Article(id=1236699944984310476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, issueId=1236699937195479441, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19666/j.rlfd.202401011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705161600000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1772781843658, onlineDateStr=2026-03-06, pubDate=1727193600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1772781843658, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1772781843658, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781843658, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1236699937195479441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, year='2024', volume='53', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='154', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1772781841801, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772781841801, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=136, endPage=146, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1236699946347459286, articleId=1236699944984310476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, language=EN, title=Capacity scheduling optimization analysis of on/off grid wind solar hybrid hydrogen synthesis ammonia system, columnId=1236699938319552915, journalTitle=Thermal Power Generation, columnName=Hydrogen storage technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to reduce the fluctuation of renewable energy power generation output and improve the utilization rate of renewable energy, this paper designs an on/off grid wind solar hybrid hydrogen synthesis ammonia system. Taking the maximum annual revenue of the system as the objective function, considering the operation constraints such as power balance, hydrogen balance and grid interaction, a capacity allocation scheduling optimization model is established. Taking the real output of the wind and solar energy in a certain area of Inner Mongolia as the input, through the analysis on wind and solar energy capacity ratio, this paper explores the technical and economic effect of the wind and solar energy capacity ratio on the system. The results show that, after the capacity configuration and scheduling optimization of the on/off grid wind solar complementary hydrogen and ammonia system, the system can reasonably switch the working state under different wind and solar output conditions, stabilize the wind and solar fluctuations, and realize the stable and efficient operation of ammonia equipment. The grid connected system is better than the off grid system. Through the analysis of the ratio of wind and solar capacity, in the case area, with the increase of wind capacity, the capacity of electrolyzer and hydrogen storage tank to be configured in the system shows a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. When the capacity of wind power generation and photovoltaic power generation is close to or equal, the economic efficiency of the system is high.

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为降低可再生能源发电出力波动,提高可再生能源利用率,设计了一种并/离网风光互补制氢合成氨系统。以系统年收益最大作为目标函数,考虑系统电平衡、氢平衡以及电网交互等运行约束,建立了容量配置-调度优化模型,以内蒙古某地区风光真实出力作为输入,通过风光容量配比分析,探究风光容量配比对系统的技术经济影响。结果表明:经过容量配置与调度优化后,并/离网风光互补制氢合成氨系统能够在不同风光出力情况下合理切换工作状态,平抑风光波动,实现合成氨设备的稳定高效运行,并网型系统优于离网型系统;在案例区域内,随着风电容量的提高,系统需配置的电解槽与储氢罐容量呈现先减小后增大的趋势,当风力发电与光伏发电容量接近或相等时,系统经济效率较高。

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徐钢(1978),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为先进发电技术及氢能综合利用,
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邓振宇(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为氢能系统规划及运行优化,

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邓振宇(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为氢能系统规划及运行优化,

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邓振宇(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为氢能系统规划及运行优化,

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China Rural Water and Hydropower, 1-15 [2024-04-09].http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/42.1419.TV.20240112.1704.034.html., articleTitle=Research on day ahead scheduling of pumped storage power station considering rotating reserve requirement, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1236699956803858556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699944984310476, awardId=52090064, language=EN, fundingSource=Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52090064), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1236699956879356032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699944984310476, awardId=52090064, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金重大项目(52090064), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1236699948922762100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699944984310476, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1236699948931150709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236699955822391390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699944984310476, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effect of wind and solar capacity ratio on the cost of ammonia levelization, figureFileSmall=6mqoirX8gD3Iq3XivZoJeA==, figureFileBig=e9VA3jfw+vbQ/ZWDi/ioIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236699955914666083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699944984310476, language=CN, label=图8, caption=风光容量配比对于合成氨平准化成本影响, figureFileSmall=6mqoirX8gD3Iq3XivZoJeA==, figureFileBig=e9VA3jfw+vbQ/ZWDi/ioIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1236699955990163558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1210938733613449225, articleId=1236699944984310476, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Economic indicators for each equipment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备名称单位购置成本年均运维
成本比例/%
风力发电设备4 800元/kW2
光伏发电设备3 800元/kW1
空分设备与合成氨设备4 100元/t2
电解槽2 000元/kW2
储氢罐1 750元/kg1
蓄电池3 000元/(kW·h)2
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各设备经济指标

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设备名称单位购置成本年均运维
成本比例/%
风力发电设备4 800元/kW2
光伏发电设备3 800元/kW1
空分设备与合成氨设备4 100元/t2
电解槽2 000元/kW2
储氢罐1 750元/kg1
蓄电池3 000元/(kW·h)2
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Technical parameters and model constraints for key equipment

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设备名称项目数值
空分合成氨设备额定容量/(万t·a–1)20
氨转化效率/%98
氨单位产量电耗/((MW·h)·t–1)0.95
电解槽额定容量(标准状态)/(m3·h–1)1 000
每吨NH3耗水量/t28
每千克氢气电耗/(kW·h)55
蓄电池储能容量上限/%90
储能容量下限/%10
充放效率/%95
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关键设备技术参数及模型约束

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设备名称项目数值
空分合成氨设备额定容量/(万t·a–1)20
氨转化效率/%98
氨单位产量电耗/((MW·h)·t–1)0.95
电解槽额定容量(标准状态)/(m3·h–1)1 000
每吨NH3耗水量/t28
每千克氢气电耗/(kW·h)55
蓄电池储能容量上限/%90
储能容量下限/%10
充放效率/%95
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System optimization results

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项目方案一方案二
电解槽/MW248.69309.03
电解槽年利用小时数/h6 487.545 113.19
储氢罐/t10.4342.48
蓄电池容量/(MW·h)0123.24
合成氨产量/(万t·a–1)15.9815.63
购电率/%8.680
售电率/%15.970
弃电率/%1.5310.00
年成本/亿元4.414.90
年收益/(万元·a–1)12 676.83 015.52
年收益率/%28.86.16
投资回收期/a3.4816.24
氨平准化成本/(元·t–1)3 206.713 807.16
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系统优化结果

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项目方案一方案二
电解槽/MW248.69309.03
电解槽年利用小时数/h6 487.545 113.19
储氢罐/t10.4342.48
蓄电池容量/(MW·h)0123.24
合成氨产量/(万t·a–1)15.9815.63
购电率/%8.680
售电率/%15.970
弃电率/%1.5310.00
年成本/亿元4.414.90
年收益/(万元·a–1)12 676.83 015.52
年收益率/%28.86.16
投资回收期/a3.4816.24
氨平准化成本/(元·t–1)3 206.713 807.16
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并/离网风光互补制氢合成氨系统容量-调度优化分析
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邓振宇 1 , 周家辉 1 , 徐钢 1 , 张润之 1 , 宋晓娜 2
热力发电 | 储氢技术 2024,53(9): 136-146
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热力发电 | 储氢技术 2024, 53(9): 136-146
并/离网风光互补制氢合成氨系统容量-调度优化分析
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邓振宇1 , 周家辉1, 徐钢1 , 张润之1, 宋晓娜2
作者信息
  • 1.华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206
  • 2.北京信息科技大学机电工程学院,北京 102206
  • 邓振宇(1999),男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为氢能系统规划及运行优化,

通讯作者:

徐钢(1978),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为先进发电技术及氢能综合利用,
Capacity scheduling optimization analysis of on/off grid wind solar hybrid hydrogen synthesis ammonia system
Zhenyu DENG1 , Jiahui ZHOU1, Gang XU1 , Runzhi ZHANG1, Xiaona SONG2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
  • 2.Mechanical Electrical Engineering School, Beijing Information Science & Technology University, Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2024-09-25 doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401011
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为降低可再生能源发电出力波动,提高可再生能源利用率,设计了一种并/离网风光互补制氢合成氨系统。以系统年收益最大作为目标函数,考虑系统电平衡、氢平衡以及电网交互等运行约束,建立了容量配置-调度优化模型,以内蒙古某地区风光真实出力作为输入,通过风光容量配比分析,探究风光容量配比对系统的技术经济影响。结果表明:经过容量配置与调度优化后,并/离网风光互补制氢合成氨系统能够在不同风光出力情况下合理切换工作状态,平抑风光波动,实现合成氨设备的稳定高效运行,并网型系统优于离网型系统;在案例区域内,随着风电容量的提高,系统需配置的电解槽与储氢罐容量呈现先减小后增大的趋势,当风力发电与光伏发电容量接近或相等时,系统经济效率较高。

风光互补  /  绿氨  /  容量调度优化  /  风光容量配比分析

In order to reduce the fluctuation of renewable energy power generation output and improve the utilization rate of renewable energy, this paper designs an on/off grid wind solar hybrid hydrogen synthesis ammonia system. Taking the maximum annual revenue of the system as the objective function, considering the operation constraints such as power balance, hydrogen balance and grid interaction, a capacity allocation scheduling optimization model is established. Taking the real output of the wind and solar energy in a certain area of Inner Mongolia as the input, through the analysis on wind and solar energy capacity ratio, this paper explores the technical and economic effect of the wind and solar energy capacity ratio on the system. The results show that, after the capacity configuration and scheduling optimization of the on/off grid wind solar complementary hydrogen and ammonia system, the system can reasonably switch the working state under different wind and solar output conditions, stabilize the wind and solar fluctuations, and realize the stable and efficient operation of ammonia equipment. The grid connected system is better than the off grid system. Through the analysis of the ratio of wind and solar capacity, in the case area, with the increase of wind capacity, the capacity of electrolyzer and hydrogen storage tank to be configured in the system shows a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. When the capacity of wind power generation and photovoltaic power generation is close to or equal, the economic efficiency of the system is high.

wind and solar complementary  /  green ammonia  /  capacity optimization scheduling  /  analysis of wind and solar capacity ratio
邓振宇, 周家辉, 徐钢, 张润之, 宋晓娜. 并/离网风光互补制氢合成氨系统容量-调度优化分析. 热力发电, 2024 , 53 (9) : 136 -146 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401011
Zhenyu DENG, Jiahui ZHOU, Gang XU, Runzhi ZHANG, Xiaona SONG. Capacity scheduling optimization analysis of on/off grid wind solar hybrid hydrogen synthesis ammonia system[J]. Thermal Power Generation, 2024 , 53 (9) : 136 -146 . DOI: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401011
为应对全球气候变化这一挑战,全球主要国家于2016年签订了《巴黎气候协定》,形成了气候共识,并制定了二氧化碳减排计划。中国于2020年宣布到2030年实现碳达峰,2060年实现碳中和的“双碳”目标。大力发展风能以及太阳能等可再生能源是实现“双碳”目标、推动能源转型发展的关键途径和重要保障[1-3]。2022年3月,中国国家发展和改革委员会与国家能源局联合发布了《氢能产业发展中长期规划(2021—2035年)》[4],明确了氢能在中国能源体系和产业结构调整和升级中的角色定位,同时强调了“构建清洁化、低碳化、低成本的多元制氢体系,重点发展可再生能源制氢,严格控制化石能源制氢”的发展基调。预计到2050年,氢能将在我国能源消费比例中占到10%[5],有望彻底改变人类的能源体系,促进第三次能源革命。
“绿氢”作为二次能源,其潜在的下游包括了化工、冶金、交通、天然气掺氢、氢储能等[6]。我国的氢能消费主要是作为工业原料用于合成氨、合成甲醇等石化领域,其中合成氨产业的氢气消耗量占全国氢气总消耗量的37%[7]。利用风光等可再生能源发电生产“绿氢”取代“灰氢”作为化工原料合成氨(renewable power to ammonia,RePtA)已经成为我国电力和化工行业碳减排的关键方向[8-9]。然而,风能与太阳能等可再生能源具有波动性大、间歇性强以及随机性高等特点,导致风光发电出力也呈现出较强的波动性。在并网型RePtA系统并网过程中可能造成供电电压和频率不够稳定等问题,导致弃风弃光现象严重。对于离网型RePtA系统生产过程中,风光发电出力直接作用于电解制氢设备,从而造成电解槽频繁启停、寿命短等问题[10]
为此,已有许多学者针对RePtA系统展开了一系列的研究。Richard等人[11]搭建了可再生能源制氢合成氨系统的优化算法模型,并研究了可再生能源波动对于RePtA系统设计规模以及经济性的影响,结果表明:可再生能源电价、电解槽成本、哈伯-博世法操作负载以及可再生能源比例是影响系统经济性的关键因素。安光禄等[12]从氨的季节性需求出发,构建了以系统年总成本最小为优化目标的可再生能源合成氨系统优化设计模型,确定了系统的最优容量配置与操作计划。林今等[13]搭建风光电解水制氢合成氨系统模型,分析对比电网调峰型、电网友好型以及工艺离网型系统的绿氨成本及适用场景,结果表明近期应该发展电网友好型RePtA系统,远期应该发展工艺离网型RePtA系统。李晨鹏等[14]建立了无碳氨成本计算方法和煤电机组氨煤混燃平准化电力成本经济模型,并评估了未来使用可再生能源生产的无碳氨在氨煤混燃机组实际应用中的技术经济性。上述研究人员在RePtA系统的容量配置、运行优化以及技术经济性方面进行了研究并取得了有价值的结果,但风光互补发电系统对于并网型系统与离网型系统的技术经济影响研究较少,而风光互补发电系统利用风光互补的特性,对RePtA系统的容量配置与调度优化均会产生影响。
基于此,本文通过构建并/离网风光互补制氢合成氨系统,以系统收益最大为目标函数,对系统各设备的容量及运行策略进行优化,同时通过风光容量配比分析探究风光容量配比对于并/离网风光互补制氢合成氨系统的技术经济影响。
根据电源侧发电方式的不同,一般将风光互补发电制氢合成氨系统分为2个类型:一类是并网型系统,风力发电与光伏发电机组产生的电能接入电网,能够利用电网交互平抑风光电能波动并供给电解槽制氢,但大规模可再生能源的接入也将造成电网电压与频率的波动,需要采取相应的措施维持电网稳定[15];另一类是离网型系统,风力发电与光伏发电机组独立发电供给电解槽制氢,需配置较高的储能设备平抑风光电能波动,总投资相较并网型系统更高,但具有灵活性高及能够独立运行等优点[16]
本文风光制氢合成氨并/离网系统结构如图1所示[13],系统包含风力发电机组和光伏阵列、电解槽制氢设备、储氢罐、蓄电池、空分设备以及合成氨设备。并网型系统不配置蓄电池,通过电网交互保持合成氨设备的稳定生产。离网型系统无电网交互,风光发电出力直接作用于电解槽设备制氢,通过配置蓄电池等储能手段提供电能缓冲保证电解制氢设备稳定运行。
1)光伏发电设备模型
光伏发电量受太阳辐射强度的影响,构建光伏系统设备模型,其表达式为[17]
PSt={ES,MGAGM[1+γ(TATM)]GA<GMES,MGAGM
式中:PSt为光伏电池的实际功率;ES,M为光伏发电设备的装机容量;GA为实际光照强度;GM为额定光照强度;γ为功率温度系数;TA为电池的表面温度;TM为电池的额定温度。
2)风力发电设备模型
风力发电系统的功率输出PWt表达式[18]为:
PWt={0,v[0,vin]v3vin3vout3vin3PWr,v(vin,vr]PWr,v(vr,vout]0,v(vout,+]
式中:PWr为风机额定功率;v为风速;vin为风机的切入风速;vout为风机的切出风速;vr为风机的额定风速。
3)电解槽设备模型及其约束
电解槽是电解水制氢的关键设备,其表达式为:
{PEL,t=λH2MH2,EL,tMO2,EL,t=aMH2,EL,t
式中:MH2,EL,tt时刻电解槽的产氢量;a为电解槽产氧量相对于产氢量的倍数;λH2为电解槽产氢的电耗系数;PEL,tt时刻电解槽的耗电功率;MO2,EL,tt时刻电解槽的产氧量。
当电解槽设备运行时,为保障其安全稳定工作,输入电解槽的功率应保持在规定的负荷区间中,具体运行约束为[19]
{PEL,t=EEL,tρmin,ELEmax,ELEEL,tρmax,ELEmax,EL
式中:EEL,t为电解槽t时刻输出功率;Emax,EL为电解槽设备容量;ρmin,EL为电解槽负荷率下限值;ρmax,EL为电解槽负荷率上限值。
4)空分与合成氨设备模型及其约束
合成氨设备采用成熟的Harbor-Bosch工艺,在催化剂作用下,由氮气和氢气合成氨,其中氢气来自电解槽设备制取,氮气来自空分设备。
空分设备表达式为:
{PN2,t=λ N2MN2,tMH2,t:MN2,t:MNH3,t=3:1:2
式中:PN2,tt时刻生产氮气的耗电功率;λ N2为生产单位氮气的耗电功率;MH2,tMN2,tMNH3,t分别为t时刻的氢气消耗量、氮气消耗量以及氨产量。
合成氨设备模型表达式为:
{PNH3,t=λ NH3MNH3,tMNH3,t=ηNH3bMH2,NH3,t
式中:PNH3,tt时刻合成氨设备的耗电功率;λ NH3为合成氨设备产绿氨的电耗系数;MNH3,t为合成氨设备t时刻所产生的绿氨质量;b为合成氨设备消耗氢气产生氨的质量系数;MH2,NH3,t为合成氨设备消耗的氢气质量;ηNH3为设备转化率,本文取0.98。
为保证合成氨设备的安全稳定生产,合成氨设备需满足运行负荷范围约束,其表达式为:
ρmin,NH3Emax,NH3MNH3,tρmax,NH3Emax,NH3
式中:Emax,NH3为合成氨设备的额定产量;ρmin,NH3ρmax,NH3分别为合成氨设备运行最低、最高负荷率。
5)储氢罐模型及其约束
储氢罐在系统中能起到平衡供氢波动性的作用,其设备模型表达式为[20]
MH2,t=MH2,t1+(MH2,in,tηH2,inMH2,out,tηH2,out)
式中:MH2,tt时刻储氢罐内部储氢量;MH2,t1t–1时刻储氢罐内部的储氢量;ηH2,inηH2,out分别为储氢罐的充气效率和放气效率;MH2,in,tMH2,out,t分别为t时刻储氢罐的充气量和放气量。
储氢罐的运行状态约束为[21]
{0MH2,in,tEmax,H2IH2,in,t0MH2,out,tEmax,H2IH2,out,tIH2,in,t+IH2,out,t1cEmax,H2MH2,tEmax,H2MH2,0=MH2,T
式中:Emax,H2为储氢罐最大充氢质量;c为储氢罐设备的容量下限系数;MH2,0MH2,T分别为储氢罐设备的初始状态时刻内部储氢量与结束状态时刻内部储氢量;IH2,in,tIH2,out,t分别为储氢罐设备在时段t内的充/放气状态标记位,0为停止,1为运行。
6)储能模型及其约束
离网型系统需配置蓄电池平抑风光出力波动,而并网型系统中不存在储能模型,其设备模型表达式为[22]
SSOCB,t=SSOCB,t1(1φ)+             (SSOCB,in,tβB,inSSOCB,out,tβB,out)
式中:SSOCB,tt时刻蓄电池内部的储能量;SSOCB,t1t–1时刻蓄电池内部的储能量;φ为蓄电池的损耗率;βB,inβB,out分别表示蓄电池的充电效率与放电效率;SSOCB,in,tSSOCB,out,t分别为t时刻蓄电池的充电量与放电量。
蓄电池的运行状态约束为[23]
{0SSOCB,in,tEmax,BIB,in,t0SSOCB,out,tEmax,BIB,out,tIB,in,t+IB,out,t1dminEmax,BSSOCB,tdmaxEmax,BSSOCB,0=SSOCB,T
式中:Emax,B为蓄电池最优容量;dmindmax分别为蓄电池储能下限和储能上限系数;SSOCB,0SSOCB,T分别为蓄电池初始状态时刻内部储能量与结束状态时刻内部储能量;IB,in,tIB,out,t分别为蓄电池在时段t内的充/放电状态标记位,0为停止,1为运行。
本文以并/离网风光互补制氢合成氨系统的总收益最高为目标函数。成本主要包括设备的初始投资成本、设备运维成本、原料采购成本、输配电成本、备用成本以及购电成本。其中,并网型系统由于新能源发电大规模接入电网产生了输配电成本与备用成本[24-25],离网型系统由于不与电网交互不涉及购电成本、输配电成本和备用成本。并网型系统收益主要来自售电收益与售氨收益,而离网型系统只涉及售氨收益。
并网型系统总收益及总成本的计算表达式为:
{EZ=ENH3+EsdCZCZ=Cyw+Ctz+Cgd+Cyl+Cby+Csp
式中:EZ为总收益;ENH3为氨收益;Esd为售电收益;CZ为总成本;Cyw为运行维修成本;Ctz为设备投资成本;Cyl为原料采购成本;Cgd为购电成本;Cby为备用成本;Csp为输配电成本。
离网型系统总收益及总成本表达式为:
{EZ=ENH3CZCZ=Cyw+Ctz+Cyl
系统售氨收益表达式为:
ENH3=t=1TSsell,tMNH3,t
式中:Ssell,tt时刻氨出售价格。
设备投资成本表达式[26]为:
Ctz=i=1N[kiEmax,iηi(1+ηi)L(1+ηi)L1]
式中:Emax,i为各设备的额定容量;N为设备总数;ki为设备单位容量的投资成本;ηi为贴现率,本文取5%;L为系统规划年限,本文取20年。
设备运行维护成本表达式为:
Cyw=i=1NkiEmax,iωi
式中:ωi为各设备运行维护成本在投资成本中的占比。
原料采购成本主要考虑生产耗工业水费用,其表达式为:
Cyl=t=1TcH2OMH2O,t
式中:cH2O为工业用水价格;MH2O,t为系统消耗的工业用水总质量。
备用成本表达式为:
Cby=t=1TcbyWsd,t
式中:cby为备用容量电价;Wsd,tt时刻的售电量。
输配电成本的表达式为:
Csp=csp(EmaxE0)
式中:csp为输配电线路成本系数;EmaxE0分别为并网型系统接入电网后的输配电线路容量与接入前的初始容量。
1)各设备容量约束
Dmin,iEmax,iDmax,i
式中:Dmax,iDmin,i分别为各个设备容量约束的上下限值。
2)并网型系统电平衡约束
PW,t+PS,t+Pgd,t=Psell,t+PEL,t+PNH3,t+Ploss,t
式中:Pgd,tPsell,tPloss,t分别为t时刻购电功率、售电功率以及弃电功率。
3)离网型系统电平衡约束
PW,t+PS,t+PB,out,t=PEL,t+PB,in,t+PNH3,t+Ploss,t
式中:PB,out,tPB,in,t分别为t时刻蓄电池放电功率与充电功率。
4)氢平衡约束
MH2,EL,t+MH2,out,t=MH2,in,t+MH2,NH3,t
5)弃电率约束
为避免系统在调度优化过程中产生大量的弃风弃光,设定最大允许弃电约束表达式为:
t=0TPloss,tεt=0T(PW,t+PS,t)
式中:ε为最大允许弃电率,本文取10%。
6)电网交互约束
考虑到电网对于并网型系统发电量的消纳问题,需对并网型系统上网电量进行约束,表达为[27]
t=0TPsell,tαt=0T(PW,t+PS,t)
式中:Psell,tt时刻系统上网电量;α为系统最大允许上网率,本文α取20%。
本文提出的并/离网型风光制氢合成氨系统基于内蒙古某地区的风光真实出力数据,以系统收益最大化为目标,对系统的容量配置以及运行调度策略进行优化求解。采用混合整数线性规划(mixed integer linear programming,MILP)模型,在Python中运用gurobi求解器对模型进行求解得出系统的容量配置和调度优化的最优结果。选取该区域2022年全年365天、时间分辨率为1 h的风光出力数据以及电价数据,建立并网型与离网型仿真模型,探究不同的容量配置对并/离网系统产生的经济性和策略性影响。并网型系统与离网型系统采用相同的经济指标和技术参数,具体见表1表2
购电电价采用内蒙古当地阶梯电价,即高峰时段、平时段以及低谷时段度电价格分别为0.68、0.52、0.34元/(kW·h);售电电价采用蒙西地区上网电价约0.30元/(kW·h);备用容量电价取0.043元/(kW·h)[28]。并网型与离网型系统配置中风电年均发电利用小时数为3 170 h,光伏年均发电利用小时数为1 670 h,合成氨年产能为20万t,风电与光伏装机容量均设定为400 MW。电解槽设备采用目前技术最为成熟的碱性电解槽,合成氨采用Harbor-Bosch工艺,电解槽、储氢罐、蓄电池等设备规模通过仿真模拟确定。
并/离网型风光制氢合成氨系统生产的主要产品为液氨,参考国内行情售价取4 000元/t。氨的平准化成本是从项目全寿命周期的角度出发,通过整个寿命期内的总成本净现值与全寿命周期净氨年产量之比,计算方法采用文献[14]的平准化无碳氨成本。以内蒙古自治区第一批风光制氢合成氨示范工程的约束条件,仿真求解得出并/离网型风光制氢合成氨系统年收益最优的设备配置规模。
本文通过对案例区域风光实际出力数据的统计分析,在风光制氢合成氨连续生产的基础上,以系统年收益最大作为目标,对并/离网型风光制氢合成氨系统进行容量配置及运行调度优化。现对比并网型与离网型2种方案,探究风光容量配置对系统的影响。1)方案一为并网型风光制氢合成氨系统;2)方案二为离网型风光制氢合成氨系统。2种方案优化所得各设备容量见表3
表3可见,2种方案优化所得各设备容量存在较大差异。风能与太阳能出力存在随机性和间歇性问题,当风光出力比较充足时,2种方案都可以保证合成氨设备的连续稳定生产,而当风光出力长期持续偏少时,方案一相对方案二来说在考虑系统收益的基础上能够通过电网交互维持合成氨设备的连续生产,具有更高的稳定性。因此,方案一的电解槽利用小时数更长,同时需要的储氢空间更少,优化所得的电解槽容量以及储氢罐容量更小,分别为248.69 MW和10.43 t,而方案二分别为309.03 MW和42.48 t。综合2种方案的购电率、售电率与弃电率来看,方案一与方案二的有效利用电量基本相等,因此2种方案的合成氨产量相近。总体来看,在合成氨产量基本相等的情况下,方案二成本中配置有更大的电解槽和储氢罐容量并且配置了蓄电池,收益中不含售电收益,氨的平准化成本达到3 807.16元/t,比方案一高15.77%,系统的整体年收益为3 015.52万元,远少于方案一(12 676.8万元)。
由于内蒙古地区光照充足,全年光伏出力规律性基本一致,因此春夏秋冬不同季节的光伏出力在1个典型调度周期内基本一致。内蒙古地区的风电出力呈现明显的季节特性,分为大风季(1—5月,9—12月)和小风季(6—8月),因此本文在考虑内蒙古地区的风光出力季节特性时,主要从风电出力的大风季和小风季进行分析。本文分别从大风季(1—5月,9—12月)和小风季(6—8月)中选取并/离网型风光制氢合成氨系统1个典型调度周期内的电平衡、氢平衡、储能调度以及储氢罐调度进行优化调度分析。由于风光出力之间存在互补性,在1个典型调度周期内,会呈现出风光互补性良好、风光互补性较差以及介于两者之间3种情况。
并网型系统大风季与小风季的典型周期内运行调度分析如图2图3所示。
图2图3可见,A时段内,风强光强,风光出力叠加,风光互补性较差,电解槽制氢接近满负荷运行,在满足合成氨所需的氢气后,考虑储氢罐氢气余量与调度计划,多余的氢气储存在储氢罐中,多余电量优先与电网交互进行售电,当达到单次售电上限时,冗余电量进行合理弃电。B时段内,风强光弱,风光出力互补性良好,电解槽与合成氨设备变负荷运行,以应对风光波动性出力,当电解槽制氢出力不足时,储氢罐将释放氢气以满足合成氨设备用氢需求。C时段内,风弱光强,风光出力互补性良好,储氢罐储存部分氢气,以保证后续调度计划的氢气需求。D时段内,风弱光弱,风光互补性较差,系统通过购电以及储氢罐调度维持合成氨设备的低负荷运行,在考虑储氢罐氢气余量与调度计划的基础上,多余氢气将充入储氢罐以保证后续调度计划所需。
离网型系统大风季与小风季的典型周期内运行调度分析如图4图5所示。
图4图5可见,A时段内,风强光强,风光出力叠加,风光互补性较差,电解槽高负荷运行制氢,在保证合成氨设备稳定运行的基础上,考虑储氢罐氢气余量、蓄电池余量以及后续调度计划,部分氢气充入储氢罐存储,部分多余电量优先存入蓄电池,其余冗余电量进行合理弃电。B时段内,风强光弱,风光出力互补性良好,系统利用储氢罐调度保证合成氨设备的稳定运行。C时段内,风弱光强,风光互补性良好,系统通过储氢罐合理放氢,以保证合成氨设备最优功率运行,部分氢气充入储氢罐以保证后续调度计划所需。D时段内,风弱光弱,风光互补性较差,系统通过蓄电池放电以及储氢罐调度维持合成氨设备的最低负荷运行。
风光互补发电系统中的风光装机容量并不是在容量相等的时候最优,而是要通过容量配置设计合理的风光容量配比,充分利用风光出力互补特性,达到系统输出稳定、降低运行维护成本等一系列目的。因此,合理调配风光发电容量配置具有十分重要的作用。为探究风光发电容量配比对于并/离网型风光制氢合成氨系统的技术和经济影响,本文在风光总装机容量为800 MW的前提下,采用与第3节相同的算法模型,按照每100 MW的增量,分析风电装机容量从0~800 MW对系统电解槽容量、储氢罐容量以及合成氨平准化成本的影响。每种容量配比优化结果汇总后分别如图6图8所示。由图6图8可以看出,离网型系统的电解槽容量、储氢罐容量以及合成氨平准化成本基本一直高于并网型系统。这是由于,随着风光容量配比的变化,风光出力的随机性与波动性也在不断变化,并网型系统能够通过电网交互平抑风光出力波动,对于电解槽和储氢罐的容量需求更小,最终合成氨的平准化成本更低。
并网型系统在风电容量500 MW、光伏容量300 MW时合成氨成本达到最小为3 073元/t,而离网型系统在风电容量400 MW、光伏容量400 MW时合成氨成本达到最小为3 807元/t。这是因为风电装机成本相较于光伏装机成本更小,且随着风电装机容量的增加,风光互补性更强,因此,合成氨平准化成本随着风电装机容量的增加逐步下降,但随着风电装机容量的增大,风电出力的随机性与波动性相比光伏出力更大,需要更多的平抑手段来平抑波动,并网型系统能够通过电网交互来平抑波动,具有更高的稳定性。因此,并网型系统在风电容量500 MW、光伏容量300 MW时经济效率达到最高,合成氨平准化成本最低;而离网型系统通过蓄电池来平抑波动,对风光出力波动要求更高,在风电容量400 MW、光伏容量400 MW时经济效率最高,合成氨平准化成本最低。
当风电装机容量低于100 MW时,并/离网型风光制氢合成氨系统主要依靠光伏发电,但光伏发电存在间歇性,夜间无光几乎不发电,因此,系统需要更高的电解槽与储氢罐容量满足合成氨设备氢气需求,从而导致系统合成氨平准化成本更高。对于并网型系统,当风电装机容量在100~500 MW时,风光出力互补性强,使储氢罐容量以及合成氨平准化成本逐步下降,电解槽容量先下降后上升维持在较低容量;当风电装机容量在500~800 MW时,随着风电装机容量的增大,可再生能源的随机性逐步增大,导致风光发电的弃电增加,电解槽和储氢罐的容量需求也不断提高,最终导致合成氨成本逐步上升。对于离网型系统,当风电装机容量在100~400 MW时,风光出力互补性强,电解槽容量、储氢罐容量以及合成氨成本均呈现逐步下降的趋势;当风电装机容量在400~800 MW时,随着风电装机容量的增大,风光出力的波动性与随机性也逐步增大,离网型系统须配置更高容量的电解槽和储氢罐平抑波动以保持合成氨设备稳定运行,最终导致合成氨平准化成本逐步上升。
本文以内蒙古某地区作为研究对象,构建了并/离网型风光制氢合成氨系统,在考虑运行调度优化策略的基础上建立了以系统收益最大为目标函数的优化模型,并通过风光容量配比分析探究了风光容量配比对于并网型系统与离网型系统的技术经济影响,得出以下结论。
1)建立的并/离网风光制氢合成氨系统经过各设备合理的容量配置,系统具有较好的经济性。同时通过系统运行调度优化分析,系统能够在不同风光出力情况下,合理切换工作状态,实现合成氨设备的稳定连续生产并提高了可再生能源利用率。
2)系统容量调度优化分析发现,并网型系统较优于离网型系统。其中,离网型系统合成氨平准化成本达到3 807.16元/t,相较于并网型系统高15.77%,这主要是因为配置了更大的电解槽和储氢罐容量并且配置了蓄电池。
3)在本文所研究的内蒙古区域内,并网型系统在风电装机容量略高于光伏装机容量时,系统经济性能最好;离网型系统在风光容量相近或相等时,系统经济性能最好。
  • 国家自然科学基金重大项目(52090064)
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2024年第53卷第9期
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doi: 10.19666/j.rlfd.202401011
  • 接收时间:2024-01-14
  • 首发时间:2026-03-06
  • 出版时间:2024-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-14
基金
Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52090064)
国家自然科学基金重大项目(52090064)
作者信息
    1.华北电力大学能源动力与机械工程学院,北京 102206
    2.北京信息科技大学机电工程学院,北京 102206

通讯作者:

徐钢(1978),男,博士,教授,主要研究方向为先进发电技术及氢能综合利用,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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