Article(id=1236714917466796710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236714913599648374, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202408198, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722528000000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772785413375, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772785413375, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772785413375, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772785413375, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236714913599648374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='166', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772785412454, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772785487409, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236715228050813334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236714913599648374, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236715228050813335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236714913599648374, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=12, endPage=21, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236714918876082884, articleId=1236714917466796710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Study on variable load characteristics of a solid oxide fuel cell stack under multiple operating conditions, columnId=1236714914522395257, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Energy storage technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is a promising energy conversion device. It has the advantages of non-pollution, high energy utilization rate, and good fuel adaptability. However, SOFC often needs to be operated under variable load conditions, which leads to the problems of shorten service life and performance degradation. The study of the relationship between the variable load characteristics of SOFC and its operating conditions is helpful to improve the output performance of the stack, extend its service life, and formulate a reasonable control strategy. A 100 W SOFC short stack testing system was developed to experimentally investigate the variable load characteristics of the SOFC stack under multiple operating conditions. The results show that, increasing the operating temperature can reduce the ohmic resistance and total polarization resistance of the fuel cell stack, thereby enhancing the stack’s steady-state output performance and dynamic response performance. Increasing the hydrogen flow rate in the medium to high current range can reduce the concentration polarization resistance, thereby effectively enhancing the stack’s peak output performance and dynamic response performance. Increasing the air flow rate has a smaller effect on the performance improvement of the stack. Under the constant flow utilization strategy, the response voltage immediately falls within the range of ±5% of the final voltage. By varying the load with constant voltage, the response current can smoothly reach a stable value. Compared with the constant flow strategy and constant current load variation method, the stack shows better dynamic response performance under the constant flow utilization strategy and constant voltage load variation method.

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固体氧化物燃料电池(solid oxide fuel cell,SOFC)是一种前景广阔的能量转化装置,具有清洁无污染、能量利用率高、燃料选择多样等优点,但SOFC常需要在变载工况下运行,导致其存在使用寿命缩短、性能衰退等问题。研究SOFC的变载特性和其运行条件之间的关系,有助于提升电池输出性能、延长使用寿命及制定合理的控制策略。搭建了100 W SOFC短堆测试系统,对多工况下SOFC电堆的变载特性进行了研究。结果表明:升高工作温度能够减小电堆的欧姆阻抗和总极化阻抗,从而增强电堆的稳态输出性能和动态响应性能;在中高电流段增加氢气流量可以减小浓差极化阻抗,从而有效增强电堆的极限输出性能和动态响应性能;增大空气流量对电堆性能提升较小;恒流量利用率策略下的响应电压处于终值电压±5%内,以恒电压方式变载,响应电流可以平滑地达到稳定值,相较于恒流量策略和恒电流变载方式,在恒流量利用率策略和恒电压变载方式下电堆体现出更良好的动态响应性能。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
徐心海(1986),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为氢能与燃料电池,
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马秦慧(1989),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为氢能、碳捕集技术,

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马秦慧(1989),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为氢能、碳捕集技术,

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马秦慧(1989),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为氢能、碳捕集技术,

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Materials and dimensions of the components of a single battery

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项目材料尺寸/μm
阳极支撑层厚度Ni-YSZ375
阳极功能层厚度Ni-YSZ10
电解质层厚度YSZ12
阻挡层厚度GDC5
阴极功能层厚度LSCF-GDC10
阴极集流层厚度LSCF53
连接体(底板+肋)厚度SUS430250+500
肋宽SUS430700
流道宽900
密封环厚度Al2O3-Si2O-CaO80
), ArticleFig(id=1236714937440071969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714917466796710, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

单电池各组件材料与相关尺寸

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项目材料尺寸/μm
阳极支撑层厚度Ni-YSZ375
阳极功能层厚度Ni-YSZ10
电解质层厚度YSZ12
阻挡层厚度GDC5
阴极功能层厚度LSCF-GDC10
阴极集流层厚度LSCF53
连接体(底板+肋)厚度SUS430250+500
肋宽SUS430700
流道宽900
密封环厚度Al2O3-Si2O-CaO80
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Operating temperatures, hydrogen flow rates and air flow rates used in the studies

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工作温度/℃氢气流量/(mL·min–1)空气流量/(mL·min–1)
工作温度影响7002 4007 200
7252 4007 200
7502 4007 200
氢气流量影响7502 0007 200
7502 2007 200
7502 4007 200
空气流量影响7502 4006 000
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多工况下固体氧化物燃料电池短堆变载特性研究
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马秦慧 1 , 陈钢 1 , 范光涛 2 , 罗书德 2 , 於震跃 1 , 朱波 1 , 徐心海 2
热力发电 | 储能技术研究 2025,54(3): 12-21
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热力发电 | 储能技术研究 2025, 54(3): 12-21
多工况下固体氧化物燃料电池短堆变载特性研究
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马秦慧1 , 陈钢1, 范光涛2, 罗书德2, 於震跃1, 朱波1, 徐心海2
作者信息
  • 1.中国电建集团华东勘测设计研究院有限公司,浙江 杭州 311100
  • 2.哈尔滨工业大学(深圳)机电工程与自动化学院,广东 深圳 518055
  • 马秦慧(1989),男,博士,高级工程师,主要研究方向为氢能、碳捕集技术,

通讯作者:

徐心海(1986),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为氢能与燃料电池,
Study on variable load characteristics of a solid oxide fuel cell stack under multiple operating conditions
Qinhui MA1 , Gang CHEN1, Guangtao FAN2, Shude LUO2, Zhenyue YU1, Bo ZHU1, Xinhai XU2
Affiliations
  • 1.Power China Huadong Engineering Corporation Limited, Hangzhou 311100, China
  • 2.Harbin Institute of Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Shenzhen 518055, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408198
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固体氧化物燃料电池(solid oxide fuel cell,SOFC)是一种前景广阔的能量转化装置,具有清洁无污染、能量利用率高、燃料选择多样等优点,但SOFC常需要在变载工况下运行,导致其存在使用寿命缩短、性能衰退等问题。研究SOFC的变载特性和其运行条件之间的关系,有助于提升电池输出性能、延长使用寿命及制定合理的控制策略。搭建了100 W SOFC短堆测试系统,对多工况下SOFC电堆的变载特性进行了研究。结果表明:升高工作温度能够减小电堆的欧姆阻抗和总极化阻抗,从而增强电堆的稳态输出性能和动态响应性能;在中高电流段增加氢气流量可以减小浓差极化阻抗,从而有效增强电堆的极限输出性能和动态响应性能;增大空气流量对电堆性能提升较小;恒流量利用率策略下的响应电压处于终值电压±5%内,以恒电压方式变载,响应电流可以平滑地达到稳定值,相较于恒流量策略和恒电流变载方式,在恒流量利用率策略和恒电压变载方式下电堆体现出更良好的动态响应性能。

固体氧化物燃料电池  /  电堆  /  变载特性  /  运行条件  /  运行策略

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is a promising energy conversion device. It has the advantages of non-pollution, high energy utilization rate, and good fuel adaptability. However, SOFC often needs to be operated under variable load conditions, which leads to the problems of shorten service life and performance degradation. The study of the relationship between the variable load characteristics of SOFC and its operating conditions is helpful to improve the output performance of the stack, extend its service life, and formulate a reasonable control strategy. A 100 W SOFC short stack testing system was developed to experimentally investigate the variable load characteristics of the SOFC stack under multiple operating conditions. The results show that, increasing the operating temperature can reduce the ohmic resistance and total polarization resistance of the fuel cell stack, thereby enhancing the stack’s steady-state output performance and dynamic response performance. Increasing the hydrogen flow rate in the medium to high current range can reduce the concentration polarization resistance, thereby effectively enhancing the stack’s peak output performance and dynamic response performance. Increasing the air flow rate has a smaller effect on the performance improvement of the stack. Under the constant flow utilization strategy, the response voltage immediately falls within the range of ±5% of the final voltage. By varying the load with constant voltage, the response current can smoothly reach a stable value. Compared with the constant flow strategy and constant current load variation method, the stack shows better dynamic response performance under the constant flow utilization strategy and constant voltage load variation method.

SOFC  /  cell stack  /  variable load characteristics  /  operating condition  /  operation strategy
马秦慧, 陈钢, 范光涛, 罗书德, 於震跃, 朱波, 徐心海. 多工况下固体氧化物燃料电池短堆变载特性研究. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (3) : 12 -21 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408198
Qinhui MA, Gang CHEN, Guangtao FAN, Shude LUO, Zhenyue YU, Bo ZHU, Xinhai XU. Study on variable load characteristics of a solid oxide fuel cell stack under multiple operating conditions[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (3) : 12 -21 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408198
当前世界由于气候变化引起了诸如全球变暖、冰川融化等一系列连锁反应[1-2],化石燃料燃烧产生的污染物是导致此类气候变化的主要因素[3-4]。一方面化石燃料是不可再生资源,储备有限,且是造成环境恶化的主要来源;另一方面,自2006年以来,中国已成为世界上最大的碳排放国家之一。在“双碳”目标背景下,开发清洁能源迫在眉睫[5-8]。固体氧化物燃料电池(solid oxide fuel cell,SOFC)是一种前景广阔的电化学转换装置[9-10],主要由多孔阳极、多孔阴极和致密的固态电解质构成,电化学反应过程发生在电极、电解质以及气体交汇的三相界面[11-13]。SOFC需要在600~1 000 ℃的高温环境下运行,以保证电解质具有足够高的离子电导率,与低温燃料电池相比,SOFC具有能量利用率高、燃料选择多样以及无需贵金属催化剂等诸多优势[14-16],目前已广泛应用于分布式发电、便捷式电源和移动式电源等领域[17-18]
外界功率需求会发生变化,SOFC不可避免地需要在波动负载下运行,负载频繁变化将严重影响电池的性能和寿命[19-21]。因此,深入研究SOFC在变载过程中的响应特性,不仅可以提高电池性能,延长电池使用寿命,还可以制定合理的控制策略并补偿电池与系统其余组件的动态相互作用[22-26]。关于SOFC的变载特性已有学者对此进行了相应研究。康伟等[27]以千瓦级电堆为研究对象,探究了恒定燃料成分、流量和工作温度下,电流阶梯变化和电流脉冲变化下电堆的输出性能,发现在低电流段,电堆的电压和功率能够快速跟踪电流变化,在高电流段,电压和功率出现弛豫。汤水等[28]通过三维模型研究了不同工况下电池长度、工作温度、进气成分对SOFC工作性能的影响,结果表明,在高电流密度下,入口氧气的质量分数会显著影响电池性能,而在低电流密度下,氧气质量分数不是影响电池电压的主要因素,当电池工作温度升高时,电池内部很多参数会发生变化。Komatsu等人[29]研究了300 W平板式SOFC电堆过电位和工作温度对电堆动态响应特性的影响,结果发现采取较高的恒定燃料利用率控制策略,可能会降低电堆的开路电压,增加浓度极化,最终降低电堆性能。此外,合适的工作温度能提高电堆稳态性能以及消除过电位对电堆动态响应的负面影响。Kim等人[30]在650 ℃下对SOFC电池进行了恒定负载、负载循环和启停循环耐久性测试,结果发现:在0.2 A/cm2的恒定负载下,电池电压在450 h内缓慢下降,然后趋于稳定,最后运行1 200 h后性能没有再明显下降;在负载循环条件下,电池输出电压在1 920 h内稳定下降;而启停循环下的电压下降速度较快,并且电池退化率明显大于恒定负载和循环负载下的退化率。Howe等人[31]研究了单管SOFC和6管SOFC电堆在不同电流变载幅度下的动态性能,发现不管电流变载幅度多大,单管SOFC只需要不到0.5 s即可适应负载变化,而且阶跃电流变载下的电压响应曲线并没有产生超调,6管SOFC电堆需要约0.65 s适应阶跃电流变载,但电压响应曲线同样没有产生过冲现象。
截至目前,国内外对SOFC的变载特性进行了大量研究,但主要针对SOFC的稳态变载性能,对其动态变载性能研究不多,尤其是实验方面的研究颇少,需要更深入地研究SOFC的动态变载性能,明晰变载过程中SOFC的响应机制,从而有针对性地优化电池性能并制定控制策略。由SOFC的工作特性可知,运行条件如工作温度、气体流量、流量运行策略和变载方式等均会对SOFC的变载特性产生影响,共同影响SOFC内部各物理量状态,从而引起SOFC整体输出性能的变化。本文搭建了一个100 W电堆SOFC测试系统,探究工作温度、燃料流量和空气流量等运行参数以及流量运行策略和变载方式对SOFC变载特性影响的内在机理,比较恒流量和恒流量利用率2种流量运行策略下电堆变载特性的优劣,恒电压和恒电流2种变载方式下电堆电响应的差别,为制定SOFC运行策略提供依据。
本文搭建的SOFC测试系统,具体如图1图2所示。系统按照功能不同可划分为4个子系统:供气子系统、发电子系统、控制子系统以及测试子系统。实验所使用的SOFC电堆由6片平板式阳极支撑单电池组成,开路电压为7.2 V,最大输出功率为100 W。图3为单电池各组件实物,每片单电池尺寸为10 cm × 10 cm,阴极有效面积为68.5 cm2。电池各组件的材料和相关尺寸见表1
实验中H2与空气的体积流量比选定为1:3,最高氢气流量设定为2 400 mL/min,最高空气流量设定为7 200 mL/min。SOFC的电堆工作温度在700~800 ℃最为合适,为了避免实验过程中高温对电堆造成的破坏,本文将最高工作温度限制为750 ℃。表2给出了各项运行参数研究中采用的工作温度、氢气流量和空气流量。
本文研究了700、725、750 ℃ 3个工作温度对SOFC变载特性的影响。表3为不同工作温度下电堆开路状态的欧姆阻抗和总极化阻抗,图4为不同工作温度下电堆开路状态的奈奎斯特图。由表3可见,随着温度的升高,电堆的欧姆阻抗和总极化阻抗不断减小。这是因为升高温度能够显著增强电解质的离子电导率,从而减小电堆的欧姆阻抗。此外,升高温度能够降低电化学反应活化能,加快反应速率,从而减小电堆的活化极化阻抗。升高温度还加快了电池内部气体的扩散速度,减小传质阻力,从而减小电堆的浓差极化阻抗。
图5为不同工作温度下电堆的I-VI-P曲线。从图5a)可以看出,随着工作温度的升高,I-V的斜率不断降低,意味着电堆的总电阻不断降低。正如上面所分析,3种极化损失的减少导致电堆性能的提升。在20 A以上的高电流区域段,电堆的总电阻进一步减小。这是因为此时的电堆处于高功率输出状态,电堆内部释放了大量热量,导致电堆内部温度进一步增加,从而又减小了电堆的总电阻。图5b)中:在0~10 A低电流范围内,电堆输出功率差值随着温度的升高略有增加,此时电堆电化学反应较为缓慢,功率整体差值不大;随着电流的增加,电化学反应逐渐剧烈,当电流大于15 A时,电堆输出功率差值明显增大;当电堆工作电流为30 A左右时,各温度下的电堆输出功率将达到最大值。
为了研究工作温度对SOFC动态变载特性的影响,让电堆电流在15 A的状态下运行5 min后,在1 s内变载至25 A并保持5 min,截取变载后的5 min数据绘制成图6。如图6所示,700 ℃下的电堆电流变载前输出电压为4.26 V,变载后由于电池电阻的影响,电堆电压下降至2.99 V,1 s后又下降至最低值2.98 V,然后缓慢上升,5 min后达到终值电压3.20 V,电压响应过程中有0.22 V的明显下冲电压。其他温度下的电压响应曲线同样出现下冲现象。
不同温度下电堆的动态响应性能指标见表4。从表4可以看出:电堆在不同温度下的下冲电压和峰值时间基本一致;随着温度的增加,电堆的超调量呈现减少趋势,而调节时间更是大幅度减少。由于700 ℃下的电堆性能偏低,升高温度有助于减小电解质电阻,加快电化学反应速率和气体扩散速率,从而增强电堆的动态响应性能。然而温度升高到一定值时,温度带来的动态响应性能增益效果将近极限,此时再增加温度,更大程度上增强的是电堆稳态输出性能。综合考虑,对于该电堆而言,750 ℃是一个较为合适的变载工作温度。
实验研究了2 000、2 200、2 400 mL/min 3种不同氢气流量对SOFC变载特性的影响。图7为不同氢气流量下电堆开路状态的奈奎斯特图,表5为对应的欧姆阻抗和总极化阻抗。实验结果表明,氢气流量的增加对电堆的欧姆阻抗影响较小,但是电堆的总极化阻抗显著减小。这是因为氢气分子数的增加,在浓度梯度的作用下,扩散到阳极三相界面的氢气浓度增加,从而降低了电堆的活化极化阻抗和浓差极化阻抗。
图8为不同氢气流量下电堆的I-V曲线和I-P曲线。从图8a)可以看出,在15 A以下的中低电流段,2 000 mL/min的氢气流量足以满足电堆电化学反应的需求,此时3种氢气流量下的I-V曲线几乎一致。然而当电流上升到15 A以上的中高电流段时,一方面由于电堆高功率输出所释放的大量热量,进一步减小电堆的欧姆阻抗,导致电堆总电阻减小;另一方面越少的氢气流量将导致越大的传质阻力,从而增加电堆的浓差极化阻抗。因此,中高电流区域段电堆在2 400 mL/min氢气流量下的总电阻将小于2 000、2 200 mL/min氢气流量下的总电阻。图8b)中:当氢气流量从2 000 mL/min增加到2 200 mL/min时,电堆的最高输出功率由90.3 W增加到99.6 W,提高了10%;当氢气流量从2 200 mL/min增加到2 400 mL/min时,电堆的最高输出功率继续增加到108 W,提高了8%。可见,增加氢气流量对SOFC稳态输出性能的提升同样存在一个上限。
图9为电堆在不同氢气流量下,当电流在1 s内从15 A变载至25 A时的电压动态响应曲线。从图9可以看出,2 000 mL/min氢气流量下电堆的动态响应性能尤其差。不同氢气流量下电堆的下冲电压、超调量、峰值时间和调节时间见表6。电堆在不同氢气流量下的峰值时间差别不大,而其他动态性能指标差异显著。随着氢气流量的增加,电堆的下冲电压、超调量以及调节时间大幅度减少。由于15~25 A处于电堆的中高电流区域段,增大氢气流量将减少电堆的传质阻力,从而显著提升电堆的动态响应性能。同时,更高的氢气流量还可以避免变载情况下电堆潜在的局部燃料饥饿现象。因此,对于该电堆而言,在中高电流段变载时,必须保证氢气流量在2 400 mL/min及其以上的水准。
本文研究了6 000、6 600、7 200 mL/min 3种不同空气流量对SOFC变载特性的影响。图10描述了不同空气流量下电堆开路状态的奈奎斯特图。表7为对应的欧姆阻抗和总极化阻抗。由实验结果可以看出,空气流量的增加对电堆的欧姆阻抗影响较小。当空气流量从6 000 mL/min增加到6 600 mL/min时,由于扩散到三相界面的氧气浓度增加,电堆的活化极化和浓差极化降低,总极化阻抗减小了0.024 Ω。当空气流量从6 600 mL/min增加到7 200 mL/min时,电堆的总极化阻抗保持不变,6 600 mL/min的空气流量可能满足该电堆的极限性能要求。
图11描述了不同空气流量下电堆的I-V曲线和I-P曲线。图11a)中,当电堆处于20 A电流以上的高功率输出状态时,电堆剧烈的电化学反应释放了大量热量,导致电堆的总电阻进一步减小。当电流继续增加时,受限于2 400 mL/min的氢气流量上限,阳极三相界面的氢气浓度不足,浓差极化增加,导致电堆的总电阻增加。图11b)中:当空气流量从6 000 mL/min增加到6 600 mL/min时,电堆的最高输出功率由106.8 W增加到109.2 W,仅仅提高了2.2 %;而当空气流量从6 600 mL/min增加到7 200 mL/min时,电堆的最高输出功率不变。因此6 600 mL/min的空气流量对于该电堆充足。
图12为电堆在不同空气流量下,电流在1 s内从15 A变载至25 A时的电压动态响应曲线。不同空气流量下电堆的下冲电压、超调量、峰值时间和调节时间见表8。随着空气流量的增加,电堆的动态响应性能略有改善,但整体差距不大。从提高空气利用率的角度,对于该电堆而言,空气流量可以设置为6 600 mL/min。但是空气也是电堆的天然冷却剂,增加空气流量可以有效改善电堆内部的温度分布。由于空气比热容较小,需要通入大量空气带走电堆余热,实际运行的电堆中空燃比已经达到40倍左右,这增加了加热空气的预热器和将空气泵入电堆的鼓风机的功率负荷。因此,需要综合考虑来选择合适的空气流量。
本文研究了恒流量(constant flow,CF)和恒流量利用率(constant flow utilization,CFU)2种流量运行策略对电堆变载特性的影响。图13为电流变载及流量运行策略。电堆初始电流为10 A,工作温度为750 ℃,氢气流量为1 000 mL/min,空气流量为3 000 mL/min,此时氢气利用率为42%,空气利用率为33%。电堆在初始电流状态下运行5 min后,电流在1 s内变载至15 A。CF策略下的气体流量保持不变,氢气利用率从42%上升到63%,空气利用率从33%上升到50%。CFU策略下的氢气流量增至1 500 mL/min,空气流量增至4 500 mL/min,气体流量利用率保持不变。
图14为变载后5 min电堆在不同流量运行策略下的电压响应曲线。由图14可见,电流变载后,由于电阻影响,CF策略下的电堆输出电压从初始值4.88 V降至4.21 V,然后持续降低,无法达到稳定值,这说明电堆内部出现局部缺气现象,对电堆运行极为不利。而CFU策略下的电堆下冲电压为0.13 V,超调量为2.8%,变载后响应电压立刻处于终值电压±5%内,电堆在CFU策略下变载动态响应性能更优越。相较于CF策略,虽然CFU策略需要额外的气体控制子系统,并且增加气体流量会相应地增加系统的功率损耗,但是为了保障电堆运行的稳定性和耐久性,在变载时仍应采用CFU流量运行策略。
本文研究了750 ℃、2 400 mL/min氢气流量、7 200 mL/min空气流量运行条件下,恒电压(constant voltage,CV)和恒电流(constant current,CC)2种变载方式对电堆变载特性的影响。图15为电堆CV变载下的电流动态响应曲线。如图15所示,电堆工作电压从开路电压6.7 V降至4.8 V并保持5 min,由于电阻的影响,输出电流从0 A迅速升至10.7 A后再缓慢升至10.9 A,然后电压在1 s内变载至4.2 V并保持5 min,而电流迅速升至15.5 A后再缓慢升至16.2 A,最后电压在1 s内变载至4.8 V并保持5 min,电流迅速降至11.3 A后再缓慢降至10.9 A。变载过程包括电负载的增加和减少2种情况,电流响应过程中没有出现任何过冲或下冲现象,电流均可平滑地达到稳定值。
图16描述了电堆CC变载下电压动态响应曲线。如图16所示,电堆工作电流从0 A升至10.9 A并保持5 min,电压则从开路电压迅速降至4.74 V,然后缓慢升至4.77 V。然后,电流在1 s内变载至16.2 A并保持5 min,电压则迅速降至4.15 V后又缓慢升至4.19 V。最后,电流在1 s内变载至10.9 A并保持5 min,电压则迅速升至4.80 V后又缓慢降至4.77 V。由于变载幅度较小,电压超调量最大为1.0%,但无论是电负载增加还是减少,电压响应均存在过冲或下冲现象。
从上述分析可知,电堆在CV方式下变载的电响应超调量为0,远低于CC方式下变载的电响应超调量,并且2种变载方式下电堆的调节时间相近,因此电堆在CV方式下变载动态响应性能更好。但实际运行中,CV更适合于单电池,若应用于电堆,分配至每片单电池的电压可能不同,而CC方式可以保证通过每片单电池的电流一致,从而保持阳极三相界面的燃料利用率和反应条件一致。因此,SOFC在实际变载过程中,多采用CC方式。
图17以对数时间轴的形式展示了电池在CV加载情况下的电流响应、平均氢气体积分数响应、平均氧气体积分数响应和平均温度响应。从图17可以发现:在10–6~10–3 s,由于电压降低,电流迅速大幅度增加;在10–3~102 s,由于氢气体积分数和氧气体积分数的综合影响,电流迅速下降,其中氢气体积分数响应呈下降趋势,而氧气体积分数响应先下冲后过冲。氢气体积分数和氧气体积分数变化趋势不一致的原因在于:一方面阳极支撑型SOFC阳极支撑层较厚,使得氢气更迟地扩散至三相界面;另一方面空气入口流速远大于氢气入口流速,对流效果更加强烈,氢气传输和扩散时间级别(10–2~102 s)低于氧气传输和扩散时间级别(10–3~10–1 s),因此氧气体积分数的动态响应更容易受到影响,但是二者均于102 s时刻达到伪稳态。在102~103 s内,电化学反应释放大量热量,导致电池内部温度缓慢上升,进一步提升了电池的输出性能,因此电流缓慢上升,而氢气体积分数和氧气体积分数缓慢下降,最后在300 s左右均达到稳态值。推测电流响应出现的秒级别过冲与反应气体的传输和扩散有关,而百秒级别的下冲与温度有关。
图18为电池在各物理场有序解耦后CV加载下的电流响应曲线。由图18b)可见,随着温度场的解耦,电流响应百秒级别的下冲消失,证明该时间级别的下冲确实与温度相关,此时电流响应仍存在秒级别的过冲。图18c)和图18d)均在温度场解耦的基础上,分别解耦氢气流和空气场。进一步解耦氢气场后电流的弛豫时间约为0.1 s,输出电流的增加幅度较大;而解耦空气场后电流的弛豫时间约为1 s,电流数值也与只解耦温度场的电流数值相近。相比于氧气,氢气对电池的稳态输出性能和动态响应性能影响更大。图18e)在温度场解耦的基础上,全部解耦氢气场和空气场,此时电池只存在电化学场,然而电池的电流响应仍有毫秒级别的0.87 A过冲电流,这与SOFC瞬态放电过程中的双电层电容充电有关。图18f)进一步去除双电层电容,电流确实在变载完成后的100.001 s时便达到稳态值。因此,CV加载情况下的电流响应会先出现毫秒和秒级别的过冲,然后出现百秒级别的下冲。其中,毫秒级别的过冲与双电层电容效应有关;百秒级别的过冲覆盖了毫秒级别的过冲,与反应物气体的传输和扩散有关;百秒级别的下冲与温度有关。无论是CV还是CC变载,电响应过程产生的过冲或下冲现象与电池的双电层电容效应以及电变化快于气体变化、气体变化快于温度变化的综合影响有关。
本文以100 W SOFC电堆为研究对象,搭建了SOFC测试系统,完成了工作温度、氢气流量、空气流量3个运行参数、流量运行策略和变载方式对电堆变载特性影响的实验研究。主要结论如下。
1)升高工作温度能够减小电堆的欧姆阻抗和总极化阻抗,从而增强电堆的稳态输出性能和动态响应性能,但是需要注意高温可能带来的热应力问题。
2)在低电流段可以适当减少氢气流量,在中高电流段增加氢气流量可以减小浓差极化阻抗,从而有效增强电堆的极限输出性能和动态响应性能;增加空气流量对电堆的性能增幅较小。
3)电堆以恒流量策略运行时,响应电压一直降低,无法达到稳定值;以恒流量利用率策略运行时,响应电压立刻处于终值电压±5%内。
4)电堆以恒电压方式变载时,响应电流可以平滑地达到稳定值;以恒电流方式变载时,响应电压出现过冲/下冲。
  • 广东省自然科学基金面上项目(2023A1515012079)
  • 深圳市发改委工程研究中心项目(XMHT20220103004)
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2025年第54卷第3期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202408198
  • 接收时间:2024-08-02
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-02
基金
General Project of Guangdong Natural Science Foundation(2023A1515012079)
广东省自然科学基金面上项目(2023A1515012079)
Project of Shenzhen Development and Reform Commission Engineering Research Center(XMHT20220103004)
深圳市发改委工程研究中心项目(XMHT20220103004)
作者信息
    1.中国电建集团华东勘测设计研究院有限公司,浙江 杭州 311100
    2.哈尔滨工业大学(深圳)机电工程与自动化学院,广东 深圳 518055

通讯作者:

徐心海(1986),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为氢能与燃料电池,
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