换热。CO2/H2O混合气体冷凝换热的控制方程如下。
质量守恒方程:
αkt+(vαk)=mk·ρk
式中:αkk相的体积分数(k=l、v,分别表示liquid、vapor相),αk根据网格中是否含有液相或气相而取不同数值;t为时间,s;vmk分别为速度和质量源项,m/s和kg/(m3·s);ρk为密度,kg/m3
动量守恒方程:
t(ρv)+(ρvv)=p+Δ[μ(v+vT)]+ρg+FV
式中:Fv为源项,代表气液界面间表面张力或单位体积力,参考Brackbill和Kothe[6]建立的CSF模型来进行计算,N/m3ρ为密度;pv为压力和速度,kPa和m/s;gμ为重力加速度及动力黏度,m/s2及N·s/m2
能量守恒方程:
t(ρh)+(ρvh)=[(λT)]+Sh
式中:Sh为能量源项,Sh=mk×hfghfg为水蒸气的气化潜热;Th为温度和焓值,K和J/kg;λ为导热系数,W/(m·K)。
组分守恒方程:
t(ρmixYv)+(ρmixvYv)=(ρmixDYv)+Sv
式中:Sv为组分源项,kg/(m3·s);DYv分别为扩散系数和摩尔分数,m2/s和%。
组分守恒方程湍流模型为k-ε模型:
t(ρk)+xi(ρkvi)=xi[(μ+μtσk)kxj]+Gkρε
t(ρε)+xi(ρεvi)=xj[(μ+μtσε)εxj]+εk(Cε1GkCε2ρε)
式中:Gk为湍流动能产生项,GK=ρvl'vj'¯(vl¯)/xjμt为湍流黏性系数;μt=ρCμk2/ε;各项系数分别为Cμ=0.09,Cε1=1.44,Cε2=1.92,σk=1.00,σε=1.30。
Lu等人[23]描述了相变过程的传热、传质冷凝模型,该模型基于气体动力学理论推导得出,式(1)—式(4)的质量能量和组分源项:
mk·=rαmix2/3YvρmixTsatTTsat
r=(36πVc)1/32β2βM2πRTsatρ1hfgρ1Yvρmix
式中:Tsat为饱和温度,K;M为摩尔分子质量;R为通用气体常数;Vc为相体积分数;β为冷凝系数。相变模型采用自编UDF程序实现,在各相质量方程、组分方程和能量方程中添加源项,UDF程序框图如图1所示。
图2为水平叉排管束外的物理模型以及利用ICEM CFD软件绘制的网格,换热器内为对称分布。网格划分情况见表1,划分了20万、43万、86万、100万、120万的网格。在进口压力10 kPa,进口流速0.5 m/s,壁面过冷度25 K,进口水蒸气摩尔分数0.5的条件下进行模拟。其中,86万网格与100万网格平均传热系数相差0.99%,100万与120万网格平均传热系数相差0.34%,最终选取86万网格进行模拟计算。第一层网格厚度为0.01 mm,保证了壁面处的y+值小于1。
在86万网格的基础上进行时间步长无关性验证,以0.000 10、0.000 05、0.000 01 s时间步长计算,叉排换热器平均传热系数相差2.30%、0.22%,最终选取0.000 05 s时间步长进行模拟。图3为网格无关性验证以及时间步长验证。
在Fluent软件中设置边界条件:速度入口、压力出口,给定混合气速度以及不凝气的摩尔分数;为便于收敛,指定回流温度;壁面边界条件为无滑移壁面,边界温度恒定。动量离散和湍流模型分别采用二阶迎风格式及k-omega双方程模型,速度和压力耦合采用PISO算法,整个区域能量残差控制为10–6
为验证模型有效性,与文献[24]单圆管外冷凝实验结果对比,物理模型验证结果如图4所示。由图4可见,模拟与实验结果的传热系数平均值相差20.18%,因文献[24]中提供过冷度,未提供壁面温度的具体值,导致误差较大。但数值模拟与实验结果趋势吻合,证明本文模型具有可靠性。
选取5号管作为研究对象,在工况为压力15 kPa、CO2摩尔分数0.7、入口温度319 K、过冷度20 K、入口流速2.0 m/s的条件下,壁面热流量、壁面传热系数和液相体积分数随时间变化如图5所示。不凝性气体和水蒸气混合气体的壁面凝结过程为非稳态过程,初始传热系数随壁面冷凝液的积累而减小,0.2 s液相体积分数达到最大,管壁面形成极薄液膜;0.4 s传热系数基本稳定,冷凝液膜厚度出现稳定波动,随冷凝过程的进行,冷凝液逐渐增加,液膜加厚,因作用于液膜的重力大于表面张力,凝结液向管壁下半周聚集形成液滴,管表面大部分区域的冷凝液膜厚度趋于稳定。0.8 s后进入周期阶段,液滴受到重力及表面张力的共同影响从而滴落。1.0 s内平均传热系数在3%内变化,认为冷凝换热稳定此时计算结束。0.9 s时可以观察到图5管壁180°~200°、345°~360°(圆圈内)附近明显液膜。
图6为5号管冷凝液膜随时间的变化过程。由图6可以看出,液膜在管壁上逐渐形成并累积。为探究壁面换热量受液膜分布的影响,选取图6中1.2 s时位于360°附近的1个液滴进行研究,此液滴厚度约为0.16 mm。
图6中360°附近液滴的液相体积分数、流线及速度矢量如图7所示。由图7可见,液滴内部体积分数分布明晰。液膜内流线密集,由于液滴附近周围的速度和压力不同从而产生涡流现象[25],因气液交界面速度不同产生速度差从而导致剪切力,液膜外侧剪切力较大,导致界面处速度梯度大,液膜外侧压力小;同时在液膜靠近壁面处,壁面摩擦力占据主导地位,速度梯度小,液膜内侧压力大,液膜外侧压力小于内侧压力以及气液交界面处速度的不同从而导致液膜内部形成涡流(图7b))。液滴周围的速度矢量沿管壁面法向,指向管中心轴线方向。液膜厚度随时间上下波动。波动液膜可使整体液膜厚度减薄,从而减小热阻,提高传热传质效率;也可使气相和液相的接触面积增加,从而增加传热传质量。由于相界面液膜波动特征,同一位置不同时刻液膜厚度不同。液膜厚度时刻变化即液膜表面不断波动,主要是流体物性、雷诺数和表面张力等因素的共同作用产生这种波动状态[26-27]
图8为管束内速度、流线、温度和CO2摩尔分数分布。由图8可见,管间流动空间小、流速快,且混合气体经过圆管时有明显的绕流现象,由于断面变小导致流速变大,压力降低。当速度梯度为零时,出现回流和脱体现象,所以圆管后方存在回流区产生旋流[24],管束扰流区集中在管后中间位置,当入口流速足够大,后排管在叉排排列的方式下可得到强烈扰动强化换热,但也会增加流动阻力(图8b))。管束排列方式会导致流场变化,从而影响CO2气膜分布。由CO2摩尔分数分布(图8d))可看出,重力影响使得CO2聚集在管壁下半周,水蒸气不断在壁面冷凝,含量减少,不凝性气体CO2摩尔分数增加,不凝性气体扩散层并未产生相互影响。叉排排列分布对流体流动扰动剧烈,导致前排管子的气膜扰动,增强换热,叉排管束每根管周围温度梯度都较大(图8c)),可见叉排排列方式可促进换热。
管束内不同换热管在总压力为10 kPa,流速为2.0 m/s,CO2摩尔分数为0.7,过冷度为20 K下的显热、潜热传热系数和潜热占比如图9所示。叉排管附近的混合气体扩散层未产生相互扰动影响(图8d))。第二排管传热系数较第一排有所上升,第三排较第二排有所下降,但每排管总体相差不大。这是因为叉排排列方式可扰动混合气体边界层,撕破每排管周围的CO2气膜,有助于换热。第二排管比第一排管周围温度梯度大,第二排管的外侧管并没有受到第一排管的遮挡,同时可以接收到来流混合气,增强换热;第三排管后方较第一排受到的混合气接触面积更大,换热更充分,因此第二排和第三排管传热系数均高于第一排管传热系数,说明叉排可增强冷凝与对流换热,增强传热传质效率。第二排管传热系数最大,第三排管的显热、潜热传热系数和潜热占比大于第一排管,当流速较高时,首排管还未充分换热水蒸气就已流走,而第三排管靠近出口处,第三排管后方可接触更多流速较高的饱和水蒸气,因此传热系数要大于首排。由速度分布(图8a))可看出,第二、三排管周速度梯度大,换热增强。
由于换热器中管子排列呈对称分布,因此选取1、3、4、6号管进行分析,其管周混合气体液膜厚度和传热系数如图10所示。
液膜厚度和传热系数整体呈负相关,液膜厚度增大,传热系数减小。4号管在管周的上半部分出现了传热系数的降低,因为4号管局部液膜增厚,4号管位于管束中间,受到两侧管和前排管的影响,不凝气聚集,抑制换热,降低传热系数,而其他3根管位于外侧,易受到来流气体影响。由于重力、界面剪切力、表面张力的共同作用,4根管液膜厚度最大值出现在180°~360°,即管壁的下半周。
在水蒸气冷凝过程中,不凝性气体对冷凝换热影响显著。CO2作为不凝性气体对传热系数和气液膜热阻都有很大影响。CO2摩尔分数对传热系数以及热阻的影响如图11所示。
图11可知,CO2摩尔分数从0.7升高至0.9,潜热传热系数和显热传热系数均下降,潜热占比下降。其原因为CO2摩尔分数升高,壁面处水蒸气分压降低,水蒸气向壁面扩散时传质阻力增大,导致水蒸气含量减小,冷凝传质驱动力减小,降低冷凝速率从而抑制冷凝换热。当入口CO2摩尔分数增大,显热传热系数和潜热传热系数分别降低41.23%和38.37%。
随不凝气摩尔分数增加,液膜热阻逐渐降低,气膜热阻逐渐增加,液膜热阻占比减小。因CO2是不凝性气体,不能进入液膜,使其在气液界面聚集,形成水蒸气和不凝性气体组成的混合气体扩散层。水蒸气需通过扩散和对流2种方式穿过该扩散层才能在气液界面上继续冷凝,在不凝性气体含量大时,扩散层变为冷凝传热主要阻力。当CO2摩尔分数增加时,水蒸气分压减小,对应饱和温度降低,冷凝温差和压力差驱动力降低,传质阻力增加,混合气体扩散层热阻增加。同时,水蒸气含量减小,降低凝结速率,液膜减薄,液膜热阻减小,液膜热阻占比减小。
不凝气摩尔分数为0.7,蒸汽过热度为20 K时,在不同入口流速下传热系数以及气液膜热阻的变化如图12所示。随入口流速增加,对混合气的扰动增强,潜热、显热传热系数均增大,潜热传热系数升高25.50%,显热传热系数升高26.76%。当入口流速增大,来流混合气体会与壁面不断接触破坏混合气体扩散层,且将气液界面的不凝性气体快速带走并补充水蒸气,促进冷凝,加强换热。因流速升高增大速度梯度,扰动混合气体扩散层,促进显热换热。
图12a)可知,随压力增大,混合气体扩散层热阻减小,传热系数增大。如流速为0.5 m/s时,随压力增大,给定相同的CO2摩尔分数,水蒸气分压随之增大,对应的饱和温度升高,冷凝温差增大,增强换热过程,传热系数增大,混合气体热阻减小。其次,气液界面温度升高,气膜黏度和液膜黏度分别增大和减小,使得气液界面剪切力增强,导致液膜产生波动或减薄,因此在流速保持不变的情况下,压力增大,热阻减小。由图12b)可知,当入口流速从0.5 m/s增长到2.5 m/s,混合气体扩散层热阻下降,液膜热阻下降38.08%。因流速提高,对液膜的扰动作用增大,增大了气体和壁面的速度差,速度梯度增大,混合气和壁面的剪切力增大,使液滴更容易从壁面分离,液膜热阻减小,传热系数增大,传热传质效果增强,其次流速增大,扰动蒸汽与不凝气的扩散层,使扩散层表面产生波动,减小扩散层热阻。
过热度对传热系数和热阻的影响如图13所示。由图13a)可知:随过热度增大,传热系数增大,这源于凝结换热的温差即混合气入口温度与壁面温差增大,增强了换热;潜热换热基本不变,潜热占比减小,这是由于凝结液膜热阻基本未发生变化。由图13b)可知,随过热度增大,换热热阻增大,液膜热阻基本不变,气膜热阻增大。因为液膜凝结的驱动力水蒸气饱和温度与壁面温度的差值未变,所以液膜热阻未变;过热度增大,传质驱动力增大,会带动更多的不凝气到达气液界面,使得气液界面处CO2逐渐累积,扩散层热阻增大,液膜占比减小。其中,气膜热阻下降10.23%,显热换热增加8.46%。
改进的雅各布准则J[27]是表征不同水蒸气含量的烟气潜热与显热相对大小的无因次准则数[1]
J=1cp(TTw)hfgCCwρ
式中:cp为主流的定压比热容,kJ/(kg·K);C*为主流水蒸气质量浓度,kg/m3Cw*为壁面水蒸气质量浓度,kg/m3ρ为主流密度,kg/m3
根据模拟结果,获得对流凝结换热准则关联式见式(10),适用范围如图14所示。
Nu=0.109 5Re0.843 2J0.212 7
图15为模拟值与文献[28]的关联式对比。文献[28]关联式预测结果50%的数据点落在30%偏差线以内,误差较大,说明本文拟合的关联式更适用于预测低压CO2/H2O水平管束外凝结换热。
运用数值模拟软件Fluent模拟叉排管束外的受迫对流凝结换热,工况范围为CO2摩尔分数为0.7~0.9,过热度20~30 K,总压力10~20 kPa,入口流速0.5~2.5 m/s,得到不同管排管壁上水蒸气组分凝结过程与凝结形态及分布,得出每排管子换热变化规律及管周传热系数与液膜厚度的关系,以及CO2摩尔分数、过热度、入口流速对凝结换热的影响及规律,主要结论如下。
1)第二排管传热系数大于第一排和第三排,但每排管平均传热系数相差不大,叉排管可增强传热效率。管周的局部冷凝传热系数和管周的液膜厚度成反比管,液膜厚度越厚,传热系数越小。
2)液膜热阻几乎不随过热度变化,随CO2摩尔分数、入口流速和总压力的升高而减小;混合气体扩散层热阻随CO2摩尔分数和过热度的升高而增大,随入口流速的增大而减小;总传热系数随过热度、入口流速和压力的升高而增大,随CO2摩尔分数升高而减小。
3)得到凝结换热准则关联式Nu=0.1095 Re0.843 2J0.212 7,适用范围为Re=625~5 080,J=2.5~25.6。
4)本文数值模拟是基于10~20 kPa压力下的研究,低于10 kPa更低压力下的数值模拟有待进一步开展,且本文的凝结换热准则关联式范围有待拓宽。未来还需进一步研究超疏水、超亲水的表面特性,并且需要开展相变模型的优化,简化相变系数的确定过程,提高数值模拟精确度。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52406063)
  • 北京学者计划项目(2015022)
  • 北京市教育委员会科研计划项目(KM202310016006)
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407201
  • 接收时间:2024-07-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
补充材料
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作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2024-07-25
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(52406063)
北京学者计划项目(2015022)
北京市教育委员会科研计划项目(KM202310016006)
作者信息
    1.北京建筑大学环境与能源工程学院,北京 100044
    2.北京空间飞行器总体设计部航天器热控全国重点实验室,北京 100094

通讯作者:

鲁军辉(1989),男,讲师,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为碳捕集与封存及利用中的传热传质,
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/10.19666/j.rlfd.202407201
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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