Article(id=1236714914836959306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236714913599648374, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202407187, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721750400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772785412748, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772785412748, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772785412748, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772785412748, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236714913599648374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='166', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772785412454, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772785487409, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236715228050813334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236714913599648374, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236715228050813335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236714913599648374, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=90, endPage=98, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236714915155726412, articleId=1236714914836959306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Effects of different volatile contents between bituminous and lean coals on NOx formation characteristics of ammonia-coal cofiring, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ammonia cofiring in coal-fired boilers is one of the promising technical routes for decarbonization of existing coal-fired power plants. However, ammonia cofiring may potentially result in drastic increase of NOx emissions due to its high nitrogen content. Effective control of NOx emissions is thus one of the key factors that affect the technical feasibility of ammonia cofiring in coal-fired boilers. The formation of NOx during ammonia-coal cofiring is affected by the ammonia combustion as well as its interaction with the coal combustion process. There are significant differences in volatile content of different coal types which may strongly affect the NOx formation characteristics of ammonia cofiring. For this reason, the NOx formation characteristics of ammonia cofiring with bituminous and lean coals that have distinct volatile contents are investigated by an experimental rig that allows for flexible control of the combustion environment of ammonia. The results show that, the NOx emissions from bituminous and lean coals show different trends with the increase of ammonia cofiring ratio under different ammonia cofiring modes. Because of the significant differences in volatile matter content between bituminous and lean coals and the consequent differences in the amount of O2 consumption, the distributions of O2 concentration in the furnace are substantially different between the two coals. This results in different competition relationships between the NO formation and reduction reactions of ammonia in the furnace, which consequently leads to different NOx formation and emission characteristics between the two coals.

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燃煤锅炉混氨燃烧是燃煤机组低碳化的主要技术发展方向之一。然而,由于氨含有大量氮(N),氨煤混合燃烧可能导致锅炉NOx排放大幅升高。因此,能否实现NOx排放控制是决定燃煤锅炉氨煤混燃技术可行性的关键因素之一。氨煤混燃NOx生成过程不仅涉及氨的燃烧反应,还涉及氨与煤燃烧过程间的相互作用。不同煤种间的挥发分含量存在显著差异,可能影响氨煤混燃过程中氨的燃烧反应环境和NOx生成。为此,采用可灵活调控氨燃烧环境的氨煤混燃实验台,对挥发分含量有显著差异的烟煤、贫煤混氨燃烧的NOx生成特性进行了实验研究。结果表明:烟煤、贫煤混氨燃烧的NOx排放量在不同混氨模式下皆随混氨比例增加呈现不同的变化趋势,烟煤、贫煤挥发分含量和其在燃烧初始阶段耗O2量的显著差异,使氨在炉内所处的实际O2环境显著不同,导致了氨的NO生成和还原反应在炉内的不同相对竞争关系,从而造成了烟煤、贫煤混氨燃烧的不同NOx生成与排放特性。

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王赫阳(1974),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为清洁及低碳燃烧技术,
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刘欣(1981),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为低碳燃烧技术及污染物控制,

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刘欣(1981),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为低碳燃烧技术及污染物控制,

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Proximate and ultimate analysis data of the coal (air dry basis)

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项目烟煤贫煤
水分/%5.901.70
灰分/%10.1029.00
挥发分/%30.9312.79
固定碳/%53.1656.51
w(C)/%66.0659.90
w(H)/%4.683.02
w(O)/%12.204.04
w(N)/%0.920.53
w(S)/%0.221.81
低位热值/(kJ·kg–1)25 11022 510
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煤的工业与元素分析数据(空气干燥基)

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项目烟煤贫煤
水分/%5.901.70
灰分/%10.1029.00
挥发分/%30.9312.79
固定碳/%53.1656.51
w(C)/%66.0659.90
w(H)/%4.683.02
w(O)/%12.204.04
w(N)/%0.920.53
w(S)/%0.221.81
低位热值/(kJ·kg–1)25 11022 510
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Key experimental parameters

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项目烟煤贫煤
总输入热量/(MJ·h–1)5.025.02
过量空气系数1.151.15
炉膛温度/K1 4731 473
煤粉流量/(g·h–1)140~200156~223
混氨比例/%0~300~30
一次风率/%2020
燃尽风率/%0~300~30
一次风温度/K350350
二次风温度/K423423
燃尽风温度/K423423
氨气温度/K350350
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主要实验参数

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项目烟煤贫煤
总输入热量/(MJ·h–1)5.025.02
过量空气系数1.151.15
炉膛温度/K1 4731 473
煤粉流量/(g·h–1)140~200156~223
混氨比例/%0~300~30
一次风率/%2020
燃尽风率/%0~300~30
一次风温度/K350350
二次风温度/K423423
燃尽风温度/K423423
氨气温度/K350350
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烟煤与贫煤挥发分含量差异对氨煤混燃NOx生成特性影响
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刘欣 1, 2 , 张文振 1, 2 , 王耿辉 2 , 谢妍 2 , 李明 1 , 牛涛 1 , 王赫阳 2
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025,54(3): 90-98
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热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025, 54(3): 90-98
烟煤与贫煤挥发分含量差异对氨煤混燃NOx生成特性影响
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刘欣1, 2 , 张文振1, 2, 王耿辉2, 谢妍2, 李明1, 牛涛1, 王赫阳2
作者信息
  • 1.烟台龙源电力技术股份有限公司,山东 烟台 264006
  • 2.天津大学机械工程学院,天津 300350
  • 刘欣(1981),男,高级工程师,主要研究方向为低碳燃烧技术及污染物控制,

通讯作者:

王赫阳(1974),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为清洁及低碳燃烧技术,
Effects of different volatile contents between bituminous and lean coals on NOx formation characteristics of ammonia-coal cofiring
Xin LIU1, 2 , Wenzhen ZHANG1, 2, Genghui WANG2, Yan XIE2, Ming LI1, Tao NIU1, Heyang WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Yantai Longyuan Power Technology Co., Ltd., Yantai 264006, China
  • 2.School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407187
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燃煤锅炉混氨燃烧是燃煤机组低碳化的主要技术发展方向之一。然而,由于氨含有大量氮(N),氨煤混合燃烧可能导致锅炉NOx排放大幅升高。因此,能否实现NOx排放控制是决定燃煤锅炉氨煤混燃技术可行性的关键因素之一。氨煤混燃NOx生成过程不仅涉及氨的燃烧反应,还涉及氨与煤燃烧过程间的相互作用。不同煤种间的挥发分含量存在显著差异,可能影响氨煤混燃过程中氨的燃烧反应环境和NOx生成。为此,采用可灵活调控氨燃烧环境的氨煤混燃实验台,对挥发分含量有显著差异的烟煤、贫煤混氨燃烧的NOx生成特性进行了实验研究。结果表明:烟煤、贫煤混氨燃烧的NOx排放量在不同混氨模式下皆随混氨比例增加呈现不同的变化趋势,烟煤、贫煤挥发分含量和其在燃烧初始阶段耗O2量的显著差异,使氨在炉内所处的实际O2环境显著不同,导致了氨的NO生成和还原反应在炉内的不同相对竞争关系,从而造成了烟煤、贫煤混氨燃烧的不同NOx生成与排放特性。

氨煤混燃  /  碳减排  /  NOx排放  /  燃煤锅炉  /  挥发分

Ammonia cofiring in coal-fired boilers is one of the promising technical routes for decarbonization of existing coal-fired power plants. However, ammonia cofiring may potentially result in drastic increase of NOx emissions due to its high nitrogen content. Effective control of NOx emissions is thus one of the key factors that affect the technical feasibility of ammonia cofiring in coal-fired boilers. The formation of NOx during ammonia-coal cofiring is affected by the ammonia combustion as well as its interaction with the coal combustion process. There are significant differences in volatile content of different coal types which may strongly affect the NOx formation characteristics of ammonia cofiring. For this reason, the NOx formation characteristics of ammonia cofiring with bituminous and lean coals that have distinct volatile contents are investigated by an experimental rig that allows for flexible control of the combustion environment of ammonia. The results show that, the NOx emissions from bituminous and lean coals show different trends with the increase of ammonia cofiring ratio under different ammonia cofiring modes. Because of the significant differences in volatile matter content between bituminous and lean coals and the consequent differences in the amount of O2 consumption, the distributions of O2 concentration in the furnace are substantially different between the two coals. This results in different competition relationships between the NO formation and reduction reactions of ammonia in the furnace, which consequently leads to different NOx formation and emission characteristics between the two coals.

ammonia-coal cofiring  /  carbon reduction  /  NOx emission  /  coal-fired boiler  /  volatile
刘欣, 张文振, 王耿辉, 谢妍, 李明, 牛涛, 王赫阳. 烟煤与贫煤挥发分含量差异对氨煤混燃NOx生成特性影响. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (3) : 90 -98 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407187
Xin LIU, Wenzhen ZHANG, Genghui WANG, Yan XIE, Ming LI, Tao NIU, Heyang WANG. Effects of different volatile contents between bituminous and lean coals on NOx formation characteristics of ammonia-coal cofiring[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (3) : 90 -98 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407187
燃煤发电约占我国年发电总量的58%[1],所产生的CO2约占我国年排放总量的34%[2]。为降低燃煤发电的CO2排放,必须发展替代燃煤的低碳燃料和相应的燃烧技术,从源头实现燃煤电厂的大规模减碳。氢(H2)和氨(NH3)作为零碳燃料受到广泛关注。与氢相比,氨具有体积能量密度高、大规模储存和运输成本低、基础设施成熟完善等优势,是一种更具发展潜力的载氢低碳燃料。如能以氨替代部分燃煤,采用氨与煤在锅炉中混合燃烧的方式,既可解决氢作为燃料大规模利用过程中的安全性问题,又可最大程度地利用现有锅炉燃烧设备,是燃煤机组低碳化的主要技术发展方向之一[3-7]
然而,由于NH3含有大量氮(N),氨煤混合燃烧将使入炉的燃料N量大幅增加,可能导致锅炉NOx排放的大幅升高,这成为燃煤锅炉混氨燃烧技术的潜在瓶颈问题[3-7]。为此,近年来针对氨煤混燃的NOx生成与排放特性已进行了较为广泛的研究[3-18]。王志超等[3]在一维炉实验台上对氨煤混燃的NOx排放进行了研究,发现氨煤预混模式下,NOx排放量随混氨比例增大快速升高,降低运行氧量可有效控制氨煤混燃的NOx排放量。Wang等人[8]在滴管炉中进行了实验与数值模拟研究,结果表明,氨煤混燃使NOx排放量大幅增加,其中氨燃烧生成的NOx是氨煤混燃NOx排放的主要来源。Ma等人[9]在25 kW管式炉上研究了富氧环境下氨煤混燃的NOx排放特性,研究发现,混氨燃烧炉膛出口的NOx排放量远高于纯燃煤工况下的,并随混氨比例增大而大幅升高。蒋博宇等[10]在5 kW卧式炉上观测到高温条件下NOx排放量随混氨比例增加而升高的趋势。Tan等人[11]在6 kW实验炉上研究了分级燃烧对氨煤混燃NOx排放的影响,发现当氨在燃烧器下游300 mm处与分级风混合引入时,NOx排放量随混氨比例增加呈先降低后上升趋势。Yamamoto等人[12]在760 kW卧式炉上进行了20%混氨比例的氨煤混燃实验,氨分别从燃烧器和炉膛侧墙引入,研究发现,侧墙注入氨气越多、位置越靠近燃烧器,炉膛出口NOx排放量越低,当全部氨气从侧墙距燃烧器1 m处引入时,NOx排放量与燃煤工况时的相当。Tamura等人[13]在1.2 MW卧式炉上研究了不同氨气引入方式对NOx排放量的影响,结果显示,当氨气由炉侧壁注入时,NOx排放量随混氨比例增加单调上升,而由煤粉燃烧器中心注入时,NOx排放量在混氨比例低于30%时无明显变化。Zhang等人[14]在40 MW燃煤锅炉上进行了氨煤混燃工业试验,研究发现,燃尽风率对NOx排放特性有强烈影响,在0%燃尽风率下,锅炉NOx排放量随混氨比例增加而单调升高,而在20%燃尽风率下,NOx排放量随混氨比例增加呈先升高后降低趋势,在25%混氨比例下NOx排放量可降至低于纯燃煤工况。为揭示氨煤混燃实验中所观测到的NOx排放变化趋势,Xie等人[15]设计了可灵活控制氨燃烧反应环境的氨煤混燃一维实验炉,对不同氨掺混方式和比例下的NOx质量浓度沿炉膛的分布进行了测量,研究发现,氨煤混燃NOx排放量随混氨比例的变化趋势取决于氨的NO生成和还原反应路径在整个炉膛空间内不同氧浓度环境下的持续竞争过程。
上述研究揭示了氨的燃烧反应环境对氨煤混燃NOx排放的关键影响,这些实验对炉内燃烧反应环境的调控皆采用空气分级或改变氨引入方式与位置的方式。在氨煤混燃条件下,煤的燃烧过程,特别是煤挥发分在燃烧初始阶段对O2的快速消耗,亦能影响氨燃烧的O2环境,从而影响氨煤混燃的NOx生成[19-20]。由于不同煤种间挥发分含量存在显著差异,与氨混燃的NOx生成特性因此可能显著不同。然而,目前的氨煤混燃研究基本仅针对单一煤种,很少有针对不同煤种与氨混燃NOx生成特性的研究。因此,本文采用氨煤混燃一维实验炉[15]对挥发分含量差异较大的烟煤、贫煤混氨燃烧的NOx生成特性进行实验研究,重点探究煤种间挥发分含量差异对NOx生成的影响机制和关键影响因素,为针对不同煤种开发相应的氨煤混燃NOx控制技术提供理论指导。
本文研究所用氨煤混燃一维实验台可实现氨引入位置的灵活调控,实验系统示意如图1所示[15]。炉体内径75 mm,高度2 100 mm,由上至下分别为主燃区、燃尽区和脱硝区,3区可独立加热,其中主燃区和燃尽区最高加热温度为1 673 K,脱硝区最高加热温度1 473 K。炉顶上方设有同心套管直流式燃烧器,燃烧器内管通一次风和煤粉混合气流,外管通二次风,氨气可与一次风和煤粉在一次风管内混合后进入炉膛。炉体沿程开有9个侧孔,每孔均设置了输气管路(可通氨气、空气)及采样管路,既能实现燃尽风位置、喷氨位置的灵活调节,又能有效监测O2、CO、NH3和NO等主要气体组分沿炉体的分布,解析不同燃烧方式对燃烧和污染物生成过程的影响。
烟气成分测量系统包括采样系统与检测仪器。采样系统由真空泵、烟气分析仪接口、流量计、水冷取样枪、阀门管件构成,可实现在炉体9个侧孔及炉膛尾部烟气的取样。烟气成分测量采用Testo 350烟气分析仪,O2测量精度为测量值的±0.8%,CO和NO测量精度为测量值的±5%。炉膛尾部氨逃逸测量采用SHL-6000氨气分析仪。
本文研究所使用的烟煤、贫煤工业分析与元素分析数据见表1。由表1数据可知,本文所用烟煤的挥发分显著高于贫煤,同时其燃料N质量分数也明显高于贫煤。
表2给出了烟煤、贫煤混氨燃烧的主要实验工况参数。所有工况下的过量空气系数均为1.15,炉膛温度为1 473 K。一次风、二次风、燃尽风和氨气的温度分别为350、423、423、350 K。纯燃煤工况和氨煤混燃工况保持相同的热输入量。在纯燃煤工况下,烟煤、贫煤的给粉量分别为200、223 g/h,入炉热量均为5.02 MJ/h。
氨煤混燃工况下,使用同等热值的氨替代部分煤粉以保持入炉总热量恒定[16-20]。混氨比例定义为氨输入热量占入炉总热量的百分比:
R(NH3)=m(NH3)×Q(NH3)m(NH3)×Q(NH3)+m(Coal)×Q(Coal)×100%
式中:R(NH3)为混氨比例,%;m(NH3)和m(Coal)分别为氨与煤粉的质量流量,g/h;Q(NH3)和Q(Coal)分别为氨和煤的低位热值,MJ/kg。
实验中一次风和煤粉从燃烧器内管进入炉膛,一次风占总风量的20%。燃尽风(SOFA)从炉体侧孔5引入炉膛。氨气可通过3种模式引入炉膛(图2):第1种为氨与煤粉在一次风管内预混后由燃烧器进入炉膛,称为预混(TM)模式;第2、3种为氨分别全部从炉膛侧孔1或侧孔3投入,称为侧混(SM-P1、SM-P3)模式。
图3为不同燃尽风率下纯烟煤、贫煤燃烧工况的炉膛出口NOx排放量实验结果。由图3可以看出:在10%燃尽风率下,烟煤工况的NOx排放量高于贫煤工况;随燃尽风率增加,二者的NOx排放量均呈下降趋势,但燃尽风率增加对烟煤工况的降NOx效果更为显著,使高燃尽风率下(30%)烟煤工况的NOx排放量(φ(O2)=60%,下同)明显低于贫煤工况。
烟煤工况在较低燃尽风率下(10%)的NOx排放量高于贫煤工况,这主要是由于其燃料N质量分数明显高于贫煤(表1),在低燃尽风率下较为富氧的主燃区将生成更多的NO。然而,由于烟煤的挥发分含量显著高于贫煤,燃尽风率的增加将使烟煤工况中更高比例的挥发分N成分在主燃区处于更为乏氧的气氛中,有利于抑制其向NO的转化。因此,提高燃尽风率对烟煤的降NOx效果更显著[21-22],使其在高燃尽风率下的NOx排放量明显低于贫煤。
为探明煤种差异对氨煤混燃NOx生成特性的影响,首先在氨煤预混(TM)模式下研究了烟煤、贫煤混氨燃烧的NOx生成特性。在所有混氨比例R(NH3)下,炉膛出口皆未检测到氨逃逸,CO排放一直保持在极低水平,飞灰含碳量也未呈现明显变化趋势,表明实验中煤和氨的燃尽未因混氨燃烧而发生明显变化。因此,本文以下仅呈现NOx分布和与NOx生成密切相关的O2分布实验结果。图4为贫煤、烟煤混氨燃烧在不同燃尽风率下的NOx排放量随R(NH3)的变化趋势。图4中烟煤数据引自文献[15]。由图4可以看出:贫煤、烟煤混氨燃烧的NOx排放量随R(NH3)增加呈现完全不同的变化趋势,贫煤混氨燃烧的NOx排放量随R(NH3)增加呈单调上升趋势,而烟煤NOx排放量则随R(NH3)增加呈先上升后下降趋势;在所有混氨比例下,烟煤、贫煤混氨燃烧的NOx排放量皆随燃尽风率增加而降低;除在较低R(NH3)条件下(R(NH3)<10%),贫煤混氨燃烧的NOx排放量明显高于烟煤混氨燃烧。烟煤混氨燃烧(TM模式)的NOx排放量随R(NH3)增加呈先升后降趋势,主要是由于随R(NH3)增加,虽燃烧初始阶段的NO生成量增加,但主燃区下游的残余氨量亦增加,较高R(NH3)下残余氨对NO的还原量显著增加,这使NOx排放量随R(NH3)的进一步增加开始呈下降趋势[15]
为进一步深入分析贫煤混氨燃烧NOx排放量呈现与烟煤完全不同变化趋势的原因,图5对比了R(NH3)=15%、20%条件下烟煤、贫煤混氨燃烧炉内NOx质量浓度的沿程分布。从图5可以看出,当氨从燃烧器引入炉膛后,烟煤、贫煤工况的NOx质量浓度均呈现先快速增长,在达到峰值后开始逐渐降低的趋势。相比R(NH3)=15%工况,R(NH3)=20%工况炉内NOx质量浓度的初始上升幅度更高,表明NOx的初始生成量随入炉氨量增加而增加。然而,NOx质量浓度达到峰值后的下降幅度即NOx还原量,亦随入炉氨量增加而增加。对比烟煤、贫煤工况可以看出,随混氨比例增加,贫煤混氨燃烧工况的NOx生成量增幅大于其NOx还原量增幅,而烟煤混氨燃烧工况则有更高的NOx还原量增幅,NOx生成量和还原量不同的相对增幅导致了贫煤和烟煤混氨燃烧的NOx排放量在R(NH3)由15%增至20%时呈现不同的变化趋势。
为分析燃尽风率对氨煤混燃NOx生成与排放的影响机制,图6给出了不同燃尽风率下炉内NOx质量浓度的沿程分布。由图6可以看出,烟煤、贫煤混氨燃烧的NOx的初始生成量均随燃尽风率增加而降低,而在主燃区下游区域的NOx还原量则随燃尽风率增加而增加,使炉膛尾部NOx排放量随燃尽风率增加呈明显降低趋势。
由于氨煤混燃条件下,入炉燃料N主要来源于氨,因此,燃尽风率对NOx的影响机制还需从氨的燃烧反应路径来解释。根据Miller等人[19]的研究结果,氨燃烧反应涉及NO的生成和还原2条主要反应路径(图7)。这2条反应路径同时存在,相互竞争,谁占据主导作用主要取决于燃烧环境中的O2环境[19]。在富氧环境中,氨的NO生成反应路径占主导地位,氨的燃烧将导致NOx大量生成;但在乏氧环境中,氨的NO还原反应路径将起主导作用,氨的燃烧可能降低NOx的净生成量。
炉内燃烧过程中,由于燃料燃烧对O2的消耗和燃尽风的引入,炉内O2体积分数沿炉膛处于持续变化过程中。因此,氨的NO生成反应和还原反应路径间的相互竞争关系沿炉膛亦是处于不断的变化过程中。图8给出了不同燃尽风率下炉内的O2体积分数分布。由图8可见:炉膛顶部燃料和空气刚刚进入炉膛,O2体积分数较高,因此氨的NO生成反应路径占主导地位,导致NO在燃烧初始阶段生成量较大;随燃料燃烧反应持续消耗O2,O2体积分数沿炉膛快速降低,在主燃区下游的低O2环境中,氨的NO还原反应路径逐渐占据主导低位,在燃烧初始阶段生成的NO将在此区域被主燃区中还未燃尽的残余氨还原[15]。这解释了图5图6中NOx质量浓度沿炉膛先快速升高,然后逐渐下降的变化趋势。对比图6中不同燃尽风率下的NOx质量浓度分布可以看出,随燃尽风率增加,由燃烧器进入主燃区的O2量减少,这一方面降低了NO的初始生成,另一方面增加了主燃区下游的残余氨量,并使其处于更加乏氧的氛围,对NO的还原量大幅增加,二者的共同作用使NOx排放量随燃尽风率增加而明显降低。
进一步分析贫煤和烟煤间挥发分含量差异对氨煤混燃NOx生成的影响机制。在氨煤预混模式下,煤粉与氨自炉膛顶部同时注入炉,氨将与煤热解析出的挥发分竞争燃烧初始阶段的O2。烟煤、贫煤的挥发分含量有显著差异,因此,挥发分燃烧对O2的消耗量显著不同。对比图8中烟煤、贫煤混氨燃烧的O2分布可以看出,由于烟煤具有更高的挥发分含量,烟煤工况在上炉膛的O2体积分数明显低于贫煤工况,因此,氨在主燃区的燃烧处于一个更为乏氧的环境,导致烟煤混氨燃烧的NOx生成量和排放量明显低于贫煤。此外,注意到图6中贫煤混氨燃烧工况炉内NOx质量浓度峰值发生在比烟煤工况更下游的位置。这是因为贫煤混氨燃烧工况在上炉膛有更高的O2体积分数,可使氨的NO生成反应路径在更长的炉膛空间占据主导作用,NO质量浓度因此持续升高至侧孔3位置。而烟煤混氨燃烧工况炉内O2体积分数低,氨的生成反应路径仅在炉膛入口附近O2体积分数较高的区域占据主导作用,NOx质量浓度在侧孔1位置附近即达到峰值。
根据以上氨煤预混模式下的研究结果可知,主燃区O2分布对氨煤混燃的NOx排放有关键影响。氨燃烧的O2环境不仅可通过改变燃尽风率来控制,还可通过改变氨在炉膛的引入位置来调节。图9对比了氨由炉膛侧孔1单独投入模式下(SM-P1),烟煤、贫煤混氨燃烧NOx排放量随混氨比例的变化趋势。从图9可以看出,在SM-P1模式下,贫煤、烟煤混氨燃烧工况的NOx排放量随混氨比例增加仍呈完全不同的变化趋势,贫煤混氨燃烧的NOx排放量随R(NH3)增加呈先上升后下降趋势,而烟煤混氨燃烧的NOx排放量则随R(NH3)增加呈先下降后上升趋势。
氨侧混模式下,烟煤混氨燃烧的NOx排放量随R(NH3)增加呈先降低后升高的趋势,主要是由于烟煤挥发分含量较高,在初始燃烧阶段消耗了大量O2,氨由侧孔1投入炉膛使氨的燃烧发生在更为乏氧的环境中,虽在较低燃尽风率下,可使NOx排放量随R(NH3)增加呈单调降低趋势[15],但在图9中的较高燃尽风率下(SOFA=30%),高混氨比例将使主燃区开始存在大量未燃尽氨,这些氨将在燃尽区与燃尽风反应生成大量NO,使NOx排放量随R(NH3)进一步增加呈上升趋势。
对于贫煤混氨燃烧工况,氨由侧孔1投入炉膛同样使氨的燃烧处于O2体积分数更低的环境,更接近于氨与烟煤在TM模式下的O2体积分数。在此环境下,主燃区下游区域残余氨对NO的还原作用开始变得显著,使贫煤混氨燃烧NOx排放量随混氨比例增加,呈现出与烟煤混氨燃烧TM模式下类似的先升高后降低的变化趋势。
图10为SM-P3模式下NOx排放量随混氨比例在不同燃尽风率下的变化趋势。图10结果进一步验证了上述结论。与SM-P1模式相比,SM-P3模式下氨从更下游的侧孔3引入炉膛,使氨的燃烧处于更低的O2体积分数中。因此,贫煤混氨燃烧在较低燃尽风率下(SOFA=10%、20%)呈现出与图9中SM-P1模式类似的先升高后降低趋势。但在更高燃尽风率下(SOFA=30%),尽管贫煤挥发分较低的耗O2量,但上炉膛极其乏氧的环境仍使主燃区产生了大量的未燃尽氨,其与燃尽风的燃烧反应导致在燃尽区大量生成NO,使其NOx排放量亦呈现出与图9(SM-P1)和图10中(SM-P3)烟煤混氨燃烧类似的先降低后升高趋势。但与烟煤相比,贫煤混氨燃烧工况中未燃尽氨量较少,因此其NOx排放量的先降低后升高趋势发生在更高的燃尽风率下,并且其NOx排放量开始呈升高趋势所对应的混氨比例更高(图10)。
以上实验结果给出了贫煤、烟煤混氨燃烧在不同混氨模式下的多种NOx排放趋势,表明了氨的燃烧反应环境对NOx生成与排放的关键影响。基于上述实验结果,氨煤混燃的炉内NOx生成过程可总结为以下3个主要阶段:第1阶段氨与煤在O2体积分数较高的初始燃烧阶段大量生成NO;第2阶段在主燃区下游O2体积分数较低环境下氨对NO的还原;第3阶段由于主燃区乏氧所导致的大量残余氨与燃尽风反应所导致的NO生成。通过调控氨在炉内空间的燃烧反应环境,NO在这3个阶段的“生成-还原-生成”过程可形成不同的NOx排放趋势。此机制可用来分析大尺度燃煤锅炉混氨燃烧所观测到的不同NOx排放趋势,并指导锅炉降NOx优化运行。
例如,在Zhang等人[14]的40 MW锅炉混氨燃烧工程试验中,在氨煤预混模式和0%燃尽风率下观测到了NOx排放量随R(NH3)增加而单调上升的趋势,这与本文图4中贫煤工况的趋势相同。基于文中分析结果可知,0%燃尽风率下主燃区富氧,残余氨量低,NOx因此主要生成于上述的第1阶段。这时,提高燃尽风率,降低主燃区氧量,可针对性地降低混氨燃烧的NOx排放量。因此,当燃尽风率增至20%时,Zhang等人[14]试验中观测到了NOx排放量的大幅降低和其随R(NH3)增加而先升后降的趋势,这与图4烟煤工况趋势一致。此外,在氨的侧混投入模式和20%燃尽风率下,Zhang等人[14]试验中观测到了NOx排放量随R(NH3)增加先降后升的趋势,这与图9图10中的趋势一致。基于上述分析结果可知,高R(NH3)下NOx排放量随R(NH3)的升高趋势主要来源于第3阶段NO的生成,即主燃区的高残余氨与燃尽风反应所生成的NO。这时,提高燃尽风率,将增大主燃区残余氨量,并导致NOx排放量的进一步升高,而降低燃尽风率或在更上游的位置投入氨,将有助于降低主燃区残余氨量和由此所导致的NO生成。
对比图4图9图10不同混氨模式下(TM、SM-P1和SM-P3模式)的NOx排放量可知:烟煤混氨燃烧在所有实验条件下所获得的最低NOx排放质量浓度为241 mg/m3,分别在SM-P3模式的SOFA=20%、R(NH3)=10%和SOFA=10%、R(NH3)= 30%条件下获得(图10);而贫煤混氨燃烧在所有实验条件下所获得的最低NOx排放质量浓度为213 mg/m3,在SM-P3模式的SOFA=30%、R(NH3)= 20%条件下获得。2种煤混氨燃烧所获得的最低NOx排放量皆显著低于相同燃尽风率下纯煤燃烧的NOx排放量,这表明针对不同煤种,通过合理控制氨的引入位置、混氨比例和燃尽风率,使氨燃烧发生在适宜的炉内O2环境中,不但可抑制氨的NO生成,还可利用氨在乏氧环境下对NO的还原作用,使氨将由其和煤燃烧所生成的NO大量还原,从而大幅降低氨煤混燃的NOx排放量。
本文对贫煤、烟煤混氨燃烧的NOx生成与排放特性进行了实验研究。研究结果表明,贫煤和烟煤间挥发分含量的显著差异使二者在与氨混燃时,氨所处的实际O2环境显著不同,从而导致了NOx排放量随混氨比例增加呈现完全不同的变化趋势。
1)在氨与煤粉同时投入炉膛的预混模式下(TM),贫煤混氨燃烧的NOx排放随混氨比例增加单调上升,而烟煤混氨燃烧的NOx排放随混氨比例增加呈先上升后下降趋势,且明显低于贫煤混氨燃烧的NOx排放。
2)在氨从煤粉燃烧器下游单独投入的侧混模式下(SM-P1或SM-P3),随燃尽风率和氨投入位置不同,贫煤混氨燃烧的NOx排放量随混氨比例增加可能呈现先升后降或先降后升2种趋势,而烟煤混氨燃烧的NOx排放量随混氨比例增加可能呈现单调下降或先降后升趋势。
3)贫煤、烟煤混氨燃烧在不同混氨模式下得到了多种NOx排放趋势,这些趋势实际皆遵循相同的控制机制,即氨的NO生成与还原反应路径在炉内不同O2环境中的持续竞争关系决定了氨煤混燃的NOx排放量。不同煤种间挥发分含量及其燃烧耗O2量存在显著差异,显著影响了氨燃烧的实际O2环境,进而影响了氨的NO生成和还原反应在炉内的竞争关系,从而导致了烟煤与贫煤混氨燃烧不同的NOx排放趋势。因此,针对不同煤种,合理组合氨的引入位置、混氨比例和燃尽风率,使氨燃烧发生在适宜的炉内O2环境下,优化氨的NO生成和还原反应的炉内分布,可使氨煤混燃的NOx排放量显著低于纯煤燃烧。
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2025年第54卷第3期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407187
  • 接收时间:2024-07-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-24
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    1.烟台龙源电力技术股份有限公司,山东 烟台 264006
    2.天津大学机械工程学院,天津 300350

通讯作者:

王赫阳(1974),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为清洁及低碳燃烧技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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