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The technology of grid-forming energy storage can form a voltage source, which can support the stable operation of large power grids. The technology of grid-forming energy storage is an effective means to support the stable operation of high proportion of new energy connected to the grid. Based on this, the operation mechanism of grid-forming energy storage to support the stability of high proportion of new energy connected to the grid is analyzed. According to the principle and characteristics of grid-forming energy storage technology, five commonly used technologies to improve the stability of the grid are compared and. A model building idea of grid-forming energy storage system considering multi-time-varying parameters is proposed. Moreover, the scheme of grid-forming energy storage technology supporting high proportion of new energy grid-connected and the mechanism analysis of massive grid-forming energy storage equipment grid-connected oscillation is proposed. In addition, the system impedance dynamic identification technology based on signal injection is studied, and then the impedance reconstruction technical route of massive grid-forming energy storage equipment grid-connected system is proposed.
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构网（grid-forming，GFM）型储能技术可构建起支撑大电网稳定运行的电压源，是支撑高比例新能源并网稳定运行的一个有效手段。基于此，分析了GFM型储能支撑高比例新能源并网稳定运行机理，根据GFM型储能技术原理和特性，对比分析了5种常用的提升电网稳定性技术。给出一种考虑多时变参数的GFM型储能系统模型搭建思路，并提出GFM型储能技术支撑高比例新能源并网方案以及海量GFM型储能设备并网振荡产生机制分析方法。同时，研究了基于信号注入的系统阻抗动态辨识技术，进而提出海量GFM型储能设备并网系统阻抗重构技术路线。
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李明（1990），男，硕士，高级工程师，主要研究方向为新型储能及构网储能并网运行与检测技术研究，hanfenliming07@163.com。
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李明（1990），男，硕士，高级工程师，主要研究方向为新型储能及构网储能并网运行与检测技术研究，hanfenliming07@163.com。
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GFM型变流器控制技术原理, figureFileSmall=cWbTG0Ndx/xTQOrCN2lHeg==, figureFileBig=nervLq8rvjn8e5ZI5DbnDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714927583457326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714916527272603, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Control system of GFL and GFM grid-connected inverters, figureFileSmall=Set72ekbFME0b+YpzhYq/A==, figureFileBig=U1lJBysAkTF90djRbtEkqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714927658954802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714916527272603, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
GFL型和GFM型并网逆变器控制系统, figureFileSmall=Set72ekbFME0b+YpzhYq/A==, figureFileBig=U1lJBysAkTF90djRbtEkqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714927734452278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714916527272603, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
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新能源多类型并网系统结构, figureFileSmall=XsDX06gmBSAtV1eS61B7JQ==, figureFileBig=syDX6R7Q/WI056oVUxN19Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714927910613057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714916527272603, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
The modeling flow chart of grid-forming energy storage system considering multiple time-varying parameters, figureFileSmall=h3sQN2FnR7KLceVnLoXqTg==, figureFileBig=n40H/Sz9ayzwqPqGcfQSrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714927994499139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714916527272603, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
考虑多时变参数的GFM型储能系统建模流程, figureFileSmall=h3sQN2FnR7KLceVnLoXqTg==, figureFileBig=n40H/Sz9ayzwqPqGcfQSrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714928078385223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714916527272603, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Equivalent circuit of multiple energy storage converters connected to the grid in parallel, figureFileSmall=NQv5VrZRI2W6pHn4Brb0rQ==, figureFileBig=27g9/DE8Vunu5iKdzjU2xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714928187437132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714916527272603, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
多台PCS并联并网等效电路, figureFileSmall=NQv5VrZRI2W6pHn4Brb0rQ==, figureFileBig=27g9/DE8Vunu5iKdzjU2xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714928288100430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714916527272603, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Operation strategy of dynamic identification of grid-connected impedance of GFM energy storage equipment, figureFileSmall=s+YYMAfCARHV5ihMtb5eBg==, figureFileBig=ceME3IdUi92B+R5HQ2bexw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714928409735250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714916527272603, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
GFM型储能设备并网阻抗动态辨识运行策略, figureFileSmall=s+YYMAfCARHV5ihMtb5eBg==, figureFileBig=ceME3IdUi92B+R5HQ2bexw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714928531370072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714916527272603, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
The grid-connected impedance reconstruction of massive grid-forming energy storage equipment, figureFileSmall=OvoytkdWGRCzR+b6cDluYA==, figureFileBig=Dp3HjlWVeF0GI7VgpTtS+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714928611061853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714916527272603, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
海量GFM型储能设备并网阻抗重构策略, figureFileSmall=OvoytkdWGRCzR+b6cDluYA==, figureFileBig=Dp3HjlWVeF0GI7VgpTtS+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714928707530848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714916527272603, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
The waveforms when three-phase symmetrical voltage falls to 0.50Un, figureFileSmall=V1f5hr+Dt8ct2uaK/Sf9MA==, figureFileBig=RVTXD4sHw2MOEYkh14DRtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714928816582756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714916527272603, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
三相对称电压跌落至0.50Un时波形, figureFileSmall=V1f5hr+Dt8ct2uaK/Sf9MA==, figureFileBig=RVTXD4sHw2MOEYkh14DRtg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714928938217580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714916527272603, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
The waveforms when three-phase symmetrical voltage falling to 0.25Un, figureFileSmall=x030xXnhQBF/2ndVg3t3Eg==, figureFileBig=KCiwEv3HjPBBvg0B3mQEHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714929038880878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714916527272603, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
三相对称电压跌落至0.25Un时波形, figureFileSmall=x030xXnhQBF/2ndVg3t3Eg==, figureFileBig=KCiwEv3HjPBBvg0B3mQEHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714929131155571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714916527272603, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Compared with grid-following and grid-Forming energy storage support voltage wave form of three-phase symmetrical voltage falling to 0.25Un, figureFileSmall=jveaLyEL916ATcNFnVCn6w==, figureFileBig=DugXEy5j41IWJvOlj3RNCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714929198264441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714916527272603, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
三相对称电压跌落至0.25Un时储能支撑电压波形对比, figureFileSmall=jveaLyEL916ATcNFnVCn6w==, figureFileBig=DugXEy5j41IWJvOlj3RNCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714929336676478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714916527272603, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=
Primary frequency modulation test waveforms under 50.0→49.5→50.5→50.0 Hz frequency step disturbance condition, figureFileSmall=o7PMRv6qtCh+F+OcMfZ63g==, figureFileBig=RwIx8rNcUSj7EUc3JTvyew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714929521225860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714916527272603, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
50.0→49.5→50.5→50.0 Hz频率阶跃工况下一次调频测试波形, figureFileSmall=o7PMRv6qtCh+F+OcMfZ63g==, figureFileBig=RwIx8rNcUSj7EUc3JTvyew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714929621889161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714916527272603, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=
Primary frequency modulation test waveforms under 50.0→48.0→52.0→50.0 Hz frequency step disturbance condition, figureFileSmall=dnf4A20UqD2I5KeJlgFkHQ==, figureFileBig=vn/J0D50kb3MAkdRBwmM5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714929705775245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714916527272603, language=CN, label=图12, caption=
50.0→48.0→52.0→50.0 Hz频率阶跃工况下一次调频测试波形, figureFileSmall=dnf4A20UqD2I5KeJlgFkHQ==, figureFileBig=vn/J0D50kb3MAkdRBwmM5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714929781272719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714916527272603, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=
The primary frequency modulation capacity of grid-forming energy storage with different frequency modulation coefficients, figureFileSmall=TsB97ABbIX5eUORlNDpwrA==, figureFileBig=1ybp+QBuW0VmB6QhkAFw0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714929848381586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714916527272603, language=CN, label=图13, caption=
不同调频系数下构网型储能一次调频能力对比, figureFileSmall=TsB97ABbIX5eUORlNDpwrA==, figureFileBig=1ybp+QBuW0VmB6QhkAFw0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714929911296152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714916527272603, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=
The active power response waveforms when frequency drops by 0.5 Hz, figureFileSmall=3bDXs6TLS9NuBWUPHDXOTQ==, figureFileBig=H1jkKa9zaxtVIlwB3G0e5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714929990987933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714916527272603, language=CN, label=图14, caption=
频率跌落0.5 Hz时有功功率响应波形, figureFileSmall=3bDXs6TLS9NuBWUPHDXOTQ==, figureFileBig=H1jkKa9zaxtVIlwB3G0e5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714930087456928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714916527272603, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Comparison of technical characteristics of the technologies which can improve power grid stability
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 类型作用 | 同步内电势 | 惯量支撑 | 阻尼控制 | 有功瞬时分担 | 有功快速控制 | 无功瞬时响应（短路容量） | 一次调频 | 二次调频与调峰 | 动态无功响应 | 稳态无功控制 | 黑启动 | 适应电网强度 | 同步运行能力 |
|---|
| GFM型PCS | 是 | 是
（灵活） | 是
（灵活） | 是 | 是 | 是（灵活） | 是
（灵活） | 是
（灵活） | 是 | 是 | 是 | 强/弱 | 功率
同步 |
| GFL型PCS | 否 | 否 | 是 | 否 | 是 | 否 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 否 | 强电网 | 电压
同步 |
同步
发电机 | 是 | 是
（高） | 是 | 是 | 否 | 是（高） | 是（有限） | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 强/弱 | 功率
同步 |
同步
调相机 | 是 | 是
（偏小） | 有限 | 是 | | 是（高） | 否 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 否 | 强/弱 | 功率
同步 |
| 电网支撑型SVG | 是 | 否 | 是 | 是 | | 是 | 否 | | 是 | 是 | | 强/弱 | 功率
同步 |
), ArticleFig(id=1236714931551269029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714916527272603, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
提升电网稳定性技术特性对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 类型作用 | 同步内电势 | 惯量支撑 | 阻尼控制 | 有功瞬时分担 | 有功快速控制 | 无功瞬时响应（短路容量） | 一次调频 | 二次调频与调峰 | 动态无功响应 | 稳态无功控制 | 黑启动 | 适应电网强度 | 同步运行能力 |
|---|
| GFM型PCS | 是 | 是
（灵活） | 是
（灵活） | 是 | 是 | 是（灵活） | 是
（灵活） | 是
（灵活） | 是 | 是 | 是 | 强/弱 | 功率
同步 |
| GFL型PCS | 否 | 否 | 是 | 否 | 是 | 否 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 否 | 强电网 | 电压
同步 |
同步
发电机 | 是 | 是
（高） | 是 | 是 | 否 | 是（高） | 是（有限） | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 强/弱 | 功率
同步 |
同步
调相机 | 是 | 是
（偏小） | 有限 | 是 | | 是（高） | 否 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 否 | 强/弱 | 功率
同步 |
| 电网支撑型SVG | 是 | 否 | 是 | 是 | | 是 | 否 | | 是 | 是 | | 强/弱 | 功率
同步 |
), ArticleFig(id=1236714931643543720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714916527272603, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
Some GFM energy storage demonstration projects at home and abroad
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 序号 | 项目名称 | 储能功/MW | 投运时间 | 功能作用 |
|---|
| 1 | 湖北荆门新港50 MW/100 MW·h储能电站一期 | 50 | 2022.12 | 提升区域电网的稳定性 |
| 2 | 新疆阿克陶县龙源奥依塔克光伏储能电站
5 MW/10 MW·h构网型储能系统 | 5 | 2023.03 | 自同步控制、一次调频、转动惯量及短路容量支撑、提供快速动态无功补偿 |
| 3 | 龙源电力江苏盱胎10 MW/20 MW·h构网型示范
储能电站 | 10 | 2023.05 | 配套风电场,提升新能源多场站短路比、改善阻尼特性,优化新能源场站输出特性功率 |
| 4 | 华能山东莱芜电厂100 MW/200MW·h分散控制
构网型独立储能电站 | 100 | 2023.06 | 可平抑新能源发电波动，提升电网调节能力 |
| 5 | 内蒙古额济纳25 MW/25 MW·h构网型储能站电站 | 25 | 2023.11 | 提高供电可靠性，实现高比例新能源接入 |
| 6 | 国投西藏那曲市尼玛县塘鲁50 MW光伏配套
10 MW/40MW·h储能项目 | 10 | 2023.12 | 辅助牧光互补，增加新能源消纳 |
| 7 | 西藏索县10 MW/40 MW·h光储电站项目 | 10 | 2024.01 | 辅助光伏接入，提供惯量支撑，支撑区域电网稳定 |
| 8 | 广西北海涠洲岛5 MW/10 MW·h储能电站 | 5 | 2024.02 | 提供惯性支撑、辅助电网稳定运行 |
| 9 | 青海格尔本鲁能50 MW/100 MW·h构网型储能电站 | 50 | 建设中 | 辅助光伏并网，提升电网稳定性 |
| 10 | 青海海南州贡玛50 MW/200 MW·h储能电站 | 50 | 建设中 | 增强电网强度，提升新能源外送能力 |
| 11 | 宁夏电力采煤沉陷区复合光伏项目配套储能一期100 MW/200 MW·h储能电站 | 100 | 建设中 | 辅助光伏并网，提升电网稳定性 |
| 12 | 宁夏电力宁东复合光伏基地项目配套储能电站二期工程100 MW/200 MW·h | 100 | 2024.04 | 提升特高压直流送端新能源电力系统短路容量，改善系统转动惯量，实现对电网的同步电压支撑 |
| 13 | 澳大利亚约克半岛Dalrymple30 MW/8 MW·h电池
储能系统 | 30 | 2019.05 | 孤岛运行、快速频率响应、电网支持、频率控制辅助服务、能源交易 |
| 14 | 澳大利亚Hornsdale Power Reserve 150 MW/
194 MW·h电池储能系统 | 150 | 2020.08 | 惯量支持、无功补偿、快速频率响应等 |
| 15 | 澳大利亚Wallgrove 50 MW/75 MW·h电池储能系统 | 50 | 2021.01 | 提供惯性支撑、频率响应、维持电网稳定性、增加输电线路容量 |
| 16 | 澳大利亚Torrens岛250 MW/250 MW·h构网型储能项目 | 250 | 2023.08 | 提高系统响应速度、提供惯性支撑、辅助电网稳定运行、增加偏远地区电网系统强度 |
), ArticleFig(id=1236714931752595628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714916527272603, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
国内外部分GFM型储能示范工程
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 序号 | 项目名称 | 储能功/MW | 投运时间 | 功能作用 |
|---|
| 1 | 湖北荆门新港50 MW/100 MW·h储能电站一期 | 50 | 2022.12 | 提升区域电网的稳定性 |
| 2 | 新疆阿克陶县龙源奥依塔克光伏储能电站
5 MW/10 MW·h构网型储能系统 | 5 | 2023.03 | 自同步控制、一次调频、转动惯量及短路容量支撑、提供快速动态无功补偿 |
| 3 | 龙源电力江苏盱胎10 MW/20 MW·h构网型示范
储能电站 | 10 | 2023.05 | 配套风电场,提升新能源多场站短路比、改善阻尼特性,优化新能源场站输出特性功率 |
| 4 | 华能山东莱芜电厂100 MW/200MW·h分散控制
构网型独立储能电站 | 100 | 2023.06 | 可平抑新能源发电波动，提升电网调节能力 |
| 5 | 内蒙古额济纳25 MW/25 MW·h构网型储能站电站 | 25 | 2023.11 | 提高供电可靠性，实现高比例新能源接入 |
| 6 | 国投西藏那曲市尼玛县塘鲁50 MW光伏配套
10 MW/40MW·h储能项目 | 10 | 2023.12 | 辅助牧光互补，增加新能源消纳 |
| 7 | 西藏索县10 MW/40 MW·h光储电站项目 | 10 | 2024.01 | 辅助光伏接入，提供惯量支撑，支撑区域电网稳定 |
| 8 | 广西北海涠洲岛5 MW/10 MW·h储能电站 | 5 | 2024.02 | 提供惯性支撑、辅助电网稳定运行 |
| 9 | 青海格尔本鲁能50 MW/100 MW·h构网型储能电站 | 50 | 建设中 | 辅助光伏并网，提升电网稳定性 |
| 10 | 青海海南州贡玛50 MW/200 MW·h储能电站 | 50 | 建设中 | 增强电网强度，提升新能源外送能力 |
| 11 | 宁夏电力采煤沉陷区复合光伏项目配套储能一期100 MW/200 MW·h储能电站 | 100 | 建设中 | 辅助光伏并网，提升电网稳定性 |
| 12 | 宁夏电力宁东复合光伏基地项目配套储能电站二期工程100 MW/200 MW·h | 100 | 2024.04 | 提升特高压直流送端新能源电力系统短路容量，改善系统转动惯量，实现对电网的同步电压支撑 |
| 13 | 澳大利亚约克半岛Dalrymple30 MW/8 MW·h电池
储能系统 | 30 | 2019.05 | 孤岛运行、快速频率响应、电网支持、频率控制辅助服务、能源交易 |
| 14 | 澳大利亚Hornsdale Power Reserve 150 MW/
194 MW·h电池储能系统 | 150 | 2020.08 | 惯量支持、无功补偿、快速频率响应等 |
| 15 | 澳大利亚Wallgrove 50 MW/75 MW·h电池储能系统 | 50 | 2021.01 | 提供惯性支撑、频率响应、维持电网稳定性、增加输电线路容量 |
| 16 | 澳大利亚Torrens岛250 MW/250 MW·h构网型储能项目 | 250 | 2023.08 | 提高系统响应速度、提供惯性支撑、辅助电网稳定运行、增加偏远地区电网系统强度 |
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