Article(id=1236714914509812344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236714913599648374, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202407172, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719763200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772785412670, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1742832000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772785412670, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772785412670, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772785412670, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236714913599648374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2025', volume='54', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='166', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772785412454, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772785487409, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1236715228050813334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236714913599648374, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1236715228050813335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236714913599648374, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=108, endPage=120, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236714915361256061, articleId=1236714914509812344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Optimization control of condensate throttling system in thermal power units and analysis of primary frequency regulation performance, columnId=1211002405299294959, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Thermal energy science research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The conventional steam valve predominantly manages power regulation tasks while also addresses limited-scale primary frequency regulation. Condensate throttling can change energy distribution of the unit to a certain extent, and serve as a potential and selectable auxiliary frequency regulation method. To delve deeper into the frequency regulation capability of condensate throttling, the working principle and advantages are dissected, and static and dynamic models of the condensate throttling system are established, the frequency regulation characteristics are analyzed and the frequency modulation boundary conditions are outlined. To comprehensively enhance the dynamic performance of the condensate throttling primary frequency regulation, the system dynamic model is linearized, and then a model-switching fuzzy predictive control strategy is proposed. In this control strategy, fuzzy logic is introduced into the predictive controller algorithm to dynamically adjust control weighting coefficients in real-time, and predictive models are dynamically switched according to operational changes to enhance control quality. Case studies based on actual data from a certain 600 MW unit are conducted, indicating the static and dynamic frequency modulation capabilities of condensate throttling increase with the unit load, which has engineering application value in primary frequency regulation. Compared with the conventional PID and self-tuning fuzzy parameter PID controllers, the proposed control strategy exhibits superior adjustment time and performance metrics under various operating conditions, demonstrating better adaptability to changes in operating conditions.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chengshuai YANG, Fang FANG, Chengbing HE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1236714920071459572, articleId=1236714914509812344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=CN, title=火电机组凝结水节流系统优化控制及一次调频性能分析, columnId=1211002405437706993, journalTitle=热力发电, columnName=热能科学研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

常规蒸汽调节阀主要承担功率调节任务,同时兼顾小范围的一次调频,凝结水节流可在一定程度上改变机组的能量分布,是一种有潜力、可供选择的辅助调频手段。为深入探究凝结水节流的调频能力,剖析了其工作原理及优势,建立了凝结水节流系统的静、动态模型,分析了调频特性,并给出了调频边界条件。为综合提高凝结水节流一次调频性能,将系统动态模型进行线性化,进而设计了一种基于模型切换的模糊预测控制策略:在预测控制算法中引入模糊逻辑,实时修正控制加权系数,根据工况变化,动态切换预测模型以提升控制品质。基于某600 MW机组的实际数据开展算例分析,结果表明:凝结水节流静、动态调频能力随着机组负荷升高而提升,具有一次调频工程应用价值;与传统PID和模糊参数自整定PID控制器相比,在不同工况下,所提出的控制策略的调节时间和性能指标均较优异,对于工况变化具有较好的适应性。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
房方(1976),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为发电过程建模与控制、先进能源系统分析与优化,
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=XBUWpmCJdCvUWmSPPjhyJw==, magXml=CxLAEVpkODPouXHApwUg9A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=vuCyrMSyHcolU0e1dmNmLA==, pdfFileSize=2093019, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=+yPdEQLVywQmf7cCUirB+g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=qF47aLxu91ww0OZzU+JwAQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

杨成帅(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为火电机组建模与优化控制,

, authorsList=杨成帅, 房方, 何成兵)}, authors=[Author(id=1236714920641884952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=ycs@ncepu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1236714920729965343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, authorId=1236714920641884952, language=EN, stringName=Chengshuai YANG, firstName=Chengshuai, middleName=null, lastName=YANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1236714920834822950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, authorId=1236714920641884952, language=CN, stringName=杨成帅, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.华北电力大学控制与计算机工程学院,北京 102206, bio={"content":"

杨成帅(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为火电机组建模与优化控制,

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

杨成帅(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为火电机组建模与优化控制,

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236714920386032389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236714920394420999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, companyId=1236714920386032389, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236714920402809609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, companyId=1236714920386032389, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.华北电力大学控制与计算机工程学院,北京 102206)])]), Author(id=1236714920918709037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=ffang@ncepu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1236714921103258424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, authorId=1236714920918709037, language=EN, stringName=Fang FANG, firstName=Fang, middleName=null, lastName=FANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1236714921208116035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, authorId=1236714920918709037, language=CN, stringName=房方, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.华北电力大学控制与计算机工程学院,北京 102206, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236714920386032389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236714920394420999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, companyId=1236714920386032389, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236714920402809609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, companyId=1236714920386032389, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.华北电力大学控制与计算机工程学院,北京 102206)])]), Author(id=1236714922705482575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1236714922797757272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, authorId=1236714922705482575, language=EN, stringName=Chengbing HE, firstName=Chengbing, middleName=null, lastName=HE, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1236714922902614880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, authorId=1236714922705482575, language=CN, stringName=何成兵, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236714920524444431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236714920532833040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, companyId=1236714920524444431, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236714920545415953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, companyId=1236714920524444431, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1236714923011666789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=thermal power unit), Keyword(id=1236714923091358569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=primary frequency modulation), Keyword(id=1236714923187827567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=condensed water throttling), Keyword(id=1236714923284296565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=model switching), Keyword(id=1236714923372376952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=fuzzy predictive control), Keyword(id=1236714923489817472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=火电机组), Keyword(id=1236714923556926342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=一次调频), Keyword(id=1236714923649201034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=凝结水节流), Keyword(id=1236714923716309906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=模型切换), Keyword(id=1236714923787613081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=模糊预测控制)], refs=[Reference(id=1236714929068241009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=国家统计局, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=国家统计局. 中华人民共和国2023年国民经济和社会发展统计公报[EB/OL]. (2024-02-29)[2024-06-24]. https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/zxfb/202402/t20240228_1947915.html., articleTitle=中华人民共和国2023年国民经济和社会发展统计公报, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714929189875831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=National Bureau of Statistics, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=National Bureau of Statistics. Statistical bulletin of the People’s Republic of China on national economic and social development 2023[EB/OL]. (2024-02-29) [2024-06-24]. https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/zxfb/202402/t20240228_1947915.html., articleTitle=Statistical bulletin of the People’s Republic of China on national economic and social development 2023, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714929298927740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=43, issue=6, pageStart=2080, pageEnd=2100, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=赵永亮, 许朋江, 居文平, journalName=中国电机工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=赵永亮, 许朋江, 居文平, 等. 燃煤发电机组瞬态过程灵活高效协同运行的理论与技术研究综述[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2023, 43(6): 2080-2100., articleTitle=燃煤发电机组瞬态过程灵活高效协同运行的理论与技术研究综述, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714929454116993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=43, issue=6, pageStart=2080, pageEnd=2100, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=3, authorNames=ZHAO Yongliang, XU Pengjiang, JU Wenping, journalName=Proceedings of the CSEE, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAO Yongliang, XU Pengjiang, JU Wenping, et al. Overview of theoretical and technical research on flexible and efficient synergistic operation of coal-fired power units during transient processes[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2023, 43(6): 2080-2100., articleTitle=Overview of theoretical and technical research on flexible and efficient synergistic operation of coal-fired power units during transient processes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714929550585992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=51, issue=1, pageStart=11, pageEnd=20, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=4, authorNames=王月明, 姚明宇, 张一帆, journalName=热力发电, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王月明, 姚明宇, 张一帆, 等. 煤电的低碳化发展路径研究[J]. 热力发电, 2022, 51(1): 11-20., articleTitle=煤电的低碳化发展路径研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714929697386636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=51, issue=1, pageStart=11, pageEnd=20, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=5, authorNames=WANG Yueming, YAO Mingyu, ZHANG Yifan, journalName=Thermal Power Generation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Yueming, YAO Mingyu, ZHANG Yifan, et al. Study on low-carbon development path of coal-fired power generation[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2022, 51(1): 11-20., articleTitle=Study on low-carbon development path of coal-fired power generation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714929785467026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=50, issue=4, pageStart=1, pageEnd=6, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=6, authorNames=黄畅, 张攀, 王卫良, journalName=热力发电, refType=null, unstructuredReference=黄畅, 张攀, 王卫良, 等. 燃煤发电产业升级支撑我国节能减排与碳中和国家战略[J]. 热力发电, 2021, 50(4): 1-6., articleTitle=燃煤发电产业升级支撑我国节能减排与碳中和国家战略, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714929881936022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=50, issue=4, pageStart=1, pageEnd=6, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=7, authorNames=HUANG Chang, ZHANG Pan, WANG Weiliang, journalName=Thermal Power Generation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG Chang, ZHANG Pan, WANG Weiliang, et al. The upgradation of coal-fired power generation industry supports China’s energy conservation, emission reduction and carbon neutrality[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2021, 50(4): 1-6., articleTitle=The upgradation of coal-fired power generation industry supports China’s energy conservation, emission reduction and carbon neutrality, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714929982599325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=29, issue=6, pageStart=49, pageEnd=58, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=8, authorNames=张圆圆, 张普森, 聂浩, journalName=洁净煤技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张圆圆, 张普森, 聂浩, 等. 火电机组蒸汽工质侧快速变负荷方法研究进展[J]. 洁净煤技术, 2023, 29(6): 49-58., articleTitle=火电机组蒸汽工质侧快速变负荷方法研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714930062291104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=29, issue=6, pageStart=49, pageEnd=58, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=9, authorNames=ZHANG Yuanyuan, ZHANG Pusen, NIE Hao, journalName=Clean Coal Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Yuanyuan, ZHANG Pusen, NIE Hao, et al. Research progress of fast variable load method on steam working medium side of thermal power unit[J]. Clean Coal Technology, 2023, 29(6): 49-58., articleTitle=Research progress of fast variable load method on steam working medium side of thermal power unit, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714931526103205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=62, issue=1, pageStart=6, pageEnd=11, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=10, authorNames=韩中合, 向鹏, 袁景泉, journalName=汽轮机技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=韩中合, 向鹏, 袁景泉, 等. 基于凝结水节流调节的供热机组快速变负荷性能研究[J]. 汽轮机技术, 2020, 62(1): 6-11., articleTitle=基于凝结水节流调节的供热机组快速变负荷性能研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714931647738026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=62, issue=1, pageStart=6, pageEnd=11, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=11, authorNames=HAN Zhonghe, XIANG Peng, YUAN Jingquan, journalName=Turbine Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HAN Zhonghe, XIANG Peng, YUAN Jingquan, et al. Research on rapid load change performance of heat supply units based on condensate throttling[J]. Turbine Technology, 2020, 62(1): 6-11., articleTitle=Research on rapid load change performance of heat supply units based on condensate throttling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714931752595631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=35, issue=9, pageStart=740, pageEnd=745, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=12, authorNames=王玮, 刘吉臻, 曾德良, journalName=动力工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王玮, 刘吉臻, 曾德良, 等. 凝结水节流变负荷能力静态建模与分析[J]. 动力工程学报, 2015, 35(9): 740-745., articleTitle=凝结水节流变负荷能力静态建模与分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714931857453233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=35, issue=9, pageStart=740, pageEnd=745, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=13, authorNames=WANG Wei, LIU Jizhen, ZENG Deliang, journalName=Chinese Journal of Power Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Wei, LIU Jizhen, ZENG Deliang, et al. Static modeling and analysis of on load change capacity of condensate throttling[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Engineering, 2015, 35(9): 740-745., articleTitle=Static modeling and analysis of on load change capacity of condensate throttling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714931970699445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=192, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=14, authorNames=HAN Z H, XIANG P, journalName=Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HAN Z H, XIANG P. Modeling condensate throttling to improve the load change performance of cogeneration units[J]. Energy, 2020, 192: 116684., articleTitle=Modeling condensate throttling to improve the load change performance of cogeneration units, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714932062974137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=95, issue=null, pageStart=303, pageEnd=310, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=15, authorNames=WANG W, LIU J Z, ZENG D L, journalName=Applied Thermal Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG W, LIU J Z, ZENG D L. Modeling for condensate throttling and its application on the flexible load control of power plants[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2016, 95: 303-310., articleTitle=Modeling for condensate throttling and its application on the flexible load control of power plants, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714932159443136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=35, issue=1, pageStart=62, pageEnd=66, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=16, authorNames=赵征, 孙昊天, 杨蕃, journalName=电力科学与工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=赵征, 孙昊天, 杨蕃. 凝结水节流的动态特性分析及模型辨识[J]. 电力科学与工程, 2019, 35(1): 62-66., articleTitle=凝结水节流的动态特性分析及模型辨识, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714932247523524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=35, issue=1, pageStart=62, pageEnd=66, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=17, authorNames=ZHAO Zheng, SUN Haotian, YANG Fan, journalName=Electric Power Science and Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAO Zheng, SUN Haotian, YANG Fan. Research on dynamic characteristics analysis and identification based on condensate throttling[J]. Electric Power Science and Engineering, 2019, 35(1): 62-66., articleTitle=Research on dynamic characteristics analysis and identification based on condensate throttling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714932364964041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=18, authorNames=MA L Y, LI F, CHENG L, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MA L Y, LI F, CHENG L, et al. An intelligent dual optimization approach for improved load following of supercritical power unit based on condensate throttling[C]. IFAC World Congress, 2018., articleTitle=An intelligent dual optimization approach for improved load following of supercritical power unit based on condensate throttling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714932515958988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=45, issue=6, pageStart=818, pageEnd=822, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=19, authorNames=胡勇, 刘吉臻, 曾德良, journalName=太原理工大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=胡勇, 刘吉臻, 曾德良, 等. 1 000 MW火电机组凝结水节流系统动态模型研究[J]. 太原理工大学学报, 2014, 45(6): 818-822., articleTitle=1 000 MW火电机组凝结水节流系统动态模型研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714932637593813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=45, issue=6, pageStart=818, pageEnd=822, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=20, authorNames=HU Yong, LIU Jizhen, ZENG Deliang, journalName=Journal of Taiyuan University of Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HU Yong, LIU Jizhen, ZENG Deliang, et al. Dynamic model of condensate throttling system in 1 000 MW coal-fired power plant[J]. Journal of Taiyuan University of Technology, 2014, 45(6): 818-822., articleTitle=Dynamic model of condensate throttling system in 1 000 MW coal-fired power plant, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714935959482586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=58, issue=null, pageStart=622, pageEnd=628, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=21, authorNames=HU Y, LIU J Z, ZENG D L, journalName=Journal of Taiyuan University of Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HU Y, LIU J Z, ZENG D L, et al. Dynamic model of condensate throttling system in 1000 MW coal-fired power plant[J]. Journal of Taiyuan University of Technology, 2014, 58: 622-628., articleTitle=Dynamic model of condensate throttling system in 1000 MW coal-fired power plant, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714936064340191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=46, issue=2, pageStart=75, pageEnd=80, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=22, authorNames=孙海蓉, 耿军亚, 王蕊, journalName=热力发电, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孙海蓉, 耿军亚, 王蕊. 凝结水节流模糊参数自整定PID控制器[J]. 热力发电, 2017, 46(2): 75-80., articleTitle=凝结水节流模糊参数自整定PID控制器, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714936152420581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=46, issue=2, pageStart=75, pageEnd=80, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=23, authorNames=SUN Hairong, GENG Junya, WANG Rui, journalName=Thermal Power Generation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SUN Hairong, GENG Junya, WANG Rui. Application of fuzzy adaptive PID controller in condensate throttling technology[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2017, 46(2): 75-80., articleTitle=Application of fuzzy adaptive PID controller in condensate throttling technology, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714936240500971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=41, issue=2, pageStart=107, pageEnd=112, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=24, authorNames=赵征, 于悦波, 孙昊天, journalName=动力工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=赵征, 于悦波, 孙昊天. 基于凝结水节流的新型协调优化控制策略[J]. 动力工程学报, 2021, 41(2): 107-112., articleTitle=基于凝结水节流的新型协调优化控制策略, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714936336969967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=41, issue=2, pageStart=107, pageEnd=112, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=25, authorNames=ZHAO Zheng, YU Yuebo, SUN Haotian, journalName=Journal of Power Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAO Zheng, YU Yuebo, SUN Haotian. Optimization of a new coordinated control strategy based on condensate throttling[J]. Journal of Power Engineering, 2021, 41(2): 107-112., articleTitle=Optimization of a new coordinated control strategy based on condensate throttling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714936412467443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=46, issue=4, pageStart=125, pageEnd=131, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=26, authorNames=杨巍, 龙东腾, 牛玉广, journalName=热力发电, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨巍, 龙东腾, 牛玉广. 基于凝结水节流串级控制的新型协调控制[J]. 热力发电, 2017, 46(4): 125-131., articleTitle=基于凝结水节流串级控制的新型协调控制, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714936500547832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=46, issue=4, pageStart=125, pageEnd=131, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=27, authorNames=YANG Wei, LONG Dongteng, NIU Yuguang, journalName=Thermal Power Generation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG Wei, LONG Dongteng, NIU Yuguang. A novel coordinated control strategy based on condensate throttling cascade control[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2017, 46(4): 125-131., articleTitle=A novel coordinated control strategy based on condensate throttling cascade control, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714936601211134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=37, issue=24, pageStart=7216, pageEnd=7222, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=28, authorNames=刘吉臻, 王耀函, 曾德良, journalName=中国电机工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘吉臻, 王耀函, 曾德良, 等. 凝结水节流参与的超超临界机组一次调频控制方法[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2017, 37(24): 7216-7222., articleTitle=凝结水节流参与的超超临界机组一次调频控制方法, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714936689291519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=37, issue=24, pageStart=7216, pageEnd=7222, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=29, authorNames=LIU Jizhen, WANG Yaohan, ZENG Deliang, journalName=Proceedings of the CSEE, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Jizhen, WANG Yaohan, ZENG Deliang, et al. A primary frequency regulation method of USC units based on condensate throttling[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2017, 37(24): 7216-7222 ., articleTitle=A primary frequency regulation method of USC units based on condensate throttling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714936802537733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=50, issue=null, pageStart=11, pageEnd=18, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=30, authorNames=WANG W, LU L Z, LONG D T, journalName=Journal of Process Control, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG W, LU L Z, LONG D T, et al. Improved boiler-turbine coordinated control of 1 000 MW power units by introducing condensate throttling[J]. Journal of Process Control, 2017, 50: 11-18., articleTitle=Improved boiler-turbine coordinated control of 1 000 MW power units by introducing condensate throttling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714936865452292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=51, issue=4, pageStart=47, pageEnd=54, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=31, authorNames=张开萍, 高明明, 张洪福, journalName=热力发电, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张开萍, 高明明, 张洪福, 等. 基于凝结水节流及热网蓄能的循环流化床供热机组变负荷性能研究[J]. 热力发电, 2022, 51(4): 47-54., articleTitle=基于凝结水节流及热网蓄能的循环流化床供热机组变负荷性能研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714936932561160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=51, issue=4, pageStart=47, pageEnd=54, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=32, authorNames=ZHANG Kaiping, GAO Mingming, ZHANG Hongfu, journalName=Thermal power generation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Kaiping, GAO Mingming, ZHANG Hongfu, et al. Research on variable load performance of CFB heating unit based on condensate throttle and thermal network energy storage[J]. Thermal power generation, 2022, 51(4): 47-54., articleTitle=Research on variable load performance of CFB heating unit based on condensate throttle and thermal network energy storage, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714937003864332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=43, issue=5, pageStart=575, pageEnd=581, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=33, authorNames=赵征, 孙赫宇, 陈江丽, journalName=动力工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=赵征, 孙赫宇, 陈江丽. 基于AGC负荷指令优化分解的火电机组蓄能综合利用[J]. 动力工程学报, 2023, 43(5): 575-581., articleTitle=基于AGC负荷指令优化分解的火电机组蓄能综合利用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714937091944721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=43, issue=5, pageStart=575, pageEnd=581, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=34, authorNames=ZHAO Zheng, SUN Heyu, CHEN Jiangli, journalName=Journal of Power Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAO Zheng, SUN Heyu, CHEN Jiangli. Optimized decomposition of AGC load command for comprehensive utilization of energy storage in the thermal power unit[J]. Journal of Power Engineering, 2023, 43(5): 575-581., articleTitle=Optimized decomposition of AGC load command for comprehensive utilization of energy storage in the thermal power unit, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714937163247893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=27, issue=12, pageStart=2920, pageEnd=2926, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=35, authorNames=谷俊杰, 王鹏, journalName=系统仿真学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=谷俊杰, 王鹏. 超超临界机组凝结水节流负荷调节的建模与仿真[J]. 系统仿真学报, 2015, 27(12): 2920-2926., articleTitle=超超临界机组凝结水节流负荷调节的建模与仿真, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714937263911195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=27, issue=12, pageStart=2920, pageEnd=2926, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=36, authorNames=GU Junjie, WANG Peng, journalName=Journal of System Simulation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GU Junjie, WANG Peng. Modeling and simulation for ultra supercritical units load regulation by condensate throttling[J]. Journal of System Simulation, 2015, 27(12): 2920-2926., articleTitle=Modeling and simulation for ultra supercritical units load regulation by condensate throttling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714937351991581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=44, issue=15, pageStart=6065, pageEnd=6078, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=37, authorNames=黄怡涵, 郝玲, 陈磊, journalName=中国电机工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=黄怡涵, 郝玲, 陈磊, 等. 适用于多种一次调频技术及工况变化的抽汽凝汽式汽轮机数学模型[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2024, 44(15): 6065-6078., articleTitle=适用于多种一次调频技术及工况变化的抽汽凝汽式汽轮机数学模型, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714937440071971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=44, issue=15, pageStart=6065, pageEnd=6078, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=38, authorNames=HUANG Yihan, HAO Ling, CHEN Lei, journalName=Proceedings of the CSEE, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG Yihan, HAO Ling, CHEN Lei, et al. Mathematical model of extraction condensing steam turbine suitable for multiple primary frequency regulation technologies and various operating conditions[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2024, 44(15): 6065-6078., articleTitle=Mathematical model of extraction condensing steam turbine suitable for multiple primary frequency regulation technologies and various operating conditions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714937532346663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=37, issue=3, pageStart=249, pageEnd=256, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=39, authorNames=龙东腾, 王玮, 刘吉臻, journalName=动力工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=龙东腾, 王玮, 刘吉臻. 凝结水节流参与的1 000 MW火电机组快速变负荷调节[J]. 动力工程学报, 2017, 37(3): 249-256., articleTitle=凝结水节流参与的1 000 MW火电机组快速变负荷调节, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714937607844138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=37, issue=3, pageStart=249, pageEnd=256, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=40, authorNames=LONG Dongteng, WANG Wei, LIU Jizhen, journalName=Journal of Power Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LONG Dongteng, WANG Wei, LIU Jizhen. Fast load regulation of 1 000 MW thermal power unit by condensate throttling[J]. Journal of Power Engineering, 2017, 37(3): 249-256., articleTitle=Fast load regulation of 1 000 MW thermal power unit by condensate throttling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714937674953007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=55, issue=3, pageStart=81, pageEnd=89, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=41, authorNames=冯旭刚, 鲍立昌, 章家岩, journalName=西安交通大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=冯旭刚, 鲍立昌, 章家岩. 改进粒子群优化的燃气发电锅炉主汽压模糊预测控制策略[J]. 西安交通大学学报, 2021, 55(3): 81-89., articleTitle=改进粒子群优化的燃气发电锅炉主汽压模糊预测控制策略, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714937763033394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=55, issue=3, pageStart=81, pageEnd=89, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=42, authorNames=FENG Xugang, BAO Lichang, ZHANG Jiayan, journalName=Journal of Xi’an Jiaotong University, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FENG Xugang, BAO Lichang, ZHANG Jiayan. Improved particle swarm optimization based fuzzy predictive control strategy for main steam pressure in gas-fired power boiler[J]. Journal of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 2021, 55(3): 81-89., articleTitle=Improved particle swarm optimization based fuzzy predictive control strategy for main steam pressure in gas-fired power boiler, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714937842725172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=51, issue=10, pageStart=114, pageEnd=121, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=43, authorNames=栾丛超, 曹进辉, 程成, journalName=热力发电, refType=null, unstructuredReference=栾丛超, 曹进辉, 程成, 等. 基于模型预测控制算法的供热机组负荷控制[J]. 热力发电, 2022, 51(10): 114-121., articleTitle=基于模型预测控制算法的供热机组负荷控制, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714937922416950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=51, issue=10, pageStart=114, pageEnd=121, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=44, authorNames=LUAN Congchao, CAO Jinhui, CHENG Cheng, journalName=Thermal Power Generation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LUAN Congchao, CAO Jinhui, CHENG Cheng, et al. Load control of heating unit based on model prediction algorithm[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2022, 51(10): 114-121., articleTitle=Load control of heating unit based on model prediction algorithm, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714937985331513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=39, issue=14, pageStart=4391, pageEnd=4404, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=45, authorNames=黄磊, 魏莱, 杨建龙, journalName=电工技术学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=黄磊, 魏莱, 杨建龙, 等. 基于模型预测的直驱式波浪发电机机侧最优功率控制技术研究[J]. 电工技术学报, 2024, 39(14): 4391-4404., articleTitle=基于模型预测的直驱式波浪发电机机侧最优功率控制技术研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714938073411901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=39, issue=14, pageStart=4391, pageEnd=4404, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=46, authorNames=HUANG Lei, WEI Lai, YANG Jianlong, journalName=Journal of electrical engineering technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HUANG Lei, WEI Lai, YANG Jianlong, et al. Optimal power control technology of direct-drive wave power generation system based on model prediction[J]. Journal of electrical engineering technology, 2024, 39(14): 4391-4404., articleTitle=Optimal power control technology of direct-drive wave power generation system based on model prediction, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714938169880896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=13, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=47, authorNames=何家乐, 姜超, 孙正龙, journalName=电源学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=何家乐, 姜超, 孙正龙, 等. 含虚拟电厂的互联电力系统负荷频率预测控制[J/OL]. 电源学报: 2024, 1-13[2024-06-24]. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/12.1420.TM.20231023.1601.008.html., articleTitle=含虚拟电厂的互联电力系统负荷频率预测控制, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714938287321410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=13, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=48, authorNames=HE Jiale, JIANG Chao, SUN Zhenglong, journalName=Journal of Power Sources, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HE Jiale, JIANG Chao, SUN Zhenglong, et al. Load frequency predictive control of interconnected power system with virtual power plant[J/OL]. Journal of Power Sources: 2024, 1-13[2024-06-24]. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/12.1420.TM.20231023.1601.008.html., articleTitle=Load frequency predictive control of interconnected power system with virtual power plant, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714938383790407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=49, authorNames=国家能源局, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=国家能源局. 华东区域电力并网运行管理实施细则[EB/OL]. (2022-08-29)[2024-06-24]. https://hdj.nea.gov.cn/xxgk/fdzdgknr/jgsx/scjhyjg/202402/t20240210_249098.html., articleTitle=华东区域电力并网运行管理实施细则, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714938480259401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=50, authorNames=National Energy Administration, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=National Energy Administration. Implementation rules of grid-connected operation administration in east China [EB/OL]. (2022-08-29)[2024-06-24]. https://hdj.nea.gov.cn/xxgk/fdzdgknr/jgsx/scjhyjg/202402/t20240210_249098.html., articleTitle=Implementation rules of grid-connected operation administration in east China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714938576728396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=10, issue=5, pageStart=1679, pageEnd=1686, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=51, authorNames=何林轩, 李文艳, journalName=储能科学与技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=何林轩, 李文艳. 飞轮储能辅助火电机组一次调频过程仿真分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2021, 10(5): 1679-1686., articleTitle=飞轮储能辅助火电机组一次调频过程仿真分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1236714938669003087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=10, issue=5, pageStart=1679, pageEnd=1686, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=52, authorNames=HE Linxuan, LI Wenyan, journalName=Energy Storage Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HE Linxuan, LI Wenyan. Simulation of the primary frequency modulation process of thermal power units with the auxiliary of flywheel energy storage[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(5): 1679-1686., articleTitle=Simulation of the primary frequency modulation process of thermal power units with the auxiliary of flywheel energy storage, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1236714928845942888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, awardId=2022YFB4100400, language=EN, fundingSource=National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFB4100400), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236714928934023277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, awardId=2022YFB4100400, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4100400), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236714920386032389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236714920394420999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, companyId=1236714920386032389, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236714920402809609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, companyId=1236714920386032389, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.华北电力大学控制与计算机工程学院,北京 102206)]), AuthorCompany(id=1236714920524444431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236714920532833040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, companyId=1236714920524444431, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236714920545415953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, companyId=1236714920524444431, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1236714923967968166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of regenerative heating system of thermal power unit, figureFileSmall=1KAubg4V8IgnJlv+Bcnm6w==, figureFileBig=+yPdEQLVywQmf7cCUirB+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714924064437169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=CN, label=图1, caption=火电机组回热系统结构示意, figureFileSmall=1KAubg4V8IgnJlv+Bcnm6w==, figureFileBig=+yPdEQLVywQmf7cCUirB+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714924290929598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Throttle step response curves of the condensate, figureFileSmall=1NgpFT7HQ8rVBwr5ec1Jrw==, figureFileBig=6n7wv+0BrH0Ts8SHh+h84w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714924358038472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=CN, label=图2, caption=凝结水节流阶跃响应曲线, figureFileSmall=1NgpFT7HQ8rVBwr5ec1Jrw==, figureFileBig=6n7wv+0BrH0Ts8SHh+h84w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714924475478989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Control structural diagram of the condensate throttling system, figureFileSmall=a0S/jK0UFkA/Cm76pKmi7Q==, figureFileBig=d4tF3JpkPiiUWsQuj/UGbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714924597113814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=CN, label=图3, caption=凝结水节流系统控制结构框图, figureFileSmall=a0S/jK0UFkA/Cm76pKmi7Q==, figureFileBig=d4tF3JpkPiiUWsQuj/UGbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714924689388507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Control strategy flow of the condensate throttling system, figureFileSmall=BzmSS+l0R6ibueamPCpgKQ==, figureFileBig=xmrpXwh2X3yXkUMO7VGcBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714924827800550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=CN, label=图4, caption=凝结水节流系统控制策略流程, figureFileSmall=BzmSS+l0R6ibueamPCpgKQ==, figureFileBig=xmrpXwh2X3yXkUMO7VGcBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714924920075244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Model weight allocation function, figureFileSmall=qmkFjictZy8FZzrkh/oNAw==, figureFileBig=p96Atd2IFngbxoiFES1GtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714925012349937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=CN, label=图5, caption=模型权重分配函数, figureFileSmall=qmkFjictZy8FZzrkh/oNAw==, figureFileBig=p96Atd2IFngbxoiFES1GtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714925121401850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Membership function of input variables, figureFileSmall=H4o3IZju0cpXXR7efRmmrQ==, figureFileBig=CmME7QDhMjVL5t869I5bLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714925213676543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=CN, label=图6, caption=输入变量隶属度函数, figureFileSmall=H4o3IZju0cpXXR7efRmmrQ==, figureFileBig=CmME7QDhMjVL5t869I5bLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714925301755907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Membership function of output variables, figureFileSmall=Cx1xVNgJ2jfEawFY/Tobkw==, figureFileBig=82Mw6iwy9UzwmEMrtE+TMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714925394030603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=CN, label=图7, caption=输出变量隶属度函数, figureFileSmall=Cx1xVNgJ2jfEawFY/Tobkw==, figureFileBig=82Mw6iwy9UzwmEMrtE+TMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714925486305296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Range and sustainable time of condensate throttling load adjustment, figureFileSmall=NOvD3z9eG2kF239yz5FSsA==, figureFileBig=KfVvTCP9BsrB81+I/sJf0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714925586968596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=CN, label=图8, caption=凝结水节流调负荷范围和可持续时间, figureFileSmall=NOvD3z9eG2kF239yz5FSsA==, figureFileBig=KfVvTCP9BsrB81+I/sJf0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714927063363610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Power response curves of the unit under the same working condition with different section flows, figureFileSmall=DLfclXuygTtn3O5WgbQJ3w==, figureFileBig=55LQzQFbAwZUB1BgihkK3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714927189192733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=CN, label=图9, caption=同一工况不同节流量时机组功率响应曲线, figureFileSmall=DLfclXuygTtn3O5WgbQJ3w==, figureFileBig=55LQzQFbAwZUB1BgihkK3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714927289856034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Power response curves of the unit under different working conditions with the same section flow, figureFileSmall=0uQeyNP6H0Uf1xEM+rIgsw==, figureFileBig=r4f6smdMe1cZH3MrjhTJXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714927390519334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=CN, label=图10, caption=不同工况相同节流量时机组功率响应曲线, figureFileSmall=0uQeyNP6H0Uf1xEM+rIgsw==, figureFileBig=r4f6smdMe1cZH3MrjhTJXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714927516348458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Response curves of three control strategies under different conditions, figureFileSmall=YAspibre4w/QzajgGgw5WA==, figureFileBig=+vsjAH4IASyonYBBkNuYBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714927608623151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同工况3种控制策略响应曲线, figureFileSmall=YAspibre4w/QzajgGgw5WA==, figureFileBig=+vsjAH4IASyonYBBkNuYBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714927684120628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Power incremental response curves of the unit during primary frequency modulation process, figureFileSmall=7VFe9T3LeJCqlJfUM9DshA==, figureFileBig=+OTMNMBlyXYaSRza1p5PsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714927747035193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=CN, label=图12, caption=一次调频过程机组功率增量响应曲线, figureFileSmall=7VFe9T3LeJCqlJfUM9DshA==, figureFileBig=+OTMNMBlyXYaSRza1p5PsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714927830921277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Frequency response curves of primary frequency modulation process system, figureFileSmall=Il5iR466eWoOARTFyOCDdw==, figureFileBig=CkkiuAq0pZYL/UCt0iy86g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714927935778881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=CN, label=图13, caption=一次调频过程系统频率响应曲线, figureFileSmall=Il5iR466eWoOARTFyOCDdw==, figureFileBig=CkkiuAq0pZYL/UCt0iy86g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236714928032247876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison between the model simulation values and design values

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目设计值仿真值相对误差/%
Ne/MW450450.2830
D4/(kg·s–1)19.4119.3940.100
ts4/℃168.4168.4040
D5/(kg·s–1)8.118.1120
ts5/℃129.6129.6040
tcwo5/℃126.8126.8090.007
D6/(kg·s–1)8.758.7520
ts6/℃113112.9940.008
tcwo6/(kg·s–1)110.2110.1930.009
D7/(kg·s–1)7.747.7440
ts7/℃74.794.7040
tcwo7/℃91.991.9010
D8/(kg·s–1)16.4216.6961.640
ts8/℃78.278.1850.020
tcwo8/℃75.475.3860.010
), ArticleFig(id=1236714928128716871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模型仿真值与设计值对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目设计值仿真值相对误差/%
Ne/MW450450.2830
D4/(kg·s–1)19.4119.3940.100
ts4/℃168.4168.4040
D5/(kg·s–1)8.118.1120
ts5/℃129.6129.6040
tcwo5/℃126.8126.8090.007
D6/(kg·s–1)8.758.7520
ts6/℃113112.9940.008
tcwo6/(kg·s–1)110.2110.1930.009
D7/(kg·s–1)7.747.7440
ts7/℃74.794.7040
tcwo7/℃91.991.9010
D8/(kg·s–1)16.4216.6961.640
ts8/℃78.278.1850.020
tcwo8/℃75.475.3860.010
), ArticleFig(id=1236714928220991563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Model parameters of condensate throttling system

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机组工况增益系数K时间常数T/s
100%THA–0.130 99.71
75%THA-0.113 412.89
50%THA-0.089 420.26
30%THA-0.058 531.08
), ArticleFig(id=1236714928321654863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

凝结水节流系统模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机组工况增益系数K时间常数T/s
100%THA–0.130 99.71
75%THA-0.113 412.89
50%THA-0.089 420.26
30%THA-0.058 531.08
), ArticleFig(id=1236714928422318163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Control performance evaluation indexes of the three controllers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况控制策略DX15DX30DX45IAE
100%
THA
传统PID控制策略0.170.370.5063.66
文献[14]控制策略0.200.410.5450.66
本文控制策略0.220.450.5839.54
75%
THA
传统PID控制策略0.130.320.4676.61
文献[14]控制策略0.160.360.5163.60
本文控制策略0.180.400.5451.47
50%
THA
传统PID控制策略0.080.230.38116.15
文献[14]控制策略0.110.280.43100.75
本文控制策略0.120.320.4775.40
30%
THA
传统PID控制策略0.010.030.0543.20
文献[14]控制策略0.010.030.0639.67
本文控制策略0.020.060.0922.17
), ArticleFig(id=1236714928543952985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

3种控制器控制性能评价指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况控制策略DX15DX30DX45IAE
100%
THA
传统PID控制策略0.170.370.5063.66
文献[14]控制策略0.200.410.5450.66
本文控制策略0.220.450.5839.54
75%
THA
传统PID控制策略0.130.320.4676.61
文献[14]控制策略0.160.360.5163.60
本文控制策略0.180.400.5451.47
50%
THA
传统PID控制策略0.080.230.38116.15
文献[14]控制策略0.110.280.43100.75
本文控制策略0.120.320.4775.40
30%
THA
传统PID控制策略0.010.030.0543.20
文献[14]控制策略0.010.030.0639.67
本文控制策略0.020.060.0922.17
), ArticleFig(id=1236714928627839070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Performance evaluation indexes in the process of primary frequency modulation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制策略DX15DX30DX45IAE
传统PID控制策略0.090.230.411 236
文献[14]控制策略0.090.280.491 194
本文控制策略0.170.460.61582
), ArticleFig(id=1236714928707530849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236714914509812344, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

一次调频过程中的性能评价指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制策略DX15DX30DX45IAE
传统PID控制策略0.090.230.411 236
文献[14]控制策略0.090.280.491 194
本文控制策略0.170.460.61582
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1210938006006558725, delFlag=0, nameCn=热力发电, nameEn=Thermal Power Generation, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1002-3364, eissn=null, cn=61-1111/TM, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=YWgAUXbKXZzTw3c+kJbAIA==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Thermal Power Generation, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1766639718774, updatedTime=1766640759031, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=T, firstLetterEn=T, subjectCode=Engineering, subjectName=null, subjectCodeEn=Engineering, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=YWgAUXbKXZzTw3c+kJbAIA==, picEn=jfJjUlYAGfUZwuOMQZ6AHQ==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1210942369256575009, language=CN, name=热力发电, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1766640759052, updatedTime=1766640759052, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://rlfd.chinajournal.net.cn/index.aspx?t=1, submissionEditorUrl=https://rlfd.chinajournal.net.cn/index.aspx?t=3, submissionReviewUrl=https://rlfd.chinajournal.net.cn/index.aspx?t=2, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1210942369315295266, language=EN, name=Thermal Power Generation, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1766640759066, updatedTime=1766640759066, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://rlfd.chinajournal.net.cn/index.aspx?t=1, submissionEditorUrl=https://rlfd.chinajournal.net.cn/index.aspx?t=3, submissionReviewUrl=https://rlfd.chinajournal.net.cn/index.aspx?t=2, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1210938733613449225, websiteList=[Website(id=1210941118787744741, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1210938733613449225, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN, language=CN, createTime=1766640460918, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1766640511525, updateBy=18614031015, name=热力发电-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=热力发电, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1210944690380214659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1766641312451, updateTime=1766641312451, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690359243136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1766641312446, updateTime=1766641312446, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690401186182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1766641312456, updateTime=1766641312456, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690346660223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/file/pic?fileId=ToFA0Lu4b/CNocENDvNjHA==, createTime=1766641312443, updateTime=1766641312443, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690409574792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1766641312458, updateTime=1766641312458, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690371826050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/file/pic, createTime=1766641312449, updateTime=1766641312449, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690405380487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1766641312457, updateTime=1766641312457, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690367631745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1766641312448, updateTime=1766641312448, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690388603268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1766641312453, updateTime=1766641312453, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944690392797573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118787744741, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1766641312454, updateTime=1766641312454, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1210941118926156777, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1210938733613449225, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/EN, language=EN, createTime=1766640460950, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1766640598724, updateBy=18614031015, name=热力发电-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Thermal Power Generation, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1210944709317489283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1766641316966, updateTime=1766641316966, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709296517760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1766641316961, updateTime=1766641316961, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709334266502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1766641316970, updateTime=1766641316970, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709288129151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/file/pic?fileId=ToFA0Lu4b/CNocENDvNjHA==, createTime=1766641316959, updateTime=1766641316959, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709346849416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1766641316973, updateTime=1766641316973, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709309100674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/EN/file/pic, createTime=1766641316964, updateTime=1766641316964, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709338460807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1766641316971, updateTime=1766641316971, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709300712065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1766641316962, updateTime=1766641316962, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709321683588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1766641316967, updateTime=1766641316967, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1210944709330072197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1210941118926156777, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1766641316969, updateTime=1766641316969, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=热力发电, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=null, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Thermal Power Generation, journalPhotoCn=YWgAUXbKXZzTw3c+kJbAIA==, journalPhotoEn=jfJjUlYAGfUZwuOMQZ6AHQ==, journalFirstLetter=T, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/10.19666/j.rlfd.202407172, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/EN/10.19666/j.rlfd.202407172, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/PDF/10.19666/j.rlfd.202407172, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/EN/PDF/10.19666/j.rlfd.202407172, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
火电机组凝结水节流系统优化控制及一次调频性能分析
收藏切换
PDF下载
杨成帅 1 , 房方 1 , 何成兵 2
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025,54(3): 108-120
收起
收藏切换
热力发电 | 热能科学研究 2025, 54(3): 108-120
火电机组凝结水节流系统优化控制及一次调频性能分析
全屏
杨成帅1 , 房方1 , 何成兵2
作者信息
  • 1.华北电力大学控制与计算机工程学院,北京 102206
  • 2.华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206
  • 杨成帅(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为火电机组建模与优化控制,

通讯作者:

房方(1976),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为发电过程建模与控制、先进能源系统分析与优化,
Optimization control of condensate throttling system in thermal power units and analysis of primary frequency regulation performance
Chengshuai YANG1 , Fang FANG1 , Chengbing HE2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Control and Computer Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
  • 2.School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2025-03-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407172
文章导航
收藏切换

常规蒸汽调节阀主要承担功率调节任务,同时兼顾小范围的一次调频,凝结水节流可在一定程度上改变机组的能量分布,是一种有潜力、可供选择的辅助调频手段。为深入探究凝结水节流的调频能力,剖析了其工作原理及优势,建立了凝结水节流系统的静、动态模型,分析了调频特性,并给出了调频边界条件。为综合提高凝结水节流一次调频性能,将系统动态模型进行线性化,进而设计了一种基于模型切换的模糊预测控制策略:在预测控制算法中引入模糊逻辑,实时修正控制加权系数,根据工况变化,动态切换预测模型以提升控制品质。基于某600 MW机组的实际数据开展算例分析,结果表明:凝结水节流静、动态调频能力随着机组负荷升高而提升,具有一次调频工程应用价值;与传统PID和模糊参数自整定PID控制器相比,在不同工况下,所提出的控制策略的调节时间和性能指标均较优异,对于工况变化具有较好的适应性。

火电机组  /  一次调频  /  凝结水节流  /  模型切换  /  模糊预测控制

The conventional steam valve predominantly manages power regulation tasks while also addresses limited-scale primary frequency regulation. Condensate throttling can change energy distribution of the unit to a certain extent, and serve as a potential and selectable auxiliary frequency regulation method. To delve deeper into the frequency regulation capability of condensate throttling, the working principle and advantages are dissected, and static and dynamic models of the condensate throttling system are established, the frequency regulation characteristics are analyzed and the frequency modulation boundary conditions are outlined. To comprehensively enhance the dynamic performance of the condensate throttling primary frequency regulation, the system dynamic model is linearized, and then a model-switching fuzzy predictive control strategy is proposed. In this control strategy, fuzzy logic is introduced into the predictive controller algorithm to dynamically adjust control weighting coefficients in real-time, and predictive models are dynamically switched according to operational changes to enhance control quality. Case studies based on actual data from a certain 600 MW unit are conducted, indicating the static and dynamic frequency modulation capabilities of condensate throttling increase with the unit load, which has engineering application value in primary frequency regulation. Compared with the conventional PID and self-tuning fuzzy parameter PID controllers, the proposed control strategy exhibits superior adjustment time and performance metrics under various operating conditions, demonstrating better adaptability to changes in operating conditions.

thermal power unit  /  primary frequency modulation  /  condensed water throttling  /  model switching  /  fuzzy predictive control
杨成帅, 房方, 何成兵. 火电机组凝结水节流系统优化控制及一次调频性能分析. 热力发电, 2025 , 54 (3) : 108 -120 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407172
Chengshuai YANG, Fang FANG, Chengbing HE. Optimization control of condensate throttling system in thermal power units and analysis of primary frequency regulation performance[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2025 , 54 (3) : 108 -120 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407172
减少化石能源利用,加快建设新能源为主体的新型电力系统是实现“碳达峰、碳中和”目标的重要途经。截止2023年底,我国非化石能源装机容量达152 933万kW,占总装机容量的52.4%,发电量达31907亿kW·h,占总发电量的33.7%[1]。由于新能源发电具有随机性和不确定性,大规模并网势必对电网频率产生冲击。随着电源结构的调整,火力发电的角色正在从基础支撑性电源向灵活调节电源转变,挖掘火力发电机组调频潜力,不断提升机组灵活性势在必行[2-4]
传统汽轮机主蒸汽调节阀节流调频方式无法兼顾经济性和调频性能,为此部分学者提出利用汽轮机侧蓄能提高机组一次调频能力,凝结水节流可在一定程度上改变机组的能量分布,是一种有潜力的、可供选择的辅助调频手段[5]
对于凝结水节流的研究主要分为模型建立和控制器设计2个方面,文献[6-9]通过构建凝结水节流系统静态模型,分析得出凝结水节流可以有效扩展机组变负荷范围。文献[10-11]采用数据驱动的方法建立了凝结水节流系统模型,但数据模型存在物理意义不明确、状态参数无法对应表达等问题。文献[12-13]采用机理建模和数据驱动相结合的方法,分别以除氧器和低压加热器(低加)为对象建立凝结水节流系统模型,但模型仅包含单个加热器特性,没有考虑多个加热器之间的耦合关系。
凝结水节流调节常采用PID控制器,其结构简单、控制器参数整定方便,但存在工况变化的适应性问题。许多研究者对凝结水节流控制器进行优化设计,文献[14]将模糊控制与PID控制相结合,利用模糊控制逻辑动态修正控制器参数,但在工况变化时,为求最优控制效果仍需手动调节PID控制器初始参数。文献[15]基于模糊控制逻辑和多工况凝结水系统模型设计了单回路控制结构,可以在一定程度上提升对工况变化的适应性。文献[16-18]通过采用改进控制系统结构、调整负荷分配策略等方法优化凝结水节流的调节效果,从与直流机组耦合关系方面提升凝结水节流调频性能。
综上所述,目前对于凝结水节流调节的研究中,较少考虑多个加热器间的耦合关系,以及机组工况变化对凝结水节流特性的影响;同时,针对凝结水节流调节的研究常以PID控制器为基础,控制算法比较传统。为此,本文首先介绍凝结水节流一次调频原理及优势,初步分析其具有一定调频潜力;然后,基于质量守恒和能量守恒定律建立凝结水节流系统静、动态模型,分析其在不同运行工况下调频特性,同时确定凝结水节流调频边界条件;其次,考虑凝结水节流系统宽负荷运行特点,将模型切换策略和模糊切换逻辑应用到预测控制器中,设计了一种基于模型切换的凝结水节流模糊预测控制策略;最后,通过算例分析验证凝结水节流系统调频控制策略可以提高凝结水节流系统一次调频响应能力。
当发电侧有功功率与用户负荷不平衡时将引起电网频率波动,发电侧需通过一次调频快速响应,以防频率波动进一步恶化。
对于火电机组,当感受到电网频率偏差时,可以通过增加或减少机组输出功率来调节发电机转速,进而抑制电网频率波动。而功率偏差可依据频率偏差和机组速度不等率进行计算:
ΔP=P0Δff0δ
式中:Δf为电网频率偏差;ΔP为机组功率偏差,本文所述均为去除死区后的偏差;P0为机组额定功率;δ为速度不等率,一般取5%;f0为电网额定频率。
在常规一次调频中,主蒸汽调节阀节流作为常用方式之一,存在节流损失问题,而凝结水节流利用汽轮机侧蓄能,可以在主蒸汽调节阀全开条件下实现负荷快速调节,是一次调频的辅助手段。
典型的纯凝式火电机组回热系统由3个高压加热器、4个低压加热器和1个除氧器组成,其结构如图1所示。图1中:DiDdi分别为第i级加热器抽汽流量和疏水流量;DcwDfwDst分别为凝结水质量流量、给水质量流量和主蒸汽质量流量。凝结水节流调节所涉及的主要对象是低压加热器和除氧器。通过减小除氧器上水调节阀开度或降低凝泵频率,迅速减小通过低压加热器和除氧器的凝结水流量的调节方式。
在节流开始时,除氧器和各级低压加热器抽汽流量基本保持不变,所释放的热量并未发生较大变化,从而导致加热器内温度、压力升高,此时加热器内压力与汽轮机抽汽口压差减小,抽汽量减少,留在汽轮机内用于做功的蒸汽量增加,进而快速提高机组输出功率。由于加热器具有自平衡特性,随着时间推移,各参数会稳定到新的平衡状态,确保节流过程平稳安全,为凝结水节流投入调频提供基础保证。
值得注意的是,进入除氧器的凝结水流量快速减少,而流出除氧器的给水流量基本保持不变,这将导致除氧器内原有蓄水减少,从而引起除氧器水位降低,所以也可以认为凝结水节流调频利用的是除氧器的蓄能。
传统的主蒸汽调节阀节流方式是通过预留一定调节阀开度来维持火电机组一次调频能力,这不仅会造成节流损失,降低机组经济性,还会降低主蒸汽阀门使用寿命。由于除氧器、再热器等大容积、大惯性设备存在,凝结水节流调频方式对机组主蒸汽压力等关键参数影响较小,同时凝结水节流作为一种利用机组回热系统蓄能的辅助调频手段,可以在不改变机组本身调频方式和调频能力的基础上,与多种调频方式协调工作,如过载补汽调节、高压加热器(高加)给水旁路等,提升机组一次调频性能,从而有效提高整个机组的安全性和运行效率。
低压加热器和高压加热器均属于表面式加热器,换热工质分处不同腔室内对流换热,而除氧器属于混合式加热器,进入除氧器的抽汽、凝结水和疏水在除氧器内接触换热。基于此换热过程,利用能量守恒和质量守恒原则建立凝结水节流系统静态模型[19]
表面式加热器:
{Dcwhwi+Ddihdi=Dihi+Dcwhw,i+1+kiDd,i1hd,i1Ddi=Di+kiDd,i1
式中:DiDdi分别为第i级加热器抽汽流量和疏水流量;Dcw为凝结水流量;hi为第i级加热器抽汽焓值;hwi为第i级加热器出口给水焓值;hdi为第i级加热器疏水焓值;ki=0,1为调整因子,当i=1和5时,ki=0,即无上级疏水,其他ki=1。高压加热器和低压加热器原理结构类似,这里以低压加热器为例介绍。
混合式加热器:
{D4h4+Dcwhw5+Dd3hd3=Dfwhw4Dfw=Dd3+D4+Dcw
式中:Dfw为给水流量。
联立式(2)和式(3)可得回热系统热平衡方程矩阵形式为:
ADi=DττiDi=[D1D2D3D4D5D6D7D8]Tτi=[τ1τ2τ3τ4τ5τ6τ7τ8]TDτ=diag(Dfw,Dfw,Dfw,Dcw,Dcw,Dcw,Dcw,Dcw)A=[q10000000γ2q2000000γ3γ3q300000γ4γ4γ4q400000000q50000000γ6q6000000γ7γ7q700000γ8γ8γ8q8]
式中:Dτ为对角矩阵;qi为抽汽焓降;γi为疏水焓降;τi为给水焓升。
对任意稳定工况,在凝结水节流过程中,抽汽口参数变化不大,式(4)中矩阵ADττi均可唯一确定,进而可求得各加热器抽汽量,最终可以得到机组输出功率:
Ne=η(Dst(hst+σhc)DiThσDB(h4hc))hσ=[h1+σhch2+σhch3hc...h4hch5hch6hch7hch8hc]T
式中:Ne为机组输出功率;Dst为主蒸汽流量;hst为主蒸汽焓值;σ为再热焓升;hc为乏汽焓值;DB为小汽轮机抽汽量;η为能量转化效率。
联立式(4)—式(5)可求得功率增量方程:
ΔNe=ηΔDcw[A1Eττi]ThσEτ=diag(0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1)
式中:ΔNe为机组输出功率变化量;ΔDcw为凝结水节流量;Eτ为对角矩阵。
凝结水节流过程将持续影响除氧器水位[20],因此计算凝结水节流最大可持续时间,可确保凝结水节流的安全性。对于横卧式圆筒结构的除氧器,其储水量可表示为:
V(h)=L[12πR2+arcsin(hR)R2+hR2h2]
式中:V为除氧器内储水体积;L为除氧器长度;R为除氧器半径;h为除氧器中心线以上水位。
则除氧器储水量变化安全裕度为:
ΔV(h)=V(h0)V(hmin)
式中:h0为除氧器正常运行水位;hmin为除氧器安全运行水位下限。
凝结水节流可持续时间为:
t=ΔV(h)ρΔDcw,max
式中:t为可持续时间;ρ为除氧器饱和水密度;ΔDcw,max为凝结水最大节流量。
无论是混合式加热器还是表面式加热器均具有较强的非线性特性,换热过程较为复杂,为简化模型,提出如下假设[21-22]:1)表面式加热器的换热管束等效为1根换热管道,各工质在壳侧和管侧均为一维流动;2)表面式加热器壳侧压力均匀一致,壳侧工质参数采用集总参数计算,认为壳侧工质均处于饱和状态;3)混合式加热器内工质均匀,视为饱和状态,且液体和汽体分界清晰。
基于上述假设,利用能量守恒、质量守恒、容积守恒等原理可得凝结水节流系统动态机理模型。
壳侧容积守恒方程:
dvi1dτ+dvi2dτ=0
式中:vi1vi2分别为壳侧饱和水与饱和蒸汽体积。
壳侧质量守恒方程:
d(ρi1vi1)dτ+d(ρi2vi2)dτ=Di+Dd,i1Ddi
式中:ρi1ρi2分别为壳侧饱和水与饱和蒸汽密度。
壳侧能量守恒方程:
d(ρi1vi1hi1)dτ+d(ρi2vi2hi2)dτ+CiMidtsidτ=Dihi+Dd,i1hd,i1Ddihdi
式中:hi1hi2分别为饱和水与饱和蒸汽焓值;Ci为加热器管道金属比热容;Mi为加热器管道金属质量;tsi为壳侧饱和温度。
管侧质量守恒方程:
Dcwi=Dcwo=Dcw
式中:Dcwi为管侧入口凝结水流量;Dcwo为管侧出口凝结水流量。
管侧能量守恒方程:
dtcwodτ=QDcwCcw(tcwotcwi)CcwiMcwi
式中:tcwotcwi为凝结水出口温度和入口温度;Q为管侧和壳侧换热量;Ccwi为凝结水比热容;Mcwi为加热器管侧凝结水质量。
壳侧与管侧换热方程:
Q=KADcw0.8(tstcwo+tcwi2)
式中:K、A为壳侧与管侧换热系数和换热面积。
联立式(10)—式(15)可得表面式加热器模型:
dνi1dτ=1ρ1ρ2(Di+Dd,i1Ddi(vi1dρi1dtsi+νi2dρi2dtsi)dtsidτ)
dtsidτ=Dihi+Dd,i1hd,i1Ddihdivi1(hi1dρi1dtsiρi1hi1ρi2hi2ρi1ρi2dρi1dtsi+ρi1dhi1dtsi)+...Qhi1ρi1hi2ρi2ρi1ρi2(Di+Dd,i1Ddi)vi2(hi2dρi2dtsiρi1hi1ρi2hi2ρi1ρi2dρi2dtsi+ρi2dhi2dtsi)+CiMi
dtcwodτ=QDcwCcwi(tcwotcwi)CcwiMcwi
除氧器容积守恒:
dv41dτ+dv42dτ=0
除氧器质量守恒方程:
d(ρ41v41)dτ+d(ρ42v42)dτ=D4+Dd3+DcwDfw
除氧器能量守恒方程:
d(ρ41v41h41)dτ+d(ρ42v42h42)dτ+C4M4dts4dτ=D4h4+Dd3hd3+Dcwhcw5Dfwhcw4
除氧器水位变化方程:
dv41dτ=2LR2h2dhdτ
联立式(19)—式(22),可得混合式加热器模型:
dts4dτ=D4h4+Dd3hd3+Dcwhcw5Dfwhcw4v41(h41dρ41dts4ρ41h41ρ42h42ρ41ρ42dρ41dts4+ρ41dh41dts4)+...h41ρ41h42ρ42ρ41ρ42(D4+Dd4+DcwDfw)v42(h42dρ42dts4ρ41h41ρ42h42ρ41ρ42dρ42dts4+ρ42dh42dts4)+C4M4
dhdτ=12LR2h2dv41dτ
dv41dτ=1ρ41ρ42(D4+Dd3+DcwDfw(v41dρ41dts4+ν42dρ42dts4)dts4dτ)
除氧器和低压加热器一般从中压缸和低压缸中抽汽,蒸汽不再经过再热器等大容积换热设备,做功转化速度较快,因此可以忽略汽轮机侧动态特性,认为汽轮机侧能量转换过程瞬间完成,仅考虑汽轮机侧稳态特性,可得汽轮机侧模型:
Ne=η(Dst(hst+σhc)i=1aDi(hi+σhc)i=a+1mDi(hihc))
式中:Ne为机组输出功率;η为能量转化效率;DstDi分别为主蒸汽流量和加热器抽气流量;hst为主蒸汽焓值;σ为再热焓升;hc为乏汽焓值;hi为第i级加热器抽汽焓值;a为高压缸抽汽级数;m为总抽汽级数。
由饱和流体性质可知,饱和状态下流体焓值、压力、密度为温度的单值函数;对于非饱和状态流体,其某一物性参数是其他物性参数的二元函数,如流体焓值h=f(t,p)。本文将利用CoolProp流体热物性数据库求取流体物性参数[22]
抽汽流量可由抽汽压差计算得到:
Di=kipipsi
式中:ki为阻力系数;pi为第i级加热器抽汽口压力;psi为第i级加热器饱和压力。
基于凝结水节流系统模型和机组回热系统数据,以某600 MW机组的75%THA工况为例,利用MATLAB/Simulink仿真平台搭建凝结水节流系统模型,阶跃减少凝结水最大节流量的50%,其仿真结果如表1图2所示。由图2a)可知,随着凝结水流量阶跃减少,机组输出功率逐渐上升,符合文献[16]所述一阶惯性趋势;由图2b)—图2d)可知,在节流过程中,由于凝结水流量迅速减少,各级加热器管侧出口凝结水温度和壳侧饱和温度逐渐上升,导致加热器与抽汽口压差减小,从而引起抽汽流量减少,符合实际情况。从表1可以看出,所搭建模型中压力、温度、流量等参数与设计值基本一致,相对误差最大不超过2%,具有较高的精度。
为解决凝结水节流系统在不同条件下动态特性不同的问题,并进一步提高其一次调频响应能力,本文提出了基于模型切换的模糊预测控制策略,此策略以预测控制作为凝结水节流系统的控制器主体,模糊控制逻辑基于控制偏差实时修正控制加权系数,保证在单次凝结水节流调频时拥有较好的控制效果,同时依据机组运行工况,动态切换预测模型,确保凝结水节流全局最优控制。基于此控制器构建凝结水节流一次调频系统结构框图如图3所示。图3中:G1(s)、G2(s)、G3(s)、G4(s)分别为30%THA、50%THA、75%THA、100%THA工况下凝结水节流系统模型。
当进行调频时,首先根据频率偏差及机组负荷经调频量计算模块计算得出所需负荷增量作为输出目标值,其中一次调频量计算模块包括死区、频差-功率运算、安全限幅等环节;其次基于负荷偏差和模糊切换逻辑计算控制加权系数,同时根据当前机组负荷确定预测模型;然后利用二次规划方法最小化目标准则求得最优凝结水流量;最后送入凝结水节流系统中进行节流控制,精确调节机组负荷,从而快速抑制频率波动。综上可得凝结水节流系统控制策略流程如图4
为了便于设计控制器,基于离线辨识方法将所建非线性模型线性化为增量式线性模型。凝结水节流量与机组输出功率增量之间关系可用一阶惯性表示[16,23]
ΔNeΔDcw=KTs+1
分别在不同工况下,阶跃减少凝结水最大节流量的50%,利用最小二乘辨识算法得到不同工况下凝结水节流系统线性模型参数,具体见表2
预测控制算法一般分为预测模型、滚动优化和反馈校正3个部分[24-25]
针对式(28),采用零阶保持器得到凝结水节流系统的离散状态方程[26-27]
{xm(k+1)=Amx(k)+Bmu(k)ym(k)=Cmx(k)
式中:AmBmCm、均为系统矩阵;xuy分别为模型的状态、输入和输出。将式(29)整理成增广方程为:
{x(k+1)=Ax(k)+BΔu(k)y(k)=Cx(k)x(k+1)=[Δxm(k+1)ym(k+1)]A=[Am0mCmAm1]TB=[BmCmBm]C=[0m1]
利用初始状态和式(30)可以得到输出预测为:
Y^=Fx(k)+GΔUY^=[y^(k+1)y^(k+Np)]TΔU=[Δu(k)Δu(k+Nc1)]TF=[CACA2CA3CANp]TG=[CB0000CABCB000CA2BCABCB00CANp1BCANp2BCANp2BCANpNcB]
式中:NpNc分别为预测步长和控制步长。
为了求得最优输入量,以预测输出偏差和预测输入能量最小为原则,设计目标准则为:
J=(RY)T(RY)+ΔUTPΔU
式中:R为设定值向量;P为控制加权系数λk矩阵,为对角矩阵。
利用式(31)和式(32)可得标准二次型目标准则函数,利用二次规划即可求得最优输入量为:
J=(RFx(k))T(RFx(k))2ΔUTGT(RFx(k))+ΔUT(GTG+P)ΔU
在控制过程中,由于存在外部干扰等因素,预测值会出现较大偏差,此时需要进行反馈校正。
k时刻输出误差为:
e(k)=y(k)y^(k)
k时刻输出预测为:
y^re(k+i)=y^(k+i)+γe(k)
式中:e(k)为输出误差值;y(k)为实际输出值;y^(k)为输出预测值;y^re(k+i)为修正后的输出预测值;γ为修正系数。
表2可以看出,随着机组负荷降低,凝结水节流系统的增益系数逐渐降低,时间常数逐渐增大,在100%THA工况下时间常数为9.71 s,而在30%THA工况下时间常数为31.08 s,大于100%THA工况下的3倍,凝结水节流系统动态性能急剧下降,因此依据机组运行工况动态切换节流模型,实现凝结水节流全局最优控制。
考虑到模型预测控制对于模型精度存在较小偏差时具有较强的适应性,因此在上述工况下辨识得到的模型适用于一定负荷范围内,所以在对应工况±2%THA范围内模型权重设为1,对于两相邻模型的权重依据机组运行工况进行线性分配,最终可得权重分配策略如图5所示。
由式(33)可知,控制加权系数λk对输入变化量Δu(k)有直接影响,同时在不同工况、不同调频量下,所需要凝结水节流量差别较大,如采用固定控制加权系数,势必会降低一部分控制效果,因此,本文采用模糊控制原理自校正此参数,使输出功率获得更快的响应速度,同时避免超调过大造成生产事故。
模糊切换逻辑一般包含输入量模糊化、规则库、模糊推理和输出量解模糊4部分。模糊算法的输入量可选取调频时功率增量的设定值和实际值的偏差,由于凝结水节流前凝结水流量不同、凝结水泵安全运行范围等条件限制,不同工况下凝结水节流调频能力不同,调节范围跨度较大,模糊逻辑修正性能下降,因此本文选择输出功率的预测偏差e^(k+d)的归一化e^˜(k+d)作为输入变量:
e^˜(k+d)=|y0y^(k+d)y0|
式中:y0为某次调频时凝结水节流系统功率增量设定值;y^(k+d)为输出预测值。
归一化偏差e^˜(k+d)论域空间选取[0 1],隶属度函数采用三角形隶属度函数,记为A={MIN, MID, MAX},具体如图6所示。控制加权系数λk的论域空间选取为{0.06, 0.12, 0.25},隶属度函数采用单值函数,可记为B={MIN, MID, MAX},具体如图7所示。当归一化偏差较大时,应选择较小的控制加权系数,加快调节速率;当归一化偏差较小时,此时功率增量逐渐接近设定值,应选择较大的控制加权系数,防止功率增量超调,调节品质下降。
输出量解模糊采用加权推理机制,可以得到控制加权系数λk为:
λk=l=1mμλklμel
式中:μλkl为第l条模糊规则中控制加权系数λk对应的隶属度;μel为第l条模糊规则中输入变量对应的隶属度;m为模糊规则的总条数。
本算例以某亚临界600 MW机组为研究对象,该机组额定主蒸汽压力为16.67 MPa,主蒸汽流量为1 787 t/h,汽轮机为N600-16.7/538/538型、一次中间再热、三缸四排汽、八段抽汽、凝汽式汽轮机。
机组额定凝结水流量为382 kg/s,最小保护流量为95 kg/s,除氧器半径R=1.9 m,除氧器长度d=30.0 m,以除氧器中心线为零水位点,正常运行水位为0.2 m,即物理水位高度为2.1 m,水位安全波动范围为±0.2 m。基于所建静态模型可求得凝结水节流调负荷范围和可持续时间。在实际一次调频过程中,减小主蒸汽调节阀开度即可较为经济地实现减负荷操作,因此这里仅考虑凝结水节流增负荷能力,结果如图8所示。
图8可以看出,在100%THA、75%THA、50%THA、30%THA工况下,凝结水节流最大可增加机组出力分别为37.6、29.1、9.0、1.9 MW,约可以提高0.157、0.121、0.038、0.008 Hz的调频能力。
随着机组负荷下降,凝结水节流调负荷范围减小,可持续时间增加。为确保变工况下凝结水节流过程中的安全性,利用数据拟合的方法可得负荷调节范围和可持续时间与运行工况之间的关系式,以此作为凝结水节流过程中边界条件:
{ΔPlim=0.090 3Ne15.141 8Δtlim=994 2e0.017 41Ne+337.3e0.002 634Ne
为了验证凝结水节流动态调节性能,进行开环阶跃扰动实验。在100%THA工况下阶跃凝结水流量分别减少50、100、150 kg/s,以及在100%THA、75%THA、50%THA、30%THA等不同工况下阶跃凝结水流量减少50 kg/s的仿真结果如图9图10
图9可以看出,同一工况不同节流量时,凝结水节流系统功率增量分别为6.44、12.99、19.64、26.36 MW,调节时间分别为33、31、28、21 s,随着凝结水节流量增加,机组输出功率增大,且与节流量成正比,调节时间减小,系统调节速度较快。
图10可以看出,在不同工况相同节流量条件下,凝结水节流系统功率增量分别为6.44、5.59、4.46、2.98 MW,调节时间分别为33、44、64、78 s,随着机组负荷降低,机组输出功率增量减小,调节时间增大,系统调节性能越差。且从调节时间变化可知,相比于改变节流量时系统调节时间变化较快,机组工况变化对凝结水节流系统动态特性影响较大。
在不同运行工况,凝结水节流系统动态特性不同,通过设置多种实验条件进行仿真,与传统PID控制器、文献[14]所提出的模糊参数自整定PID控制器对比分析,验证本文所提出的基于模型切换的模糊预测控制策略在大范围工况下的可行性和优越性。
基于75%THA工况模型设计模糊预测控制器和PID控制器,模糊预测控制器参数设置为控制加权系数λk=0.2、预测步长Np=50、控制步长Nc=5;PID控制器参数设置为比例系数Kp=–5、积分系数Ki=–0.6、微分系数Kd=4。
首先仅考虑火电机组本身性能,分别在100%THA、75%THA、50%THA、30%THA工况下,机组输入阶跃改变–0.021 Hz的频率偏差,验证本文所提出的控制策略下机组功率跟踪效果。同时采用绝对误差积分评价指标(IAE)和15、30、45 s的一次调频效果性能指标(DXt)分析调节效果[28],结果如图11表3所示。
{IAE=0t|e(t)|dtDXt=0t(P(t)Pt0)dt0t(Δf50δP0)dt
式中:P(t)为一次调频开始后t时刻机组输出功率;Pt0为一次调频开始时机组输出功率。
图11b)可知,在设计工况下,3种控制策略调节时间分别为45、36、31 s,表明本文所提控制策略响应速度较快,控制性能较好。由图11a)、图11c)、图11d)可知,当机组运行工况偏离设计工况时,本文所提控制策略与2种对比策略响应曲线偏差增加,在低负荷工况时2种对比控制策略出现超调,且随着负荷降低,超调量增加。这是因为机组工况越低,凝结水节流系统调节时间越大,动态特性偏离控制器的设计工况越大,控制器控制效果较差。由图11d)可知,在30%THA工况,功率增量仅为1.1 MW,这是由于在低负荷时,凝结水节流调频能力不足,无法满足–0.021 Hz所需的调频量。
表3为3种控制器控制性能评价指标。由表3可知:在同一工况下,本文所提出的控制策略在15、30和45 s的一次调频效果性能指标均大于另外2种策略的评价指标,同时绝对误差积分指标均小于另外2种策略,整体控制效果优异;当工况大于50%THA时,本文所提出控制策略的一次调频效果性能指标,能够满足《江苏电网统调发电机组深度调峰技术规范》中的第一档0.2/0.3/0.5要求,但未满足第二档0.4/0.6/0.7要求,因此凝结水节流适合作为辅助一次调频手段;在30%THA工况下,2种评价指标与其他3种工况下偏差较大,这是由于凝结水节流调节能力限制,无法达到–0.021 Hz所需的调频量。
其次考虑网侧负荷波动进行仿真分析,验证凝结水节流系统一次调频性能。本文采用文献[29]提出的600 MW负荷-发电机模型及一次调频模型结构,并设置0.05 p.u.的区域负荷阶跃扰动量,仿真结果如图12图13所示。
图12可知,传统PID控制策略和文献[14]提出的控制策略调节时间分别为88 s和77 s,本文所提出控制策略的调节时间为37 s,调节速度较快。
图13可知,3种控制策略最大调频偏差约为–0.190 Hz,稳定频率偏差约为–0.078 Hz,而若源侧不加以调频控制,网侧频率偏差波动约为–0.208 Hz,即凝结水节流提供了约0.130 Hz调频能力。同时在频率恢复时传统PID控制策略、文献[14]控制策略和本文控制策略的超调量分别为0.023、0.029、0.013 Hz,本文控制效果较好。
表4可知,本文所提出的控制策略下15、30、45 s的一次调频效果性能指标分别为0.17、0.46、0.61,基本满足调频要求。
为提高机组一次调频能力,高效利用汽轮机蓄能,本文针对凝结水节流系统进行全面分析,提出了一种基于模型切换的模糊预测控制策略,构建了完整的一次调频系统,主要研究结论如下。
1)基于能量守恒、质量守恒等原理构建了凝结水节流系统的静、动态模型,分析了其在不同工况下调频特性,以某600 MW机组数据进行算例验证,结果表明,凝结水节流系统具有一定调频能力,且调频能力随着机组负荷升高而增大,同时系统动态性能也随之提升。
2)与传统PID控制策略和文献[14]提出的模糊参数自整定PID控制策略对比分析的结果表明,本文提出的基于模型切换的模糊预测控制策略的调节时间和评价指标均优于另外2种控制策略,调节速度较快且几乎不发生超调,控制效果较好,可为凝结水节流系统性能改造提供一定借鉴。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4100400)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
[1]
国家统计局. 中华人民共和国2023年国民经济和社会发展统计公报[EB/OL]. (2024-02-29)[2024-06-24]. https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/zxfb/202402/t20240228_1947915.html.
National Bureau of Statistics. Statistical bulletin of the People’s Republic of China on national economic and social development 2023[EB/OL]. (2024-02-29) [2024-06-24]. https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/zxfb/202402/t20240228_1947915.html.
[2]
赵永亮, 许朋江, 居文平, 等. 燃煤发电机组瞬态过程灵活高效协同运行的理论与技术研究综述[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2023, 43(6): 2080-2100.
ZHAO Yongliang, XU Pengjiang, JU Wenping, et al. Overview of theoretical and technical research on flexible and efficient synergistic operation of coal-fired power units during transient processes[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2023, 43(6): 2080-2100.
[3]
王月明, 姚明宇, 张一帆, 等. 煤电的低碳化发展路径研究[J]. 热力发电, 2022, 51(1): 11-20.
WANG Yueming, YAO Mingyu, ZHANG Yifan, et al. Study on low-carbon development path of coal-fired power generation[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2022, 51(1): 11-20.
[4]
黄畅, 张攀, 王卫良, 等. 燃煤发电产业升级支撑我国节能减排与碳中和国家战略[J]. 热力发电, 2021, 50(4): 1-6.
HUANG Chang, ZHANG Pan, WANG Weiliang, et al. The upgradation of coal-fired power generation industry supports China’s energy conservation, emission reduction and carbon neutrality[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2021, 50(4): 1-6.
[5]
张圆圆, 张普森, 聂浩, 等. 火电机组蒸汽工质侧快速变负荷方法研究进展[J]. 洁净煤技术, 2023, 29(6): 49-58.
ZHANG Yuanyuan, ZHANG Pusen, NIE Hao, et al. Research progress of fast variable load method on steam working medium side of thermal power unit[J]. Clean Coal Technology, 2023, 29(6): 49-58.
[6]
韩中合, 向鹏, 袁景泉, 等. 基于凝结水节流调节的供热机组快速变负荷性能研究[J]. 汽轮机技术, 2020, 62(1): 6-11.
HAN Zhonghe, XIANG Peng, YUAN Jingquan, et al. Research on rapid load change performance of heat supply units based on condensate throttling[J]. Turbine Technology, 2020, 62(1): 6-11.
[7]
王玮, 刘吉臻, 曾德良, 等. 凝结水节流变负荷能力静态建模与分析[J]. 动力工程学报, 2015, 35(9): 740-745.
WANG Wei, LIU Jizhen, ZENG Deliang, et al. Static modeling and analysis of on load change capacity of condensate throttling[J]. Chinese Journal of Power Engineering, 2015, 35(9): 740-745.
[8]
HAN Z H, XIANG P. Modeling condensate throttling to improve the load change performance of cogeneration units[J]. Energy, 2020, 192: 116684.
[9]
WANG W, LIU J Z, ZENG D L. Modeling for condensate throttling and its application on the flexible load control of power plants[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2016, 95: 303-310.
[10]
赵征, 孙昊天, 杨蕃. 凝结水节流的动态特性分析及模型辨识[J]. 电力科学与工程, 2019, 35(1): 62-66.
ZHAO Zheng, SUN Haotian, YANG Fan. Research on dynamic characteristics analysis and identification based on condensate throttling[J]. Electric Power Science and Engineering, 2019, 35(1): 62-66.
[11]
MA L Y, LI F, CHENG L, et al. An intelligent dual optimization approach for improved load following of supercritical power unit based on condensate throttling[C]. IFAC World Congress, 2018.
[12]
胡勇, 刘吉臻, 曾德良, 等. 1 000 MW火电机组凝结水节流系统动态模型研究[J]. 太原理工大学学报, 2014, 45(6): 818-822.
HU Yong, LIU Jizhen, ZENG Deliang, et al. Dynamic model of condensate throttling system in 1 000 MW coal-fired power plant[J]. Journal of Taiyuan University of Technology, 2014, 45(6): 818-822.
[13]
HU Y, LIU J Z, ZENG D L, et al. Dynamic model of condensate throttling system in 1000 MW coal-fired power plant[J]. Journal of Taiyuan University of Technology, 2014, 58: 622-628.
[14]
孙海蓉, 耿军亚, 王蕊. 凝结水节流模糊参数自整定PID控制器[J]. 热力发电, 2017, 46(2): 75-80.
SUN Hairong, GENG Junya, WANG Rui. Application of fuzzy adaptive PID controller in condensate throttling technology[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2017, 46(2): 75-80.
[15]
赵征, 于悦波, 孙昊天. 基于凝结水节流的新型协调优化控制策略[J]. 动力工程学报, 2021, 41(2): 107-112.
ZHAO Zheng, YU Yuebo, SUN Haotian. Optimization of a new coordinated control strategy based on condensate throttling[J]. Journal of Power Engineering, 2021, 41(2): 107-112.
[16]
杨巍, 龙东腾, 牛玉广. 基于凝结水节流串级控制的新型协调控制[J]. 热力发电, 2017, 46(4): 125-131.
YANG Wei, LONG Dongteng, NIU Yuguang. A novel coordinated control strategy based on condensate throttling cascade control[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2017, 46(4): 125-131.
[17]
刘吉臻, 王耀函, 曾德良, 等. 凝结水节流参与的超超临界机组一次调频控制方法[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2017, 37(24): 7216-7222.
LIU Jizhen, WANG Yaohan, ZENG Deliang, et al. A primary frequency regulation method of USC units based on condensate throttling[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2017, 37(24): 7216-7222 .
[18]
WANG W, LU L Z, LONG D T, et al. Improved boiler-turbine coordinated control of 1 000 MW power units by introducing condensate throttling[J]. Journal of Process Control, 2017, 50: 11-18.
[19]
张开萍, 高明明, 张洪福, 等. 基于凝结水节流及热网蓄能的循环流化床供热机组变负荷性能研究[J]. 热力发电, 2022, 51(4): 47-54.
ZHANG Kaiping, GAO Mingming, ZHANG Hongfu, et al. Research on variable load performance of CFB heating unit based on condensate throttle and thermal network energy storage[J]. Thermal power generation, 2022, 51(4): 47-54.
[20]
赵征, 孙赫宇, 陈江丽. 基于AGC负荷指令优化分解的火电机组蓄能综合利用[J]. 动力工程学报, 2023, 43(5): 575-581.
ZHAO Zheng, SUN Heyu, CHEN Jiangli. Optimized decomposition of AGC load command for comprehensive utilization of energy storage in the thermal power unit[J]. Journal of Power Engineering, 2023, 43(5): 575-581.
[21]
谷俊杰, 王鹏. 超超临界机组凝结水节流负荷调节的建模与仿真[J]. 系统仿真学报, 2015, 27(12): 2920-2926.
GU Junjie, WANG Peng. Modeling and simulation for ultra supercritical units load regulation by condensate throttling[J]. Journal of System Simulation, 2015, 27(12): 2920-2926.
[22]
黄怡涵, 郝玲, 陈磊, 等. 适用于多种一次调频技术及工况变化的抽汽凝汽式汽轮机数学模型[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2024, 44(15): 6065-6078.
HUANG Yihan, HAO Ling, CHEN Lei, et al. Mathematical model of extraction condensing steam turbine suitable for multiple primary frequency regulation technologies and various operating conditions[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE, 2024, 44(15): 6065-6078.
[23]
龙东腾, 王玮, 刘吉臻. 凝结水节流参与的1 000 MW火电机组快速变负荷调节[J]. 动力工程学报, 2017, 37(3): 249-256.
LONG Dongteng, WANG Wei, LIU Jizhen. Fast load regulation of 1 000 MW thermal power unit by condensate throttling[J]. Journal of Power Engineering, 2017, 37(3): 249-256.
[24]
冯旭刚, 鲍立昌, 章家岩. 改进粒子群优化的燃气发电锅炉主汽压模糊预测控制策略[J]. 西安交通大学学报, 2021, 55(3): 81-89.
FENG Xugang, BAO Lichang, ZHANG Jiayan. Improved particle swarm optimization based fuzzy predictive control strategy for main steam pressure in gas-fired power boiler[J]. Journal of Xi’an Jiaotong University, 2021, 55(3): 81-89.
[25]
栾丛超, 曹进辉, 程成, 等. 基于模型预测控制算法的供热机组负荷控制[J]. 热力发电, 2022, 51(10): 114-121.
LUAN Congchao, CAO Jinhui, CHENG Cheng, et al. Load control of heating unit based on model prediction algorithm[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2022, 51(10): 114-121.
[26]
黄磊, 魏莱, 杨建龙, 等. 基于模型预测的直驱式波浪发电机机侧最优功率控制技术研究[J]. 电工技术学报, 2024, 39(14): 4391-4404.
HUANG Lei, WEI Lai, YANG Jianlong, et al. Optimal power control technology of direct-drive wave power generation system based on model prediction[J]. Journal of electrical engineering technology, 2024, 39(14): 4391-4404.
[27]
何家乐, 姜超, 孙正龙, 等. 含虚拟电厂的互联电力系统负荷频率预测控制[J/OL]. 电源学报: 2024, 1-13[2024-06-24]. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/12.1420.TM.20231023.1601.008.html.
HE Jiale, JIANG Chao, SUN Zhenglong, et al. Load frequency predictive control of interconnected power system with virtual power plant[J/OL]. Journal of Power Sources: 2024, 1-13[2024-06-24]. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/12.1420.TM.20231023.1601.008.html.
[28]
国家能源局. 华东区域电力并网运行管理实施细则[EB/OL]. (2022-08-29)[2024-06-24]. https://hdj.nea.gov.cn/xxgk/fdzdgknr/jgsx/scjhyjg/202402/t20240210_249098.html.
National Energy Administration. Implementation rules of grid-connected operation administration in east China [EB/OL]. (2022-08-29)[2024-06-24]. https://hdj.nea.gov.cn/xxgk/fdzdgknr/jgsx/scjhyjg/202402/t20240210_249098.html.
[29]
何林轩, 李文艳. 飞轮储能辅助火电机组一次调频过程仿真分析[J]. 储能科学与技术, 2021, 10(5): 1679-1686.
HE Linxuan, LI Wenyan. Simulation of the primary frequency modulation process of thermal power units with the auxiliary of flywheel energy storage[J]. Energy Storage Science and Technology, 2021, 10(5): 1679-1686.
2025年第54卷第3期
PDF下载
84
37
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202407172
  • 接收时间:2024-07-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2025-03-25
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2024-07-01
基金
National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFB4100400)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB4100400)
作者信息
    1.华北电力大学控制与计算机工程学院,北京 102206
    2.华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206

通讯作者:

房方(1976),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为发电过程建模与控制、先进能源系统分析与优化,
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/rlfd/CN/10.19666/j.rlfd.202407172
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏