Article(id=1236714916065899148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236714913599648374, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202407188, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719936000000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772785413042, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772785413042, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772785413042, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772785413042, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236714913599648374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='166', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772785412454, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772785487409, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236715228050813334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236714913599648374, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236715228050813335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236714913599648374, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=51, endPage=58, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236714916388860567, articleId=1236714916065899148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=A variable gain adaptive sliding mode observer for SOC estimation in lithium batteries, columnId=1236714914522395257, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Energy storage technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The dynamic model of lithium-ion batteries has typical nonlinearities and uncertainties, the estimation accuracy of the state of charge (SOC) of the lithium-ion batteries directly affects the effect of the monitoring and controlling in battery management system (BMS). To enhance the estimation accuracy of the SOC of the lithium-ion batteries, an adaptive sliding mode observer, which based on a variable gain for lithium-ion battery SOC estimating model is proposed. By using the robustness of the sliding mode observer and based on the second-order RC equivalent circuit model, an integral term is introduced in conventional sliding mode surface to improve the robustness on sliding mode surface, and a gradient descent rule is adopted to achieve gain adaptation to reduce the chattering of observer and improve prediction accuracy and robustness. Simultaneously, the stability of the proposed method is proved using Lyapunov theory. Finally, the proposed method is validated and compared with the sliding mode observe (SMO) method under dynamic stress test (DST) and Federal urban driving schedule (FUDS) conditions. The proposed method has less chattering in estimation with higher estimation accuracy and good robustness.

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锂离子电池动态模型具有典型的非线性和不确定性,其荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)的估算精度直接影响电池管理系统(battery management system,BMS)的监测与控制效果。为提高锂离子电池SOC的估算精度,提出一种基于变增益的自适应滑模观测器的锂离子电池SOC估算模型,该方法利用滑模观测器的鲁棒性,以二阶RC等效电路模型为基础,在传统滑模面上引入积分项,同时采用梯度下降规则增益自适应,减小观测器抖振同时提高SOC的预测精度与系统的鲁棒性,并通过李亚普洛夫稳定性理论证明了所提方法的稳定性;最后,在动态压力测设(dynamic stress test,DST)和联邦城市运行(federal urban driving schedule,FUDS)工况下对所提方法与滑模观测器(sliding mode observe,SMO)方法进行了对比验证,所提方法在估算上具有更小的抖动与较高的估算精度且具有良好的鲁棒性。

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高超(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为电池荷电状态估计,
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孙坚(1978),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为储能系统应用研究、智能控制和新能源协调控制,

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孙坚(1978),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为储能系统应用研究、智能控制和新能源协调控制,

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孙坚(1978),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为储能系统应用研究、智能控制和新能源协调控制,

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一种变增益自适应滑模观测器在锂电池SOC估算中的应用
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孙坚 1, 2 , 高超 1 , 毕宇豪 1
热力发电 | 储能技术研究 2025,54(3): 51-58
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热力发电 | 储能技术研究 2025, 54(3): 51-58
一种变增益自适应滑模观测器在锂电池SOC估算中的应用
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孙坚1, 2 , 高超1 , 毕宇豪1
作者信息
  • 1.三峡大学电气与新能源学院,湖北 宜昌 443002
  • 2.新能源微电网湖北省协同创新中心(三峡大学),湖北 宜昌 443002
  • 孙坚(1978),女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为储能系统应用研究、智能控制和新能源协调控制,

通讯作者:

高超(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为电池荷电状态估计,
A variable gain adaptive sliding mode observer for SOC estimation in lithium batteries
Jian SUN1, 2 , Chao GAO1 , Yuhao BI1
Affiliations
  • 1.The College of Electrical Engineering & New Energy of China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
  • 2.Hubei Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center For New Energy Microgrid (China Three Gorges University), Yichang 443002, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407188
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锂离子电池动态模型具有典型的非线性和不确定性,其荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)的估算精度直接影响电池管理系统(battery management system,BMS)的监测与控制效果。为提高锂离子电池SOC的估算精度,提出一种基于变增益的自适应滑模观测器的锂离子电池SOC估算模型,该方法利用滑模观测器的鲁棒性,以二阶RC等效电路模型为基础,在传统滑模面上引入积分项,同时采用梯度下降规则增益自适应,减小观测器抖振同时提高SOC的预测精度与系统的鲁棒性,并通过李亚普洛夫稳定性理论证明了所提方法的稳定性;最后,在动态压力测设(dynamic stress test,DST)和联邦城市运行(federal urban driving schedule,FUDS)工况下对所提方法与滑模观测器(sliding mode observe,SMO)方法进行了对比验证,所提方法在估算上具有更小的抖动与较高的估算精度且具有良好的鲁棒性。

荷电状态  /  滑模观测器  /  增益自适应

The dynamic model of lithium-ion batteries has typical nonlinearities and uncertainties, the estimation accuracy of the state of charge (SOC) of the lithium-ion batteries directly affects the effect of the monitoring and controlling in battery management system (BMS). To enhance the estimation accuracy of the SOC of the lithium-ion batteries, an adaptive sliding mode observer, which based on a variable gain for lithium-ion battery SOC estimating model is proposed. By using the robustness of the sliding mode observer and based on the second-order RC equivalent circuit model, an integral term is introduced in conventional sliding mode surface to improve the robustness on sliding mode surface, and a gradient descent rule is adopted to achieve gain adaptation to reduce the chattering of observer and improve prediction accuracy and robustness. Simultaneously, the stability of the proposed method is proved using Lyapunov theory. Finally, the proposed method is validated and compared with the sliding mode observe (SMO) method under dynamic stress test (DST) and Federal urban driving schedule (FUDS) conditions. The proposed method has less chattering in estimation with higher estimation accuracy and good robustness.

state of charge  /  sliding mode observer  /  gain adaptive
孙坚, 高超, 毕宇豪. 一种变增益自适应滑模观测器在锂电池SOC估算中的应用. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (3) : 51 -58 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407188
Jian SUN, Chao GAO, Yuhao BI. A variable gain adaptive sliding mode observer for SOC estimation in lithium batteries[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (3) : 51 -58 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407188
由于太阳能、风能等可再生能源具有天然间歇性和不稳定性,在并网过程中易造成电网波动,因此,电池储能系统成为减小可再生能源发电波动、优化电网结构的关键技术[1-2]。锂电池具有能量密度高、循环寿命长的优点,目前已成为大部分储能电站中重要储能介质[3-4]。但锂电池作为一种复杂的非线性系统,具有复杂多变的特性,其荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)估算不准确可能导致锂离子电池存在过放电或过充的风险,从而加速锂离子电池老化缩短锂离子电池的使用寿命[5]。精确的SOC是电池管理系统(battery management system,BMS)以及其他功能实现的前提,其估算精度直接决定了BMS的可靠性与安全性[6-7]
由于SOC难以直接测量,目前存在的SOC估算方法可分为基于非模型的方法和基于模型的方法2种。基于非模型的方法包括库仑计数法、开路电压(open circuit voltage,OCV)法等。其中,库仑计数法[8]通过电流与时间的积分值作为电荷变化量,其缺点在于初始SOC值处理以及电流的测量误差导致误差累积。OCV法[9]需要长时间静置来达到平衡状态,不适用于实时估算。基于模型的方法包括卡尔曼滤波算法、神经网络法、基于观察者的方法等。卡尔曼滤波器算法[10-11]不适合在非线性系统中的应用,从而提出了扩展卡尔曼滤波器(extended Kalman filter,EKF)算法[12]对电池模型进行线性化处理,但存在线性化误差以及噪声协方差不确定。文献[13]提出无迹卡尔曼滤波(unscented Kalman filter,UKF)算法,利用协方差匹配机制对测量噪声协方差进行自适应估算来提高电池SOC的估计精度但存在协方差矩阵为非正定矩阵导致发散。神经网络法[14-15]对非线性系统具有良好的状态估计能力和泛化能力,但其对数据要求较高,采用的训练方法决定其估算精度。滑模观测器(sliding mode observe,SMO)[16]有着对内部参数变化不敏感,能够克服建模误差、外部干扰,同时具有鲁棒性的优点,适用于非线性和时变系统的状态观测。文献[17]设计了一种参数自适应的滑模观测器,根据在线构建的滑模观测器,能够消除建模带来的建模误差提高预测精度,但其在建模精度上有一定的提升空间,且滑模面的设计收敛性差将会影响其估算精度。文献[18]设计了一种基于终端滑模控制的非线性滑模曲面,解决了传统的线性滑模曲面只能渐近收敛于零的问题。采用等效控制方法设计了连续控制律,降低了估算结果的抖动,但存在模型误差变化时固定增益对估算精度产生影响的现象,甚至偏离估算结果。文献[19]提出了一种基于双极化模型和热模型组成的耦合等效模型的自适应滑模观测器,其等效电路模型能够更好模拟电池内部工作状态,有效地提高了预测精度,但其设计开关增益常数的准确度会影响开关增益函数,从而影响估算精度。
针对滑模面设计收敛性差、系统扰动上界变化、固定开关增益收敛性较差的问题,本文提出一种变增益自适应滑模观测器方法估算电池SOC。首先,以二阶RC的等效电路模型为基础,建立滑模观测状态方程;然后,在传统滑模面上引入积分项使系统能在有限时间内按照所设轨迹滑动来实现跟踪误差的减小;最后,在此基础上引入梯度下降规则,根据滑模面快速调整增益加速滑模面的收敛,减小滑模观测器的抖振及扰动上界变化,固定增益带来的估算误差,从而提高估算方法的精度与鲁棒性。
准确的SOC估算需要适当的电池模型,电池的等效电路模型则能准确地表征锂电池的外部特征,同时计算量较小。常用的电池等效模型有Rint模型、一阶RC模型、二阶RC模型、PNGV模型和GNL模型等[20]。在较为理想的计算成本下,二阶RC模型能够满足SOC估算精度,是目前应用较广泛的电路模型[21]。因此,本文选择二阶的RC等效电路模型用于估算SOC,其模型结构如图1所示。
图1中:Uoc为电池的开路电压;I为工作电流;R0为欧姆内阻;R1C1为电池极化电阻和电容;R2C2为浓差极化电阻和电容;Ut为输出电压;U1U2分别为R1R2的电压。
由电池等效电路模型可得到:
{I(t)=U1R1+C1dU1dtI(t)=U2R2+C2dU2dtUoc=I(t)R1+U1+U2+Ut
根据安时积分法,当已知电池初始时刻的SOC时,通过对时间段t0内充放电电流的积分,即可求得电池在时刻t的荷电状态SOCt为:
SOCt=SOC0-0t0I(t)Cndt
式中:Cn为电池的标称容量;I(t)为瞬时电流;SOC0为电池初始时刻的荷电状态。
SOCt对时间的导数为:
SO˙Ct=I(t)Cn+δ
式中:δ为参数变化引起的不确定度。
对式(1)中Ut进行求导可得:
U˙t=U˙ocdI(t)dtR1U˙1U˙2
由于电流随时间的变化较小,其对时间的导数为零,由于OCV与SOC是单调递增关系,可将其分断表示为Uoc=αSOCt+d,其中α、d∈R,即Ut可简化为:
U˙t=U0+b1IU0=U1R1C1+U2R2C2b1=(kCn1C11C2)
综合式(1)—式(5)可以得到电池等效电路的状态方程为:
{U˙t=U0+b1I+Δf1U˙0=a1U0+a2U2+b2I+Δf2U˙2=a3Uta4U0+a5U2a6Uoc+Δf3SO˙Ct=a7Uta8U0a9U2a10SOC+Δf4
式中:Δf1、Δf2、Δf3、Δf4为由建模误差、过程噪音以及测量噪音引起的不确定度。
a1a10b2分别为:
{a1=1C1R1a2=1C1R1C2R21R22C22a3=1R0C2a4=R1C1R0C2a5=1R0C2+R1C1R0R2C22{a6=a3a7=1R0Cna8=R1C1R0Cna9=1R0Cn(1R1C1R2C2)a10=a7b2=1C12R1+1C22R2
如果将电路的输出和输入定义为u(t)=I(t),y(t)=UtUtU0U2、SOCt为系统的状态变量。式(6)用矩阵形式表示为:
x(t).=Ax(t)+Bu(t)+Δf
y=Cx(t)
其中,矩阵ABC及状态变量x(t)为:
A=[01000a1a20a3a4a5ka6a7a8a9a10],B=[b1b200],C=[1000]
x(t)=[UtU0U2SOCt],Δf=[Δf1Δf2Δf3Δf4]
研究结果表明,随着锂电池循环充放电次数增加,锂电池的容量将发生衰减,但OCV与内部剩余电量的关系几乎不会发生变化[22]。本文采用马里兰大学的CALCE电池组数据集[23],选择的研究对象为INR 18650-20R三元锂电池,其锂电池混合功率脉冲特性(hybrid pulse power characteristic,HPPC)实验下的电压和电流如图2所示,此曲线数据用于OCV与SOC关系建立。
Uoc=f(SOCt)关系式常用n阶多项式来拟合,对OCV-SOC数据采用MATLAB软件中ployfit函数进行多项式拟合,其七阶拟合关系式为式(12),并利用均方根误差δRMSE来拟合准确性评估标准,其δRMSE为0.006 829,关系拟合曲线如图3所示。
UOC=25.44SOCt7+95.2SOCt6134.8SOCt5+85.38SOCt417.57SOCt34.411SOCt2+2.589SOCt+3.26
利用识别模型参数来验证所提出方法的准确性,数据采用了离散形式。等效电路中电阻值R0可以由电压与电流的比值计算得到[24]
R0=UmaxUminI
UmaxUmin图4所示,并取其中某些点的平均值R0,即R0=Σ1nR0/n,得到R0的最佳近似值。
为了估算等效电路模型中RC网络的参数值将式(1)中的Uoc改写为:
UocUtR1I(t)=G(s)I(t)=Veq
G(s)=R11+sR1C1+R21+sR2C2
假设在每个采样周期内电流对时间的导数为零,因此,式(13)离散如下:
Veq(i)=R1(1e(Ts/Tp1))z11e(Ts/Tp1)z1+R2(1e(Ts/Tp2))z11e(Ts/Tp2)z1I(t)i=(z1(b1+b2z1)1+a1z1+a2z2)I(t)i
式中:Ts为采样周期;Tp1Tp2均为RC循环的时间常数。因此,可以利用动态ARMAX模型计算a1a2b1b2,从而可以计算得到R1R2C1C2
采用线性化和参数简化的方法建立的电池等效电路模型给SOC估算模型带来了不准确性,而滑模观测器对参数变化有较强的鲁棒性。该方法在滑动模态过程中会根据系统的滑模面状态来调整控制结构,从而使系统能够按照所设计的滑模面滑动,受系统的参数影响较小。因此,电池的滑模状态观测器可设计为:
x˜˙(t)=Ax˜(t)+Bu(t)+kisgn(s)
y˜=Cx˜(t)
式中:x˜为模型估算值;kii=1,2,3)为增益系数;sgn()为符号函数;s为设计的滑模面。
在SOC估算过程中以预测电压和实际电压的差值作为反馈量,并采用简单的开关函数,便可以得到电压Ut和SOC的预测值。由于符号函数存在的不连续性导致滑模观测器存在不可避免的抖振问题,为了减小振颤现象,采用饱和函数sat()代替符号函数sgn(),因此,式(17)改写为:
x˜˙(t)=Ax˜(t)+Bu(t)+kisat(s)
sat()函数定义如下:
sat(s)={1s1s1s11s1
选择合理的滑模面能够提高观测器的性能,积分滑模面通过在滑模面中引入积分环节,使系统在有限时间内快速地收敛至滑动模态的预定轨迹,使系统从滑模面开始,提高了收敛速度并减小跟踪误差,同时减小了电流的微分计算带来的噪音,从而能够减小滑模观测器抖振和稳态误差提高预测精度,其滑模面s设计为:
s(e,t)=e+λie dt
式中:λi为正数;e为实际值与预测值之间的误差,其表示为式(22)。
e=xx˜,0tedt=0txdt0tx˜dt
因此,状态变量UtU0U2、SOC的估算误差定义为:
{e1=UtU˜te2=U0U˜0e3=U2U˜2e4=SOCtSO˜Ct
其状态变量的滑模面s1s2s3s4由式(21)推导为:
{s1=e1+λ1e1dts2=e2+λ2e2dts3=e3+λ3e3dts4=e4+λ4e4dt
因此,根据式(6)与式(17)得到误差方程为:
{e˙1=e2+Δf1k1sat(s1)e˙2=a1e2+a2e3+Δf2k2sat(s2)e˙3=a3e1a4e2+a5e3+ka6e4+Δf3k3sat(s3)e˙4=a7e1+a8e2+a9e3a10e4+Δf4k4sat(s4)
为减少固定增益带来的估算误差,梯度下降方案作为一种最小化技术被广泛地用于控制增益[25],其通过梯度的负值沿最陡下降方向迭代移动,使函数快速收敛到最小值点,得到最优增益值。为了描述自适应增益,其损失函数定义为:
Si=12si2
因此,滑模观测器增益设计参数可以更新如下:
k˙i=θiSiki
ki(t+1)=ki(t)θiSiki
式中:学习率θi为正参数。
为利用李亚普洛夫理论证明观测方程的稳定性,李亚普洛夫函数定义为:
V=12s12
对李亚普洛夫函数求导可得:
V˙=s1s˙1=<<s1(e˙+1λ1e1)=s1[e2+Δf1k1sat(s1)+λ1e1]|s1|[|e2|+|Δf1|k1sat(|s1|)+λ1|e1|]|s1|[|e2|+|Δf1|k1sat(|s1|)]
存在一个有限非负k1同时满足k1>|e2|+|Δf1|sat(s1)及李亚普洛夫函数的稳定性判别式V˙<0。滑模面s1在有限的时间内趋近于零,其终端电压误差e1在规定的时间内沿开关表面收敛于平衡。当滑模面s1进入滑动模式时,不确定性项Δf1与误差e1将收敛于零。当滑模面进入滑动状态时可以得到e1=e˙1=0从而U0的预测误差e2可以由式(25)推导如下:
e2=k1sat(s1)
以此类推,通过式(25)和式(30)相同步骤证明了滑动面s2s3s4的李雅普诺夫稳定性,误差在有限时间内达到平衡。
因此,e3e4可以推导出为:
{e3=1a2k2sat(s2)e4=1αa6k3sat(s3)
因此,Ut、U0U2、SOC依次达到稳定,SOC能够通过设计的观测方程计算出来,其程序框图如图5所示。
本文选择动态压力测设(dynamic stress test,DST)和联邦城市运行(federal urban driving schedule,FUDS),并通过平均绝对误差(mean absolute error,MAE)δMSE和均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)δRMSE来验证SOC估算算法准确性,本次实验电池SOC初始值为0.8。
为测试所提出方法的可行性,在DST工况下对比所提方法与SMO对SOC的预测结果,其DST工况下工作电流如图6所示,图7为模型输出电压值曲线。从图7中可以看出,输出电压值的预测值与实验测量的实际电压值基本重合,输出电压预测精度较高。
图8图9分别为不同算法的SOC预测曲线以及SOC预测误差。通过图8曲线分析可以看出,所提方法得到的SOC曲线与实验设备测试的实际SOC值近似重合。通过图9可以看出,所提方法SOC预测误差小于0.02且误差曲线波动较小。所提方法与SMO的δMSE分别为0.870%、2.361%,其δMSE提高了63.15%。所采用方法与SMO的δRMSE值分别为0.981%、2.581%,其δRMSE提高了61.99%。在运行时间方面,所提方法与SMO分别为10.619、8.986 s,二者相差较小。因此,所提方法不会过多增加运行时间且计算较快。基于上述实验分析可以得到,所提方法的抖振较小、计算较快、精度较高,验证了所采用方法的可行性。
为进一步验证该方法的准确性,在FUDS工况下仿真验证了所提方法,并与SMO方法进行比较。FUDS是模拟城市驾驶工况,涉及到频率、使用时间、持续时间和速度,以此来模拟真实的实际环境下电池的使用状态,其电流变化较大,电流如图10所示。图11图12图13分别为FUDS工况下的电压输出曲线、SOC预测曲线以及SOC预测误差曲线。
图11中可以看出,其输出电压值与实际值近似重合,预测精度高。从图12图13可以看出,所采用方法得到SOC预测值与实际值近似重合,其误差范围小于0.02,与SMO相比较小。在δMSE方面,所提方法与SMO的δMSE分别为0.657%、1.692%,其δMSE提升了61.17%。在δRMSE方面,所设计方法与SMO的δRMSE分别为0.767%、1.909%,其δRMSE提高了59.82%,所提方法在δMSEδRMSE上显著降低。在运行时间方面,所提方法与SMO分别为17.251、16.512 s,所提方法与SMO相差较小,且运行时间较少,由此可以得到所提方法不会过多增加运行时间。基于上述实验对比分析可以得到,所提方法的抖振较小、计算时间短,精度较高,验证了所采用方法的实用性。
实际工作中通常无法准确得到精确SOC的初始值,这可能会影响预测精度。本文将初始值分别设置为0.85、0.80、0.75来验证该算法的鲁棒性,图14图15分别为在DST工况下不同初始SOC值的预测曲线与预测误差曲线,图16图17分别为FUDS工况下不同初始SOC值的预测曲线与预测误差曲线。从图14图17中可以看出,在2种工况下,不同初始SOC值在开始阶段预测误差较大,随后在短时间内收敛,其大部分时间误差在0.02内。因此所提方法在SOC初始值有误差时也能收敛到实际值,具有良好的鲁棒性。
模型的不确定性是影响电池SOC估算的重要因素,而滑模观测器的鲁棒性能够有效减小模型的不确定性带来的影响,提高估算精度,但观测器存在固有振颤,为减小其对SOC估算的影响,本文选取INR 18650-20R三元锂电池为研究对象,以二阶RC等效电路模型为基础,利用积分滑模面的特性使系统能够快速按照所设计的滑模轨迹运动,减小了观测器的抖动,同时利用梯度下降规则来减小增益产生的影响。
通过实验验证,所提方法在2种工况下有效地降低了观测器的抖振和预测误差,其SOC预测误差都在0.02内,且该方法在运算过程的时间消耗不会增加较多。在DST工况下与SMO相比,其δMSEδRMSE分别提高了63.15%、61.99%;在FUDS工况下与SMO相比,δMSEδRMSE分别提高了61.17%、59.82%。由此可以证明该方法的抖振较小,运行时间消耗少,估算精度高,且具有良好的鲁棒性和实用性。
  • 国家自然基金科学基金项目(52077120)
  • 宜昌科技研发项目(A201230215)
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2025年第54卷第3期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407188
  • 接收时间:2024-07-03
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-03
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52077120)
国家自然基金科学基金项目(52077120)
Yichang Science and Technology R&D Project(A201230215)
宜昌科技研发项目(A201230215)
作者信息
    1.三峡大学电气与新能源学院,湖北 宜昌 443002
    2.新能源微电网湖北省协同创新中心(三峡大学),湖北 宜昌 443002

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高超(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为电池荷电状态估计,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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