Article(id=1236714919966593188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236714913599648374, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202406162, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717776000000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772785413971, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772785413971, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772785413971, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772785413971, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236714913599648374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='166', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772785412454, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772785487409, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236715228050813334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236714913599648374, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236715228050813335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236714913599648374, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=131, endPage=139, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236714920335691959, articleId=1236714919966593188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Identification of degree of ash accumulation on photovoltaic panels based on average grayscale value and image fusion algorithm, columnId=1211002409397129992, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Power generation technology forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to accurately analyze the ash accumulation on photovoltaic panels, a photovoltaic dust visualization experimental platform was built, and the average grayscale value was introduced to numerically analyze the photovoltaic panel images. The clear correspondence between the average grayscale value of photovoltaic panel images and the dust density of photovoltaic panels was verified. On this basis, five fusion methods were used to fuse the visible light images and infrared images collected from the dual spectral image fusion experimental platform. The five types of fusion images were combined with visible light images and infrared images to form an image dataset. These seven types of images were identified and analyzed. The results showed that, the recognition effect of infrared images on the degree of ash accumulation on photovoltaic panels was the least affected by irradiance, with the highest accuracy, and the most significant change in the degree of ash accumulation was reflected. This conclusion can provide a theoretical basis for the study of ash accumulation rules and is of great significance for the recognition of the degree of ash accumulation on photovoltaic panels.

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为了精确分析光伏板积灰情况,采用搭建的光伏积灰可视化实验台,引入平均灰度值参数,对光伏板图像进行数值化分析,验证了光伏板图像的平均灰度值与光伏板积灰密度之间存在明确的对应关系。基于此,采用5种融合方法对双光谱影像融合实验台采集的可见光图像与红外图像进行融合,将5类融合图像与可见光图像、红外图像汇总构成图像数据集,对这7类图像进行识别与分析。结果表明红外图像对光伏板积灰程度的识别效果受辐照度的影响最小,精度最高,反映出来的积灰程度变化最明显。该结论可以为积灰规律的研究提供理论基础,对光伏板积灰程度的识别具有重要意义。

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李斌(1969),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为传热、传质及多相流技术,
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陈佳豪(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为光伏图像识别、光伏积灰检测,

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陈佳豪(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为光伏图像识别、光伏积灰检测,

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figureFileBig=7vnLvXjN8bPTbqhTRlibyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714936030778069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714919966593188, language=CN, label=图14, caption=平均灰度值差值变化, figureFileSmall=08jVXaXh6prP7ckSbtUnEQ==, figureFileBig=7vnLvXjN8bPTbqhTRlibyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714936144024280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714919966593188, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Photovoltaic panel parameters

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项目数值
尺寸/(cm×cm)63×54
电池片面积/(cm×cm)58×50
开路电压/V21.85
短路电流/A2.85
工作电压/V18.20
工作电流/A2.70
最大功率/W50
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光伏板参数

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项目数值
尺寸/(cm×cm)63×54
电池片面积/(cm×cm)58×50
开路电压/V21.85
短路电流/A2.85
工作电压/V18.20
工作电流/A2.70
最大功率/W50
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Parameters of electronic balance equipment

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项目参数
规格型号LQ-A20002
测量参数灰尘质量
精度/mg±1
测量范围/g0~100
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电子天平设备参数

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项目参数
规格型号LQ-A20002
测量参数灰尘质量
精度/mg±1
测量范围/g0~100
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Camera equipment parameters

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项目参数
相机名称佳能3000D
产品质量/g436
传感器/(mm×mm)22.3×14.9
有效像素1 800万
显示屏像素23万像素液晶屏
电池类型LP-E10
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照相机设备参数

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项目参数
相机名称佳能3000D
产品质量/g436
传感器/(mm×mm)22.3×14.9
有效像素1 800万
显示屏像素23万像素液晶屏
电池类型LP-E10
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YL285P-29b photovoltaic module parameters

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项目参数
尺寸/(cm×cm)163×97
电池片面积/(cm×cm)161×95
最大功率/W285
开路电压/V38.20
短路电流/A9.55
工作电压/V31.50
工作电流/A9.05
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YL285P-29b光伏组件参数

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项目参数
尺寸/(cm×cm)163×97
电池片面积/(cm×cm)161×95
最大功率/W285
开路电压/V38.20
短路电流/A9.55
工作电压/V31.50
工作电流/A9.05
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Fitting effect

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图像类型R2
可见光图像0.914
红外图像0.964
对应像素取大值融合0.935
对应像素取小值融合0.932
对应像素取均值融合0.928
区域能量取大值融合0.937
区域能量取小值融合0.935
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拟合效果

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图像类型R2
可见光图像0.914
红外图像0.964
对应像素取大值融合0.935
对应像素取小值融合0.932
对应像素取均值融合0.928
区域能量取大值融合0.937
区域能量取小值融合0.935
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基于平均灰度值与图像融合算法的光伏板积灰程度识别
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陈佳豪 , 杨建蒙 , 李斌 , 王广溢
热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2025,54(3): 131-139
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热力发电 | 发电技术论坛 2025, 54(3): 131-139
基于平均灰度值与图像融合算法的光伏板积灰程度识别
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陈佳豪 , 杨建蒙, 李斌 , 王广溢
作者信息
  • 华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,河北 保定 071003
  • 陈佳豪(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为光伏图像识别、光伏积灰检测,

通讯作者:

李斌(1969),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为传热、传质及多相流技术,
Identification of degree of ash accumulation on photovoltaic panels based on average grayscale value and image fusion algorithm
Jiahao CHEN , Jianmeng YANG, Bin LI , Guangyi WANG
Affiliations
  • School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406162
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为了精确分析光伏板积灰情况,采用搭建的光伏积灰可视化实验台,引入平均灰度值参数,对光伏板图像进行数值化分析,验证了光伏板图像的平均灰度值与光伏板积灰密度之间存在明确的对应关系。基于此,采用5种融合方法对双光谱影像融合实验台采集的可见光图像与红外图像进行融合,将5类融合图像与可见光图像、红外图像汇总构成图像数据集,对这7类图像进行识别与分析。结果表明红外图像对光伏板积灰程度的识别效果受辐照度的影响最小,精度最高,反映出来的积灰程度变化最明显。该结论可以为积灰规律的研究提供理论基础,对光伏板积灰程度的识别具有重要意义。

积灰检测  /  平均灰度值  /  图像融合  /  积灰程度

In order to accurately analyze the ash accumulation on photovoltaic panels, a photovoltaic dust visualization experimental platform was built, and the average grayscale value was introduced to numerically analyze the photovoltaic panel images. The clear correspondence between the average grayscale value of photovoltaic panel images and the dust density of photovoltaic panels was verified. On this basis, five fusion methods were used to fuse the visible light images and infrared images collected from the dual spectral image fusion experimental platform. The five types of fusion images were combined with visible light images and infrared images to form an image dataset. These seven types of images were identified and analyzed. The results showed that, the recognition effect of infrared images on the degree of ash accumulation on photovoltaic panels was the least affected by irradiance, with the highest accuracy, and the most significant change in the degree of ash accumulation was reflected. This conclusion can provide a theoretical basis for the study of ash accumulation rules and is of great significance for the recognition of the degree of ash accumulation on photovoltaic panels.

ash accumulation detection  /  average grayscale value  /  image fusion  /  ash accumulation degree
陈佳豪, 杨建蒙, 李斌, 王广溢. 基于平均灰度值与图像融合算法的光伏板积灰程度识别. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (3) : 131 -139 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406162
Jiahao CHEN, Jianmeng YANG, Bin LI, Guangyi WANG. Identification of degree of ash accumulation on photovoltaic panels based on average grayscale value and image fusion algorithm[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (3) : 131 -139 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406162
在全球能源危机日益加剧的背景下,人们积极探寻新的可再生能源,其中光伏因其直接、高效的太阳能利用方式,逐渐成为关注的焦点[1-2]。随着光伏技术的广泛应用和行业需求激增,对光伏系统性能的分析与检测显得尤为关键[3-5]。光伏板作为系统的核心构件,其输出功率受到众多因素的制约,积灰便是光伏板在长期运行中无法避免的问题。由于气象条件多变,光伏板积灰程度亦会不断变动[6-8]。因此,精确识别光伏板的积灰程度,对于全面把握光伏系统的工作状态与性能至关重要。
针对光伏板积灰程度的识别国内外学者已做了相关研究。Yang等人[9]开发了一种基于黑白比例处理的图像算法,旨在检测光伏组件表面的灰尘积累,并深入分析了成像条件对算法识别精确度的潜在影响。Simonazzi等人[10]借助一种创新的传感器技术,探索了计算机视觉在光伏组件积灰检测和运维决策制定方面的实际应用。文献[11]利用Google Earth引擎和随机森林算法,通过卫星图像光谱分析,预测了秘鲁沙漠光伏电站的损失率,预测误差较低。文献[12]使用图像分割技术精确评估光伏电池板状态,结果显示深度学习模型分割准确度高。Fan等人[13]则设计实验系统,利用大气散射模型准确评估光伏板灰尘积聚,识别了5种污染物,自然积灰拟合效果最佳,准确率达83.78%。综上可见,对于积灰程度检测的图像识别算法而言,其准确度仍有待提高,存在较大的优化空间。
曹珍贯等[14]采用可见光方式进行煤矸石图像采集,发现识别结果容易受光照、粉尘等环境因素的影响。冯麒燊等[15]发现非结构环境下柑桔水果图像识别存在识别率低、易受光照影响等问题。董翔宇等[16]发现基于图像识别的道路导航受光照影响,存在很大的局限性。张炜等[17]研究变电站巡检机器人对指针式仪表的图像识别,发现机器人在进行可见光检测时易受光照度的影响,导致识别效果较差。由此可见,光照的存在给图像识别带来了负面影响,因此必须进行光伏积灰程度识别方法的对比研究,提高图像识别的准确度。
鉴于以上方法的局限性,本文采取了新的方法,即通过数值化处理光伏板图像的灰度直方图,并引入平均灰度值的概念,结合光伏积灰可视化实验台的实际测试,验证了平均灰度值与光伏板积灰密度之间的明确联系。基于这一结论,采用5种融合方法对双光谱影像融合实验台采集的可见光图像与红外图像进行融合,将5类融合图像与可见光图像、红外图像汇总到一起构成图像数据集,对这7类图像进行识别与分析。结果表明,红外图像对光伏板积灰程度的识别精度最为突出,且其反映的积灰程度变化最为显著。这一结论为光伏板积灰程度的准确识别提供了重要的参考价值。
为了深入研究光伏板积灰密度与光伏图像之间的关系,在某大学教学楼楼顶搭建光伏积灰可视化实验台。该实验台由多块中四角型号的光伏板构成,用来收集图像与积灰数据,进而探寻光伏板积灰密度与光伏图像之间的潜在关联。光伏积灰可视化实验台如图1所示,光伏板的参数见表1
该实验台一直处于自然积灰状态,可以定期进行收灰工作,收取的积灰利用电子天平进行测量,电子天平的参数见表2。该实验台还配备了相应的图像采集装置,能够准确记录光伏板的表面积灰情况,每次进行收灰工作前使用该装置对积灰板进行拍照,所用设备照相机参数见表3
为了研究可见光图像、红外图像和融合图像的识别效果,在某大学教学楼楼顶搭建光伏实验台,双光谱影像融合实验台(图2),图3为光伏板实物,图3左侧的光伏组件于每日12时由人工清洗方式进行清洁,视为清洁组件;右侧2块光伏组件保持自然积灰状态,中间光伏板每15天清洗1次,最右侧光伏板每30天清洗1次,均视为积灰组件。通过光伏板前方的摄像头进行图像的采集,为了避免降雨对摄像头电路的损伤,将摄像机放置在防水铁箱中,设定每次对清洁组件进行人工清洗之后进行拍摄,所拍图像为可见光图像,当天的晚上11点进行红外图像拍摄,所拍摄图像通过远程数据传输装置传送到电脑端。
实验系统中使用的光伏组件为YL285P-29b多晶硅光伏组件,该组件在标准测试条件(组件温度25 ℃、辐照度1 000 W/m2、大气质量AM1.5)下测量的参数见表4
该实验台中光伏组件的图像由热成像双光谱网络球机拍摄,设备如图4所示,该热成像双光谱网络球机的分辨率为1 920×1 080,支持RS485传输图像。
对实验台所拍摄的图像进行灰度化处理,图像灰度化的优点如下:
1)简化计算 灰度化操作可以将3个颜色通道合并为1个,大大减少计算量和存储空间需求[18]
2)强调图像结构 灰度图像能够突出图像的轮廓和纹理特征[19]
3)兼容性 某些算法或技术可能仅适用于灰度图像。
本文图像灰度化处理采用加权平均法[20],计算公式为:
Gray=R×0.3+G×0.59+B×0.11
式中:Gray为灰度值;R为红色分量;G为绿色分量;B为蓝色分量。
图5为所拍摄双光谱影像融合实验台图像及灰度化处理后的图像。
对灰度图像进行透视变换处理,透视变换的优点如下:
1)校正透视畸变 在实际应用中,由于拍摄角度、镜头畸变或物体摆放位置等因素,图像可能会产生透视畸变。透视变换可以通过对图像进行几何变换,校正这种畸变,使得图像中的物体恢复到应有的形态和位置[21]
2)改善图像质量 由于摄像机与所拍摄物体平面之间有一倾斜角,而不是垂直拍摄(正投影),可以利用透视变换将图像校正成正投影的形式,从而提高图像的质量和准确性[22]
通用的透视变换公式为:
[XYZ]=[a11a12a13a21a22a23a31a32a33][xy1]
式中:aiii=1,2,3)为透视变换矩阵的元素;(xy,1)为原图像中的坐标;(XYZ)为变换后图像中的坐标。
原图像平面坐标点为(XYZ),透视变换后的图像平面坐标点为(X'Y'Z'),因为处理的是二维的图像,所以令Z'=1,并将透视变换后的图像坐标除以Z',将三维图像转换为二维图像,计算过程可以表示为:
{X=XZY=YZZ=ZZ{X=a11x+a12y+a13a31x+a32y+a33Y=a21x+a22y+a23a31x+a32y+a33Z=1
a33=1,展开式(3),得到一个点的情况。
{a11x+a12y+a13a31xXa32Xy=Xa21x+a22y+a23a31xYa32Yy=Y
方程中共有8个未知数,在求解的时候,需要列出8组方程,即分别在源图像和目标图像上人为选择4个点。
图6为图像透视变换处理。图6a)中红点为8个源目标点,取点方式为人工取点,左侧4个为清洁板目标点,中间4个为积灰板(15天清洗1次)目标点,右侧4个为积灰板(30天清洗1次)目标点,其透视变换结果分别如图6b)—图6d)所示。
灰度直方图是用来描述图像灰度级分布的函数,用来统计图像中不同灰度值在图像中出现的频率[23],表示为:
P(k)=nkn
k=0L1P(k)=1
式中:P(k)为不同灰度值在图像中出现的频率;k为在第k级的灰度值(k=0, 1,…, L–1);nk为灰度值为k时的像素个数;n为图像中的总像素数;L为灰度的级数。
根据上面得到的积灰板与清洁板图像,做出其对应的灰度直方图,结果如图7所示。通过直方图来判断积灰与清洁的差别,结果并不明显,故引入平均灰度值(mean gray value)的概念,可表示为:
MGV=i=0255i×Nin
式中:MGV为平均灰度值;i为灰度值(0~255);Nii灰度值下的像素个数;n为图片的像素总数。
通过式(7)计算积灰板和清洁板的平均灰度值,左侧清洁板平均灰度值为57.1,中间积灰板平均灰度值为68.2,右侧积灰板平均灰度值为70.1,2个积灰板在相同时间段内达到的平均灰度值相近,且均大于清洁板的平均灰度值。
在2023年3月1日至2023年4月20日,依托光伏积灰可视化实验台进行了一系列实验。实验过程中,按照固定的时间间隔进行收灰操作,并在每次收灰之前,利用相机捕捉光伏板的积灰状态。
收灰的具体流程:首先使用湿巾细致地擦拭光伏板上的积灰,确保积灰被有效移除;随后,将湿巾放入装有水的铁盘中,进行彻底的清洗,待湿巾清洗完毕后,将铁盘转移至烘干箱内,进行烘干处理,直至铁盘内的水分完全蒸发;完成烘干后,对铁盘进行称重,并减去空铁盘的原始质量,所得差值即为收集到的积灰量。将这一积灰量除以光伏板的表面积,从而计算出积灰密度。
在整个实验期间,共执行了51次收灰操作。为了直观地看出积灰密度的变化,挑选4张实验所拍摄的图像(图8),分别对应积灰7天、积灰14天、积灰21天及积灰28天的光伏板积灰状态,图8中4张图像的积灰密度分别为0.39、0.88、1.18、1.81 g/m2。接着对每次操作前拍摄的51张图片进行灰度化和透视变换处理,利用灰度直方图计算这些图片的平均灰度值,积灰密度与平均灰度值的对应关系如图9所示。
图9可见,积灰密度与平均灰度值之间存在对应关系。而积灰密度又可以很好地反映积灰程度,故选取平均灰度值作为积灰程度的度量。
本文利用MATLAB软件实现对红外图像和可见光图像的融合,采用的图像融合方法如下。
1)对应像素取大(小)值 假定进行图像融合操作的图像分别为A、B,图像大小均为M×N,融合之后的图像为F,图像融合的计算过程表示为:
F(m,n)=max(ormin){A(m,n),B(m,n)}
式中:m、n分别为图像中像素对应的行号和列号。
图像融合时,对于原始图像A和B中的每一对对应位置(mn)的像素,比较它们的灰度值。然后,选取灰度值较高(或较低)的像素,将其作为融合图像F在相同位置(mn)的像素。
2)对应像素取均值 计算2张原始图像在对应位置处像素灰度值的加权平均,并将这个加权平均结果设置为融合图像在该位置的像素灰度值[24]
3)区域能量算法 虽然通常涉及像素的灰度值和其邻域,但在某些情况下,可以简化为仅考虑单个像素点及其周围区域。为了计算中心像素的区域能量,选取一个3×3的图像区域,将每个像素的灰度值乘以相应的权重,然后将这些加权值相加。通过遍历整个图像,得到一个与原始图像大小相同的区域能量矩阵[25]。其数学表达式为:
ARE(i,j)=ppqqw(p,q)×|LA,N(i+p,j+q)|
式中:p、q为区域的大小;w为权重;LA,N为金字塔的第n层;(ij)为邻域的中心点,也是能量矩阵中的第(ij)点。
基于双光谱影像融合实验台,通过摄像头在自然条件下捕捉光伏板的积灰状态,分别在凌晨和中午2个时段拍摄,凌晨采集得到红外图像,而中午则采集得到可见光图像。本文采用数据集涵盖了从2023年2月13日至2023年3月10日期间的图像数据。在2023年2月13日,对3块光伏板进行清洁处理,确保3块光伏板的起始状态一致;随后,右侧2块光伏板在自然环境中自然积灰,而左侧光伏板则始终保持清洁状态。2023年3月1日对中间光伏板进行清洁处理后继续在自然条件下积灰。
在整个实验期间,共拍摄26张红外图像和26张可见光图像,对图像进行融合处理,将融合图像与可见光图像、红外图像汇总到一起构成图像数据集,7类图像数据集如图10所示。
分别对这7类图像进行图像识别,左侧清洁板图像在7种处理方式下的平均灰度值变化如图11所示。由图11可见,实验期间左侧清洁板积灰程度虽略有波动,但整体稳定。
中间积灰板图像在7种处理方式下的平均灰度值变化如图12所示。由图12可见,2023年2月13日至2023年2月28日期间,由于中间积灰板处于自然积灰状态,通过图像识别反映出来的光伏板积灰程度持续增大,2023年3月1日对中间积灰板进行清洗,光伏板的积灰程度瞬间降低,基本与2023年2月13日的起始积灰程度持平,之后积灰程度又处于持续增大的状态。
右侧积灰板图像在7种处理方式下的平均灰度值变化如图13所示,由图13可见,在实验期间,右侧积灰板一直处于自然积灰状态,通过图像识别反映出来的积灰程度处于持续增大的状态,变化趋势明显。
将实验期间每天对应的右侧积灰板平均灰度值与左侧清洁板平均灰度值作差,可以更加直观地观察积灰程度的变化,平均灰度值差值的变化如图14所示。
分别对这7类图像计算出来的平均灰度值差值变化进行线性拟合,使用R2来评价拟合曲线的拟合效果[26]R2越大,拟合效果越好,计算公式为:
R2=1i=1n(yiy^i)2i=1n(yiy¯)2
式中:yi为第i个样本的实际值;y^i为第i个样本的预测值;y¯为所有真实值的平均值。拟合效果见表5
表5可见,红外图像对应下的平均灰度值差值拟合效果最好,红外图像对光伏板积灰程度的识别精度最高,在7类图像的识别中,红外图像识别反映出来的平均灰度值差值拟合线的斜率最大,积灰程度变化趋势更显著,可以精准地反映出光伏板积灰程度的变化。
本文基于光伏积灰可视化实验台,证实光伏板的积灰密度与光伏板图像的平均灰度值存在对应关系,基于此对应关系,采用5种图像融合方法对可见光图像与红外图像进行图像融合,将融合之后的5类图像与可见光图像、红外图像汇总,分别对这7种图像进行识别与分析,得到以下结论。
1)根据光伏积灰可视化实验台,建立光伏板积灰密度与积灰板图像平均灰度值之间的对应关系,进一步推出可用平均灰度值代替积灰密度,以此来反映光伏板积灰程度。
2)对融合之后的5类图像与可见光图像、红外图像进行识别与分析,结果表明红外图像对光伏板积灰程度的识别效果受辐照度的影响最小,精度最高,反映出来的积灰程度变化最明显。
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202406162
  • 接收时间:2024-06-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-08
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    华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,河北 保定 071003

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李斌(1969),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为传热、传质及多相流技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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