Article(id=1236714917756194916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236714913599648374, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202407154, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720022400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772785413445, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772785413445, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772785413445, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772785413445, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236714913599648374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='166', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772785412454, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772785487409, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236715228050813334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236714913599648374, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236715228050813335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236714913599648374, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=121, endPage=130, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236714918808965237, articleId=1236714917756194916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Operation optimization of dry-wet joint cooling system of generator set based on MLP-MINLP, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the context of achieving “dual-carbon” goals, power units function as adaptable power sources for integrating new energy sources, posing significant challenges to their power generation flexibility. The dry-wet joint cooling system plays a pivotal role in ensuring the safe and stable operation of power units. Therefore, there is an urgent need to optimize the operational strategy of the dry-wet joint cooling system to enhance its flexibility and economic efficiency. Focusing on the dry-wet joint cooling system of a 660 MW generator set, a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network model has been established to predict the outlet temperature of the cooling water. A mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model is formulated and linearized based on actual operating condition constraints. By solving the MLP-MINLP optimization model, the optimal operation strategy for variable-frequency fans in each operating condition of dry-wet joint cooling system is determined, successfully reducing its power consumption. The results indicate that, after optimizing the configuration of variable-frequency fans, there is a significant reduction in total power by approximately 11.16%, and implementing different frequency operations for variable-frequency fans can reduce total power by about 3.62%~5.38% in a limited manner. The MLP-MINLP optimization model can achieve precise and low-power operation of dry-wet joint cooling system, offering a viable solution for optimizing dry-wet joint cooling systems.

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“双碳”背景下,发电机组作为消纳新能源的调节性电源,对其发电灵活性提出了重大挑战。干湿联合冷却系统是保证发电机组安全、稳定运行的重要系统,急需对该系统的运行策略进行优化以提高其灵活性和经济性。以某660 MW发电机组的干湿联合冷却系统为研究对象,建立了预测干湿联合冷却系统冷却水出水温度的多层感知机(MLP)神经网络模型,并根据实际运行条件的限制建立并线性化处理了干湿联合冷却系统的混合整数非线性规划(MINLP)模型。通过求解MLP-MINLP优化模型获得了各工况下干湿联合冷却系统变频风机运行的最优策略,实现了降低干湿联合冷却系统耗电量的目标。结果表明:优化变频风机配置后总功率显著降低约11.16%,变频风机异频运行策略可使总功率有限降低约3.62%~5.38%。MLP-MINLP优化模型可实现干湿联合冷却系统的灵活、经济运行,为干湿联合冷却系统运行优化提供了解决方案。

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曹越(1989),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为新型动力循环、热力系统性能优化和智能控制理论,
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马尧(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为热力学性能优化,

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Journal of Intelligent Information Systems, 2015, 45(2): 221-245., articleTitle=The rating prediction task in a group recommender system that automatically detects groups: architectures, algorithms, and performance evaluation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714938488640312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714917756194916, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=39, authorNames=龚明启, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=龚明启. 中央空调系统动态运行节能优化策略研究[D]. 广州: 广州大学, 2006: 1., articleTitle=中央空调系统动态运行节能优化策略研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714938580915005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714917756194916, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=40, authorNames=GONG Mingqi, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GONG Mingqi. Study of energy efficiency and optimization the central air conditioning system[D]. 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articleId=1236714917756194916, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Experimental data of variable frequency fans of the dry-wet joint cooling system

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变频器频率/Hz干冷风机功率/kW湿冷风机功率/kW
5067.455.1
4549.440.4
4035.028.6
3524.019.6
3015.812.9
2510.68.7
205.94.8
153.02.5
), ArticleFig(id=1236714929286337137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714917756194916, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

干湿联合冷却系统变频风机实验数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变频器频率/Hz干冷风机功率/kW湿冷风机功率/kW
5067.455.1
4549.440.4
4035.028.6
3524.019.6
3015.812.9
2510.68.7
205.94.8
153.02.5
), ArticleFig(id=1236714929416360568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714917756194916, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Performance indexes of the MLP neural network model

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数据集R2δ MAEδMSE
训练集0.959 00.170 80.051 56
测试集0.958 40.171 00.051 39
对比训练集0.955 50.168 70.051 57
对比测试集0.955 50.169 00.052 22
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MLP神经网络模型性能指标

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数据集R2δ MAEδMSE
训练集0.959 00.170 80.051 56
测试集0.958 40.171 00.051 39
对比训练集0.955 50.168 70.051 57
对比测试集0.955 50.169 00.052 22
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Examples of typical working conditions

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序号环境温度/℃进水温
度/℃
实际运行频率/Hz实际功率/kW优化后运行频率/Hz优化功率/kW
1号风机2号风机3号风机4号风机5号风机6号风机
A1–6.5334.9921.321.221.418.3115.015.015.015.115.99
A20.1934.3615.015.015.015.015.9818.916.121.315.00
B110.8233.9619.319.315.013.99153.30
B214.9734.8745.445.445.345.4204.4819.627.413.99
C122.2434.7432.732.833.0130.434.332.16
C224.4334.9938.138.451.7943.131.350.70
D126.3535.1350.150.050.3176.4215.015.015.015.050.050.0124.70
D223.2835.5049.950.149.850.3272.5134.322.025.826.250.050.0159.00
), ArticleFig(id=1236714929709961868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714917756194916, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

典型工况算例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号环境温度/℃进水温
度/℃
实际运行频率/Hz实际功率/kW优化后运行频率/Hz优化功率/kW
1号风机2号风机3号风机4号风机5号风机6号风机
A1–6.5334.9921.321.221.418.3115.015.015.015.115.99
A20.1934.3615.015.015.015.015.9818.916.121.315.00
B110.8233.9619.319.315.013.99153.30
B214.9734.8745.445.445.345.4204.4819.627.413.99
C122.2434.7432.732.833.0130.434.332.16
C224.4334.9938.138.451.7943.131.350.70
D126.3535.1350.150.050.3176.4215.015.015.015.050.050.0124.70
D223.2835.5049.950.149.850.3272.5134.322.025.826.250.050.0159.00
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基于MLP-MINLP的发电机组干湿联合冷却系统运行优化
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马尧 , 曹越 , 陈然璟 , 司风琪
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025,54(3): 121-130
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025, 54(3): 121-130
基于MLP-MINLP的发电机组干湿联合冷却系统运行优化
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马尧 , 曹越 , 陈然璟, 司风琪
作者信息
  • 东南大学能源转换及过程测控教育部重点实验室,江苏 南京 210096
  • 马尧(2001),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为热力学性能优化,

通讯作者:

曹越(1989),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为新型动力循环、热力系统性能优化和智能控制理论,
Operation optimization of dry-wet joint cooling system of generator set based on MLP-MINLP
Yao MA , Yue CAO , Ranjing CHEN, Fengqi SI
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407154
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“双碳”背景下,发电机组作为消纳新能源的调节性电源,对其发电灵活性提出了重大挑战。干湿联合冷却系统是保证发电机组安全、稳定运行的重要系统,急需对该系统的运行策略进行优化以提高其灵活性和经济性。以某660 MW发电机组的干湿联合冷却系统为研究对象,建立了预测干湿联合冷却系统冷却水出水温度的多层感知机(MLP)神经网络模型,并根据实际运行条件的限制建立并线性化处理了干湿联合冷却系统的混合整数非线性规划(MINLP)模型。通过求解MLP-MINLP优化模型获得了各工况下干湿联合冷却系统变频风机运行的最优策略,实现了降低干湿联合冷却系统耗电量的目标。结果表明:优化变频风机配置后总功率显著降低约11.16%,变频风机异频运行策略可使总功率有限降低约3.62%~5.38%。MLP-MINLP优化模型可实现干湿联合冷却系统的灵活、经济运行,为干湿联合冷却系统运行优化提供了解决方案。

干湿联合冷却系统  /  变频风机  /  多层感知机  /  混合整数非线性规划

In the context of achieving “dual-carbon” goals, power units function as adaptable power sources for integrating new energy sources, posing significant challenges to their power generation flexibility. The dry-wet joint cooling system plays a pivotal role in ensuring the safe and stable operation of power units. Therefore, there is an urgent need to optimize the operational strategy of the dry-wet joint cooling system to enhance its flexibility and economic efficiency. Focusing on the dry-wet joint cooling system of a 660 MW generator set, a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network model has been established to predict the outlet temperature of the cooling water. A mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model is formulated and linearized based on actual operating condition constraints. By solving the MLP-MINLP optimization model, the optimal operation strategy for variable-frequency fans in each operating condition of dry-wet joint cooling system is determined, successfully reducing its power consumption. The results indicate that, after optimizing the configuration of variable-frequency fans, there is a significant reduction in total power by approximately 11.16%, and implementing different frequency operations for variable-frequency fans can reduce total power by about 3.62%~5.38% in a limited manner. The MLP-MINLP optimization model can achieve precise and low-power operation of dry-wet joint cooling system, offering a viable solution for optimizing dry-wet joint cooling systems.

dry-wet joint cooling system  /  variable-frequency fan  /  multilayer perceptron  /  mixed integer nonlinear planning
马尧, 曹越, 陈然璟, 司风琪. 基于MLP-MINLP的发电机组干湿联合冷却系统运行优化. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (3) : 121 -130 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407154
Yao MA, Yue CAO, Ranjing CHEN, Fengqi SI. Operation optimization of dry-wet joint cooling system of generator set based on MLP-MINLP[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (3) : 121 -130 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407154
在“双碳”背景下,煤电灵活性改造机组作为消纳新能源的重要电力系统调节性电源[1],对其发电灵活性提出了重大挑战。干湿联合冷却作为一种高效的空冷方式[2-3],在保障发电机组安全、稳定运行中起到重要作用。然而,如何根据多变的工况条件实现干湿联合冷却系统的灵活、经济运行[4],已成为发电机组面临的挑战之一。
干湿联合冷却系统由多台轴流风机及喷淋设备组成,其通过干冷段与湿冷段的协同运行[5],实现对发电机组闭式冷却水的有效冷却。然而,由于系统的复杂性,当前依赖人工操作的干湿联合冷却系统存在诸多问题,如运行策略过度依赖经验、风机运行频率调整不精细、冷却水出水温度难以稳定在设计值等。为克服这些难题,构建精确的干湿联合冷却系统特性模型并制定合理的运行策略显得尤为重要。目前干湿联合冷却系统中风机空冷系统的模型主要包括数值模型、理论模型和数据模型3种。
空冷系统数值模型的建立目前主要通过实验数据和数值模拟实现。侯一晨等[6]基于热负荷均匀分配原则,采用数值模拟方法,研究了不同环境气象条件下不同轴流风机转速调节策略风机总功耗变化规律。Wang等人[7]通过高速摄像机视觉实验和Fluent数值模拟,研究了轴流冷却风机对换热器综合性能的影响。Wang等人[8]通过冷室实验和数值计算,探讨了轴流冷却风机冷却性能和不可逆性之间的权衡,发现增加轴流风机数量可以使气流和温度分布更均匀。Peter等人[9]通过实验数据和Fluent数值模拟,分析了入流条件对轴流风机冷却性能的影响。
空冷系统理论模型的建立目前主要使用效能-单元数(ε-NTU)方法。黎颖慧等[10]对某300 MW直接空冷机组搭建了分建式干湿联合冷却系统的计算模型,得到湿冷系统开启关闭的临界工况点。安留明等[11]采用ε-NTU法建立了600 MW直接空冷机组凝汽器变工况数学模型,计算得到了凝汽器变工况下的特性曲线。陈雅丽等[12]提出了冷凝器背压的一种简便计算方法,分析了直接空冷机组变工况运行特性分析。Wang等人[13]建立了冷凝水系统功率和冷却模型,发现了最佳风机转速和制冷负荷、环境空气湿球温度之间存在的理论联系。
空冷系统的数据模型大多采用机器学习的方式建立,并使用粒子群算法、遗传算法等启发式算法进行系统优化。李洪等[14]基于灰色关联分析使用反向传播(BP)神经网络准确预测了混流闭式冷却塔的出水温度。李昊等[15]结合非线性动态惯性权重的粒子群优化算法和BP神经网络预测了间接空冷塔出水温度。刘宇航等[16]以机组历史运行数据为基础建立了预测直接空冷机组背压的门控循环单元神经网络模型,对比背压预测值和高斯混合模型算法确定的背压基准区间,给出背压的优化建议和预警信息。聂椿明等[17]采用大数据分析方法建立了直接空冷燃煤机组的最佳数据库,从背压偏置范围中找出了实时机组运行数据对应负荷及相应边界条件下的最佳背压。温文涛等[18]采用Hammerstein模型对背压进行模型参数在线辨识,结合长短记忆神经网络和注意力机制建立直接空冷机组背压预测模型,准确预测了未来1 h内不同时间跨度的背压。Juan等人[19]比较了人工神经网络(ANN)和Poppe冷却塔换热数学物理模型在干湿联合冷却塔中预测出水温度、出水量等参数的性能。Han等人[20]结合优化差分算法和BP神经网络算法,提出了强制空冷效率的预测方法。Yang等人[21]通过ANN对风冷式冷水机组建模,并采样遗传算法寻找冷凝温度的最优设定点。Renita等人[22]通过循环神经网络建立了编码器-解码器混合密度网络,有效预测了空冷冷凝器的背压。Jin等人[23]将ANN和非支配排序遗传算法Ⅱ结合,实现了z型风冷电池热管理系统的多目标优化。
为解决干湿联合冷却系统中预测冷却水出水温度和干湿联合冷却系统运行优化问题,本研究结合多层感知机(MLP)神经网络模型和混合整数非线性规划(MINLP)模型,通过求解MLP-MINLP优化模型对干湿联合冷却系统运行策略进行优化,旨在实现冷却水出水温度的精确预测和系统运行的高效优化。
干湿联合冷却系统设计用于冷却发电机氢冷水、主机油冷却水、发电机定冷水、氢侧密封油冷却水等关键闭式冷却水,其系统示意如图1所示。该系统主要是通过集中各辅机闭式冷却水,经进水母管进入干湿联合冷却系统实现高效冷却。干湿联合冷却系统包括6台变频风机(其中1—4号为干冷风机,5、6号为湿冷风机)、2台喷淋泵、蓄水池、地下储水箱以及相应管道网络。
在干冷段,1—4号风机通过强制对流的方式间接冷却散热排管内的冷却水,冷却介质为空气;在湿冷段,当5、6号风机启动工作时,喷淋泵将蓄水池中储存的水输送并喷出,形成夹带水雾的空气作为冷却介质。干湿联合冷却系统中,地下储水箱通过精细调控进水母管和出水母管的流量,确保系统中循环的冷却水流量稳定,保证冷却效率和系统的稳定运行。
为避免异常数据降低模型的泛化能力,需要对原始数据集进行预处理。本研究通过以下步骤对运行历史数据进行了预处理。
1)数据平滑 使用SavitzkyGolay滤波方法处理原始数据,通过线性最小二乘法将相邻数据点的连续子集与一个低次多项式拟合,能够在不改变信号趋势、宽度的情况下提高数据的精度,使其更贴近真实值。
2)稳态判别 干湿联合冷却系统存在热惯性,冷却水出水温度对冷却水进水温度、环境温度和风机运行频率的变化响应存在迟滞,因此部分数据并不能反映该系统的稳态特性。采用基于滑动窗口的方差识别法[24]进行稳态判别,筛选保留稳态过程的数据。
3)数据清洗 发电机组停机阶段运行历史数据偏离正常运行范围,且机组启停阶段或较低负荷下投入手动运行,上述时段运行数据不能准确反映系统的运行特性,该部分数据予以筛除。
4)数据降维 为在保证数据特征的前提下降低数据量级,提升训练速度,采用数据时间序列重采样的方式减小数据密度。
5)数据降噪 数据测量值与实际值的误差导致变频风机在关闭状态的频率不为0 Hz,为消除数据噪声引起模型对风机状态的误判,将关闭状态对应频率(0 Hz)较小邻域内的数据写为0 Hz。
本研究采用前馈神经网络中的MLP神经网络,其由输入层、隐含层、输出层组成,其中神经元分层排列。
标准化方法为Z-score标准化,实现将特征分布转换为均值为0、标准差为1的标准正态分布。激活函数为ReLU(Rectified Linear Unit)函数,与sigmoid等函数相比,ReLU函数具有减少计算量、消除梯度消失、缓解过拟合等优势[25]
ReLU函数为:
f(x)={0,x<0x,x0
损失函数为均方误差δMSE,具体如式(2)所示:
δMSE=1ni=1n(yiyi')2
式中:yi为实际值;yi'为预测值。
MLP神经网络结构输入层包含8个神经元,分别为环境温度te、冷却水进水温度tin和6台风机的运行频率fi(i=1,2,3,4,5,6),输出层1个神经元,为冷却水出水温度tout。为了验证模型的泛化能力,将数据集划分为训练集和测试集,其中测试集占数据集全部的20%。
使用均方误差δMSE、平均绝对误差δMAE和决定系数R2评价指标评价模型的准确性和概括性。δMAER2如式(3)、式(4)所示:
δMAE=1ni=1n|yiyi'|
R2=1i=1n(yiyi')2i=1n(yiyi^)2
式中:yi^为预测值的平均值。
风机类设备的功率与转速三次方成正比,且变频器的频率与电机的转速成正比。一般来说,风机的功率可以通过式(5)计算:
P=P0(ff0)3
式中:P为风机功率;f为变频器频率;P0为风机额定功率;f0为变频器额定工况下的频率。
式(5)仅考虑了频率对功率的影响,而实际风机的功率还受其他因素的影响,如空气密度、风阻、管道阻力等[26]。因此,本研究通过风机实验数据拟合得到计算变频风机功率的二次多项式,变频风机的实验数据见表1
通过最小二乘法可以得到符合实验数据的二阶多项式,干冷风机和湿冷风机的功率分别通过式(6)、式(7)计算:
Pd=0.050 55f21.500 6f+15.131 5
Pw=0.041 43f21.234 3f+12.492 9
式中:PdPw分别为干冷、湿冷风机功率。
式(6)、式(7)的R2均为0.998,表明预测值与实际值几乎完全重合。
为进一步验证上式的可靠性,与式(5)的修正公式进行对比,式(5)修正后的一般形式如式(8)所示:
P=ψP0(ff0)3
式中:ψ为修正系数。
基于表1中实验数据采用非线性最小二乘法得到修正功率计算公式的修正系数ψ为0.619 3,修正公式的R2为0.996,干、湿冷风机的额定功率分别为110、90 kW。
变频风机功率拟合曲线和修正公式曲线如图2所示。
图2可知,在变频风机可调频率区间内(15~50 Hz)拟合公式曲线与修正公式曲线相近,说明拟合公式在该区间有较好的理论可靠性。同型号风机的频率和功率性能较为明确和一致,因此本研究使用拟合公式分别计算干冷、湿冷变频风机运行状态的功率。
用于描述风机开关状态和频率的决策变量为混合整数类型的变量,即fi∈{0}∪[15, 50],且式(6)、式(7)无法表示频率为0 Hz时风机的功率。因此,需要对上述非线性条件进行线性化处理来简化目标函数和约束条件。
对于混合整数变量,可以通过引入3个辅助变量进行线性化。
假设z∈[0, a]的整数,或者z∈[b, c]的连续量,可以使用3个变量xyu代替z。整数x∈[0, a],连续变量y∈[b, c],0-1变量u∈[0, 1],可以通过不等式组式(9)表示混合整数变量z
{zx+M(1u)zxM(1u)zy+MuzyMu
式中:M为一个相当大的数。当u=0时,前2个约束不起作用,连续变量z=y∈[b, c];当u=1时,后2个约束不起作用,整数变量z=x∈[0, a]。
对于目标函数风机功率可以引入一个0-1变量,使目标函数变为含0-1变量的乘积形式再进行线性化。含有0-1变量乘积形式的问题如式(10)、式(11)所示。
y=uy(x)
{ay(x)bu{0,1}
通过不等式组式(12)将含有0-1变量乘积形式的问题线性化。
{yy(x)yy(x)M(1u)auybu
式中:M为一个相当大的数。当u=0时,前2个约束不起作用,y=0;当u=1时,第3个约束不起作用,y=y(x)。
在不同工况(环境温度、冷却水进水温度)下,为确保冷却水出水温度维持在预设的设计范围内,需对冷却量进行精确调控。为此,需在特定工况下对6台风机的开关状态及其变频器频率进行优化调整,使其能满足冷却水出水温度范围要求,并尽可能降低6台风机的总功率。湿冷段喷淋泵运行功率相对较低,本研究忽略不计。根据实际运行情况限制,增加以下约束条件:当环境温度低于5 ℃时,停用湿冷段以防止冻结;湿冷风机运行时,仅当2台湿冷风机运行频率都为50 Hz后,才允许开启干冷风机。
采用上述线性化方法处理变量后,干湿联合冷却系统的数学描述如式(13)、式(14)所示。式(13)为目标函数,即环境温度te,冷却水进水温度tin时,6台风机在对应状态下的总功率;式(14)为目标函数的约束条件公式。
mini=16Pi(hzi,ui)|tinte
s.t.{fiMui0fiMui0fihziM(1ui)0fi+hziM(1ui)0PjPd(fj)0Pj+Pd(fj)M(1uj)0PjPd(50)uj0Pj+Pd(15)uj0PkPw(fk)0Pk+Pw(fk)M(1uk)0PkPw(50)uk0Pk+Pw(15)uk0(5te)fk0ujfk(50fk)0ui{0,1}15hzi50tout_mintouttout_max
式中:i∈{1,2,3,4,5,6}, j∈{1,2,3,4}, k∈{5,6};tout_min、tout_max分别为冷却水出水温度设计值的下界和上界。
通过引入0-1变量ui∈[0,1]和连续变量hzi∈[15,50]将fi∈{0}∪[15,50]和P1(fi)、P2(fi)进行线性化,决策变量为12个。M设为1 000,冷却水出水温度为冷却水温度预测模型的输出值。环境温度te和冷却水进水温度tin为优化模型的输入值,是该优化问题的边界条件。
ui=0时,表示第i台风机为关闭状态,对应变频器频率fi=ui=0,风机功率为Pi=ui=0;当ui=1时,表示第i台风机为开启状态,对应变频器频率fi=hzi,干冷风机功率Pi=P1(fi),湿冷风机功率Pi=P2(fi)。MLP-MINLP优化模型以式(13)为目标函数,式(14)为约束条件,共涉及12个决策变量,63个约束条件。
本研究数据集是某660 MW发电机组的全年运行历史数据,涵盖2021年9月1日至2023年12月31日的全年数据,采样时间间隔为5 s,共9 720 472组。
Savitzky Golay滤波器的窗口大小为13,步长为12,多项式阶数为3阶。连续5 min内的一段Savitzky Golay滤波处理的数据平滑结果对比如图3所示。由图3可知,采用Savitzky Golay滤波方法后缓解了运行历史数据的曲线阶跃问题,使数据更接近真实值。
稳态数据的判断条件为窗口内各数据方差小于0.003,窗口大小为11,步长为11。经稳态判别和筛选,共保留7 342 774组数据,占原始数据的75.53%,这些数据能够较为准确地反映干湿联合冷却系统的稳态特性。
综合考虑停机、机组启停和深度调峰需求,筛除停机期间和25%额定负荷以下的运行历史数据,筛除的数据量分别占稳态数据的14.47%和0.77%。
重采样时间窗口设为3 min,仅保留每个时间窗口的第1组数据。对于风机运行频率fi∈[-0.15,0.15](最低运行频率的1%)写为0 Hz,fi∈[0.15,14.85]视为异常值予以删除。
通过上述数据预处理方法最终获得了194 344组数据,数据集中环境温度分布如图4所示。由图4可知,预处理后的数据集中环境温度的分布整体呈正态分布。对于不同环境温度有足够的样本数量,保证训练后的模型可以较好地预测不同环境温度下冷却水出水温度。
通过实验比较,确定隐含层层数为2层,第1层隐含层神经元个数为40个,第2层隐含层神经元个数为32个。基于MLP的冷却水温度预测模型性能指标见表2表2对使用未经数据平滑的数据集训练得到的神经网络模型性能指标进行了比较。
表2可知,各性能指标在训练集和测试集上的表现出高度相似,验证说明基于MLP的冷却水温度预测模型具有良好的泛化性,过拟合风险较低。在测试集上:δMAE为0.171 0,δMSE为0.051 39,说明MLP神经网络模型预测精度较高;R2为0.958 4,说明冷却水出水温度预测值与实际值拟合较好。比较发现数据平滑处理原始数据后R2提升了0.4%。
进一步开展基于MLP神经网络的冷却水温度预测模型准确性验证,所建冷却水温度预测模型的回归分析如图5所示。用颜色表示预测值与实际值的绝对误差,蓝色越深表示绝对误差越小,准确率越高。由图5可知,各神经网络预测点集中分布在实际点附近,即预测值与实际值具有较强的相关性。综上,基于MLP的冷却水温度预测模型实现了干湿联合冷却系统冷却水出水温度的良好预测。
通过求解MLP-MINLP优化模型,得到了不同工况下的干湿联合冷却系统变频风机最优运行方案,目前该优化模型已形成组态投入某660 MW发电机组闭环自动调度发电机组的干湿联合冷却系统。根据MLP-MINLP优化模型求解后风机状态和实际运行状态将优化问题归纳分为4种类型:1)干-干类型,实际运行和优化后均仅开启干冷风机;2)干-湿类型,实际运行仅开启干冷风机,优化后关闭全部干冷风机并开启湿冷风机;3)湿-湿类型,实际运行和优化后均仅开启湿冷风机;4)干湿联合类型,实际运行与优化后均同时开启干冷风机和湿冷风机。
符合以上4种类型的优化结果分别见表3,并用序号A—D依次表示上述4种类型,属于同种类型的算例优化结果在表中用数字编号加以区分,表中运行频率依次表示1—6号风机的运行频率。为说明优化模型在设计冷却水出水温度下的优化能力,各工况的实际冷却水出水温度均为冷却水设计温度32.00±0.02 ℃。运行频率为“/”表示该风机为关闭状态。
表3可知,优化风机配置是降低总功率的主要方式。由风机功率计算公式可知,各风机总频率不变时,更多平均频率较低的风机频率分配使得总功率更低。根据式(6)、式(7)可知风机配置调整的临界平均频率约为20 Hz,即当干冷风机数量小于4台时,在不降低风机总频率的前提下,风机的平均频率超过20 Hz可以增加风机运行数量并降低平均频率以降低总功率。此外,至少3台干冷风机以15 Hz运行时,可以减少风机运行数量并提高平均运行频率以降低总功率。当调整风机配置无法降低总功率,即4台干冷风机或2台湿冷风机均处于较高运行频率时,调整风机频率使各变频风机处于不同的运行频率实现冷却水更优的差异化梯级冷却效果,风机异频运行可将冷却水冷却到相同出水温度同时有限地降低总功率。
进一步分析优化结果并验证调整风机配置的临界频率,以下算例求解时约束条件中出水温度范围根据算例实际出水温度做出相应调整,即优化后冷却水出水温度不超过实际出水温度。
干-干类型的优化结果与实际运行进行对比如图6所示。由图6可知,不超过3台干冷风机以较高频率运行时,增加风机开启数量并改变运行频率使总功率降低最多,优化后总功率平均降低33.30%。风机开启数量减少的情况多发生于至少3台已经开启的干冷风机以最低频率运行,优化后总功率平均降低11.16%。不改变风机运行数量的情况下,仅调整已开启各风机运行频率,优化后总功率平均降低5.38%。该类型工况下,风机开启数量减少时实际运行的风机频率在15 Hz,风机开启数量增加时实际运行的风机平均频率在20~25 Hz,进一步验证了前文所说调整风机配置的临界平均频率,然而特定工况下的临界值受边界条件影响。结果表明,至多3台干冷风机以超过25 Hz运行时调整投入更多平均频率较低的干冷风机可以显著降低风机总功率。
干-湿类型的优化结果与实际运行进行对比如图7所示。由图7可知,湿冷段取代干冷段后总功率大幅降低,优化后总功率平均降低88.70%。
湿-湿类型的优化结果与实际运行进行对比如图8所示。由图8可知,2台湿冷风机优化前后均开启,优化后总功率平均降低3.62%,风机运行频率方差为9.78。
干湿联合类型的优化结果与实际运行进行对比如图9所示。由图9可知,干湿联合类型下,总功率平均降低26.50%,干冷风机运行数量为4台时平均功率降低3.30%。由运行历史数据和优化结果可知,实际运行中干湿联合运行时,通常开启单台干冷风机至最高频率后才开启下一台干冷风机,而4台干冷风机均运行时才手动调整同频运行的频率,这是该类型下风机总功率显著降低的重要原因。
以当日环境温度均低于5 ℃的冬季典型日、当日仅开启湿冷风机的夏季典型日和发生干湿冷段切换的过渡季典型日为例,将24 h全日实际风机总功率与优化后的结果进行对比,具体如图10图11图12所示。其中,NaNo分别为实际风机运行数量和优化后风机运行数量,PaPo分别为实际总功率和优化后总功率。
图10可知:该日08:21前仅以最低频率至多运行2台干冷风机,此时实际功率等于优化功率,说明实际运行情况已经是相应冷却水目标出水温度下功率最低的运行方案;该日08:21后通过求解MLP-MINLP优化模型降低了风机总功率,该时间段内总功率平均降低8.05%,进水温度与出水温度的平均温差为2.29 ℃。该日实际运行中至少3台干冷风机均处于最低运行频率的情况较多,优化后减少风机运行数量并提高平均运行频率,实现了通过优化风机配置降低系统能耗目标。同时,该日并未出现风机开启数量频繁调整的情况,避免了风机频繁启停影响风机使用寿命的风险。根据梯形法则积分计算当日总耗电量,实际总耗电量为287.97 kW·h,优化后总耗电量为267.82 kW·h,优化后当日总耗电量降低约7.0%。
图11可知,该日开启湿冷风机数量为2台,未调整风机配置,仅通过调整2台湿冷风机的运行频率降低了风机总功率。夏季典型日优化后总功率平均降低2.99%,进水温度与出水温度的平均温差为2.68℃。根据梯形法则积分计算当日总耗电量,实际总耗电量为1 061.65 kW·h,优化后总耗电量为1 030.77 kW·h,优化后当日总耗电量降低约2.91%。
图12可知,该日21:00实际运行时湿冷段手动切换为干冷段,而环境温度并未低于5 ℃,因此优化结果显示仍然调用湿冷段。过渡季典型日优化后总功率平均降低25.03%,进水温度与出水温度的平均温差为2.05 ℃。根据梯形法则积分计算当日总耗电量,实际总耗电量为315.27 kW·h,优化后总耗电量为171.09 kW·h,优化后当日总耗电量降低约45.73%。值得注意的是,该日21:00后总耗电量从200.45 kW·h降低为61.14 kW·h,占总耗电量降低部分的96.6%。
本研究以某660 MW发电机组干湿联合冷却系统为研究对象,建立了预测冷却水出水温度的MLP神经网络模型。在此基础上,以风机总功率最低为目标函数,考虑冷却水出水温度、环境温度、实际运行限制等约束,建立了MLP-MINLP干湿联合冷却系统优化模型。通过求解该模型获得了特定工况下使风机总功率最低的运行方案,得到以下结论。
1)采用MLP-MINLP优化模型可以获得各工况下使得风机总功率最低的风机运行方案,实现干湿联合冷却系统的灵活、经济运行。
2)优化风机配置对降低风机总功率效果显著。结果表明,至少3台干冷风机以最低频率运行时,减少风机开启台数并调整运行频率使总功率降低约11.16%。
3)风机异频运行策略可以降低总功率。4台干冷风机或2台湿冷风机以较高频率运行时,通过调整风机运行频率使总功率降低约3.62%~5.38%。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4100700)
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2025年第54卷第3期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407154
  • 接收时间:2024-07-04
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-04
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National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFB4100700)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4100700)
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    东南大学能源转换及过程测控教育部重点实验室,江苏 南京 210096

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曹越(1989),男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为新型动力循环、热力系统性能优化和智能控制理论,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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